The above picture speaks volumes about being a leader.

Every time when we hear the success stories of any organisation, we are mainly reminded of the leadership.

Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people and maintaining good inter personal relationship with followers to work together towards the achievement of a common organisational goal. Both leaders and followers play a pivotal role in the success of an organisation.

FEATURES OF LEADERSHIP

1. Leadership indicates ability of a leader to influence others.
2. Leadership brings change in the attitude of followers.
3. Leaderships also indicates an inter personal relationship between leaders and followers.
4. Leadership is exercised by a manger of a company to achieve common goals of the organisation.
5. Leadership is a continuous and flowing process.

There person who has leadership qualities is know as a ‘Leader’.

What are qualities needed to become a leader? Some of the qualities are explained below:

Physical features– Physical features like height, weight, health and appearance determine the physical personality of an individual. Health and endurance aid a leader to inspire his subordinates by working hard for the organisation

Knowledge– A leader must posses good knowledge which is essential for giving clear instructions to his subordinates.

Integrity– A leader should have high integrity and honesty. This inspires subordinates to follow his values.

Initiative– A leader must be confident enough to take initiatives and decisions wherever required. He shouldn’t wait for opportunities and must possess the talent of grabbing opportunities for advantages of the organisation.

Motivation skills– A leader should be good motivator and should understand the needs of each and every member and motivate them through satisfying their needs.

Communication skills– A leader should also be a good communicator. His instructions should not cause any ambiguity or chaos. He should not just be a good speaker but also a good listener, adviser, persuader etc.

Social skills– A leader should be sociable, friendly and approachable in times of need.

Self confidence– A leader should always be self confident in during hardships because he sets an example for followers to feel confident in their lower times.

LEADERSHIP STYLE

There are many styles of leadership which a person opts according to the use of authority. There are three basic styles of leadership:

1. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP: In this type of leadership, the autocratic leader is strict and expects perfect compliance of his orders from the end of the subordinates. In this style of leadership there is only one way communication. The leader does not like to be contradicted. This style of leadership is especially useful in getting productivity in situations like a factory where a supervisor is accountable for on time production.
2. DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP: A democratic leader is open to views and ideas of his subordinates as he believes that people perform their best when they set their own objectives. Everybody’s opinion matters which helps in achieving organisational goals.
3. LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADER: In this leadership style, the leader absolutely does not believe in power unless necessary. Subordinates are given independence in formulating their own objectives. The presence of the leader is purely to support them and supply them with information for the assigned task and thus, the subordinate also shoulders some responsibility.

RELEVANT LINKS:https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/resumes-cover-letters/leadership-skills https://www.adamenfroy.com/leadership-qualities

Women empowerment in India is the most effective tool for development as these days; women across the world are actively working as a leader and surpassing others in all spheres of life. As the entire world is grasping its breath and praying every single day for an incredible escape from thee COVID-19 pandemic, it is the women governors and nations steered by these amazing figures who are taking over the responsibility and marching ahead in the battle alone wherever required. Women empowerment in India is dependent up to a great extent on numerous different variables that encompass geographical setting, social status, educational status, and age factor. Actions on the women empowerment exist at the state, local, and national levels. However, women encounter differentiate in most sector like education, economic opportunities, health and medical assistance, and political participation, which demonstrates that there are substantial gaps between strategy advancements and real exercise at the community level. Crafting and execution of a concrete policy framework, dispersing civic awareness, and education concerning the empowerment of women can usher to accomplishing the desired missions in eradicating the plight of women in the society of India. The realm of women empowerment in India is limited to granting balanced rights to women. Still, it is also about assuring that they are ingrained and rightful partners in workforce.

The term women empowerment is all about authority, or the power embarked on women sharing indistinguishable rights. The term refers to the liberation of women from socio-economic restraints of reliance. Women comprise around 50% of the country’s population, and a bulk of them stays economically dependent on each other without employment. In the age of feminism, a small portion of women in India are freed and can employ their free will and are permitted to carve out their lives the way they want. But there is a considerable division of the women in this nation who require optimistic support. In most Indian villages and semi- urban cities, women are still denied fundamental education and are never authorized to continued higher education despite amassing the understanding required. Women are known for delivering multiple roles effortlessly per day, and thus, they are considered the backbone of every society. Living in male dominating societies, women play a wide range of roles, such as caring mothers, loving daughters, and capable colleagues. The best part is that they fit the bill perfectly in every role. Nonetheless, they’ve also stood as a neglected bunch of society in different parts of the world. In turn, it has resulted in women surviving the burnt of unevenness, financial trustworthiness, oppression, and distinct social evils. Women have been residing under the shackles of enslavement for centuries now that impedes them from attaining professionals as well as personal highs.

IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT – In recent times, everyone is pointing on the empowerment of women. It’s right to say that women’s empowerment has become the necessity of the time. Women should possess liberty, faith, and self-worth to opt for their needs and demands. Discrimination based on gender is useless and is having zero worth by looking at the growth of women in the last few decades. Women are paid less and are treated as a cook and slaves in families, and their real potential fails to get highlighted. Women empowerment in India is required to overcome situations of such types and to provide them with their independent role in Indian society. Empowering women is a necessary right of women. They should have proportional rights to contribute to society, economies, education, and politics. They are approved to gain higher education and receive a similar treatment as men are receiving. Women empowerment in India is one of the principal terms for society’s overall development. There is nothing erroneous in participating in the development of society. In the world of corporates, women are playing numerous roles in meadows such as medical, engineering, and so on. Apart from taking part in the sphere of technology, they are energetically partaking in security services such as police, navy, military, etc. All these before mentioned services are taking the community to another level.

FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA

• The problem of gender discrimination has affected the pace of women employment in India. Gender discrimination in all realms of action must be checked. Women must be furnished with a resort to take an active part in decision making at every level and direction procedures to attain the motive of empowering women. They need to get due admiration and prominence, which they rightfully earn on merit basis in society to accomplish their fate.
• Education is the most vibrant factor of advancement and growth. It is the only significant tool for anticipating women empowerment in India and human resource development. It gives light to the possibilities for access to employment and making a livelihood, which in twirl revivify economic empowerment to women. In order to join the community of developed countries, people should understand the value and importance of women’s education and, thereby, put combined efforts to make India on the progressive track.
• The mass media is responsible for playing a significant function to project and propagate associated issues, most specifically about women empowerment in India. The numerous programmes pertaining to women’s prestige revealed the mass media enable her husband to behave toward her wife with loads of honor and respect. He can remark his attitude and assist her in the the domestic domain to reduce stress and anxiety. The mass media performs a crucial role in repairing the attitude and way of conversation of husband and other family member toward women.
• Women should empower themselves by becoming to be aware of their oppression, indicating initiative, and confiscating chances to bring a shift in their status. Empowerment must come from within the soul. Women need to empower themselves by bringing a major change in their attitude.

Women must know that opportunities will not reach their laps. They would have to determine ways to create them. They should fight back to rebuild their prominent position in Indian communities and societies. Women’s empowerment is valuable for the development and advancement of the family, community as well as the nation.

Mahatma Gandhi may be a well-known figure of peace everywhere on the planet. He was one of the foremost prominent figures to possess led the successful Indian struggle for independence. His peaceful teachings and non-violent methods of rights movements have inspired many movements of freedom across the planet. Born as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, he has conferred the honorific title of Mahatma which stands for venerable. His birthday is observed as a legal holiday in India and he’s lovingly mentioned as Bapu or the daddy of the state. he’s one of the foremost respected figures in India and therefore the Indian paper money has his image on all the denominations. His death day is additionally observed as Martyr’s Day in India.

Gandhi was born during a well to try to family in British colonized India and therefore the ancient Indian stories of peace, truth, and love had an excellent impact on him since his childhood. While he wanted to determine a practice firm, he found himself unable to cross-examine witnesses and criminals. He then moved to South Africa to figure as a lawyer for an Indian firm. South Africa exposed the planet of discrimination against the non-whites to Gandhi. He was often abused, beaten up, and was also thrown off by a primary-class train coach. Gandhi protested to all or any of those in a peaceful and non-violent manner and these events ignited a passion in him to fight against social discrimination.

Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and was dedicated to questioning the practices and therefore the injustice of the British Empire. His peaceful methods of demonstrations and his values of truth, love, and peace attracted a variety of individuals and shortly, almost the whole country was rallying behind him in support. He demonstrated and formed a variety of non-cooperative peaceful movements and was also recognized to be an eminent Indian leader by the British. After the wars as Britain looked to free its colonies, India gained its independence but was also weakened into India and Pakistan. This incident deeply grieved Gandhi but he couldn’t do much to prevent it from happening. After India’s successful independence, Gandhi was saddened to ascertain that folks were lusting for power which his vision had been diluted. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated as he was thought to be the prime reason behind favoring a separate nation for Pakistan by the Hindu extremists.
Gandhi has always been extremely peaceful and has always adopted non-violent methods to oppose things. He has shown the planet tons in terms of peaceful demonstrations and he’s one of the foremost revered figures within the history of peace. You might find this topic boring because of history, but no matter what Gandhiji would always remain a leader for Indians. Gandhi- the man who fought for the country and devoted all his life to the freedom struggle. Every year, on his birthday at least try to study more facts about him and other freedom fighters as a tribute to their sacrifice. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- a true devotee!

The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, but with the arrival of radio, television, and therefore the Internet within the 20th century the utilization of the term broadened to incorporate all printed and transmission handling current affairs.

Concepts of the acceptable role for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, journalism is controlled by government intervention and isn’t fully independent. In others, journalism is independent of the govt but instead operates as a private industry motivated by profit. additionally to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the liberty of speech and many libel cases.

History and Professionalism of Journalism- While publications reporting the news to the overall public during a standardized fashion only began to seem within the 17th century and later, governments as early because the Han China made use of regularly published news bulletins. Similar publications were established within the Republic of Venice in the 16th century. These bulletins, however, were intended just for officialdom, and thus weren’t journalistic news publications within the modern sense of the term. England took the publication of newspapers towards the top of the 16th century. The daily newspaper sponsored by Defoe appeared at the start of the 18th century.

Modern newspapers developed with the invention of the telegraph which made the possible swift transmission of stories across the planet. Reuter, the famous press agency, started the work first. There are several sorts of journalism with diverse audiences. Thus, journalism is claimed to serve the role of a “fourth estate”, acting as a watchdog on the workings of the govt . one publication (such as a newspaper) contains many sorts of journalism, each of which can be presented in several formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a special audience.

Journalism within the 20th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. there have been four most important factors during this trend:

(1) the increasing organization of working journalists,

(2) specialized education for journalism,

(3) a growing literature handling the history, problems, and techniques of mass communication, and

(4) an increasing sense of social responsibility on the part of journalists.

Journalism has many competitors today. Chief of all is that the radio and therefore the televisions which not only broadcast and televises but have the added advantages of arranging talks of prominent leaders of the society and establish visual contact with them. But they can’t supersede the newspaper. Remaining glued to Radio or TV at a particular time isn’t always possible.

Besides, coverage of stories by the radio and television is limited; items must be hampered to the minimum so that the time limit isn’t exceeded. But a newspaper is often read at any time, suiting one’s convenience. Its coverage is extremely wide, and its scope for improvement is unlimited. But the journalist should guard against this tendency for trivializing and fragmenting news items, imposing the editor’s opinions upon readers.

A career is that the most vital part of one’s life. to place bread on your board, to realize respect from society, and for your self-satisfaction, an honest career may be a must. But the definition of a “good career” is vague and depends on people to people.

There is no such thing called as an honest career. A career path that’s good on my behalf won’t be necessarily good for others. Therefore, during this particular essay on career, we might wish to dig deep and understand what a career is and the way to settle on one to steer a cheerful and content life.
Each and each one among us has faced a particular junction or a cross-road at some point in our lives that has had a serious impact on our lives. this will be both knowledgeable crossroads or personal crossroads. But during this career essay, I might wish to mention the cross-road that we see in our professional careers. It’s not just the scholars who would have faced a dilemma choose a career, even employees past 30 years aged face this crisis.

When a student’s face it is called a re-stage crisis, yet when an employee 6 years down the lane faces enigmas career choices, then its usually called a mid-life crisis or mid-career crisis. Midlife crisis may be a term that refers to people that are having second thoughts about their career a couple of years down after working within the same. There could be many reasons for these several which can be an everyday monologue, fatigue, salary issues, professional growth issues, internal office dilemmas, etc. during this career essay, I’m getting to mention both the sort of career choices.

A student’s life is that the first crossroad that we face in our lives. By keeping certain factors in mind, there’s many career choice a student can choose between. a number of the favored career choices are engineering, medicine, arts, and commerce. Which career to settle on and on what terms are some things that each student will need to worry about. There are certain criteria to settle on a career, but the foremost important one that is consistent with us is;
Passion: The word passion sounds cliche, but it’s a crucial criterion to think about before choosing a career path. If everyone follows their passion and chose a career accordingly, then the concept of a mid-career crisis wouldn’t have occurred in the first place. all folks would have dreamt of something during our childhood. We all wanted to become a police, a cricketer, an actor, a doctor or an engineer. But not everyone follows and listens to the kid in them. We ultimately hand over on our passions and choose a secure career that can give us an honest salary. Risk-taking may be a part and parcel of life and nobody should regret not doing something 80 years down the lane once they are on their deathbed.
Choose your career wisely not under pressure or burden, it is your choice.

No one gets the liberty for free of charge . It comes at the value of lives and struggle. Independence isn’t gained by one soldier and one insurgent , but many lives struggled for it. These are the such Inspirational Short stories of Freedom Fighters, who lost their lives for a thought of a free country.
Saheed-e-Azam Bhagat Singh, he sacrificed his life for his country India, he happily kissed the noose and hung himself for the liberty of his beloved Bharat, merely, at the age of 23 years and 6 months.

He died the death of a martyr. Following the day of 23 April 1931, the supporters and followers of Bhagat Singh regarded him as a “Shaheed” (martyr).

Bhagat Singh could have asked for mercy but he refused. He wanted his death to ignite a robust fire at every nook and cranny of the country and wanted each and each citizen to participate within the struggle for freedom.

His dream was to ascertain India as a free country and may even die for his dream.

Bhagat Singh doesn’t believe violence from his childhood. His family believed within the Gandhian ideology of non-violence

And for a short time , he was also the supporter of the Gandhian philosophy but there have been the two incidents which shifted his heart faraway from Gandhi .

The incidents of Jallliawala Bagh massacre and therefore the Chauri Chaura.

Even at the top of their life, they weren’t frightened of the death and consulting the ways with the Britishers, they need to die. Such may be a brave heart.

It is said that they proceeded quite cheerfully towards the gallows while chanting their favorite slogans-Inquilab Zindabaad.
Bhagat Singh’s name is synonymous with the revolutionary movement that contributed to India’s freedom struggle. Celebrated for his gusto and courage to face up to British rule, Bhagat Singh was born in 1907 and gave his life for the country when he was sentenced to death by execution at the ripe age of 23 along side his associates Rajguru and Sukhdev on the fees of assassinating British policeman John Saunders, who had ordered brutal military action on independence movement leader Lala Lajpat Rai.
Bhagat Singh lay hungry in jail for 116 days. Even during this point , he completed all his daily work including reading and writing books, visiting court a day and even singing.
He escaped to Kanpur, When his parents put pressure on him about marriage. He told his parents, “if i will be able to marry in colonial India, where British Raj is there, then my bride are going to be my death. Therefore, there’s no rest or worldly desire which will lure me now’.
It is believed that when his mother had come to go to him in jail, Bhagat Singh was laughing loudly. Seeing this, jail authorities were shocked considering he was so on the brink of death.
He was hanged an hour before the official time on March 23, 1931. it’s said that Bhagat Singh was smiling at the time of hanging. The britishers did took one of the greatest hereos from us but they can not take his legacy.

Starting a little business is that the best thanks to gain freedom. Although this statement is disputable, it’s sense.

Why do people plan to become entrepreneurs? they’re looking for independence. Small business helps one manage his time within the way he wants. He can produce the products and services he likes. Finally, he’s ready to attempt to be responsible and artistic . Small business is extremely important for the economy of each state. Small entrepreneurs contribute into the state budget tons . it’s possible to mention that the complex of small and middle firms provides the country with an equivalent profit as business does. In simple words, a prosperous state cannot survive without small business. it’s impossible to defeat poverty without small business. Thus, if you’ve got any genuine and uncommon ideas concerning the assembly of useful goods and services, establish your own small firm.

Starting up isn’t easy
Starting alittle business isn’t a simple thing. Whether you’re doing something as simple as business paper writing as a business or as grand as running a construction company building skyscrapers, you ought to be psychologically and financially prepared to numerous challenges. Moreover, it’s vital to understand something about business, management and marketing.

You should also study the market so as to find out about the products and services that are required by consumers. This factor is that the crucial one. once you discover that folks demand an item but nobody has produced it yet, you’ve got the simplest chances to overcome the chosen sector of the market. Secondly, you need to believe the worth and quality of your product.

There are two options. The foremost one is that the production of high-quality and expensive goods which will serve long. The second option is said to consumerism. You produce poor-quality cheap goods and attract clients with the assistance of rock bottom prices.

Create a business plan
Then, you ought to create your own business plan which will contain the whole information about the functioning of your firm. believe the target groups of consumers , production, logistics, storage and retail.

Apparently, you ought to produce and store your goods somewhere. Then, you’ll meet with such issues as revenue and expense. you’ll got to hire a couple of employees to run your business rewardingly. doubtless , you’ll need to be selective, demanding and attentive so as to recruit the proper people into your firm. Finally, you’ll meet the matter of rent, taxation, etc. A firm resembles a household. you ought to concentrate to the slightest problem, question and misunderstanding if you would like to extend your income and develop your small firm into something bigger.

The ups and downs
As could be expected, starting alittle business has many advantages and drawbacks . the foremost solid strong side is independence. you are doing not need to work for somebody else. you’re employed for your own profit. You possess the liberty of choice and actions. If you’re not respected and appreciated at work, you’ll embody your original and amusing ideas in your own business.

Ambitious people always attempt to start alittle business if they receive such a chance . you are doing not got to hear the instructions and threats of your boss once you are late. At long last, you’ll earn extra money . you’re the boss and therefore the entire profit is yours.

Mandhana’s dream of batting alongside her idol, Mithali Raj, came straight in 2014 when she and Raj led India to their first Test win in eight years during a tense run-chase in Wormsley. But, it had been only during the 2017 Womens World Cup when the 23-year-old left-hander shot into fame.

Mandhana struck a match-winning 90 and followed it up with a swashbuckling hundred within the next game. aside from the runs, what struck everyone was Mandhana’s strokeplay and particularly her backlift. Few likened her comparisons with Sourav Ganguly for her off-side play. a replacement star had been born. Social media was trending with Mandhana’s name. Fans were googling her cricket profile; some girl next door’ images.
Mandhana had become the talk about social media, Indian cricket, and therefore the whole country, for that matter. But International cricket is brutal. In fact, sport is brutal. it’s demanding, unrelenting and super competitive. Oppositions work you out over a period of your time and if you only sit back resting on your past laurels, the sport can expose you to the hilt. it’s exactly what happened with Smriti Mandhana.

Following a 90 and a century, Mandhana’s suffered an enormous slump in her form. The left-hander could just manage 26 runs in her next seven World Cup innings with the opposition bowlers exposing her inability to figure the ball towards mid-on was exposed to the hilt.
Down in her dumps, Mandhana quickly visited the drafting board once she came to India. Assisted by her coach, Anant Tambwekar, Smriti made a couple of technical changes; the foremost profound of them being her twiddling with an open stance, that allowed her the liberty to play shots on the leg-side, and what followed was mayhem.

The southpaw, together with her new stance, lit up the 2018 Kia Super League, scoring 421 runs at a mean of 60.14 and a strike-rate of 174.68 for the Western Storm franchise, paving her sides’ thanks to the finals. Mandhana’s strike-rate- 174.68- was the very best for any women cricketer within the KSL or the ladies BBL, and couple it together with her astounding consistency, the thing was clear; we were certain Mandhana 2.0.

Smriti’s consistency and therefore the elegance of her stroke-play, whether it’s her inside-out hit over covers, or the pristine cover-drives or square-cuts and to not forget her backlift [That backlift], made the whole world get up to her amazing talent. Some likened her to Adam Gilchrist, some to Sourav Ganguly and a few to Yuvraj Singh. But Mandhana’s wasn’t looking to become the second someone, she was committed to carving out her own identity, to become the primary Mandhana and her performances within the succeeding months ensured it to the hilt.
n a card that has been mired by inconsistency, controversies, underperformance, and whatnot, Mandhana has emerged because the bedrock. within the 2018 World Twenty20, the left-hander scored 178 runs across five games and was one among the few Indian batters who looked comfortable on the dual-pace wickets of the Caribbean. Mandhana continued her propriety on the tour of latest Zealand, leading India to a 2-1 series win in ODIs, scoring 196 runs in 3 ODIs then followed it up with another impressive show within the T20s- 180 runs at a strike-rate of 146.34.

What Causes Stress in the Workplace?

Stress points certainly vary among industries and different roles, but many overlap. These can include:

Downsizing

A bad economy or a company experiencing a budget crunch leads to downsizing. Every worker, whether hourly or salaried, experience stress from the fear of losing their job, particularly if they see others around them getting the pink slip.

Increased work loads

When there are layoffs, other workers are required to pick up the extra load. This is both physically and mentally exhausting. Salaried workers may find themselves putting in longer hours to get their work done without the benefit of overtime, and hourly workers may be forced to work harder to get the job done in the same amount of time. Either way, it’s stressful.

Pressure to perform

A workplace that fixates heavily on measuring performance and productivity might not realize that those things are putting stress on workers.

Longer work hours.

Direct Export

The organisation produces their product in their home market and then sells them to customers overseas.

Indirect Export

The organisations sells their product to a third party who then sells it on within the foreign market.

Licensing

Another less risky market entry method is licensing. Here the Licensor will grant an organisation in the foreign market a license to produce the product, use the brand name etc. in return that they will receive a royalty payment.

Franchising

Franchising is another form of licensing. Here the organisation puts together a package of the ‘successful’ ingredients that made them a success in their home market and then franchise this package to overseas investors. The Franchise holder may help out by providing training and marketing the services or product. McDonalds is a popular example of a Franchising option for expanding in international markets.

consultant is essentially the same . They often offer a number of services, with their financial advice being based on the client’s specific needs and goals. In some cases, a financial consultant may have more financial planning experience than the typical financial advisor. Financial consultants usually provide investment services as well, though. To find a financial advisor or consultant in your

What Is a Financial Consultant?

“Financial consultant” is a somewhat antiquated term that’s largely been replaced by the term “financial advisor.” Financial consultants may work for a firm or as a self-employed contractor, and their clients may be companies or individuals.

In short, financial consultants offer personalized advice to help investors build wealth. They may offer financial planning, identify well-suited investments and guide insurance decisions. They often direct the buying and selling like stocks and bonds, on their clients’ behalf. Some may also sell financial products.

A financial consultant usually meets with clients to assess their financial situation before they make any recommendations. Any time a client experiences a major life change (marriagethey’ll likely request another meeting.

Consultants also spend time marketing their businesses. They often travel and work outside normal business hours to accommodate their clients’ schedules.

Social Responsibility

What Is Social Responsibility?

Social responsibility means that businesses, in addition to maximizing value, must act in a manner that benefits society. Social responsibility has become increasingly important to investors and consumers who seek investments that are not just profitable but also contribute to the welfare of society and the environment. However, critics argue that the basic nature of business does not consider society as a st

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Social responsibility means that businesses, in addition to maximizing shareholder value, should act in a manner that benefits society.
• Socially responsible companies should adopt policies that promote the well-being of society and the environment while lessening negative impacts on them.
• Companies can act responsibly in many ways, such as promoting volunteering, making changes that benefit the environment, and engaging in charitable giving.
• Consumers are more actively looking to buy goods and services from socially responsible companies, hence impacting their profitability.
• Critics assert that being socially responsible is the opposite of why businesses exist.

What is Corporate Social Responsibility?

Understanding Social Responsibility

Social responsibility means that individuals and companies have a duty to act in the best interests of their environment and society as a whole. Social responsibility, as it applies to business, is known as (CSR), and is becoming a more prominent area of focus within businesses due to shifting social norms.

The crux of this theory is to enact policies that promote an ethical balance between the dual mandates of striving for profitability and benefiting society as a whole. These policies can be either ones of commission (philanthropy: donations of money, time, or resources) or omission (e.g., “go green” initiatives like reducing greenhouse gases or abiding by EPA regulations to limit pollution).

Additionally, more and more investors and consumers are factoring in a company’s commitment to socially responsible practices before making an investment or purchase. As such, embracing social responsibility can benefit the prime directive: maximization of shareholder value.

There is a moral imperative, as well. Actions, or lack thereof, will affect future generations. Put simply, being socially responsible is just good business practice, and a failure to do so can have a deleterious effect on the balance sheet.

In general, social responsibility is more effective when a company takes it on voluntarily, as opposed to being required by the government to do so through regulation. Social responsibility can boost company morale, and this is especially true when a company can engage employees with its social causes.

Social Responsibility in Practice

emphasizes that a business’s ability to maintain a balance between pursuing economic performance and adhering to societal and environmental issues is a critical factor in operating efficiently and effectively. 

Social responsibility takes on different meanings within industries and companies. For example, Starbucks Corp. and Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings Inc. have blended social responsibility into the core of their operations.

Both companies purchase Fair Trade Certified ingredients to manufacture their products and actively support sustainable farming in the regions where they source ingredients. Big-box retailer Target Corp., also well known for its social responsibility programs, has donated money to communities in which the stores operate, including education grants. 

The key ways a company embraces social responsibility include philanthropy, promoting volunteering, and environmental changes. Companies managing their environmental impact might look to reduce their carbon footprint and limit waste. There’s also the social responsibility of ethical practices for employees, which can mean offering a fair wage, which arises when there are limited employee protection laws.

Criticism of Social Responsibility

Not everyone believes that businesses should have a social conscience. Econ stated that “social responsibilities of business are notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor.” Friedman believed that only individuals can have a sense of social responsibility. Businesses, by their very nature, cannot. Some experts believe that social responsibility defies the very point of being in business: profit above all else.

ARTICLE SOURCES

Related Term social good is an act that benefits the rgest number of people in the largest possible way, such as clean air and water, healthe, and literacyA code of ethics encourages ethical conduct, business honesty, integrity, and best practices. Read about the types of codes of ethics with examples of eCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business model that helps a company be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. Corporate citizenship refers to the extent to which businesses are socially responsible for meeting legal, ethical, and economic standtilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or hStakeholder capitalismystem in which corporations are oriented to serve the interests of all their stakeho

One of the most common reasons for both is to raise capital. Other common reasons include social or political pressures from third parties. There is very little difference between divestment and disinvestment, and both achieve the same goal of reducing and not replenishing capital.

Divestment

When a company divests, the company disposes of part or all of its business. Divestments commonly occur when a particular division of a company does not live up to its expectations. This can result from financial reasons or because the division has violated the principles of the parent company. Another common reason for divestment is social pressure placed on a company conducting business in or with a country that has an unfavorable political climate.

Disinvestment

Disinvestment, also known as divestiture, occurs when an organization liquidates or sells part of its assets or an entire division without the intent of reinvesting in it. The divestiture typically occurs so that the organization can use the assets to improve another division. A disinvestment can occur with the sale of capital goods or closure of a division.

Interpersonal Skills Definition

So what are interpersonal skills and why are they important? Before we get to examples, it is essential to first define interpersonal skills.

Interpersonal skills are the qualities and behaviors we exhibit while interacting with other people. They are considered to be one of the most

We demonstrate them whenever we engage in any kind of verbal or nonverbal communication. In fact, qualities as basic as body language and attitude toward others

Strong interpersonal skills are a key indicator of success in a working environment, as benefits include the ability to cooperate with teammates to solve difficult problems, as well as simply enhancing your popularity around the office.

On the other hand, lacking them might lead to conflicts with colleagues or management and cause others to see you as a hindrance to getting the job done.

When applying for a position, consider what interpersonal skills are necessary in your target role and industry. You then need to make every effort to match those requirements with demonstrated examples from your own experiences.

After all, employers are not only looking for a candidate with the right credentials, but also one who will fit in with the culture of the company and contribute to its growth.

Managementcannot be performed well without effective communication.

Business communication involves constant flow of information. Feedback is integral part of business communication. Organizations these days are verly large and involve large number of people. There are various levels of hierarchy in an organization. Greater the number of levels, the more difficult is the job of managing the organization. Communication here plays a very important role in process of directing and controlling the people in the oragnization. Immediate feedback can be obtained and misunderstandings if any can be avoided. There should be effective communication between superiors and subordinated in an organization, between organization and society at large (for example between management and trade unions). It is essential for success and growth of an organization. Communication gaps should not occur in any organization.

Leadership Basics

What is Leadership

Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.

Leadership is the potential to influence behaviour of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions, and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions.

According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.”

Characteristics of Leadership

1. It is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers towards attainment of goals.
2. It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person which includes intelligence, maturity and personality.
3. It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.
4. A leader is involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards accomplishment of organizational goals.
5. Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon tackling with the situations.

Foreign Direct Investment or FDI

Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is one of the most crucial channels of direct investments between countries. Unlike Foreign Portfolio Investment or FPIs, an investor in one country can hold a controlling stake of any business or organisation in a foreign country that receives the investment. FDI is also a significant and insightful indicator of a certain country’s political and socio-economic stability.

This essentially implies a country that receives large amounts of investments from foreign entities on a regular basis is more likely to have a dynamic and vibrant economy.

Understanding Foreign Direct Investment Better

Foreign investments can be either ‘organic’ or ‘inorganic’. With organic investments, a foreign investor will pump in funds to expand and accelerate growth in established businesses. Inorganic investments are instances when an investing entity buys out a business in their target country.

In developing and emerging economies like India and other parts of South-East Asia, FDIs offer a much-needed fillip to businesses which may be in poor financial shape. The Government of India has undertaken several measures to ensure that larger chunks of investments pour into the country across sectors including defence production, the telecom sector, PSU oil refineries and IT.

Since Foreign Direct Investment is a non-debt financial resource, it has the potential to become a major driver of economic development in India.

Globalisation and internationalisation are 2 factors which made FDI possible. However, the celebrated Canadian economist Stephen Hymer, considered the ‘Father of International Business‘, theorised in the 1960s that foreign investments would continue growing rapidly because –

• It provided control over companies in a foreign land.
• It helped certain business sectors overthrow monopolistic practices, and
• Most importantly, since market imperfections will always exist, such investments provide companies with a cushioning effect if there was a sharp and unpredictable decline in business activity.

Sustainable growth

Economic growth occurs increases over time. Real output is measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant price so that the effect of price rises on the value of national output is rem

sustainableconomic growth means a rate of growth which can be maintained without creating other significant economic problems, especially for future generations. There is clearly a trade-off between rapid economic growth today, and growth in the future. Rapid growth today may exhaust resources and create environmental problems for future generations, including the depletion of oil and fish stocks, and global warming.

Periods of growth are often triggered by increases in AD, such as a rise in consumer spending, but sustained growth must involve an increase outputIf output does not increase, any extra demand will push up the prices level

Growth based on debt

In terms of sustainability, it may be argued that growth based on short-term public debt, rather than long term productivity, is unsustainable – hence worries about the build-up of sovereign d

PPFs and economic growth

For an economy to continue to grow in the future, it needs to increase its capacity to grow.  An increase in an economy’s productive potential can be shown by an outward shift in the economy’s PPF.

COVID-19 is not only a global pandemic and public health crisis; it has also severely affected the global economy and financial markets. Significant reductions in income, a rise in unemployment, and disruptions in the transportation, service, and manufacturing industries are among the consequences of the disease mitigation measures that have been implemented in many countries. It has become clear that most governments in the world underestimated the risks of rapid COVID-19 spread and were mostly reactive in their crisis response. As disease outbreaks are not likely to disappear in the near future, proactive international actions are required to not only save lives but also protect economic prosperity.

What is foreign trade and international trade

Trade

Trade itself is confused with foreign trade in its origin, since from the beginning of time, one community when negotiating with the other, were already practicing this trade, initially exchanging goods for merchandise, and then, by finding a commodity as standard (the salt, for example), began to use it as currency until we got to the paper money.

Commercial activity can be internal (within the country) or international (between countries). International trade is a branch of the commercial sciences that make up the Political Economy.

International Trade

It is the set of studies and commercial operations between two or more countries where there is exchange of goods, services and/or capital.

Foreign Trade

It is the set of studies and commercial operations expressed in national rules, norms and laws.

Foreign Trade is executed by the State or Government and International Trade is exercised by companies and/or individuals and/or institutions. Therefore, when we study the Foreign Trade of a country, we are studying its rules, norms, laws and its commercial policy. And when we speak of International Trade, we are referring to exports and imports of goods, services and capital.

Export

It is the output of a commodity and/or service from a customs territory, generating a currency inflow (currency).

Import

It is the entry of a commodity and/or service into a customs territory, generating an outflow of currency (currency).

Ratio analysis is the process of examining and comparing financial information by calculating meaningful financial statement figure percentages instead of comparing line items from each financial statement.

Managers and investors use a number of different tools and comparisons to tell whether a company is doing well and whether it is worth investing in. The most common ways people analysis a company’s performance are horizontal analysi and ratio analysis. Horizontal and vertical analyzes compare a company’s performance over time and to a base or set of

What Is a SWOT Analysis?

SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, and so a SWOT Analysis is a technique for assessing these four aspects of your business.

You can use SWOT Analysis to make the most of what you’ve got, to your organization’s best advantage. And you can reduce the chances of failure, by understanding what you’re lacking, and eliminating hazards that would otherwise catch you unawares.

Better still, you can start to craft a strategy that distinguishes you from your competitors, and so compete successfully in your market

Career strategy is an organized way of developing capabilities, skills, understanding tools and their usage to achieve a desirable position or role in your career. It could be done on a personal level, and many organizations also do it for their employees. Following the few essential tips below can ensure that you get to the place you want to see yourself in the next five or ten years.

Tips to Have an Effective Career Strategy

1. Focus:Being focused is very vital while devising a career strategy. It should not be a like a New Year resolution that is being followed for a couple of days. Additionally, all individuals have a varied interest and it is quite important to know where your heart is. For example, if you are planning to switch your career from an IT industry and moving into the creative field, even the specific creative field needs to be cleared defined.
2. Know Your Past:Life experiences teach you more than any classroom could have done it for you. So sit down and look back at when you excelled in your performance and when you were the worst. What were the factors and influences at that time? Remembering your past has two advantages – first you could never forget your mistakes and never repeat them, and second you would always remember your well-wishers.
3. Devise a Plan with a Strategy:You need a strategy to attack, and it should be unique enough to attract a group of people. For example, you thought about being a PRO trader in next five years and started reading all related material. However, a strategic move could be joining community of like minded people. Discussing your knowledge and ideas with these set of people would help you gain direct knowledge.Additionally, networking helps you build your contacts and crossing your comfort zone.
4. Value your Ethics:When you know your work ethics matches the organization you are about to join, you would feel more motivated and challenged. Therefore, it is essential to know your ethics and value them.

What is Promotional Strategy?

Promotional strategy is a method used by companies to advertise, promote & sell their goods. A company chooses its promotional strategy based on factors like product type, marketing budget, target audience etc. It is a critical activity to increase product awareness & thereby increase sales. An effective promotional strategy gets more revenue as compared to the marketing spend.

Importance of Promotional Strategy

Promotion for any product or service is essential for any company. It is because only through promotion people would come to know about the product. Only after knowing about the product they consider purchasing. Since there are some many companies & brands competing to sell their products to the same set of customers, advertising & promotion are important tools to ensure each brand is differentiated & identified

What is digital marketing

also called online marketing, is the promotion of brands to connect with potential customers using the internet and other forms of digital communication. This includes not nd web-based advertising, but also text and multimedia messages as a marketing channel.

Essentially, if a marketing campaign involves digital communication, it’s digital marketing.

Inbound marketing versus digital marketing

Digital marketing and inbound marketing and for good reason. Digital marketing uses many of the same tools as inbound marketing—email and online content, to name a few. Both exist to capture the attention of prospects through the buyer’s journey and turn them into customers. But the 2 approaches take different views of the relationship between the tool and

Digital marketing considers how each individual tool caprospects. A brand’s digital focus all of its efforts on 1 platform.

Inbound marketing is a holistic concept. It considers the goal first, then looks at the available tools to determine which will effectively reach target customers, and then at which stage of the sales funnel that should happen.

The most important thing to remember about digital marketing and inbound marketing is that as a marketing professional, you don’t have to choose between the 2. In fact, they work best together. Inbound marketing provides structure and purpose for effective digital marketing to digital marketing efforts, making sure that each digital marketing channel works toward a goal.

Benefits of CRM 

Improves Customer Service

CRM manages all your contacts and aggregates lead and customer information to build profiles of everyone you interact with. This gives you easy access to important information on customer behavior like purchase records and previous communications with contacts across different channels (social media, chat, email, etc.). Customers won’t have to repeat their stories over and over to you, and you’ll be able to address issues with best practice and less effort for improved customer loyalty.

Increase in Sales

Streamlining and improving the sales process, building a sales pipeline, automating tasks, and analyzing your sales data will inevitably lead to one outcome—increased sales and sales productivity. CRM allows you to have all your customer-facing voice, chat, social media, and email touchpoints accessible in one place. You’ll clinch more deals by building a repeatable, proven sales process, and delivering the right message on the right channel at just the right time.

Retain More Customers

Retention and churn rates are extremely important determiners for a company’s success; customer churn is a major obstacle to business growth. CRM tools like sentiment analysis, automated ticketing, and customer support and customer service automation can dramatically improve your retention by letting human agents defuse problems. Analytics tools that look at customer life cycle can show you when churn happens and why, so you can identify and address pain points.

Better Analytics

Analytical CRM tools make your data available, intelligible, and relevant to your business needs. All your heaps of sales data, finance data, and marketing data flow into CRM to become visible metrics, with data warehousing and data mining there to make sense of everything. The net benefit is customer acquisition, customer retention, and better data management.

Higher Efficiency

Having all your major day-to-day business functions in one place makes for better workflow, easier collaboration between team members, and better project management. Task automation eliminates menial, repetitive work and gives more time for the cognitive tasks humans are best at. Dashboards and analytics will help you gain insights into your work and optimize all kinds of business processes.

Better knowledge sharing

Miscommunication and lack of information transfer are two major time-wasters. When people take time self-learning to do things other team members already know how to do, or work on redundant tasks, you’re losing a lot of hours per week. Collaborative CRM tools can streamline your teamwork by letting you build a knowledge base, establish best practice workflows, and allowing for frictionless communication between team members. 

More transparency

CRM allows you to foster greater transparency in your organization by assigning tasks, showing work, and delineating exactly who is who and who is doing what. If your main concern is sales, you can make use of performance tracking for individual sales agents. CRM allows everyone in your organization to gain visibility on your business processes, fostering more mutual understanding and collaboration. 

“GLACIERS ARE MELTING”, “HURRICANES WILL BECOME STRONGER”, “ARCTIC LIKELY TO BECOME ICE-FREE” WHY?? GLOBAL WARMING!

“Global Warming isn’t a prediction. Its happening”! YES! Its happening.

We all have heard the term GLOBAL WARMING. GLOBAL WARMING has been an active threat in all our lives. It has been causing disasters and destroying habitats around the world. We have to CONSERVE our ENVIRONMENT and PLANET. We must take care of the place we live in. We need to realise that how valuable our environment and climate is and that we cannot risk it at any cost. But, before knowing the steps that we need to take to protect our environment from this danger we must know:

WHAT IS THIS GLOBAL WARMING? WHAT CAUSES IT? Well, Global Warming as the term itself suggests is the “consistent rise in the overall average temperature of the planet”. GLOBAL WARMING is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the temperature near the EARTH’S SURFACE. This phenomenon has been observed over the past one or two centuries. This change has disturbed the climatic pattern of the Earth. Over the past 50 years, the GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history. And experts see this trend is accelerating: All but one of 16 hottest years in NASA’s 134 year record have occurred since 2000. Climate change deniers have argued that there has been a “pause” or a “slowdown” in rising global temperatures, but several recent studies, have disproved this claim. And Scientists say that unless we curb GLOBAL WARMING EMISSIONS average temperatures increase up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit, over the next century. There are several causes of GLOBAL WARMING, which have a negative effect on humans, plants and animals. These causes may be natural or might be the outcome of human activity.

“GLOBAL WARMING is a gradual increase in the EARTH’S TEMPERATURE generally due to the GREENHOUSE EFFECT caused by increased levels of CARBON DIOXIDE, CHLORO FLOURO CARBONS (CFCs) ,and other pollutants”. It occurs when CARBON DIOXIDE and other Air pollutants and GREENHOUSE GASES collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the EARTH’S SURFACE. These pollutants trap the heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to get hotter. That’s what’s known as the GREENHOUSE EFFECT.

Here are other causes: *Deforestation: Cutting down the trees has been a major factor in causing Global warming. Plants are the main source of oxygen. They take in CARBONDIOXIDE and releases Oxygen thereby maintaining ENVIRONMENTAL BALANCE. Forests are being depleted for many domestic and commercial purposes. This has led to an ENVIRONMENTAL IMBALANCE, thereby giving rise to GLOBAL WARMING.

*USE OF VEHICLES: The use of VEHICLES, even for s very short distance results in various gaseous emissions vehicles burn FOSSIL FUELS which emit a large amount of CARBONDIOXIDE and other toxins into the atmosphere resulting in a temperature increase.

Just like all these factors there are many other factors Ranging from man made factors like INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, OVERPOPULATION, USES OF FOSSIL FUELS, to NATURAL FACTORS like, VOLCANOES, WATER VAPOUR, FOREST FIRES, etc. causing a rise in earth’s atmosphere.

But Can we say that the World is IGNORING this fact? The world is not aware of this situation? No! It would be wrong to say that!

“Change only happens when individuals take Actions”. – “Aliya haq”, Deputy director of NRDC. SPEAK UP! There are many changes that we can bring about in our life, ranging from STOP CUTTING TREES, PLANT MORE TREES! The GOAL is simple! CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE CLIMATE’S WORST ENEMY.

There can be many ways to stop GLOBAL WARMING by governmental means, but INITIALLY, it starts with with us! Talk to your friends, family, and make sure Representatives are making good decisions.

The Role of HRM

Keep in mind that many functions of HRM are also tasks other department managers perform, which is what makes this information important, despite the career path taken. Most experts agree on seven main roles that HRM plays in organizations. These are described in the following sections.

Staffing

You need people to perform tasks and get work done in the organization. Even with the most sophisticated machines, humans are still needed. Because of this, one of the major tasks in HRM is staffing. Staffing involves the entire hiring process from posting a job to negotiating a salary package. Within the staffing function, there are four main steps:

1. Development of a staffing plan. This plan allows HRM to see how many people they should hire based on revenue expectations.
2. Development of policies to encourage multiculturalism at work. Multiculturalism in the workplace is becoming more and more important, as we have many more people from a variety of backgrounds in the workforce.
3. Recruitment. This involves finding people to fill the open positions.
4. Selection. In this stage, people will be interviewed and selected, and a proper compensation package will be negotiated. This step is followed by training, retention, and motivation.

Development of Workplace Policies

Every organization has policies to ensure fairness and continuity within the organization. One of the jobs of HRM is to develop the verbiage surrounding these policies. In the development of policies, HRM, management, and executives are involved in the process. For example, the HRM professional will likely recognize the need for a policy or a change of policy, seek opinions on the policy, write the policy, and then communicate that policy to employees. It is key to note here that HR departments do not and cannot work alone. Everything they do needs to involve all other departments in the organization. Some examples of workplace policies might be the following:

• Discipline process policy
• Vacation time policy
• Dress code
• Ethics policy
• Internet usage policy

Business planning seems like it would be something that organizations do well, given the near self-evident importance of the concept. Yet, that is not necessarily the case. “In my experience leading dozens of business planning workshops in countries all over the world, of teams I’ve encountered have an effective business planning process,” according to author and business plan expert Tim Berry in Entrepreneur.

Organizations should develop a better understanding of how to approach business planning. The following sections expand on the topic and the four types of planning.

Why Plan?

“Planning is about managing resources and priorities in an organized way,” Berry says. “Management is related to leadership, and it’s related to productivity.”

If companies improve how they plan, managing and leadership will also improve. The following steps can help businesses plan better.

• Devise a Plan: Write important details down and focus on strengths, what matters, what people are most important to you and what you can do for them. This will help you communicate your vision to your employees.
• Define Success: How do you see your business in several years? Define long-term goals and be specific. Establish milestones for certain goals and who will achieve the goals. Look at what drives your business; it may be presentations, conversions, page views or something else. Then establish a review schedule and re-examine your long-term goals as necessary.

Market research provides critical information about your market and your business landscape. It can tell you how your company is perceived by the target customers and clients you want to reach. It can help you understand how to connect with them, show how you stack up against the competition, and inform how you plan your next steps. Market research can also play an important role in the process of developing your products and services, bringing them to the marketplace, and marketing them to consumers. Here are a few ways that market research can help inform your business strategies

can give you an accurate view of your business and your marketplace. For example, you can see how you are perceived in comparison to your competitors, and evaluate what your competitors are doing to attract customers

Salient Features of Business Environment

The salient features of the business environment are given hereunder:

1. Dynamic: The environment in which the business operates changes continuously because there is a wide variety of factors that exist in the environment, causing it to change its shape and character.
2. Complex: There are many forces, events and conditions that constitute business environment, arising from various sources. So, it is a bit difficult to understand the relative influence of a particular factor, on the operation of the organisation.
3. Uncertain: Uncertainty is an inherent characteristic of the business environment because no one can predict what is going to happen in future.
4. Multi-faceted: A single change in the business environment, can be viewed differently by different observers because their perceptions vary.
5. Far-reaching Impact: The survival, growth and profitability, of a business enterprise, depends largely on the environment in which it exists. A small change in the environment has a far-reaching impact on the organisation in different ways.
6. Relative: The notion of a business environment is relative since it varies from one location to another.

An audit is the examination of an entity’s accounting records, as well as the physical inspection of its assets. If performed by a certified public accountant (CPA), the CPA can express an opinion on the fairness of the entity’s financial statements. This opinion is then issued along with the financial statements to the investment community. An audit is usually conducted shortly after a firm’s books have been closed for its fiscal year.

The Internal Audit

An internal audit can address a broad array of issues, such as employee compliance with corporate policies. A compliance audit usually addresses an entity’s compliance with the a government agency’s rules and regulations. Larger organizations may employ a full-time internal audit department, since they have more complex processes that require monitoring.

Understanding Risk ManagementRisk management occurs everywhere in the realm of finance. It occurs when an investor buys U.S. Treasury bonds over corporate bonds, when a fund manager hedges his currency exposure with currency derivatives, and when a bank performs a credit check on an individual before issuing a personal line of credit. Stockbrokers use financial instruments like options and futures, and money managers use strategies like portfolio diversification, asset allocation and position sizing to mitigate or effectively manage risk.Inadequate risk management can result in severe consequences for companies, individuals, and the economy. For example, the subprime mortgage meltdown in 2007 that helped trigger the Great Recession stemmed from bad risk-management decisions, such as lenders who extended mortgages to individuals with poor credit; investment firms who bought, packaged, and resold these mortgages; and funds that invested excessively in the repackaged, but still risky, mortgage-backed securities (MBS).How Risk Management WorksWe tend to think of “risk” in predominantly negative terms. However, in the investment world, risk is necessary and inseparable from desirable performance.A common definition of investment risk is a deviation from an expected outcome. We can express this deviation in absolute terms or relative to something else, like a market benchmark.While that deviation may be positive or negative, investment professionals generally accept the idea that such deviation implies some degree of the intended outcome for your investments. Thus to achieve higher returns one expects to accept the greater risk. It is also a generally accepted idea that increased risk comes in the form of increased volatility. While investment professionals constantly seek—and occasionally find—ways to reduce such volatility, there is no clear agreement among them on how it’s best done.How much volatility an investor should accept depends entirely on the individual investor’s tolerance for risk, or in the case of an investment professional, how much tolerance their investment objectives allow. One of the most commonly used absolute risk metrics is standard deviation, a statistical measure of dispersion around a central tendency. You look at the average return of an investment and then find its average standard deviation over the same time period. Normal distributions (the familiar bell-shaped curve) dictate that the expected return of the investment is likely to be one standard deviation from the average 67% of the time and two standard deviations from the average deviation 95% of the time. This helps investors evaluate risk numerically. If they believe that they can tolerate the risk, financially and emotionally, they invest.

Commerce leads to the prospering of nations and an increased standard of living, but if left unchecked or unregulated, it can lead to negative externalities.E-commerce is a variant of commerce in which goods are sold electronically via the Internet.Understanding CommerceCommerce has existed from the moment humans started exchanging goods and services with one another. From the early days of bartering to the creation of currencies to the establishment of trade routes, humans have sought ways to exchange goods and services and build a distribution process around the process of doing so.Today, commerce normally refers to the macroeconomic purchases and sales of goods and services by large organizations at scale. The sale or purchase of a single item by a consumer is defined as a transaction, while commerce refers to all transactions related to the purchase and sale of that item in an economy. Most commerce is conducted internationally and represents the buying and selling of goods between nations.It is important to note that commerce does not have the same meaning as “business,” but rather is a subset of business. Commerce does not relate to the manufacturing or production process of business but only the distribution process of goods and services. The distribution aspect encompasses a wide array of areas, such as logistical, political, regulatory, legal, social, and economic.

Strategic financial management means not only managing a company’s finances but managing them with the intention to succeed—that is, to attain the company’s goals and objectives and maximize shareholder value over time. However, before a company can manage itself strategically, it first needs to define its objectives precisely, identify and quantify its available and potential resources, and devise a specific plan to use its finances and other capital resources toward achieving its goals.Strategic financial management is about creating profit for the business and ensuring an acceptable return on investment (ROI). Financial management is accomplished through business financial plans, setting up financial controls, and financial decision making.[Important: “Strategic” management focuses on long-term success and “tactical” management relates to short-term positioning.]Understanding Strategic Financial ManagementThe Operative Word: StrategicFinancial management itself involves understanding and properly controlling, allocating, and obtaining a company’s assets and liabilities, including monitoring operational financing items like expenditures, revenues, accounts receivable and payable, cash flow, and profitability.Strategic financial management encompasses all of the above plus continuous evaluating, planning, and adjusting to keep the company focused and on track toward long-term goals. When a company is managing strategically, it deals with short-term issues on an ad hoc basis in ways that do not derail its long-term vision. Strategic financial management includes assessing and managing a company’s capital structure, the mix of debt and equity finance employed, to ensure a company’s long-term solvency.

Systems?

These information systems help corporations solve widescale problems and are typically large platforms, too complex for individual or small business use.

Enterprise systems handle many operations within a company to facilitate its business and management reporting tasks. They’re built for speed, scale and designed to deploy across a variety of networks like the Internet, an intranet and corporate networks. Corporations that employ enterprise software include:

• Big box stores
• Marketing agencies
• Tech companies

The complexity of enterprise applications, however, pushes most corporations to outsource the development of applications they need to run operations. After development, the applications are brought back in-house for deployment, a job that usually requires a specialized information technology team.

The 3 Types of Enterprise Systems

Given the digital force of today’s markets, there are three types of enterprise systems that are indispensable for corporations across the globe.

1.     Customer Relationship Manages

s a software that helps organizations present a consistent message about customer insights by gathering the latest information about a lead. Collections of data for CRM software usage happen at each step of a presale process, including sales and marketing, call centers, help desks and customer support service.

Remember the pair of jeans? Well, at the heart of the CRM is the database that receives your customer activity from the moment you hand over the product to the cashier. Every time a customer order is entered, an invoice is cut, a shipment is sent, and refunds and exchanges are processed, it is quickly submitted into the database.

What are Examples of CRM?

Two types of CRMs people in any business or tech field should be familiar with are analytical and operational CRMs.

• Operational CRMs: These systems are focused on the automation of the customer-facing parts of a business, like targeted communications and offers to customers.

Analytical CRMs: These systems are focused on analyzing customer data to enhance customer and company value. These CRM’s include data such as sales history, credit scores, marketing some examples of the most popular CRM’s used by corporations include:

1. Salesforce CRM – The platform works for mid-size companies as well as businesses that aren’t too familiarized with CRM. Its service model is based on automation by centralizing leads and customer profile data. This type of enterprise system falls under the category of general software.
2. HubSpot CRM – HubSpot provides services and tools for marketing and sales companies. Services can include content management and web analytics. HubSpot falls under the category of inbound software.
3. Zoho CRM – Unlike HubSpot, this CRM software is aligned with offering project management tools to companies and employees. Services that this type of social software offers includes word processing, spreadsheets and wikis.
4. Freshsales CRM – Freshsales is a cloud-based CRM software that offers industries sales management, event and lead tracking services.

2.     Enterprise Resource Planning

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is designed to facilitate a company’s cross-functional processes. This software allows companies to eliminate inconsistencies and duplications of efforts during operations, share data, standard practices across enterprises and access information in a real-time environment.

The Executive has ultimate responsibility for the project and ‘owns’ the Business Case throughout the life of the project. He or she has the following specific responsibilities:Oversee the development of the Project Brief and Business CaseAuthorise expenditure levels, set stage tolerances and ensure funding for agreed expenditure is availableAuthorise or reject proposed changes to cost or timescale beyond tolerance levels and all proposed changes to scope, checking for possible effects on the Business CaseEnsure Risks and Issues are being tracked and mitigated/resolvedLiaise with Programme or Corporate Management on progressOrganise and chair meetings of the Project BoardAuthorise the project’s continuance or early closure at stage review meetings of the Project BoardAuthorise formal closure of the projectHold a Post-Project Review to ensure benefits are realised

. Even so, the Covid-19 crisis necessitates a large macroeconomic stimulus. In order not to overstrain government finances it should be targeted, temporary and self-limiting. Financing features can aid this as well as improve financial stability. Large government assets can be monetized to help restructure towards more effective government spending. Specific policy implications are drawn out.

Breif

Why is it that steady high growth continues to elu China’s catch-up growth extended to about 30 years of double digit growth. India’s post-liberalization growth has been volatile and has only rarely reached double digits. A high growth burst in the 2000s was not sustained. There was a slowdown after 2011. Growth was 3% per annum slower than in the previous period. The years 2016, 2018, 2020 saw reversals of weak growth revivals. In 2020 this is due to the Covid-19 shock.

The paper discusses past virtuous growth cycles in India and argues that the post Covid-19 macro-financial package is an opportunity to trigger another such cycle by raising marginal propensities to spend above those to save. This is feasible since the major constraints that aborted such cycles in the past are waning. Among these constraints are commodity price shocks and other supply-side bottlenecks; financial repression and discretionary allocation; and fiscal space. While the first constraint is relieved, and there is adequate progress on the others, fiscal space is still constrained. Even so, the Covid-19 crisis necessitates a large macroeconomic stimulus. In order not to overstrain government finances it should be targeted, temporary and self-limiting. Financing features can aid this as well as improve financial stability. Large government assets can be monetized to help restructure towards more effective government spending. Specific implications for policy are drawn out.

Poverty, prosperity, and growth are often measured in monetary terms, most commonly as people’s income. But while monetary measures have some important advantages, they have the big disadvantage that they are abstract. In the worst case monetary measures – like GDP per capita – are so abstract that we forget what they are actually about: people’s access to goods and services.

The point of this text is to show why economic growth is important and how the abstract monetary measures tell us about the reality of people’s material living conditions around the world and throughout history:

• In the first part I want to explain what economic growth is and why it is so difficult to measure. 
• In the second part I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of several measures of growth and you will find the latest data on several of these measures so that we can see what they tell us about how people’s material living conditions have changed.

What are these goods and services that I’m talking about?

Have a look around yourself right now. Many of the things you see are products that were produced by someone so that you can use them: the trousers you are wearing, the device you are reading this on, the electricity that powers it, the furniture around you, the toilet that is nearby, the sewage system it is connected to, the bus or car or bicycle you took to get where you are, the food you had this morning, the medications you will receive when you get sick, every window in your home, every shirt in your wardrobe, and every book on your shelf. 

At some point in the past many of these products were not available. The majority did not have access to the most basic goods and services they needed. A recent study on the history of global poverty estimates that just two centuries ago roughly three-quarters of the world “could not afford a tiny space to live, food that would not induce malnutrition, and some minimum heating capacity.”