PLASTIC is the great invention by Leo Baekeland in 1905, Which was the first synthetic compound mass-produced at that time. This was then later adopted as the universal alternative to the wood as well as the other natural compounds as it was easy to produce it in large quantities, in a short duration of time.

In the early 1950s, adoption of plastic was in high demand and a total of 6.3 billion tons of plastic was produced since then, from which 9% was recycled, 12% was burned and the remaining was left to decompose by throwing some into oceans, some in landfills, some on land, like this, it is increasing day by day from that year.

Till now we have produced the amount of plastic that weighs around half of the earth’s weight. Due to this the pollution rate has increased in a significant manner by which the marine life has affected a huge amount. Many fishes and other aquatic life have got extinct and it is continued till now.

World Without Plastic would be much different to as it is today, In which the people would use organic instead of synthetic. which will be a boon for marine life and other living beings. The nylon, polyester, may not be existed and there would be a limited variety of clothes be excited due to which there would be many fever fashion item be ever made.

The digital revolution which we are in today would not be in existence, due to which we may be still be living in the early 1800s where there is no plastic in which we can print the PCB’s of the computers, no TV’s, no Phones, Music Systems, and many other things would not be there.

There would not be preserved food as plastic has good qualities to preserve any item for long time, then we could relay on local venders to supply fresh food to all the people, because of this we may have a problem that not every fruit or vegetable could be eaten at any time, and then we could eat these fruits and vegetables seasonally.

So, these are my thoughts on this topic, what do you think what could happen more ?. Please comment.

📌Listening always requires active and silent participation to create mutual interaction and understanding amongst people.

⏺️QUALITIES OF POOR LISTENER
1)We should surely talk to ourselves and it makes us feel more confident. But there are situations where talking to ourselves jist doesn’t fit at that particular point of time
2)Disagreeing with speaker without listening the speaker effectively is a sign of poor listener.
3)While having interaction , if you keep your mind preoccupied with thoughts of past or future , it is also a sign of poor listener.
4)When you judge the listener at the first sight , your mind hormones give a negative deviation and you always judge a listener.
5)bad listener will often avoid eye contact while listening to the speaker.

⏺️QUALITIES OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKER
1)Do not be judgemental, close minded and disrespectful to the speaker
2)avoid being aggressive in the conversation.
3)Paraphrasing
4)make eye-contact and by asking doubts in a conversation
5)Providing feedback

On average Software Engineers work 40+hours per week. If people work for a start-up company, the company will require them to work more to meet the deadlines. Lazy start-ups will require you to work at least 40+hours but the work will drain your energy and it will remain like you are working forever. If people work for more than 50 hours their brain will get tired and their thinking capacity will become less. 

Some people say that software engineers work for 60 to 80 hours but that’s not true. All you need is the skills to do the work. If you enough capacity and the idea then you can finish the work within the stipulated amount of time. Most companies will give you a deadline to finish the work. It’s up to you to decide how many hours you needed to complete that piece of work. 

Nature of the place

It all depends on the kind of environment you work in. It includes government organizations, industries, small start-ups. If you are a young human being and have lots of time in your hands you may work for extra hours and can surprise your boss with your work. If you have a family to take care of you might stick to fixed timelines. Sometimes it all depends on an individual’s capacity.

Some people may work for more hours but the results won’t be much good. On the other hand, people with fewer skills and the ability to complete the tasks, and have the capacity to manage their work and personal life used to work only for a smaller number of hours. But they yield a great amount of profit for their company. Most people have this assumption that those who work for longer hours have the highest salary and those who work for fewer hours have the lowest salary. But that is not true. In the end, the amount of work you finished and the guidelines you met are the important aspects. 

Multinational Companies

Most software engineers work for Multinational companies. Comparing to software engineers in India and other countries, people who work in India used to work like bulls. But, in the other countries, they will strictly spend their weekends for themselves. They will work for the whole week right from Monday to Friday and will spend their weekends without any hurdles or calls. In India we work without considering the days, people been work on their weekends to meet their deadlines. 

Disadvantages of working in a Startup

Software engineers who work for startups always have some fear in their minds. Because if the company faces some loss, they will immediately terminate employees from their companies without giving any prior notice. They could’ve worked for incessant hours but their hard work could’ve dropped by some other people. They will operate with fewer employees and they were expected to work for incessant hours fearing their job might go at stake. We could’ve heard this kind of news many times in our life. 

Levels Of Work

Mostly software developers do coding kind of jobs. There are three levels entry-level, medium-level, higher level. Entry-level coders work very hard as they are new to this field and are expected to meet strict deadlines. So, they work for many hours without caring about their health. Freshers are expected to work for more hours than Medium-level and higher-level coders as they are experienced and have some position in their company. Even if they quit their job and try to join some other company their years of experience will help them. 

According to the recent Stackoverflow survey, 75% of Software Engineers work for 45+hours a week. This is the harsh reality of Software Engineers. This is because some companies could’ve got some new projects and they will expect their employees to work for more hours to meet the deadlines and the complete the project successfully. 

Advantages of working in a government organization

There are some advantages if you work for a government organization. They will provide the correct timings and will tell you the number of hours you have to work in a week. It will help you in certain ways. You can manage your lifestyle, family life, and your mental health.

It is not true that software engineers do 9-5 jobs. Some people love to code in their leisure time, during the night, or whenever their mind is free. They are just going to finish the deadline. Working can be done at any time. Some developed companies even provide work-from-home jobs. This will give the right atmosphere for them as they are at their comfort place. There is no need to travel and their work hours will become less. If they are expected to complete the project within a week. And if they are given the privilege of work from home. They can easily complete it in fewer hours. 

Data provided by Engineering Company

Question	Answer
Average Wake up time?	7:50
Average work arrival time	9:06
How many drinks coffee?	65%
How many works at home?	10%
How many works out?	45%
How much personal time a day?	4.5 Hours
When do they go to bed?	10:52

Company culture

Sometimes, it depends on the company they work with. Companies like TCS, Bosch will provide you the correct time amount you are needed to work with. But with some companies like Infosys, Cisco you won’t find the right amount of time. They will ask you to work till midnight also. But if working till midnight provides you a good salary then it’s worth it. 

On the other hand, if you are good at what you are doing, then the less amount of time itself will do good. 

Monthly work hours

The official working hours provided by most of the companies are 220 hours per month that is 45 hours per week. If you work as a team your working hours might change. In the best-case scenarios, you might have to work fewer hours or in the worst-case scenarios, you are expected to work for more hours. It all depends on the place you work. 

“The September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers of the WORLD TRADE CENTER, NEW YORK, the symbol of prowess and of prestige of the most powerful state in the world, came as a rude shock not only to the AMERICANS but also to the people in other parts of the world”. The attacks signalled to the fact that states are no longer impermeable and even a SUPERPOWER like the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA can easily become a victim of attacks launched, not by states, but by invisible actors, the most dangerous being the forces of TERRORISM, which are at work globally.

Since, the 9/11 attacks in 2001, TERRORISM has been a key concern worldwide, with the United States leading a WAR ON TERROR, and with continued attacks around the world by religious extremists. But, the question is WHAT IS THIS TERRORISM? ARE THE TERRORISTS SIMPLY FANATICS TO BE DEFEATED? CAN WE PREVENT THIS TERRORISM?

Well, A common definition of TERRORISM is the systematic use or threatened use of VIOLENCE to intimidate a POPULATIONor GOVERNMENT, for RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL, and IDEOLOGICAL GOALS. TERRORISM is a method which an organized group or party sought to achieve its avowed aims chiefly through the systematic use of VIOLENCE. The central point is that TERRORISM is an act which uses VIOLENCE to achieve its ends and is characterized by certain forms of actions such as ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, TAKING PEOPLE AS HOSTAGES, and HIJACKING OF PLANES.

The word “TERRORISM” was first coined in the1790s to refer to the terror used during the FRENCH REVOLUTION by the revolutionaries against their opponents. The JACOBIN party of MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE carried out a REIGN OF TERROR involving MASS EXECUTIONS by the guillotine. Although, TERRORISM in this USAGE implied an act of violence by a state against its domestic enemies, since the 20th CENTURY the term has been applied most frequently to violence aimed, either, directly or indirectly, at Governments in an attempt to influence POLICIES or TOPPLE an existing regimes. Most of the countries in the world like AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, INDIA, UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, BRAZIL, CANADA, EGYPT, FRANCE, GERMANY, INDONESIA, and others suffer from terrorist onslaughts. There are or were many Terrorist organisations like, THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY(IRA) of IRELAND, the RED BRIGADES OF ITALY, THE JAPANESE RED ARMY OF JAPAN, and other ARAB TERRORIST GROUPS such as BLACK SEPTEMBER ORGANISATION OF PALESTINE, etc. which are disrupting peace and security of the world. But the new epicenter of terror since 9/11 tragedy is the AL-QAIDA and the names associated with it.

Many Terrorist attacks have happened in INDIA. Like, the PULWAMA ATTACK, 2019 one of the deadliest terror attacks on our brave SECURITY FORCES, in PULWAMA, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, shocked the Nation. In the attack, almost 40 CRPF personnel were killed. URI attack on September 18, 2016, was the worst attack on our Army where we lost some of our 17 JAWANS, ATTACKS being done by the PAKISTAN based Militant group. The 26/11 Mumbai attacks in 2008 is also one of the most horrific attacks in the country’s History. Like this, Several attacks have destroyed PEACE and SECURITY of our country.

But, there have also been some relaxations lately in the country, since THE MODI GOVERNMENT’S DECISION to revoke the autonomous status of JAMMU AND KASHMIR in 2019. It has improved the region’s SECURITY situation. According to the last report of the INDIAN MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS, there was a significant improvement in the security situation in the country due to containment of SEPARATIST AND COMMUNIST TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS. Hence, Of all regions in INDIA, TERRORISM- induced violence and deaths are primarily seen in JAMMU AND KASHMIR.

Since, it is HAS BECOME A GLOBAL PROBLEM, IT REQUIRES GLOBAL INITIATIVES!

when a person love something and decided to be with it and take utmost care but in return if it turns out to be then most disloyal one as now a days which lead to affecting a person’s phycological and mental imbalance so the rate of sadism in his body system increases from 8% to 12% that leads to massive destruction and it makes him/her to stoop low they wont in mental conscious and do things carelessly which has an adverse effect so help people who are in need accept the care and respect a person give and return the same to him/her .Never be cause of destructing someone’s health or phycological barres.

Data science is something which is all about the connecting between Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence ,though they are similar in terms but way dissimilar in conditions. Last few years it has showered with lots of improvement thus providing a scope of many engineers or B.com pursuers that it is the deciding factor of topmost job providing resources, and again advanced python coming into the picture we can learn many thing with strategical provisions taking lead hence in a way we can say thet data science is all about ”what computer’s should do”

There’s a new trend getting heat in many countries of problems with big Tech companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter. Now recently France fined google 267 million dollars, though this amount is not big enough for a company with revenue of almost 147 billion dollars.

What has happened?

France’s competition watchdog has fined googled 220 million euros ($267 million) for abusing its market power in the online advertising industry. The French competition authority said on Monday ” Google had unfairly sent business to its own services and discriminated against the competition”. Google has agreed to pay the fine and end some of its self-preferencing practices, the watchdog said. The settlement is a final step in a series of events triggered by a 2019 complaint against google’s ad practices by several media companies over tech giant’s ad practices in France. The investigation comes after US-based news corp, French newspaper ‘Le Figaro’ and the Belgian press group ‘Rossel’ filed a complaint against Google. The investigation found that Google gave preferential treatment to its DFP advertising server and its SSP adx listing platform. Isabelle de Silva, president of the French competition authority, said in a statement that the decision is first in the world. She added that the investigation revealed processes by which google favoured itself over its competitors on both advertising servers and supply-side platforms. Isabelle also said that “this sanction and these commitments will make it possible to re-establish a level playing field for all actors, and the ability of publishers to make the most of their advertising spaces. Google announced in a blog on Monday that it will be making series of changes to its advertising technology.

As the changes are only binding in France, it is not yet clear whether Google will also implement them elsewhere in Europe or the rest of the world. Regulators across Europe are clamping down on the major US tech giants amid concerns that they wield too much power on the bloc’s 700 million-plus citizens. Last week Facebook was hit by two antitrust probes from regulators in the UK and Europe. The European Commission has launched probes into Amazon, Google and Microsoft over the last few years, while UK’s competition and markets authority has also launched probes into Google and Apple since it became an independent regulator in its own right in January following Britain’s exit from the E.U. Google also faced an antitrust case in India over abuse in smart TV’s market.

Maintain your mind always busy in work, a non busy mind is harmful for the individuals and their health.

Don’t stay free engage yourself in something always because it will keep you away from the negative thoughts and it will not impact on your health.

Most of the stress and tension and negative thinking arise as our mind is free to think about things about which we are not interested to think about.

Empty mind is an evil mind which can lead you to negative impact of it. Be busy I. Your work so that no free time left to focus on. If you give less attention to that you will be happy in your life.

Happiness is the power to stay away from these all. It is the only cure to your problems. It diverts the mind. All be positive, find good in everything everywhere, focus on happiness you create and see.

Be the reason to the world for happiness. Don’t let your negativity ruin your life.

Digital divide can be defined as the difference in availability and use of technology among people. It is a malady for an economy as big as India to lag in digital connectivity. The silver lining is that we are bridging the gap rapidly. The pandemic tried to undo the progress made on that front by increasing poverty and therefore affecting people’s access to digital services. This is so because when there is no income due to joblessness, all the leftover money is spent on ration and not internet package. Apart from poor, the elderly also find it difficult to operate computers or smartphones. The lack of know-how was not a problem in pre-pandemic times but now since most of the vaccination campaign has gone digital, it has become a question of survival.

A healthy level of self respect enables you to have the confidence to set firm boundaries .it means knowing what you stand for and what your values are ,and being accepting of both your strengths and weakness .self respect is an inner quality that each individual must take time to develop

self rwspect is defined as holding yourself in esteem and believing that you are good and worthy of being treated well .An example of self respect is when you know you deserve to be treated right and as a result you do not tolerate others lying to you are treated you unfairly .

Self respect means having confidence in yourself and behaving with grace,honor,and dignity ,A person with self respect doesnt allow others to treat them badly ,and would rather not .

self respect is all about treating yourself the way you want other to treat you

Meta Description: This article is brief about a well-balanced diet in the fast-food menu. And how to find healthier options hidden in the fast-food diet.

Why is fast food is healthy? 

Following a healthy diet when eating regularly, fast food items are very difficult to maintain a balanced diet. However, it contains lots of calories and unwanted fats, sodium. It also tends to be low in nutrients and almost lacking in vitamins, fiber.

It doesn’t matter that we completely avoid fast food, but fast food can hit the spot when we are starving on the run. It’s tasty and also cheap and mainly best of all, convenient. But it’s okay to eat fast food now and then. But, to stay healthy, you can’t make it a regular habit.

How can you keep your diet in fast food?

The average person eats approx 800 calories per fast food meal. These are some suggestions to follow the diet :

1. Focus on adding fewer calories items.

2. Avoid “combo meals.”

3. Avoid soft drinks. Instead, choose diet soda or water.

4. Skip the cheese, sauces, bacon, mayonnaise.

5. Choose low-fat ice creams and avoid pies and turnovers.

6. Choose grilled item than fried.

7. Keep the salad dressing on the side. Dip your fork in before each bite, 

 and scoop some greens. 

8. Limit your visits to a fast-food restaurant to no more than twice a week.

9. Try to eat more protein items.

10. Always watch your sodium intake

We may be busy, but we have to take care of our health, and we must exercise at least 30 minutes daily, It boosts our energy and maintains health well balanced. Our body is a beautiful machine that works best, if taken care of properly. Eating fast food has been linked to diseases like obesity, high cholesterol, depression, etc. put your effort to eat healthy food maximum and mostly avoid fast food and make your plans properly.

By:
Maroju Sanjana

=>In the year since COVID-19 emerged, the world has seen 85 million cases of the disease and counting.

    =>The pandemic showed the power of collaboration to create solutions quickly.

    =>Such collaborations can help protect the world against the future crises.

On 31 December 2019, the world welcomed a new year unaware that several cases of viral pneumonia of an unknown cause had emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Forty-four people were ill, 11 – severely – and those cases were reported to World Health Organization’s Country Office.

Those few cases of COVID-19 grew to a few hundred and then to a few thousand until that trickle became a flood, spilling out of mainland China and spreading across the globe. Just one year later, we’ve amassed 85 million cases and counting.

We’ve learned a lot during the past year about how to address global crises, but in my mind, one lesson cannot be ignored: The need for more strategic collaborations across institutions and sectors.

The power of collaboration was proven again and again. Shortly after the virus got its name, Chinese researchers published the first sequence of its genome. To widen its use, IBM scientists later processed all sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes, resulting in more than three million sequences – genomes, genes, proteins and other molecules. They added this data to IBM’s Functional Genomics Platform – a repository for researchers working to identify molecular targets for drug design, test development and treatment.

That platform now sports more than 300 million biological sequences extracted from various microbial genomes, with the coronavirus’s genome the newest kid on the block. It’s all open source – another key ingredient for success, along with collaborations.

Nearly a year after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic, we have been hearing more hopeful news as governments have begun distributing vaccines to certain priority groups, including healthcare providers, first responders and at-risk individuals,including those over the age of 65 or under 65 with certain underlying conditions.

 

Current Treatments for COVID-19

There have been several breakthroughs this past year in how doctors treat COVID-19. Remdesivir, for example, is an antiviral given by intravenous infusion in the hospital and was the first drug the FDA approved to treat COVID-19. It has been shown to shorten the time to recovery in several patients with severe COVID-19.

The FDA has also granted an emergency-use authorization for the rheumatoid arthritis drug baricitinib to treat some cases of the virus by reducing inflammation. Emergency-use authorization was also granted for convalescent plasma therapy to treat COVID-19. Convalescent plasma is blood donated by people who’ve recovered from COVID-19, and doctors use it as a type of immune-based therapy.

Common Symptoms of COVID-19

There has been a lot of discourse about all the symptoms associated with COVID-19. Over the last year, the CDC has compiled a list of the most common ones people reported, including:

*Fever or chills

*Cough

*Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

*Fatigue

*Muscle or body aches

*Headache

*New loss of taste or smell

*Sore throat

*Congestion or runny nose

*Nausea or vomiting

*Diarrhea

If you or a loved one start to experience any of these symptoms 2-14 days after potential exposure to the virus, it’s vital to take a test and begin self-isolating immediately.

What to Do If You Are Sick With COVID-19

If you have tested positive for COVID-19 or have symptoms and are awaiting test results, the best thing to do is stay home and take care of yourself. It’s also important to notify everyone with whom you have been in close contact. An infected person can spread the virus up to 48 hours before they start showing symptoms.

While you are isolating at home, be sure to stay rested and hydrated. Additionally, clean and disinfect surfaces every day and avoid sharing personal household items, such as dishes, towels, and linens.It’s also highly important to monitor your health. Call 911 if you or a loved one experience any of the following symptoms:

*Trouble breathing

*Persistent pain or pressure in the chest

*New confusion

*Inability to wake or stay awake

*Bluish lips or face .

When to End or Reduce Quarantine ?

Whether you tested positive without experiencing any symptoms or you no longer feel sick, there are several situations in which you may be wondering if it’s safe to leave your home after self-isolation. By ending your self-isolation correctly and safely, you protect not only yourself from reinfection but also those around you from the spread of the virus.

 

 

 

 

 

Bengaluru city daily counts of covid .19 positive cases dropped below 2000 after two months of continuous lockdown from April to June it decreased to2,000 cases per day, 199 deaths in karnataka the government started planning to produce oxygen production and increased oxygen supply daily in the state so the state government planned a separate committee to talk with big industries has given a allowance permission so industries to produce oxygen production with big industry like HMT,BEL,TATA,WiPRO,chemical industries, and many industries have came forward to produce oxygen production in the stat e from past many days corona cases getting reduced daily due that some restrictions are made to people even after lockdown people should follow all the covid procedures like wearing mask, keeping six feet social distance in public following rules in the public places and busses should allow 50% occupancy •••in hotels, park and malls the cases in corona in india is 86,498 the government allows industries to manufacture oxygen to manufacture oxygen for industrial purpose provided they ensure 600mt of liquid oxygen for covid treatment coaxing trials on Bengaluru begins for mysuru coronavirus pandemic shakes the entire countries the countries like Africa, Brazil,India. Is recovering from corona cases many celebrities are being following as awareness among the people so due to that serial and tv shows has been stopped now covid case I’d less so all is started working with protocol and regulations and many celebrities are doing awareness among the people due to covid children are suffering a lot…..but many of them are doing online business at home business selling of dress hand made dress at home at Facebook, Instagram and they are selling their homemade business and handicraft industries are being widely used in current situations so that the industries is being came down in loss no income no salary to pay for employees and many of them came to street without employment so in this situation many of themstarted their own channel 99% of them are now running their own YouTube channel this a changed many students life together.. the challenge faced by many youngest with their lifenis changed during lockdown has been made a big difference in many life that the students and youngest life has been changed that which the critical thinking subjects will be provided instead of wasting time on the action not to used the same everyone has different characters some of them show care for their children but difference had a made in them this is a really bad between two people around world shocked this news that designers job have been changed their job become online business is the best busses industries have changed their productivity more by day this changes have become because of covid changed life of my people that this a current situations is a big changes in the world is the hig changed many organizations have Started focusing on to save environmental at the cost of planting trees across the country ..trees environment is biggest changes in the nature is the biggest change bangalore is the silicon Valley with many plants,and gardencity of indianis bangalore…….

We should all provide food for the poor. So many families die everyday of starvation while we waste our food. If we do’t have food to keep us moving and staying healthy its not possible to work and make a living for ourselves and our families. Everyone should have the right to live a healthy life especially when there are tones of food being wasted every year. Thousands of people are dying because of hunger. No one deserves to go through the main of starvation, thefts why we should all provide food for the poor. All human beings need food to survive and there are so many people who wasted their food every day. Food is one of the main things needed in life and some people are going without it. One million children under the age of five to die (45%) every year and about one out of six children in developing countries are underweight. If wealthier people have a large amount of food and money they should help provide the amount of nutrition needed to lower the risk of hillier dying around the world. Everything we eat does something to our body in some way and the nutrition in the food we eat helps the cells in our bodies to execute their relevant functions. We all need to survive and because people are dying of starvation and we need to help the people in need. There is more than enough food being produced in the world to feed everyone.

ANYONE CAN BE A FOOD DONOR

Large manufactures, supermarkets chains, wholesalers, farmers, food brokers, and organized community food drives typically give food to food banks. Restaurants, caterers, corporate dining rooms, hotels, and other food establishments promptly distribute perishable and prepared foods to hungry people in their communities. Many food banks and food rescue organizations will pick up food donations free of charge, saving donors time and money. Many non-perishable and unspoiled perishable foods can be donated to local food banks, soup kitchens, pantries, and shelters if the transactions is managed properly.

HOW TO DONATE FOOD

• Food pantries, food banks and food rescue programs are available across the country to collect food are redistribute it to those in need.
• Food banks are community based, professional organizations that collect food from a variety of sources and save the food in warehouses. The food bank then distribute the food to hungry families and individuals through a variety of emergency food assistance agencies, such as a soup kitchen, youth or senior centers, shelters and pantries. Most food banks tend to collect nonperishable foods such as canned goods because they can be stored for a longer time.
• Food rescue organizations operate food rescue programming, which includes the retrieval of excess food from donors and/or the delivery of donated food directly to clients or to other organizations that redistribute food to clients. These organizations may also offer other programming, such as educational or skills training and thee repurposing of donated food into meals or other food products, etc., and many of them apply software solutions, like apps, to coordinate the redistribution of excess food by volunteers or other organizations.

IDEAS FOR INCREASING FOOD DONATIONS IN YOUR COMMUNITY

• Leverage your existing relationships with food banks to donate food after events.
• Reach out your local grocers, restaurants, venues or schools to suggest that they could donate wholesome food that will be waste.
• Create a schedule for pick up of donated food from the organization or business on the weekly or monthly basis.
• Use donated food to feed the hungry or elderly of your community or for events held at your facility.
• Become a volunteer for a food rescue organization to help transport food from donors to food recipient organizations.

Origin of short story

Origins. The evolution of the short story first began before humans could write. … Consequently, many of the oldest narratives in the world, such as the ancient Babylonian tale the Epic of Gilgamesh, are in verse.

                           The earliest versions of the American short story can be traced back to Germany where writers such Heinrich von Kleist, E.T.A. Hoffmann, and Ludwig Tieck were popularizing a hybrid narrative art form that combined the sketch and the tale

The father of the short story                   

Guy de Maupassant

Biography   of Guy de Maupassant, Father of the Short Story. Esther Lombardi, M.A., is a journalist who has covered books and literature for over twenty years

EVOLUTION OF GENRE:

       Genre is a style or category of art, music, or literature. As an author, genre controls what you write and how you write it. It describes the style and focus of the novel you write. Genres give you blueprints for different types of stories.Jan 15, 2016

    Books form a genre when, according to their readers, they contain a sufficient number of similar words to take them together as a group in contrast to books that do not have a sufficient number of those similar words. … The way in which the words are distributed over books may indicate their genre– specific value.

               The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. Gérard Genette, a French literary theorist author of The Architext, describes Plato as creating three Imitational genres: dramatic dialogue, pure narrative, and epic (a mixture of dialogue and narrative).

ENGLISH SHORT STORY WRITERS:

        1 .Anton Chekhov. Chekhov wrote from every point of view: men,     women, old, young, and rich, poor. ..

         2. Katherine Mansfield. Her stories are very mysterious to me. …

         3. Isaac Babel. Babel was a master of compression. …

         4. Mavis Gallant. She is just a consummate stylist. …

         5. John Cheever. …

         6, James Baldwin. …

         7. Deborah Eisenberg. …

         8. Roberto Bolaño.

Anton Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short fiction in history. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.

            Chekhov had at first written stories to earn money, but as his artistic ambition grew, he made formal innovations which have influenced the evolution of the modern short story

 

  Katherine Mansfield

     Kathleen Mansfield Murry 14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a prominent modernist writer who was born and brought up in New Zealand. She wrote short stories and poetry under the pen name Katherine Mansfield. When she was 19, she left colonial New Zealand and settled in England, where she became a friend of D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Ottoline Morrell and others in the orbit of the Bloomsbury Group. Mansfield was diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in 1917 and she died in France aged 34.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

      Isaac Babel

           Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel (Russian:  13 July  1 July] 1894 – 27 January 1940) was a Russian writer, journalist, playwright, and literary translator. He is best known as the author of Red Cavalry, Story of My Dovecote and The Odessa Tales—stories from the life of Jewish gangsters from Odessa led by Benya Krik (prototype – Mishka Yaponchik. He has been acclaimed as “the greatest prose writer of Russian Jewry”. Babel was arrested by the NKVD on 15 May 1939 on fabricated charges of terrorism and espionage, and executed on 27 January 1940.

 

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Mavis Gallant

            Mavis Leslie de Trafford Gallant, CC, née Young (11 August 1922 – 18 February 2014), was a Canadian writer who spent much of her life and career in France. Best known as a short story writer, she also published novels, plays and essays.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  John Cheever

                  John William Cheever (May 27, 1912 – June 18, 1982) was an American novelist and short story writer. He is sometimes called “the Chekhov of the suburbs. “His fiction is mostly set in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, the Westchester suburbs, old New England villages based on various South Shore towns around Quincy, Massachusetts, where he was born, and Italy, especially Rome. His short stories included “The Enormous Radio“, “Goodbye, My Brother”, “The Five-Forty-Eight“, “The Country Husband”, and “The Swimmer“, and he also wrote four novels, comprising The Wapshot Chronicle (National Book Award, 1958), The Wapshot Scandal (William Dean Howells Medal, 1965), Bullet Park (1969), Falconer (1977) and a novella Oh What a Paradise It Seems (1982).

James Baldwin

           James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, playwright, essayist, poet, and activist. His essays, as collected in Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western society, most notably in regard to the mid-twentieth-century United States. Some of Baldwin’s essays are book-length, including The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the Street (1972), and The Devil Finds Work (1976). An unfinished manuscript, Remember This House, was expanded and adapted for cinema as the Academy Award–nominated documentary film I Am Not Your Negro (2016). One of his novels, If Beale Street Could Talk, was adapted into an Academy-Award-winning dramatic film of the same name in 2018, directed and produced by Barry Jenkins.

Deborah Eisenberg

Eisenberg was born in Winnetka, Illinois. Her family was Jewish.^[2] She grew up in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and moved to New York City in the late 1960s. Eisenberg has written five collections of stories: Transactions in a Foreign Currency (1986), Under the 82nd Airborne (1992), All Around Atlantis (1997), Twilight of the Superheroes (2006), and Your Duck Is My Duck (2018). Ben Marcus, reviewing Twilight of the Superheroes for The New York Times Book Review, called Eisenberg “one of the most important fiction writers now at work. This work is great.”^[6] Her first two story collections were republished in one volume as The Work (So Far) of Deborah Eisenberg (1997).^[7] Her first four collections were subsequently reprinted in The Collected Stories of Deborah Eisenberg (2010).^[8]

Roberto Bolaño

Roberto Bolaño Ávalos (Spanish: [roˈβeɾto βoˈlaɲo ˈaβalos] ( listen); 28 April 1953 – 15 July 2003) was a Chilean novelist, short-story writer, poet and essayist. In 1999, Bolaño won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel Los detectives salvajes (The Savage Detectives), and in 2008 he was posthumously awarded the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction for his novel 2666, which was described by board member Marcela Valdes as a “work so rich and dazzling that it will surely draw readers and scholars for ages”.^[1] The New York Times described him as “the most significant Latin American literary voice of his generation”

RESOUCE BRITANNICA:

 The short story is usually concerned with a single effect conveyed in only one or a few significant episodes or scenes. The form encourages economy of setting, concise narrative, and the omission of a complex plot; character is disclosed in action and dramatic encounter but is seldom fully developed. Despite its relatively limited scope, though, a short story is often judged by its ability to provide a “complete” or satisfying treatment of its characters and subject.

Before the 19th century the short story was not generally regarded as a distinct literary form. But although in this sense it may seem to be a uniquely modern genre, the fact is that short prose fiction is nearly as old as language itself. Throughout history humankind has enjoyed various types of brief narratives: jests, anecdotes, studied digressions, short allegorical romances, moralizing fairy tales, short myths, and abbreviated historical legends. None of these constitutes a short story as it has been defined since the 19th century, but they do make up a large part of the milieu from which the modern short story emerged.

Nature The word nature is a commonly used word.

 

This word is used in a variety of contexts. Perhaps the most important reference is the multiple species of plants, animals, wildlife, and all that the earth contains from topography such as mountains, valleys, beaches, and seas. , And forests. The beauty of nature The nature of man is characterized by its beauty resulting mainly from the wonderful diversity of living organisms that exist in various parts of the earth, as well as the unique terrain of mountains, water, plateaus and forests. Each of these features is distinguished by a special beauty that distinguishes it from Other terrain, and this great diversity gave people wide spaces to seek calm, tranquility, and tranquility.
Man by nature is a creature eager to taste beauty, and there is nothing more beautiful than nature.
The manifestations of the beauty of nature for the beauty of nature are many manifestations.
Wherever a person turns his face he will inevitably find a manifestation of these appearances.
Perhaps the most striking of these is the unique diversity in the colors around us, which created a wonderful natural painting. Other manifestations include variations in sizes, shapes, even among the creatures of the same species.
On the other hand, one of the greatest manifestations of nature’s beauty is the beautiful smells of certain creatures, such as flowers, flowers, and certain kinds of fruits, especially citrus, Which is accompanied by seasons and certain times; like the smell of the earth after the rain.
The beauty of nature around us The beauty of nature around us is one of the greatest blessings of God on us.
This beauty allows us to choose places and many destinations for the sake of rest, recreation and the best of times.
The beauty of nature has always been the first inspiration for artists and creators around the world, This is evidenced by the vast number of works of art, poetry and music that have attracted people around the world, and which revolve around the beauty and charm of nature.
The beauty of nature is an important source of income for many countries of the world, natural places are a tourist attraction that helps countries to improve their economic level, and thus emerged many of the areas that are famous for their natural beauty unspeakable, the most prominent of these areas: the Amazon River , The Dead Sea, the Jeita Grotto, Mount Teppel, the Puerto Princesa River, the Iguazu Falls, and others. A global competition to select the seven natural wonders has been held, and perhaps the most notable achievement of this list is the global spotlight on some areas that have not been so popular, thus contributing to a greater number of visitors than ever before.

        Farmer convoys

from Haryana head to

protest sites

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A large number of farmers in a convoy of hundreds of vehicles from Haryana’s Ambala reached the farmer unions’ protest site at Singhu border in New Delhi on Sunday. The unions claimed that more batches of farmers from Haryana were expected to join the protest sites in the days to come. The Samyukt Kisan Morcha, in a press statement, claimed that a large number of protestors continued to pour into the protest sites at Singhu border, Tikri border, Ghazipur and other locations. “While the spin doctors of BJP continue to try to create an image of dwindling numbers at the protest sites, the government should know that quite the opposite is the case, and all protest sites are witnessing a huge surge of protestors joining the sites,” said the press statement. Amid continued stalemate over withdrawal of cases against farmer leaders and their release in Harayana’s Fatehabad, the SKM has now given a call for a four-hour sit-in agitation outside police stations across Haryana on June 7.

Government arrogance of The SKM has made an appeal to the farmers from Sirsa, Fatehabad, Jind and Hisar, to assemble in large numbers at Sadar Police Station in Tohana to show collective strength, while farmers of other districts would protest at their respective local police stations.Led by several SKM leaders, including Mr. Yadav, Gurnam Singh Charuni, Rakesh Tikait and Yudhvir Singh, hundreds of farmers have been camping at Sadar Police Station in Tohana since Saturday demanding the withdrawal of cases against farmer leaders and thr release of Ravi Azad and Vikas Sisar. The matter pertains to the farmers protest against Jannayak Janata Party MLA Devender Babli this past week.The agitating farmers, including women, have pitched tents outside the police station and the SKM leaders have announced that they would not budge from the station until the two arrested farmer leaders are released and cases are withdrawn.Several meetings have been held with the local administration, but there is no breakthrough. Mr. Yadav claimed that they held six hours of talks with the district administration since Saturday, but it remained inconclusive.

 

By : G Gnana Priya dharshini

A heallthy level of self respect enables you to have the confident to set firm boundaries .it means knowing what you stand for and what your values are,and being accepting both your strength and weakness .self respect is an inner quality that each individual must take time to develop .self respecf is defined as holding yourself in esteem and believing that you are good and worthy of being treated well.An example of self respect is when you know you deservd to be treated right an as a result you do not tolerate ithers lying to you or treating you unfairly.self respect means having confidence in yourself and behaving with grace,honour,and dignity.A person with self respect doesnt allow other to treat them badly ,and would rather not associate with.self respect is all about treating yourself the way you want others to treat you.

Marriage is a custom which is followed by every section of our society.. It is a tradition to connect two people with rituals performing at the marriage by the priest or their religious head. In India, Marriage holds a very high importance in everyone’s life. It is considered that marriage is not only of two people but of  two families. Families who connect with each other and have common view points. Everybody wants their daughter’s to get married to a person who is responsible, respectful and have money to fulfill their daughter’s wish. Instead of Parents forcing their child to get married, they should push them in the direction to pursue their career ahead and shine brightest among all .

Marriage is a responsibility which puts a lot of pressure on two young ones who are not at the stage of handling it. The Education makes us more qualified to know the difference between our responsibility and desire. It gives us a power to take right decisions at the right time. Since very long time girls in India were prepared to  make her groom and his family happy by being just a housewife.  They were not allowed to dream for what they want. It should be a girl’s choice either she wants to be a housewife or a working women. If we provide them support and love then they can reach several heights. In Today’s generation, Lots of young girls are pushing themselves and making a marks in their respective fields which no one expected them to achieve. Women has a lot of substance in themselves, who can make the world or break it. Life is all about accepting changes and moving ahead without thinking about what perception society will have about you.

Marriage is not the end of someone’s career. It is a desire of two individuals whether they want to spend their life together or not. If a man can pursue his dream even after marriage and children, then why not a women can do the same ? . It is a matter which most of us try to ignore and avoid, but We need to accept the reality of having a happy married life with achieving the best in our career too. Our dreams are not made to crush by the single decision of our life . It is our life to decide the future of it. Nobody has a right to choose what is better for us. Nobody’s permission is needed for young girls to fulfill their dreams. As It’s one life, live it to the fullest.

The Statue of Unity is a colossal statue of Indian statesman and independence activist Vallabhbhai Patel (1875–1950), who was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India and an adherent of Mahatma Gandhi during the nonviolent Indian Independence movement. Patel was highly respected for his leadership in uniting 562 princely states of India with a major part of the former British Raj to form the single Union of India. The statue is located in the state of Gujarat, India. It is the world’s tallest statue with a height of 182 metres (597 feet).It is located on the Narmada River in the Kevadiya colony, facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the city of Vadodara and 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Surat. Kevadia railway station is located at a distance of just 5 kilometres from Statue of Unity.[5][6]Statue of Unity Statue of Unity.jpgStatue of Unity is located in GujaratStatue of Unity Location of the Statue of Unity in Gujarat Show map of Gujarat Show map of India Show allCoordinates21.8380°N 73.7191°E Location Narmada Valley Kevadiya colony, Narmada district, Gujarat, India Designer Ram V. Sutar Type Statue Material Steel framing, reinforced by concrete and brass coating, bronze cladding Height182 meters (597 ft)Visitors2.8 million (in 2018-19)Beginning date 31 October 2013Completion date 30 October 2018Opening date 31 October 2018Dedicated to Vallabhbhai PatelWebsitestatueofunity.inThe project was first announced in 2010 and the construction of the statue started in October 2013 by Larsen & Toubro, with a total construction cost of ₹2700 crore (₹27 billion; US$422 million).It was designed by Indian sculptor Ram V. Sutar, and was inaugurated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 31 October 2018, the 143rd anniversary of Sardar Patel’s birth.

History:

Narendra Modi first announced the project to commemorate Vallabhbhai Patel on 7 October 2013 at a press conference to mark the beginning of his 10th year as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. At the time, the project was dubbed, “Gujarat’s tribute to the nation”.A separate Society named Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Rashtriya Ekta Trust (SVPRET) was formed under the chairmanship of the Chief minister, Government of Gujarat, to execute the project.An outreach drive named the Statue of Unity Movement was started to support the construction of the statue. It helped collect the iron needed for the statue by asking farmers to donate their used farming instruments. By 2016, a total of 135 metric tonnes of scrap iron had been collected and about 109 tonnes of it was used to make the foundation of the statue after processing.A marathon titled Run For Unity was held on 15 December 2013 in Surat and Vadodara in support of the project.

This story by Edgar Allan Poe, is a psychological story. It is an ambiguous investigation of a man’s paranoia. The story shows how the narrator stalks his victim as if he was an intelligent animal. There are times when Poe shows us that his character is worse than a beast as when he tortures the old man and slowly kills him. What makes the story more shocking is that the narrator tries to justify his actions, until he is finally caught.

The story begins with the narrator admitting that he is a very nervous person, whose senses are sharpened as a result of this nervousness. He can hear the smallest sounds even from heaven, hell and earth that normal people cannot hear. It is this over sensitivity that plays an important role in the story. Though he suffers from paranoia, he tells us that he is not mad. His actions on the other hand, prove otherwise. For example- the reason for which he wishes to kill the old man itself is stupid- he wants to kill him because he has a ‘vulture-like blue eye’ that scares him. Although he loves the old man as a person, he is obsessed with his eye, and is always planning out ways to kill him.

This whole plan to murder someone because of an eye shows us, that he is indeed mad. But the narrator goes on to say that one must not call this obsession madness, but rather, they must look at how wisely, and cleverly he plans the whole deed. Every night at twelve o’clock for 7 days, he would slowly open the door gently, and quietly enter the room. Because he is so careful, he sometimes takes up to an hour to go in. After that he would slowly open the lantern and let the light fall on the man’s face. But so far, when the light fell on his face, the eye was closed. So he let him live and pretended to continue their friendship as if nothing had happened.

On the eighth night, however, there is a change. When the narrator opens the lantern, he makes a sound that wakes up the old man.  Because of the darkness, the old man cannot see anyone in the room. Though he sees that no one moves, he cannot go back to sleep. He has become like the narrator, paranoid, and seems to hear every little sound. As the old man lies awake, the narrator decides it is time to check once again, and so he comes out of the dark, and opens the lantern. The light falls on the man’s ‘vulture-eye’, and this makes him angry ad violent. In this state of madness he can hear the sound of a beating heart. It is here that we have our first ambiguity about ‘whose heart does he hear?’ It is a well known fact that in moments of stress and fear one’s own heartbeat increases so rapidly that we feel every beat. So, does the narrator hear his own heart beat or the old man’s?

As he waits, the heartbeat seems to become louder. Afraid that this sound will wake the neighbours the narrator drags the old man to the floor and suffocates him with the mattress. When he is dead, he narrator is happy that the eye will not torment him anymore. He cuts up the body into pieces and hides it under the floor boards of the room itself. As he does this he is very happy. He has succeeded.

But just as he finished his work the door bell rings at 4 A.M. The police were there to investigate some noises that the neighbours heard coming from the house. The narrator lets them in, completely sure that they cannot suspect him as he has not left any evidence. He even leads them to the old man’s room, in a fit of madness, and asks them to sit there and have a drink with him.

But all the time, the narrator can hear the beating sound of a heart, growing louder and louder in his ears. He wonders how the policemen cannot hear anything- and if they are only pretending they cannot hear it. He becomes more and more paranoid, and his common sense too leaves him. Eventually the guilt of what he had done, makes him shout out that he killed the old man and buried his body parts in the room.

The story is a study of character. But it is also a story of horror and suspense. The actions and the images used are scary and are meant to evoke horror. This kind of story is of the genre called Gothic, a style of writing that was very famous during the 18th and 19th centuries. Poe is one of the most famous Gothic story writers. Gothic writing is characterised by concepts like  darkness, death and dying, alienation and isolation, madness, violence, horror and inhumanity  in the behaviour of one person toward another or within an individual himself. In Tell Tale Heart, the narrator is the character whose actions are a representation of these concepts. ‘Darkness’ is both literal (the room is dark when the killing happens) and metaphorical ( his mind is full of darkness/evil). It is in darkness that the narrator kills the old man, using such violent means (suffocation) bringing into the story the concept of Death and Dying.

Alienation and isolation too have both literal and symbolic meanings – the two men are both alone in their home; they are separated from society because the man is old, and the narrator has mental issues. The most important element of the Gothic though, is the element of violence, horror and inhumanity. The narrator first plays with the old man (inhumanity), arouses his fear and paranoia, and only then kills him using the most violent of means – suffocation. To make matters worse, he laughs while cutting up the body and burying it in the same room. But, according to Poe, all these actions are the result of madness and psychotic behaviour. This behaviour makes the narrator dangerous as his thoughts and his actions are unpredictable and without sense.

Yet he is a character with a guilty conscience that shows itself in his hearing of the beating heart- not that of the old man, but his own, telling us that he feels excited to kill the old man, but is also guilty. It forces him to confess to betray his own actions to the police.

 

The short Story, The Fawn was written The Fawn by the famous Indian Short Story writer, Khushwant Singh. Known famously for his wit and comical satire, this is a story that speaks of his love and empathy for nature and its inhabitants. It is also a scathing indictment of man and his so called humanity.

By contrasting the maternal feelings of the doe with the murderous desire of the hunter, Singh is trying to show us how sometimes man is worse than an animal itself.

The main characters of the story are two hunters who have gone for a weekly hunt to the village, so that they can get away from the monotony of a busy city life. The narrator feels that all his actions are ruled by the watch and so finds it impossible to live his life to the fullest. He has come hunting , not to kill, but just to enjoy the beauty of nature and the peaceful country life.

The other hunter, however, is much more involved in hunting. He has a terrible family life in the city, having being forced to take care of a number of step mothers, brothers and sisters, whom he hates. The frustration he feels in his personal life finds an outlet in hunting. The anger and hate that he cannot show towards his family, he shows on the animals he hunts. He hunts only for sport, and does not feel any sadness or empathy for nature.

The two hunters had planned to hunt birds, but unfortunately there were no more as another party had been there before them. So they decided to hunt deer. But because of the location of the deer on an open field they were easily seen, and the deer all ran away. Their expedition began at dawn, yet it was only in the afternoon that they actually got a chance to shoot something. As they were walking by a forest, a doe ran into their path. But it stopped halfway and turned around as if waiting for something. The other hunter realised that there was a fawn nearby, and so they waited patiently. Suddenly, a fawn appeared walking unsteadily on its legs. The hunter fired 2 shots and wounded the fawn. But he did not stop there. He also took out a razor blade and cut the fawn’s throat, killing it.

All this was seen by the doe, who began to follow the hunters as they went back to their car with the fawn’s body. It was dusk, and though they were sharing a drink, the other hunter was well aware of the doe. Suddenly the narrator hears a shot and looks to the boot of the car, where the fawn’s head was hanging out, and saw that the mother had also been shot. The other hunter wasted no time in repeating his ritual of cutting the throat, with a great deal of happiness.

Thus Singh shows us how human beings behave towards animals. They look at nature and its inhabitants as only a source of fun. They are meant to be higher beings than animals because of their humanity, but unfortunately, they are more inhuman than human.

Leo Tolstoy is a Russian author, a master of realistic fiction and one of the world’s greatest novelists. He is best known for his two longest works, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy is the embodiment of nature and pure vitality, others saw him as the incarnation of the world’s conscience, but for almost all who knew him or read his works, he was not just one of the greatest writers who ever lived but a living symbol of the search for life’s meaning.

In Little Girls Wiser Than Men by Leo Tolstoy we have the theme of connection, friendship, fear, conflict, shame and control. Narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator the reader realises from the beginning of the story that Tolstoy may be exploring the theme of connection. Both Akoulya and Malasha share a connection with each other something that Tolstoy may be highlighting through not only the fact that the girls are playing in the puddle together but also through how both girls are dressed. They are both wearing frocks that they do not wish to get dirty as they know that their mothers will scold them. It is also interesting that Malasha is afraid of how deep the puddle will be. Symbolically this may be important as the unknown depth of the puddle mirrors the unknown depths that Akoulya and Malasha’s parents will go to in order to resolve the dispute that occurs. Despite the incident of Malasha accidentally splashing Akoulya’s frock it would seem that the whole village is in uproar over something that seems to be very minor. This may be important as Tolstoy may be suggesting that at times people can get heated and hostile with others over minor or silly things. Which is very much the case in the story.

It may also be important that Tolstoy never names any of the parents as he could be suggesting that all parents have the ability to react as those in the story do. Regardless of what village, town, city or country they may live in. Parents will protect their own child and react negatively at times. Something that happens when Akoulya’s mother strikes Malasha on the neck. It is Akoulya’s mother’s reaction which escalates the situation and when the matter is not resolved by Akoulya and Malasha’s mothers their fathers intervene. While those in the village look on in amazement. If anything both sets of parents are acting more childish than Akoulya and Malasha. Yet at the time they do not recognise this due to the fact that they are angry over what has happened. Which again the reader must remember has been a minor incident that does not deserve the hostility the issue is being given. The fact that Akoulya’s mother strikes Malasha might also suggest that Akoulya’s mother has gone too far. She is basing her decision to hit Malasha on the fact that Akoulya has told her mother that what Malasha has done was done on purpose. When the reality is it was an accident.

The fact that tempers are heated throughout the story and the fact that the truth of what has happened is lost on everyone might also be important. As Tolstoy may be suggesting that people when angry can forget about the root cause of an argument. Rather than asking Malasha did she deliberately splash Akoulya’s frock everybody beings to argue and fight with one another. Believing one side of the story (Akoulya’s). It is also interesting that the only two people who seems to be practical in the story are Akoulya who cleans her frock and Akoulya’s grandmother by being the voice of reason. Everybody else is lost in an argument that does not need to happen. Nobody has been injured or hurt. All that has happened is that Akoulya’s frock has accidentally being dirtied by the water from the puddle. Throughout the story most of the characters are in conflict with one another and because they have lost control do not understand how minor the incident of the water on Akoulya’s frock is.

The end of the story is also interesting as both Akoulya and Malasha continue to play with each other despite the fact that everyone else is fighting with one another. Not only does this further suggest that both girls have a common bond or connection but it may also serve to highlight that the girls will not let the incident of the splashed water on Akoulya’s frock end their friendship. Despite everything they still remain friends. However the same can not necessarily be said for Akoulya and Malasha’s parents. It is only when Akoulya’s grandmother intervenes that both girls’ parents realise they are in the wrong. A petty argument between two friends has long been forgotten by the girls yet the men in the village very nearly came to blows over the incident. Tolstoy highlighting how quickly a minor incident can escalate into something more serious. It is also through the grandmother’s character that those who were about to physically fight each other realise that there is shame in what they are doing. Not only are they not setting a good example for their children but they are prepared to fight their neighbour. When the reality is that nobody has been hurt and there is no need to fight one another. Both sets of parents would do well to learn from Akoulya and Malasha. Just as they continue to remain as friends despite what has happened. So too should the parents. Rather than being quick to judge as Akoulya’s mother does Tolstoy might be suggesting it would be better for people to step back before they react.

Kamala Das is an Indian poet in English  well known  author in Malayalam from Kerala. She is  one of the most prominent feminist voices in the postcolonial era. On account of her extensive contribution to the poetry in our country, she earned the label ‘The Mother of Modern Indian English Poetry’. Some of her notable works in English are the novel Alphabet of Lust (1977), the collection of short stories Padmavati the Harlot and other stories (1992) and a compilation of her poetry Summer in Calcutta (1973).

Ammu, a small girl who talks of a village, which she visits during her summer vacation, is the narrator of the story ‘Summer Vacation’. It is her grandmother’s place. Ammu lost her mother. She is worried if her grandmother, Muthassi who is sixty-eight years old also would die and leave her. The story interweaves the bonding, affinity and affection between Ammu and Muthassi who belong to an upper class and the other mothers and their children who belong to the lower classes.

The various themes in the story are childhood, nostalgia, motherhood, fear of separation from loved ones and caste discrimination. The story opens with a description of a Nyaval tree. The narrator uses adjectives like “emaciated”, “bent” and “shrivelled up branches” to describe the tree, which work as foregrounding devices to show that Muthassi is growing old. The motherless Ammu looks at her ageing grandmother as a figure of her mother. She is worried if her grandmother would also die like her mother. Das thus brings out the fears, anxieties and insecurities in Ammu that come as filters between their close bonding. On the other hand, we see acceptance and matured outlook towards life and death in Muthassi.

Kamala Das draws out the theme of motherhood in different ways. She depicts the pride of the mother of simply owning a child through the words and actions of Bharati. The unruly, insensitive nature of the illiterate women is evident when a woman with greying hair takes pity on Ammu and says, ‘Poor Child! How can she know? Just think of her fate. So very sad” in response to Bharati when she says, “No one loves a child more than its own mother does.” In their house, Muthassi asks Ammu to have her snacks in the kitchen itself. When Ammu asks if she can have her milk with others in the ‘Tekkini’, she bluntly replies, “No, That’s the way I want it done. That’s all”. Thus, Muthassi turns out to be a protective mother who does not want the child to be hurt in anyway.

Another interesting woman character through whom we can see a different way of raising up a child is Nani Amma, a maid who belongs to the lower strata of the society. Das compares the various attitudes of women towards motherhood and gives a detailed account of their mother-daughter relationships. Nani Amma is a woman who pounds rice at homes for her living. She has a five-year old daughter Amini. Class discrimination is seen when Muthassi says that she can’t allow her to come and grind whenever she wants money. Ammu who is of the same age as Amini just observes how Nani Amma caresses her daughter, which she feels she lacks in her own life.

Social hierarchy in terms of economy is evident when Nani Amma says, “We are poor people child and you are rich” in a shaky voice when Ammu accuses her of stealing the tamarind.

When it is time for Ammu to leave the place, she feels even more distanced from her grandmother. Death is a recurring theme in the story. Ammu is worried about death and the fear lingers in her heart about Muthassi. Despite the differences in caste and status, the love of the mother for her child is undying. The theme of motherhood and fear of death of our loved ones are evident from these characters in the story.

Little Girls Wiser Than Men

Leo Tolstoy is a Russian author, a master of realistic fiction and one of the world’s greatest novelists. He is best known for his two longest works, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy is the embodiment of nature and pure vitality, others saw him as the incarnation of the world’s conscience, but for almost all who knew him or read his works, he was not just one of the greatest writers who ever lived but a living symbol of the search for life’s meaning.

In Little Girls Wiser Than Men by Leo Tolstoy we have the theme of connection, friendship, fear, conflict, shame and control. Narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator the reader realises from the beginning of the story that Tolstoy may be exploring the theme of connection. Both Akoulya and Malasha share a connection with each other something that Tolstoy may be highlighting through not only the fact that the girls are playing in the puddle together but also through how both girls are dressed. They are both wearing frocks that they do not wish to get dirty as they know that their mothers will scold them. It is also interesting that Malasha is afraid of how deep the puddle will be. Symbolically this may be important as the unknown depth of the puddle mirrors the unknown depths that Akoulya and Malasha’s parents will go to in order to resolve the dispute that occurs. Despite the incident of Malasha accidentally splashing Akoulya’s frock it would seem that the whole village is in uproar over something that seems to be very minor. This may be important as Tolstoy may be suggesting that at times people can get heated and hostile with others over minor or silly things. Which is very much the case in the story.

It may also be important that Tolstoy never names any of the parents as he could be suggesting that all parents have the ability to react as those in the story do. Regardless of what village, town, city or country they may live in. Parents will protect their own child and react negatively at times. Something that happens when Akoulya’s mother strikes Malasha on the neck. It is Akoulya’s mother’s reaction which escalates the situation and when the matter is not resolved by Akoulya and Malasha’s mothers their fathers intervene. While those in the village look on in amazement. If anything both sets of parents are acting more childish than Akoulya and Malasha. Yet at the time they do not recognise this due to the fact that they are angry over what has happened. Which again the reader must remember has been a minor incident that does not deserve the hostility the issue is being given. The fact that Akoulya’s mother strikes Malasha might also suggest that Akoulya’s mother has gone too far. She is basing her decision to hit Malasha on the fact that Akoulya has told her mother that what Malasha has done was done on purpose. When the reality is it was an accident.

The fact that tempers are heated throughout the story and the fact that the truth of what has happened is lost on everyone might also be important. As Tolstoy may be suggesting that people when angry can forget about the root cause of an argument. Rather than asking Malasha did she deliberately splash Akoulya’s frock everybody beings to argue and fight with one another. Believing one side of the story (Akoulya’s). It is also interesting that the only two people who seems to be practical in the story are Akoulya who cleans her frock and Akoulya’s grandmother by being the voice of reason. Everybody else is lost in an argument that does not need to happen. Nobody has been injured or hurt. All that has happened is that Akoulya’s frock has accidentally being dirtied by the water from the puddle. Throughout the story most of the characters are in conflict with one another and because they have lost control do not understand how minor the incident of the water on Akoulya’s frock is.

The end of the story is also interesting as both Akoulya and Malasha continue to play with each other despite the fact that everyone else is fighting with one another. Not only does this further suggest that both girls have a common bond or connection but it may also serve to highlight that the girls will not let the incident of the splashed water on Akoulya’s frock end their friendship. Despite everything they still remain friends. However the same can not necessarily be said for Akoulya and Malasha’s parents. It is only when Akoulya’s grandmother intervenes that both girls’ parents realise they are in the wrong. A petty argument between two friends has long been forgotten by the girls yet the men in the village very nearly came to blows over the incident. Tolstoy highlighting how quickly a minor incident can escalate into something more serious. It is also through the grandmother’s character that those who were about to physically fight each other realise that there is shame in what they are doing. Not only are they not setting a good example for their children but they are prepared to fight their neighbour. When the reality is that nobody has been hurt and there is no need to fight one another. Both sets of parents would do well to learn from Akoulya and Malasha. Just as they continue to remain as friends despite what has happened. So too should the parents. Rather than being quick to judge as Akoulya’s mother does Tolstoy might be suggesting it would be better for people to step back before they react.

Guy de Maupassant’s short story “The Necklace” was first published in the Paris newspaper “Le Gaulois” on February 17, 1884, and he was successfully incorporated into “Tales of Night,” his 1885 collection of short stories. “Like most Maupassant short fiction, it was an instantaneous achievement, and it has become his most widely read and anthologized story” Smith Christopher. TheDiamond Necklace describes Madame Loisel as beautiful and born into an average family. She is unsatisfied with her impoverished life and decides to borrow a diamond necklace from a former rich friend to fulfill her happiness. Maupassant presents the theme that one should be true to one’s self trough his use of situational irony by which he tells the story of Madame Loisel.

 

Maupassant describes Mathilde’s external conflicts in the story “The Necklace.” Though she is “pretty” and “charming”(1), she does not appreciate anything in life. She feels her life should have been blessed with wealth. Although her husband works at a ministry of education as a minor clerk, the money he is bringing to his wife is not enough for the kind of life Mathilde has always dreamed of. For instance, her vision is to “live in a mansion, dinning in famous restaurants, and dance among the riches” (1). She is embarrassed of her poor lifestyle, and decides not to invite any of her former friends who become rich to her home. Therefore, she suffers enormously because her whole life has been based on deficiency of luxury. The love of her husband Charles and the efforts he makes to keep his family healthy is not enough to please Mathilde. However, she happens to be a self-centered person who cares only about her appearance, instead of being thankful for the love of her husband. The author analyzes Mathilde’s internal conflicts in the story. She is unhappy and miserable. She is disappointed in herself because she thinks she deserves more than she has. Mathilde appears to be a round person; although she is attractive and pretty, she also seems depressed because of the lack of money. She is a dynamic person; she is not content with herself because her husband is not well off financially. Otherwise, she would be a cheerful person if her husband was wealthy.

 

Guy de Maupassant describes the characters’ verbal irony in the story; Monsieur Loisel makes an effort to invite his wife to a ball dance because he thinks she would be pleased to get out of the house. However, Mathilde chooses to reject her husband’s invitation by saying, “Give your invitation to some colleague whose wife has a more suitable gown than I”(2). She concerned more about her look and what others might think of her. Still, she convinces her husband to take money out of their life savings to buy a lovely dress for the occasion. Mathilde’s irony in the story is discontentment because she does not have anything to wear with the dress; she realizes she needs a jewel to look her best, so she will not appear as poor as she is among the women at the ministry. Furthermore, Mathilde goes to her former friend to borrow one of her diamond necklaces, which she loses unexpectedly. In the story “The Necklace,” the situational irony occurs when Mathilda sacrifices her life for years to work twice as hard to repay the loan they take to return the necklace. She loses her beauty; “she looks older, and there are traces of gray in her hair”(4). She ruins her husband and her life by not making a smart choice, and her selfishness causes her family’s pain. Nevertheless, the dramatic irony happens when she comes to learn the diamond necklace she loses is an imitation. The resolution of the story reveals that Mathilde realizes she made a fool of herself for not telling her friend exactly what had happened to the necklace. Therefore, she wastes her husband’s and her time for nothing to replace something that was not even real.

 

The writer points out the theme of the story as Malthilde cares only about her appearance, and her greed puts her through so much suffering in life. She should appreciate the sacrifice that her husband makes for her to buy the dress. Her attention is to “dance joyfully with everyone, intoxicates with pleasure, and to be on a cloud of happiness”(3). She does not worry too much about her husband’s feeling toward his happiness. However, she comes to discover the diamond necklace she borrows from Madame Forestier is missing, her husband Monsieur Loisel sympathetically helps her look for the necklace. Moreover, he sacrifices everything he can in his life to help his wife replace the necklace. She confidently lies to Madame Loisel about the necklace. Possibly, if she has told the truth, all the pain and misery could have been avoided. Besides all the pain she puts Monsieur Loisel through, Mathilde wishes she married a wealthy man, but she is “a poor girl with no dowry to offer” (2). Money and material things have stopped her to improve the living she desires. As a result, she loses her beauty and works harder to replace a necklace that is fake.

 

The short story, Test of True Love is a romantic story about a young lieutenant Blandford and lady, Hollis Meynell, who had fallen in love with each other. The author shows us the possibility of existence of a real strong relationships even though a great distances and the fact that two people can be very close to each other even having never seen each other. The young lieutenant Blandford would do anything just to win the love of Meynell and he serves during the war time, while once he faced some witty notes in the book he had been reading. They were made by a woman, whom he contacted later and who has had the power to reach inside of him through writing and renew his strength even from a far. They have been in touch during thirteen years. “YEA, THOUGH I WALK THROUGH THE VALLEY OF THE SHADOW OF DEATH, I SHALL FEAR NO EVIL” This sentence strengthened Blandford and gave him courage whenever he feared. This time the woman, who was 30, supported the lieutenant and they both trusted their true inner feelings and instincts. Now the tall young lieutenant was waiting for this woman in Grand Central Station and worried a lot. They knew about each other only from their own words. The first woman he saw was a beautiful lady, wearing a green suit but she had no red rose on her jacket, as it was in their agreement to identify each other. Then he turned around and a woman well past forty appeared to be the one he had been waiting for. However, the lieutenant behaves like a real man and doesn’t escape from the place or pretense to be somebody else. She tells him the truth that the girl he was waiting for is the one he had seen some minutes ago. The message provided by the author is that the real love can exist even in incredible conditions. The fact that two people had been in touch for such a long time and who had never met before, but finally can share a mutual feeling and emotions can prove it. The writer accomplishes this message to the reader through the use of the setting, tone and each individual character in the story. Although the setting is used to describe the atmosphere, the tone is used effectively to communicate the complete and compelling feeling and emotion to the reader. The author uses a clear image of every character. The young lieutenant is shown from the very introduction of the story. The description of the Blandford’s states includes a mixture of emotions and feelings. By drawing all attention to the lieutenant, the reader is immediately given a clear image of Lieutenant Blandford, standing anxiously waiting to meet the woman who he has never seen but claims to love To better show us the emotions of lieutenant and the drama of the situation the author uses the value of time and place. Throughout the story, the author brings the reader out of the station to places that the lieutenant has recalled thinking of this woman. The author stretches the time by retrospect. Time plays a very important role throughout the story, to show how could the time stretch while waiting an important event in your life. The whole story is set on a time schedule as the author begins the story by saying, “Six minutes to six”, and the author creates a feeling of uncertainty for the lieutenant. The time lasts eternity. The figure of the lieutenant is the reflection of many common features which is common to a real man. He’s brave (he participates in battles and combats), here his remembrance of the fight should be mentioned when his plane had been caught in the midst of a pack of Zeros. He is honest as well, and responsible – he was on time at the place of the appointment. However, the lady, Hollis Meynell, quite cunning or even sly, because one can’t approve of her trick she played with a young lieutenant. It’s cruel to examine another person’s feeling in the way she did. But after her final test to Blandford she was sure, that he is a real man, noble, honest and responsible. The atmosphere of the story changes with every line from anxiety, uncertainty and uneasiness to the disappointment (for some seconds). The author accomplishes such instant change in the mood of the story by having the lieutenant meet a woman that he did not expect to meet. As soon as the author has the reader convinced that the mood has changed from excitement to sadness, he once again effectively changes the mood, changing the story head over heels. The author uses a suspenseful tone and it grips the reader’s attention throughout the whole story, the effect makes the reader waiting anxiously from the first line to the end. By doing this, the author creates a feeling of excitement as the reader realizes something exciting is about to happen and this is a real mastery.

Origin of short story Origins. The evolution of the short story first began before humans could write. … Consequently, many of the oldest narratives in the world, such as the ancient Babylonian tale the Epic of Gilgamesh, are in verse. The earliest versions of the American short story can be traced back to Germany where writers such Heinrich von Kleist, E.T.A. Hoffmann, and Ludwig Tieck were popularizing a hybrid narrative art form that combined the sketch and the tale The father of the short story                    Guy de Maupassant Biography   of Guy de Maupassant, Father of the Short Story. Esther Lombardi, M.A., is a journalist who has covered books and literature for over twenty years EVOLUTION OF GENRE: Genre is a style or category of art, music, or literature. As an author, genre controls what you write and how you write it. It describes the style and focus of the novel you write. Genres give you blueprints for different types of stories.Jan 15, 2016 Books form a genre when, according to their readers, they contain a sufficient number of similar words to take them together as a group in contrast to books that do not have a sufficient number of those similar words. … The way in which the words are distributed over books may indicate their genre– specific value. The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. Gérard Genette, a French literary theorist author of The Architext, describes Plato as creating three Imitational genres: dramatic dialogue, pure narrative, and epic (a mixture of dialogue and narrative). Features Of  A Short Story     What is a Short Story? short story is a short piece of fiction aiming at unity of characterization, theme and effect. It aims to produce a single narrative effect with the greatest economy of means and utmost emphasis. Did you know that modern short story writers tend to base their narratives on their own experience? Here the focus is much more on the less spectacular aspects of life, on the significance underlying what is apparently trivial. The result of such perceptive writing is to reveal the subtleties of the human mind and of human behaviour.   What makes a good short story?

• A short story is a piece of prose fiction which can be read at a single sitting.
• It ought to combine matter-of-fact description with poetic atmosphere.
• It ought to present a unified impression of temper, tone, colour, and effect.
• It mostly shows a decisive moment of life.
• There is often little action, hardly any character development, but we get a snapshot of life.

Its plot is not very complex (in contrast to the novel), but it creates a unified impression and leaves us with a vivid sensation rather than a number of remembered facts. There is a close connection between the short story and the poem as there is both a unique union of idea and structure.   Short Story feautures Setting — The time and location in which a story takes place is called the setting.  For some stories the setting is very important, while for others it is not.  There are several aspects of a story’s setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story (some, or all, may be present in a story): Place – geographical location.  Where is the action of the story taking place? Time – When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day, year, etc) Weather conditions – Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc? Social conditions – What is the daily life of the characters like? Does the story contain local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular  place)? Mood or atmosphere – What feeling is created at the beginning of the story?  Is it bright and cheerful or dark and frightening? Plot — The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea;  It is the sequence of events in a story or play.  The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end.  The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting.  There are five essential parts of plot: Introduction /Orientation– The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. A narrative work beginning in medias res (Classical Latin, means  “into the middle of things”) opens in the midst of the plot Often, exposition is bypassed and filled in gradually, through dialogue, flashbacks or description of past events. Rising Action – This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax). Climax – This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story.  The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? Falling action – The events and complications begin to resolve themselves.  The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement). Resolution / Denouement – This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story. Generally, it is helpful to consider the climax as a three-fold phenomenon: the main character receives new information

• accepts this information (realizes it but does not necessarily agree with it)
• acts on this information (makes a choice that will determine whether or not he/she gains his objective).

Conflict—   Conflict is also essential to the plot.  Without conflict there is no plot.  It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move.  Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones. Did you know that there are two types of conflict?  They are … 1)  External – A struggle with a force outside one’s self. 2)  Internal – A struggle within one’s self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc. Conflict can also occur in the following situations:

• Man vs. Man (physical) – The leading character struggles with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.
• Man vs. Circumstances (classical) – The leading character struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.
• Man vs. Society (social) – The leading character struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.
• Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) – The leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.

  Characters   Character — There are two meanings for the word character:

• The person in a work of fiction.
• The characteristics of a person.

Persons in a work of fiction – Antagonist and Protagonist Short stories use few characters.  One character is clearly central to the story with all major events having some importance to this character – he/she is the PROTAGONIST.  The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST. The Characteristics of a Person – In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real.  Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters themselves.  Characters are convincing if they are:  consistent, motivated, and life-like (resemble real people) Can you guess how does the author reveal a character? Well, it is done in several ways through:

1. a) his/her physical appearance
2. b) what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams
3. c) what he/she does or does not do
4. d) what others say about him/her and how others react to him/her

Characters can be …

1. Individual – round, many sided and complex personalities.
2. Developing – dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story.
3. Static – Stereotype, have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized e.g. brilliant detective, drunk, scrooge, cruel stepmother, etc.

  Point of View   Point of view, is defined as the angle from which the story is told.

• Innocent Eye – The story is told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult) .
• Stream of Consciousness – The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.
• First Person – The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters (using pronouns I, me, we, etc).  The reader sees the story through this person’s eyes as he/she experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.
• Omniscient– The author can narrate the story using the omniscient point of view. He can move from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and he introduces information where and when he chooses.  There are two main types of omniscient point of view:

1. a) Omniscient Limited – The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her to tell us. We can see the thoughts and feelings of characters if the author chooses to reveal them to us.
2. b) Omniscient Objective – The author tells the story in the third person. It appears as though a camera is following the characters, going anywhere, and recording only what is seen and heard.  There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered.  The reader is placed in the position of spectator without the author there to explain.  The reader has to interpret events on his own.

  Theme Theme — The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight.  It is the author’s underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey.  The theme may be the author’s thoughts about a topic or view of human nature.  The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.   Some simple examples of common themes from literature, TV, and film are: Things are not always as they appear to be. Love is blind. Believe in yourself. People are afraid of change. Don’t judge a book by its cover.    

If you want to stop worrying, then you need to stop thinking so much. Thinking is a good thing of course but when you focus a lot of time over analyzing things, it can cause a lot of stress. Sometimes worrying is a good thing because it’s your mind’s way of acknowledging the importance of the situation. However, many times we worry excessively for invalid reasons. This article will give you a couple of different ways to help you to worry a little bit less.

When we worry, what we are actually doing is projecting our mind out into the future. We picture negative scenarios and images. We think about the worse possible situations. Students may spend a lot of time worrying about how they did on the test they just took. The person who is running late and is stuck in traffic is worried about what people will think of him when he shows up to the meeting late. The employee watches the news during his lunch time in the break room and sees that unemployment rate is climbing starts to worry about the security of his job.

In all of these situations, the person is worried about something that hasn’t happened yet. Not only that, they are worried about something that they have no control over at the present moment. If you want to know how to stop worrying, then you need to learn how to be in the moment. Realize that the majority of things people worry about coming true, never come true. You can spend a great majority of your waking life worrying yourself to the point where you start to lower your happiness level. You may even start to draw back from life because you’re afraid of every possible negative situation that you have imagined in your head coming true.

So

how do you just stop worrying about everything? Here’s a simple rule. If you can’t do anything to improve the situation at the moment, let it go. Stop worrying so much about things that you have no control over. The student who is worried about what score he got is just wasting his time because what’s done is done. Whether he spends his time worrying or having fun, it’s not going to change the outcome. The employee who sees the unemployment rate increasing can worry about his job and perhaps start working harder but at the moment, during his lunch, he can’t do much about it so there is no point in worrying.

A great book about this topic that you should read is called, “How to Stop Worrying and Start Living” by Dale Carnegie. The book offers a lot of great ways to help you reduce your habit of worrying. You can try writing down the things you are worried about and find out what percentage of those things actually come true. Once you realize that there was really no point in stressing over things you can do anything about and stop worrying about everything, you will start to enjoy life a lot more.

“WHAT ARE HEALTHY BREAKFAST FOODS? TRY THESE 5 FOODS”

 

Breakfast is an essential need to start your day and have a healthy body. A healthy body means a healthy mind and a healthy mind means a successful human being.

 

 

 

Many people especially young people tend to skip breakfast which is not good for their health. Young people in India are busy studying and doing jobs and due to their busy life, they miss their breakfast.

 

Skipping breakfast can lead to an irregular daily routine, it affects the cognitive functioning of the brain, affects metabolism and can cause weakness and migraine. Breakfast should never be left by diabetes patients. It can lead them to serious heart issues, affect their mood and lower energy levels.

 

Therefore, one should always have a healthy breakfast to start their day and normally healthy breakfast foods contains the following variety of foods:

 

Eggs: Eggs are the foremost food that is widely consumed worldwide and recommended by every dietician and nutritionist. An egg contains high-quality proteins, fats, iron, minerals, vitamins A and D, Zinc and other many nutrients, which are beneficial for both mind and body. Egg maintains the sugar level and insulin of the body. Egg white does not increase the cholesterol level and most importantly it decreases the chance of a heart attack.

 

 

 

Vegetables: This is an essential part of our daily meals. Its consumption can be more helpful if it is taken at breakfast. Fresh vegetable consumption at breakfast time can boost-up your energy for the whole day. You can have an energized and delicious breakfast if kale and spinach are mixed as a salad.

 

Baked potatoes can also be consumed by putting a little spice and masala on it. Take some beans along-side.

 

Fruits: Apple, grapes, berries and citrus fruits should be a necessary part of the breakfast to stay fresh and healthy for many hours in a day. Strawberries are other fruits to maintain health. These sweet and juicy strawberries contain fewer calories and high levels of antioxidants. They are super helpful for women. It gives them beauty, their smoothies are very healthy and reduce the chance of a heart attack.

 

Creamy yogurt: Yogurt has calcium and it can be taken with other healthy breakfast foods. It is very healthy and lets you have a quick breakfast. Just carry it along and eat to stay fit the whole day.

 

Juices: Orange juices and Cranberry juice are best to have at breakfast. These are themselves quite healthy. Orange juice reduces osteoporosis, depression, reduces inflammation, improves heart health and prevents kidney stones. Cranberry juice reduces bacterial attacks. But it should not be consumed daily as it has high acidity which can affect the bladder.

 

Breakfast at the right time in the morning is always the best choice. It keeps you free from all the diseases and makes the person healthy.

 

“EAT BREAKFAST LIKE A KING”

“EAT LUNCH LIKE A PRINCE”

” EAT DINNER LIKE A PAUPER”

“To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art”

– MEREZJA F

” FIVE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS ON THE BODY”

Cosmetic products have become an essential utility for ladies. Almost all women are fond of it but the side effects of make-up that appear later are largely unknown. This article discusses the 5 harmful effects of cosmetic products on the body.

All ladies love to wear make-up to look pretty and flaunt their gorgeous looks as this is their nature. Some cosmetic products are made-up of special natural products that are harmless but then many contain a high amount of different chemicals that are full of harm. In Pakistan, many low rated cosmetic products are easily available at low prices but their buyers do not know the side effects of those products containing chemical ingredients.

Some of the harmful side effects of make-up products on a human are as follows:

Skin aging:

Chemicals used in cosmetic products are the reason for premature aging of the skin. Minerals, vitamins and natural oils in the skin get dried when these chemicals react with the skin. This reaction starts forming dry patches and wrinkles on the skin. The reason behind it is the clever marketing strategy of cosmetic companies. They first create such make-up products that give aging effect and wrinkles to the face and then they market anti-aging products and this how their business goes on. Pakistan imports some of the high-quality products that are too expensive that no common man can buy and that is why women do not even know the originality of real cosmetic products.

Poisoning of lipstick:

Almost all lipsticks contain chemicals and such oils that dry the lips. Moreover, it contains lead that is highly harmful if consumed. The ingestion of things in lipstick causes brain damage. Ladies wear lipsticks and most of them consume it from their lips unintentionally by eating something or in any way. This causes different diseases in their immune system.

Allergies of skin:

Make-up is the foremost reason for skin allergies. Cosmetics like deodorants contain alcohol which causes redness. Itching and irritation that leads to pigmentation of the skin. Moreover, make-up closes the skin pores and block the sweat gland which causes many different types of allergies.

On the other hand, fairness creams are highly in use, especially in Pakistan. Men and women both are highly conscious of their complexion and with their fair complex they tend to buy different type of fairness creams that contain highly toxic and dangerous chemicals that give a fair appearance at the start but later it starts showing the side effects on skin and in this way many people do loses their natural skin foundation color.

Skin specialists never prohibit using cosmetic products rather they recommend using original and natural product-based cosmetics. They do not have harmful effects.

Causes cancer:

The excessive use of low-quality products ultimately leads to skin cancer. Lipsticks contain lead and aluminum that causes anemia and glucose intolerance. And other make-up products contain sulfate and zinc oxide that is toxic which fails organs like kidney or liver. To preserve cosmetics, Parabens are heavily used in products that cause severe cancer.

Permanency of dark circles:

This side effect is also included in the 5 harmful effects of cosmetic. According to experts, less make-up should be applied around the eyes as the area is sensitive compared to the rest of the face. Chemicals easily and quickly affect that particular area. The cosmetics should be applied around the eyes after all it leads to the dark circles and bags under eyes. Dark circles once appear there are fewer chances to get rid of them.

” SELF CARE IS ONE OF THE BEST GIFT YOU CAN GIVE YOURSELF”

-JERISHA. S

Petrol is the byproduct of crude oil which is extracted from deep sources beneath the earth. Which is further filtered to produce diesel, kerosene, etc. Now the 98% of the vehicles in the world are running on petrol and which is the major cause of pollution nowadays, only the Cars and Trucks are responsible for about 5% contributor to the pollution alone in which the main fuel of source is petrol with diesel. With the increase in use of petrol as the main source of fuel the carbon emission have seen an increment of an about 100% in last 100 years.

Petrol is a sustainable source of fuel as of now, till they are availability. But after the extinction of the petrol, we need to find more sources of the fuel which can take the place of petrol.next generation of fuels are as follows :

1.Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a clean fuel that can be used in fuel cell, in which the byproduct only water is produced. Hydrogen can be produced from a various means of resources , such as natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, and renewable power like solar and wind. These qualities make hydrogen an attractive fuel option for transportation and electricity generation application. It can be used in cars, in houses, and in many more appliances for a clean energy.

Production of Hydrogen is done by various methods.

1.THERMAL PROCESSES

Thermal processes for hydrogen production typically involve steam reforming, a high-temperature process in which steam reacts with a hydrocarbon fuel to produce hydrogen. Many hydrocarbon fuels can be reformed to produce hydrogen, including natural gas, diesel, renewable liquid fuels, gasified coal, or gasified biomass. Today, about 95% of all hydrogen is produced from steam reforming of natural gas.

2.ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES

Water can be separated into oxygen and hydrogen through a process called electrolysis. Electrolytic processes take place in an electrolyzer, which functions much like a fuel cell in reverse—instead of using the energy of a hydrogen molecule, like a fuel cell does, an electrolyzer creates hydrogen from water molecules.

3.BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Biological processes use microbes such as bacteria and microalgae and can produce hydrogen through biological reactions. In microbial biomass conversion, the microbes break down organic matter like biomass or wastewater to produce hydrogen, while in photobiological processes the microbes use sunlight as the energy source.

These are some methods by which hydrogen can be produced.

2.Electricity

Electricity is highly recommended source of energy as it is widely adopted by the mankind in the hole world. This type of energy is the clean and clear. And can be produced by various processes such renewable energy and non renewable energy.

1.Renewable Energy

• Solar energy

Sunlight is one of our planet’s most abundant and freely available energy resources. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth’s surface in one hour is more than the planet’s total energy requirements for a whole year. Although it sounds like a perfect renewable energy source, the amount of solar energy we can use varies according to the time of day and the season of the year as well as geographical location. In the UK, solar energy is an increasingly popular way to supplement your energy usage.

• Wind Energy

Wind is a plentiful source of clean energy. Wind farms are an increasingly familiar sight in the UK with wind power making an ever-increasing contribution to the National Grid. To harness electricity from wind energy, turbines are used to drive generators which then feed electricity into the National Grid. Although domestic or ‘off-grid’ generation systems are available, not every property is suitable for a domestic wind turbine.

• Hydro energy

As a renewable energy resource, hydro power is one of the most commercially developed. By building a dam or barrier, a large reservoir can be used to create a controlled flow of water that will drive a turbine, generating electricity. This energy source can often be more reliable than solar or wind power (especially if it’s tidal rather than river) and also allows electricity to be stored for use when demand reaches a peak. Like wind energy, in certain situations hydro can be more viable as a commercial energy source (dependant on type and compared to other sources of energy) but depending very much on the type of property, it can be used for domestic, ‘off-grid’ generation.

There are even more processes such as tidal energy, biomass energy.

2. non renewable energy

• Coal

Coal comes from the remains of plants that died hundreds of millions of years ago. It has the highest level of carbon of all fossil fuels.

• Oil

Oil – also known as petroleum – can be extracted and refined in order to make products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

• Natural Gas

Natural gas was formed from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago. It is mainly composed of methane.

• Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is released when atoms’ nuclei are fused together (fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear power plants produce electricity through nuclear fission.