Have you ever been in that awkward situation with someone where you couldn’t get past the short talks? Starts with the greetings and then a complete full stop? The root cause of all these problems is improper communication skills!

WHAT EXACTLY IS COMMUNICATION?

Well, the textbook may define it as ” the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information “ But it is much more than that, and when put into simple words, it’s basically exchanging ideas and thoughts, being open-minded about each other’s perspective and being a little vulnerable enough to trust the person that you speak to.

HOW TO GET BETTER AT COMMUNICATION IN THE PROFESSIONAL SECTOR?

Some people may face issues when they need to start up the talk, they are usually blank in the beginning, don’t know how to start the conversation, but once they get into it and open up, they find no issues in continuing the conversation.

• Have some ‘deep’ conversation starters on hand : 

You can’t expect topics to simply click in your mind, so maybe it is better to prepare yourself beforehand. In order to do that, you must first need to assume that, the person you are talking to also matches the same enthusiasm as yours. Even when unsure, take the initiative, it may end up blowing your mind!

• Ask questions about topics the other person is interested in :

One of the best ways to continue the conservation is speaking on the topics the other person is interested in, so in order to do that, you must at the least know somethings about him/her, which can either be done a small background check, if the person you are speaking to has direct influence over you, then it is better to know things about him/her in order to impress. Else you can pick up by their body language as to where their interests may lie.

• Don’t push people to see your perspective :

All of us are unique in our own way, also mindsets vary from person to person. When you are talking about a certain topic make sure you are just pointing out your thoughts and opinions but not pushing them. They will have their own perspective, listen to it, not all of our facts need to be correct as sometimes when you go deeper into the subject you may realize that there is a possibility to look into the matter differently too! So instead of pushing your thoughts, keep the conversation light and end with “What are your opinions about it?”

• Avoid talking about the weather : 

The topic of weather simply means that you are either not interested in the conversation or don’t know what else to speak about. So I suggest you not take up this topic.

• Don’t stick to a script :

You may have planned on how to carry on the conversation, but sometimes it may not go so accordingly. The more natural the better, just go with the flow! It doesn’t matter unless your conversation is interesting!

• Reveal something slightly personal about yourself :

Instead of directly jumping to the point, you can talk about your own experience as to why you have the opinion that you have. When you tell them more about yourself they get a clear idea too! Instead of asking them questions and expecting answers, you can ask for their stories, instead of asking questions like, “How was your weekend?” or, “What’s up?” try asking “What was the best part of your weekend?” or “What are you looking forward to this week?”

Never back down, feeling you may make mistakes or that you speaking or that your accent isn’t good enough. You need to make mistakes in order to learn! Take the initiative and go with the flow!

Friendship is one of the purest forms of relationship. It’s a connection built on affection, love, and trust in each other. True friends are those who stay with you in your toughest times and show empathy to you no matter what. It is evident that when you are in any problem, the first thought that arises in your mind is FRIENDS. You also never miss a chance to share your happiness with them. If you are happy, your friends are, and vice-versa.

Always value your friends, their love, and their trust. Such people are rare who take care of you and ask about you as to how you are. Friendship can mold a person to his/her best version. They correct you when you go wrong and appreciate you when you are correct. Friends bring happiness and joy to our lives. Friends can have a great impact on your mental and physical health. When we are sad, they are always there as stressbusters.

From those crazy night stays to sleeping the whole day, we have had lots of fun. We plan to go out for movies, having yummy pizzas and burgers, enjoying fresh air by the beachside. Friends never fail to tease each other and be mischievous. They find reasons to irritate each other till the other person is tired of it. So, it’s always amazing to be surrounded by crazy friends.

Everything doesn’t always go peaceful. There are ups and downs in friendship too. If there are any misunderstandings or arguments, try to clear them out calmly. Never let go of the matter easily because genuine friendships are never that weak to break easily.

True friends are those-

• Who accept you the way you are.
• How big the matter maybe, they will not leave you to suffer alone. 
• Who don’t hesitate to stay open with you.
• Who cares for you feelings and love you the most.

Why are friends needed in life?

• Emotional support: Friends are the ones who can completely relate to you in all situations because they have also undergone the same phase that you are. You have a belief that you possess friends who are available for you anytime you need them. They support you even when you don’t ask for it.

• Stressbusters: If you are upset or sad, run to your friends for a bag filled with laughter. When you realize you have amazing friends around you who know your likes and dislikes, then they use those to make you happy.

• Encourage you: It doesn’t matter if you don’t succeed in the task you have tackled. You have friends who motivate you to your fullest whenever you need them.

• Building your confidence: When you lose your self-esteem, friends are there who don’t let it break at any cost. They build up your confidence by praising you for how amazing you are.

Always aim at strengthening your friendship. Don’t stop yourself from sharing your problems or feelings with them assuming they would think bad about you. Spend time with them, try to understand their feelings, mingle with them whenever you have a chance.

Don’t make fake friendships. You are indeed using that person for your work to be done. And don’t encourage it too. They remember you when their work should be done and then forget you. Friends aren’t those who forget you, isn’t it?

True friends are the ones you stay with you till the end of your lives. Friends are the most precious gems of our lives. Always look after them whenever they need you, lock them in your hearts and support each other throughout your lives.

Neolithic age witness a drastic change into the subsistence strategies of humans from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Which lead to an evident change in dietary habits people back then. The post Pleistocene climatic conditions were much warmer climate and environmental change meant now societies subsiding could not produce food the way they used to earlier. Certain animal species like reindeers were now scarce.. The large proportion of earths water which was frozen now melted raising the sea and ocean levels. Frozen rivers and streams could now be exploited easily and enriched people with vast varieties of sea food and river fishes were being consumed. Forests saw dense growth and several areas which had earlier been dry became open grasslands. New enivironment couldnot survive Magdalenian economy. In most parts of Europe hunting and food gathering economy continued at the beginning of the post Pleistocene epoch and post glacial cultures seem inferior as compared of Magdalenian and for long time prehistorian saw this as a period of all-round decline. They used the term Mesolithic for European cultures of this period. The term Mesolithic was used specifically for the hunting and food gathering cultures of Europe in early post glacial times.

We all know that Afghanistan globally is going through a tough phase, it has been invaded by the Taliban regime and the prime minister Ashraf Ghani fled from the country. On Sunday, the Taliban captured at least seven capital cities, including Jalalabad, the capital of Nangarhar province before surrounding the capital city of Kabul. The US president Joe Biden refuses to help Afghanistan at the time of crises justifying his statement by saying that the Afghan leaders should fight for their own self. Taliban insurgents are now controlling 65% of the whole territory in the country. The U.S. president said he does not regret his decision to withdraw, noting that Washington has spent more than $1 trillion over 20 years and lost thousands of troops. He said the United States continues to provide significant air support, food, equipment and salaries to Afghan forces. Taliban insurgents released Al Qaeda, ISIS and terrorist.The United States invaded Afghanistan in late 2001 with the goal of destroying al-Qaida and its Taliban hosts group and,supposedly, establishing a typical Afghan state and helping Afghan women and children.
Twenty years later, the U.S. and its coalition of 40 or so allies have shuttered their bases and withdrawn, with few exceptions, their last troops.
The Taliban have taken over most of the country, including its capital, Kabul. More than 5,000 American soldiers and contractor were killed over that time. Another 1200 coalition soldiers also died. Al-Qaida is not defeated; it’s still in Afghanistan and overall has considerably more members and operate many more territories in around the world than it did in 2001. A careful reading of the February 2020 peace agreement between the Trump administration and the Taliban, an agreement that the Biden administration is apparently adhering to, reveals that the Taliban made almost no concessions in return for the U.S. withdrawal. As a long time researchers of Afghanistan conflict, I have observed how Afghans’ lives and livelihoods have been affected by the failed 20-year Western occupation
of their country.

Music has been describe by many people in many ways but evident fact about these two is that they are present around us in a priceless manner working as a source of entertainment. Music and art very easily and gracefully define any emotion and depict the beauty of the scenario. Music and art have been used since early times by the people. Art was the only medium of communication in the early paleolithic age when the residing humans did not have active vocal chords. Music from the time of rulers have been designated as a form of entertainment and a skill which is difficult to hold on. The classical music and musicians in the court of rulers back then were given huge respect and the name itself suggests that the classical music was used by elites only as it was considered as a skill that is precious and classic. The best example of it is Tansen the legendary musician who was termed one of the ratan in the court of Akbar. If we connect it to the emotional aspect they help in the expression of thoughs, feeling and emotions and it keep us close to our history, certainly we get to know about the culture and tradition of early times through art and music. They keep us close and aware about out tradition so the inculcation of music and art is an essential in schools. If we see the psychological aspect of it then we get to know even more perks about these two skills the psychologists use music and art therapy to treat the unstable people who are suffering from anxiety and depression. They give mental peace, focus and works just like mediation to the mind of person pressuring them giving them mental maturity. Music has even been seen to treat very severe diseases like cancer. They are an essential in the schooling of a child because they encourages creativity and engagement in a different way bring in more confidence and focus. They make education more interesting and playful. Thinking outside the box and having good interpersonal skills are some factors on which art and music works efficiently. They also work as a stress buster for a lot of people after a long and tiring day. They give children just not a study based on facts but also practical and real life education. It also works on motor skills specifically in young children. It enhances the spectrum of thinking in a child but also fosters group learning making them more comprehensive and making them conscious about the importance of team work and how to culminate even ones ideas together. They can become self-learners through them,constantly challenging themselves, and become more focused on achieving their goals, making them responsible and accountable.

The Coronavirus has caused havoc all over the world and its impact is so painful that so many people have died in the whole world till now.The Impact of Coronavirus was also seen in India, due to which the lockdown was announced along with all the countries.

The direct effect of this lockdown was seen on those who are unemployed. Already, there was a tension of lack of jobs and now they have fallen bad due to lockdown. Due to the lock-down, people’s accumulated capital and savings have also come to an end, and due to lack of jobs, people are unable to even eat. Where people already had a tough situation to get a job, now companies are starting to remove their employees. Meaning “Garibi Mein Aata Geela”. Even the problem of unemployment is that more than 10,000 people are applying for a single job position, and companies are also taking full advantage of this situation. Even if a job call comes from a company by mistake, then the hiring executive cut the call by asking only 2-3 things and says that “we will call you later”. And, that feedback call never comes again. In the end, I hope that the government to pay more attention to this issue of unemployment instead of ignoring it.

by Yogiraj Sadaphal.

“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.”

— Malcolm X

Most of us have been taught the value of education since we were children. But, why is education so crucial? Most of us thought that getting education is just for the sake of getting a job with a handsome salary. To be honest, education is about so much more than just getting a job and pleasing your parents. It is, in fact, one of the most effective tool in the world.

What Exactly Is Education?

Education entails studying in order to gain a deeper understanding and knowledge of a variety of subjects that may be applied in everyday life. Education isn’t just about memorizing facts from books; it may also be gained through practical experiences outside of the classroom.

Importance of Education in Today’s World

The value of education in today’s society cannot be underestimated. There are so many different influences coming at us from all sides, and knowledge can help us figure out what we should believe and what we should ignore. People can be transformed into useful members of society with the appropriate values through education.

Productivity

A productive society requires education. Our population is only growing, and as a result, our requirements are growing as well. To offer us with the services we require on a daily basis, we require a strong and efficient staff of educated individuals.

Reasons: Why Is Education Important?

1. Provides Financial Security:

Education, in addition to providing stability, it provides financial security, which is extremely important in today’s culture. An excellent education will usually lead to a higher-paying career as well as the necessary abilities to get there.

2. Make Your Dreams Come True:

You can achieve everything you set your mind to. A good education is the most effective weapon you can have, and it can help you achieve all of your goals. Of course, depending on your goals, there are certain exceptions, but in general, an education will get you as far as you’re willing to go.

3. A Safer World:

Education is important not just on a personal level, but also on a global level, because it maintains our world secure and makes it a more peaceful environment. Education teaches people the distinction between right and wrong, which can help them avoid dangerous circumstances.

4. Confidence:

Being self-confident is an important aspect of achieving success in life. What better way to achieve that self-assurance than via education? Your educational background is frequently used to showcase your knowledge, and it can give you the courage to express yourself and voice your thoughts.

5. Economic Growth on a National Level:

Economic growth requires a well-educated society. In order to stay innovative, we need employees to continue to learn and investigate. Higher literacy rates are associated with improved economic conditions. More job options open up as the people becomes more educated.

6. Provides Stability:

Education gives you a sense of security in life that no one can ever take away from you. You boost your possibilities of greater professional options and open new doors for yourself by being well-educated and obtaining a college degree.

The sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.

A fruit is the part of a plant that has seeds and flesh (edible covering). A fruit is normally sweet (or sometimes sour) and can be eaten in its raw (uncooked) state. Fruit are the way plants disseminate their seeds.

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS

There are two criteria for the classification of fruits:

* Whether the carpels present in gynoecium are free or in a fused state.
* One or more flower takes part in the formation of fruit.

TYPE OF FRUITS

*Simple
*Aggregate
*Composite

Simple fruits

These fruits develop from the monocarpellary ovary or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium. Simple fruits are of two types

• Fleshy Fruits: In fleshy fruits, the fruit wall is differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. These fruits develop from superior or inferior syncarpous gynoecium.
• Dry Fruits: The pericarp of simple dry fruits is usually quite dry and hard. It is not differentiated into the three layers of epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. In some dry fruits, this pericarp is broken down and the seeds are scattered or dispersed. These fruits are dehiscent fruits.

In some fruits, the pericarp is further arranged into one or more seeded segments. Such fruits are schizocarpic fruits. In some fruits, the pericarp is not observed to be dehisced even after maturing/ripening. Such fruits are indehiscent Fruits.

Aggregate fruits

These are the fruits that develop from the multicarpellary apocarpous ovary. It becomes a fruitlet because each carpel is separated from one another in the apocarpous ovary. These fruits make a bunch of fruitlets which is known as etaerio.

* Etaerio of follicles: Each fruit or etaerio is a follicle. Eg. Calotropis, Catharanthus, Magnolia -e. In calotropis, the stigma is fused or joined in carpellary ovary and ovaries of ovules are separated. It means only two follicles are present in etaerio.

* Etaerio of achenes: In this aggregate fruit, each fruit is an achene. Eg. Ranunculus, Strawberry, Rose, Lotus. In lotus, the thalamus becomes spongy and some achenes are embedded in it. In strawberry, the thalamus is fleshy and we can find small achenes on its surface.

* Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of small berries. Eg. Polyalthia, Annona squamosa (Custard-apple). In the etaerio of Annona, all the berries are arranged densely on the thalamus.

* Etaerio of drupes: In this type of fruit, many small drupes develop from different carpels. Eg. Raspberry. In this type carpel of apocarpous ovary form drupe fruit.

Composite fruits

All composite fruits are false fruits. In these fruits, generally, there are many ovaries and other floral parts combining to form the fruit. These are of two types:

*Sorosis: These fruits develop from spike, spadix or catkin inflorescence. Examples inJackfruit fruit, Kevda (screwpine). In jackfruit (Kathal) pistillate flowers are developed around the peduncle. In fruit formation, the pericarp becomes spongy and fused.
*Sycosis: These fruits develop from hypanthodium inflorescence. Receptacle becomes hollow and has a pore. Numerous small scales surround the pore. Eg. Ficus species Peepal

BENEFITS OF FRUITS

* Most fruits are naturally low in fat, sodium, and calories. …
* Fruits are sources of many essential nutrients that many people don’t get enough of, including potassium, dietary fiber, vitamin C, and folate.
* Diets rich in potassium may help to maintain healthy blood pressure.

Lack of interest can be caused by difficultly concentrating, family problems, emotional difficulties, learning disabilities, and many other factors. Sometimes it’s just plain boredom – not everything is about fun all the time. Even the bubbling hormones running through the teenagers’ bodies can cause difficulty to concentrate on anything other than the schoolmate in the nearest chair.

TIPS

1. Develop A Reading Atmosphere:

It is often observed that students who have a keen interest in reading, develop a love for learning too because they are want to explore endless possibilities and opportunities. Reading not only helps them to develop a rich vocabulary, but it also helps them to process formal communication and concepts. Reading to the child frequently and having them read aloud will create an atmosphere for reading at home as well as in school. Let children pick their own book and make it fun for them instead of compulsion.

2. Encourage Different Types Of Learning Styles:

Every child has a different style of learning and there is no right or wrong style. Whichever technique the child is comfortable in learning should be encouraged. There are seven fundamental styles of learning, such as Visual, Audio, Verbal, Physical, Mathematical, Social and Solitary.

3. Share Your Enthusiasm For Learning:

When it comes to learning new things, enthusiasm definitely rubs off. Children definitely get inspired by you and if he/she sees that parents/teachers are enthusiastic about learning, they follow the same trait. Always tell the child that learning is a journey of exciting new discoveries. Take every opportunity and discover new information and see the child follow your footsteps.

4. Game-Based Learning Is The Key:

Game-based learning provides opportunities for deeper learning and development of cognitive skills. It motivates the children to learn more. When a child is engaged in a game, their mind experiences the pleasure of learning something new. This is the biggest factor in team-based learning. We often see the competitive spirit of the child come out in games and them wat to win it for themselves or the team. They want to perform at a higher level and outshine everyone. It’s a great way to introduce new ideas, concepts, and knowledge which motivates the children to learn.

5. Stay Organized:

Helping the child to remain organized will definitely go a long way in making him feel motivated to learn. Children at a young age are a bit disorganized which leads to being frustrated and worried when they cannot finish their assignment or project on time. When a child is organized, they feel in control, less overwhelmed and are motivated to learn.

6. Celebrate Achievements:

Celebrating and recognizing their achievements, no matter if they are big or small goes a long way in boosting their morale. It builds a positive environment and keeps them motivated to learn and challenge themselves to do better. It could be as small as getting ice cream or appreciating them in front of the whole class.

7. Make Every Day A Learning Day:

Turning every day into a learning day will help the child develop the internal motivation to learn something new(no matter how small or simple) in the classroom, at home or wherever he may be.

Conclusion:

So try these simple but effective ways to engage the Student in their learning process and make it a pleasant experience for them too. Student who take charge of their learning, become responsible and are driven to learn and explore new things.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy written by William Shakespeare c. 1595 or 1596. The play is set in Athens, and consists of several subplots that revolve around the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. One subplot involves a conflict between four Athenian lovers. Another follows a group of six amateur actors rehearsing the play which they are to perform before the wedding. Both groups find themselves in a forest inhabited by fairies who manipulate the humans and are engaged in their own domestic intrigue. The play is one of Shakespeare’s most popular and is widely performed.

STORY LINE

The play consists of five interconnecting plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen, Hippolyta, which are set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland, under the light of the moon.

The play opens with Hermia who is in love with Lysander, resistant to her father Egeus’s demand that she wed Demetrius, whom he has arranged for her to marry. Helena, Hermia’s best friend, pines unrequitedly for Demetrius, who broke up with her to be with Hermia. Enraged, Egeus invokes an ancient Athenian law before Duke Theseus, whereby a daughter needs to marry a suitor chosen by her father, or else face death.

Peter Quince and his fellow players Nick Bottom, Francis Flute, Robin Starveling, Tom Snout and Snug plan to put on a play for the wedding of the Duke and the Queen, “the most lamentable comedy and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe”. lion is “nothing but roaring.” Quince then ends the meeting telling his actors “at the Duke’s oak we meet”.

In a parallel plot line, Oberon, king of the fairies, and Titania, his queen, have come to the forest outside Athens. Titania tells Oberon that she plans to stay there until she has attended Theseus and Hippolyta’s wedding. Oberon and Titania are estranged because Titania refuses to give her Indian changeling to Oberon. Oberon seeks to punish Titania’s disobedience. He calls upon Robin “Puck” , to help him concoct a magical juice derived from a flower called “love-in-idleness”. When the concoction is applied to the eyelids of a sleeping person, that person, upon waking, falls in love with the first living thing they perceive.

Hermia and Lysander have escaped to the same forest in hopes of running away from Theseus. Helena, desperate to reclaim Demetrius’s love, tells Demetrius about the plan and he follows them in hopes of finding Hermia. Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius, not having actually seen either before, and administers the juice to the sleeping Lysander. Helena, coming across him, wakes him while attempting to determine whether he is dead or asleep. Upon this happening, Lysander immediately falls in love with Helena.

Helena, thinking Lysander is playing a trick on her, runs away with Lysander following her. Oberon sends Puck to get Helena while he charms Demetrius’ eyes. Upon waking up, he sees Helena. Now, both men are in love with Helena. Hermia accuses Helena of stealing Lysander away from her .Lysander and Demetrius decide to seek a place to duel to prove whose love for Helena is the greater. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from Lysander so Lysander can return to love Hermia, while Demetrius continues to love Helena with none of them having any memory of what happened, as if it were a dream.

Titania, having received the love-potion, is awakened by Bottom’s singing and immediately falls in love with him. She lavishes him with the attention of her and her fairies, and while she is in this state of devotion, Oberon takes the changeling boy. Having achieved his goals, Oberon releases Titania, orders Puck to remove the donkey’s head from Bottom, and arranges everything so Helena, Hermia, Demetrius and Lysander will all believe they have been dreaming when they awaken. Puck distracts them and eventually all four find themselves separately falling asleep in the glade.

The fairies then disappear, and Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene, during an early morning hunt. They wake up the lovers and, since Demetrius no longer loves Hermia, Theseus over-rules Egeus’s demands . The lovers decide that the night’s events must have been a dream. After they exit, Bottom awakes, and he too decides that he must have experienced a dream “past the wit of man”.

In Athens, Theseus, Hippolyta and the lovers watch the six workmen perform Pyramus and Thisbe. The performers are so terrible playing their roles that the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy, and everyone retires to bed. After all the other characters leave, Puck “restores amends” and suggests that what the audience experienced might just be a dream.

SOURCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_NighT27s_Dream

In a small, white-washed house in Porbandar, on the coast of Kathiawad in western India, Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869. His parents were Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai. He was small and dark, and looked no different from the millions of other children born in India. Yet this was no ordinary child. He was to fight and overcome a great empire and, without taking to arms, set his country free. He was to be called the Mahatma, the Great Soul. Having led his people to freedom, he was to lay down his life for their sake.Porbandar is an old sea-port, overlooked by the distant Barda Hills. Even in ancient days ships from far off lands went there to trade. It was the ancestral home of the Gandhi’s. The grandfather and father of Mohandas were famous for their ability and for their upright character.Grandfather Uttamchand Gandhi, who belonged to a humble family of merchants, become the Dewan of Porbandar. He was succeeded by his son, Karamchand Gandhi popularly known as a Kaba Gandhi. Karamchand had very little formal education, but his knowledge and experience made him a good administrator. He was brave and generous. He had, however, one fault a bad temper.Putlibai, Karamchand Gandhi’s wife, was deeply religious. Every day she worshipped at the temple. She was a lovable and strong willed woman, widely respected for her wisdom and good sense. People often sought her advice on various matters.Mohandas was the youngest of the six children of Kaba Gandhi. He was the favourite child of the family and was called ‘Moniya’ by his fond parents and their friends. Moniya adored his mother. He loved his father too, but he was a little afraid of him.

As a child, Moniya seldom liked to stay at home. He would go home for his meals and then run away again to play outside. If one of his brothers teased him or playfully pulled his ears he would run home to complain to his mother. ‘Why didn’t you hit him? She would ask.’How can you teach me to hit people, mother? Why should I hit my brother? Why should I hit anyone? ‘Would be Moniya’s prompt reply.Gandhi at the age of 7Mohandas at the age of SevenHis mother wondered where her little son got such ideas. Moniya was just seven years old when father left Porbandar to become the Dewan of Rajkot. Moniya missed Porbandar, and he missed the blue sea and the ships in the harbour.At Rajkot he was sent to a primary school. He was shy and did not mix easily with the other children. Every morning he went to school in time, and ran back home as soon as school was over. His books were his sole companions and he spent all his free time alone reading.He had one friend, however, a boy named Uka. Uka was a sweeper-boy and an untouchable. One day Moniya was given some sweets. He ran at once to Uka to share them with him.’Don’t come near me little master,’ said Uka.’Why not?’ asked Moniya, greatly surprised. ‘Why can’t I come near you?”I am an untouchable master,’ Uka replied.Moniya took hold of Uka’s hands and filed them with sweets. His mother saw this from a window, and she ordered Moniya to comer in at once.’Don’t you know that high caste Hindu should never touch an untouchable? She asked sternly.’But why not, mother?’ asked Moniya.’Because our Hindu custom forbids it,’ she said.’I don’t agree with you, mother. I find nothing wrong in touching Uka. He is not different from me, is he?His mother had no answer. She angrily told him to go and have a bath and say his prayers.Karamchand Gandhi loved all his sons, but he was specially fond of the youngest. He often said to him: ‘You must go to high school and college and take up a profession.’Moniya worked hard, and did his lessons carefully. But he did not learning by heart and was therefore weak in Sanskrit. Geometry he liked best because it involved reasoning.Once Moniya happened to read the story of Shravana. Shravana’s parents were old and blind, and he always carried them with him in two baskets slung on a yoke. Moniya was deeply touched by Shravana’s devotion to his old parents. ‘I must be like Shravana,’ he resolved.At about this time he also saw a play about Harishchandra, a King who was famous for his love of truth.’Why shouldn’t we all be truthful like Harishchandra?’ he constantly asked himself.Mohandas was only thirteen when he was told that he was soon to be married. His parent has already chosen his bride. She lived in Porbandar and her name was kasturbai. She and Mohandas were about the same age.The wedding day approached. Mohandas was dressed in new clothes. Everyone was gaily dressed and the house was decked with flowers and banana leaves. The bridegroom, accompanied by the wedding party, left for Porbandar.In the Bribe’s home it was a day of great celebration. There was singing and dancing and music. At the auspicious hour the bridegroom and party arrived.Kasturbai, dressed in red and wearing elegant jewellery, was shy but attractive. Amidst great rejoicing, Mohandas was married to Kasturbai.The celebrations lasted a whole week and then the bride left her home in Porbandar and went with her husband to Rajkot.Kasturbai was a pretty and lively girl. Mohandas and she often played together. Mohandas and she often played together. Some times Mohandas tried to teach his young wife, but she could never concentrate on books, though she was quick to learn the household work.One day Mohandas met Sheik Mehtab, a friend of his elder brother. Sheik had a bad reputation. Mohandas knew this, yet he was much impressed by Sheik because he was strong and tall.Karamchand Gandhi, father of Mahatma GandhiHis father, Karamchand GandhiSheik was a meat-eater and he often told Mohandas that if he ate meat he would also grow tall and strong.There was also at that time a reform movement for a change in the orthodox ways of life. Mohandas himself had heard that many well-to-do people had started eating meat, so he tried meat. He did not like the taste of meat but as time went on h e started to like meat curries.Whenever Mohandas had a meat meal outside, he had to give his a mother some excuse for not eating his dinner. He knew that his parents would not forgive him if they knew he had eaten meat. He was not against eating meat then, but he was against telling a lie to his mother. This feeling was gnawing at his heart and finally he decided not to touch meat again.Mohandas has also taken to smoking with Sheik, his brother, and another relative. He had to pilfer small amounts of money here and there with which to buy cigarettes.One day, in order to pay off a debt which his brother had incurred, Mohandas stole a piece of gold. Stealing was a great sin. He knew that he had committed a great crime. He resolved never in his life to steal again. He wrote down a confession of his crime and handed the paper to his ailing father.Karamchand Gandhi read the confession. He tore up the paper without saying a word. The bits of paper fell to the floor. He sank back on his bed with a sigh. Mohandas left the room, tears streaming down his face.From that day, Mohandas loved his father more and more. Everyday he hurried home from school to wait on him.

His father’s condition grew worse and at length he died. The house was filled with sorrow.Mohandas was only sixteen when his father died.

India’s history tells right about its agricultural efficiency, excellent climatic conditions, and natural-resource availability. India (that utilises extensive parts of its land for cultivation of wheat, rice, cotton) is also a leading producer of spices, pulses, and milk in the international market.A few decades ago, the agriculture sector added 75% to India’s GDP, which has reduced to 14% (the current). However, India was the second-largest producer ($ 367 billion) after China ($ 1,005 billion) among four more countries that held 42% of the global agricultural output – $ 4,771 billion, According to the World Factbook 2014 of the CIA. SourceIn a nutshell, India is an influential agricultural powerhouse worldwide, having farmers and all related workers as its backbone. Like many other sectors, the agricultural landscape also faces decades-long problems and unexpected challenges that are crucial to rectify. Let’s discuss some of the main issues farmers face in India and the best possible solutions.

Main Problems often faced by Indian Farmers

Insufficient Water Supply

Water availability in India is more than sufficient to irrigate all cultivation areas; the problem is that we still have to find cheap and suitable solutions to utilise such enormous water supplies. Due to several reasons, farmers either don’t receive the appropriate amount of water or don’t get the supply on time; many farmers rely on rainwater for irrigation.

Less Use of Modern Farming Equipment

In most areas, to date, farmers follow primitive cultivation methods; traditionally-used plough and relevant native accessories continue to be farmers’ preference. Despite no shortage of efficient equipment and machinery, there’s very little use of modern equipment, majorly because most farmers don’t have lands huge enough to use advanced instruments, heavy machinery.

Over Dependence on Traditional Crops

Indian farmers are growing rice and wheat for centuries now in several regions. The excessive production of the two grains, many times lead to the storage, sale problems and shortage of other farm products.

“India is heading toward a fourth record wheat harvest and near-record rice production for 2020-21” – the US Department of Agriculture. Source

Many farmers depending upon only these traditional crops indicates a lack of an effective, nation-wide agriculture plan.

Poor Storage Facilities

In rural areas, storage facilities are either insufficient or completely absent. In such a situation, farmers usually have no other option than selling their produce immediately once it’s ready, at market prices that are often very low. They are far away from a legitimate income.

Transportation

Lack of cheap, efficient means of transportation is a big problem widely seen in the Indian agriculture sector; small farmers still rely on bullock-carts for transporting their produce. Moreover, lakhs of villages are connected with highways and market centres with temporary (kutcha) roads that become muddy and useless in rains. Consequently, farmers cannot deliver their produce to the central market and helplessly sell it in the local market at low costs.

A history of the Taliban

The Taliban, which means “students” in the Pashto language, emerged in 1994 around the southern Afghan city of Kandahar. It was one of the factions fighting a civil war for control of the country following the withdrawal of the Soviet Union and subsequent collapse of the government.

It originally drew members from so-called “mujahideen” fighters who, with support from the United States, repelled Soviet forces in the 1980s.

Within the space of two years, the Taliban had gained sole control over most of the country, proclaiming an Islamic emirate in 1996 with a harsh interpretation of Islamic law. Other mujahideen groups retreated to the north of the country.

Following the Sept 11, 2001 attacks in the United States by Al-Qaeda, US-backed forces in the north swept into Kabul in November under the cover of heavy US airstrikes.Also read |46 years ago, another US exit and fall of Saigon

The Taliban melted away into remote areas, where it began a 20-year-long insurgency against the Afghan government and its Western allies.

The Taliban’s founder and original leader was Mullah Mohammad Omar, who went into hiding after the Taliban was toppled. So secretive were his whereabouts that his death, in 2013, was only confirmed two years later by his son.https://www.youtube.com/embed/U4GR5c_9UDQ?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent

What is the Taliban’s ideology?

During its five years in power, the Taliban enforced a strict version of sharia law. Women were predominantly barred from working or studying, and were confined to their homes unless accompanied by a male guardian.Express in Kabul |Hours before fall, women plead: ‘Don’t want to go back to that horrible era’

Public executions and floggings were common, Western films and books were banned, and cultural artefacts seen as blasphemous under Islam were destroyed. Opponents and Western countries accuse the Taliban of wanting to return to this style of governance in the areas it already controls – a claim the group denies.The Taliban flag flies at the Ghazni provincial governor’s house, in Ghazni, southeastern, Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 15, 2021. (AP Photo: Gulabuddin Amiri)

The Taliban said earlier this year it wanted a “genuine Islamic system” for Afghanistan that would make provisions for women’s and minority rights, in line with cultural traditions and religious rules.

The Taliban: International recognition

Only four countries, including neighbour Pakistan, recognised the Taliban government when it was in power. The vast majority of other countries, along with the United Nations, instead recognised a group holding provinces to the north of Kabul as the rightful government-in-waiting.

The United States and the United Nations imposed sanctions on the Taliban, and most countries show little sign it will recognise the group diplomatically.

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said earlier this month Afghanistan risks becoming a pariah state if the Taliban takes power and commits atrocities.

Other countries such as China have begun cautiously signalling they may recognise the Taliban as a legitimate regime.

Introduction

It is known that good decision making and problem solving skills are essential for effective managers in today’s competitive environment. As managers make decisions every day, they are responsible for the successful achievement of the major organizational goals. Most managers believe that “to the extent their decisions are rational they contribute directly to the objectives of the organization.”Of course, all managers should take into consideration the fact that it is very important to know appropriate decision making and problem solving strategies which will help to find the right way out of this or that situation and to achieve positive outcomes.

Moreover, it is found that those managers who understand the importance of decision making is business will agree that decision making influences every aspect of business, including the employees’ retention, customers’ satisfaction, the reputation of the company in the market and managerial job security. Decision making process is closely connected with problem solving process; that is why it is the major task of any effective manager to develop good decision making and problem solving skills.

My goal in this paper is to discuss the importance of decision making and problem solving in management. In order to achieve this goal it is necessary to review the appropriate literature which will give an opportunity to analyze the above mentioned issues in a proper way. This topic is an interesting one as it gives an opportunity to understand that it is necessary to develop decision making and problem solving skills in today’s managers. Moreover, this topic is both personally and professionally rewarding and helps to find answers about the problems at work and to provide managers with a vehicle for professional advancement.

The importance of problem solving skills development

Today many managers are aware of the importance of development of problem solving skills to succeed in the competitive market. The development of these skills can be performed through learning process as well as through reflection of certain problems that occur in the development phases of business process. Moreover, problem solving skills can help to identify the most powerful influences on the managers’ perceptions of problems.

Problem solving skills should include intuition to solve some critical problems, learning, or the managers’ ability to improve past mistakes, and emotional response to problem solving. Giroux states that emotions play a significant role in “shaping how each person perceives, approaches and solves a problem.”In addition, it is found that luck and destiny also influence the managers’ ability to successfully deal with critical problems in business. Many respondents who took part in the survey used the words luck and destiny when they described the situations in which they tried to resolve critical problems. One more component of problem solving skills is self-efficacy and determination which can help managers to achieve positive outcomes in complex business situations.

Role of creativity in problem solving

It is known that creativity plays an important role in today’s management. The growth of creativity of human potential leads to successful development of our society and economy. Today companies face different problems including simple and complicated ones, absolutely new and routine ones. In most cases, they lead to “blind and automatic decisions.” The common problems most companies face in today’s business environment include development of new effective policies, implementation of changes in the workplace, creation of new products and services, and improvements of existing ones, development and implementation of more effective advertising concepts and so on. Creativity is one of the most important components in problem solving. According to the research conducted by the Institute of Prospective Technology, about 70-80% of competitiveness of business organizations are always based on new technologies and new knowledge.

Ways to speed decision making process

Today most managers understand the importance of speedy decisions in the workplace. It is known that in many cases, the organization’s decisions are moved through several organizational levels.

In order to speed decision making process, managers should eliminate the need to approve decisions by means of elimination of the layers of management. In many cases, it is very important to eliminate unnecessary paper work. Moreover, it is recommended to simplify decision making process in management because “simplification provides another route to speeding up decision making.”

Healthy decision making process involves not only creating the process and consensus building by means of inclusive discussion and critical thinking model, but also feedback from the staff members who can point out where “the successes and failures have occurred.”

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is necessary to say that decision making and problem solving are important components of managerial functions. I consider that intuitive decision making that is considered to be a bridge between unconscious and conscious decision making can help to see possible changes, identify current and future problems, manage information in a proper, and deal with conflict situations. That is why I recommend developing intuitive skills in management. It is necessary to learn to trust intuition. My personal experience proves the fact that good decision making and problem solving skills can help managers to find appropriate strategies for this or that business environment. Moreover, I am sure that in order to speed decision making process, it is necessary to eliminate unnecessary paper work and approvals, to simplify decision making process and to combine skills and knowledge of operational staff. Special attention should be paid to creativity in problem solving as creative managers are always ready to cope with any difficult situation and to achieve positive outcomes in today’s competitive business environment. I will use the information represented in this research project for both my personal and professional development.

web enquiries, email, social media and live chat facility have their place, but the telephone is still the preferred communication tool of choice for na you when it comes to business.

for some reason, phone calls in English are much more difficult than talking to people fave to face. May be it’s because you can’t read the person’s expression or gets cues about their meaning from their gesture.

or may be it’s because you’re already nervous before the call starts. Preparing in advance for a phone call in English is one of the best way to overcome these difficulties. Finally, don’t worry about asking people to repeat themselves or to speak more slowly when you’re on the phone in English.

with this in mind, here are a few tips on telephone conversation.

1. Answer the call quickly
2. Answering the phone’ with a smile on your face’
3. Speak clearly and use professional language
4. When taking a message check the information your are nothing.
5. Even if you have no idea what they are talking about remain positive and professional by using’ let me find that out for you and come back to you’re rather then ‘I don’t know’ as it shoes interest and a willingness to help.

If possible give the caller an idea when they can expect a call back. Of your colleagues is in s meeting or out of the office for the afternoon explain it may be the following day that they response and check if some else can help them.

If you have to put people on hold make sure you ho back to update them every few seconds or so and remember to keep offering to have them called back.

ex: Answering the phone;

. Hellow? (Informal)

.thank you for calling speaking. How can I help you?

Self confidence is an attitude about your skill and abilities. It means you accept and trust yourself and have a sense of control in your life.

steps to build self -confidence:

1. Look at which you’ve already achieved:

Its easy to lose confidence if you believe you have’ve achieved anything. Make a list, of all the things you’re proud of in your life, whether it’s getting a good mark on an example or learning to surf.

2. Think of thing you’re good at:

everyone has strength and talents. What are yours? Recognising what you’re good at, and trying to build on those things, will help you to build confidence in your own abilities.

3. Set some goals:

set some goals and set out the steps you need to take to achieve them. They don’t have to be big goals, they can even be things like baking a cake or planning a night out with friends. Just aim for some small achievement that you can tick off a list to help you gain confidence in your ability to get stuff done.

4. Talks yourself up:

you’ve never going to feel confidence if you have negative commentary running through your mind telling you that you no good.

5. Get a hobby:

try to find something that you’re really passionate about. It could be photography sport, knitting or anything else! When you’re worked out you passion, commit yourself to giving it a go.

If you’re not feeling better:

sometimes the quick fixes don’t help in the long term. If you’re feeling and things just don’t seem to be improving its is worth talking to someone who knows how to help.professional such as counsellor and psychologists can help you build up your confidence.

There are thousands of diets. Some are for losing weight, while others are for gaining weight, lowering cholesterol, living a long and healthful life, and many other reasons.

A diet is best described as a fixed plan of eating and drinking where the type and amount of food are planned out in order to achieve weight loss or follow a particular lifestyle.

This MNT Knowledge Center article provides details on the most popular diets according to three criteria: the number of articles that cover them, how popular they seem to be, and how often we receive feedback on them.

1). Atkins diet

The Atkins  diet, or Atkins nutritional approach, focuses on controlling the levels of insulin  in the body through a low-carbohydrate diet. If people consume large amounts of refined carbohydrates, their insulin levels rise and fall rapidly. Rising insulin levels trigger the body to store energy from the food that is consumed, making it less likely that the body will use stored fat as a source of energy. Therefore, people on the Atkins diet avoid carbohydrates but can eat as much protein and fat as they like. Although popular for some time, the Atkins Diet comes with certain risks. Individuals considering the Atkins Diet should speak with their doctor. A detailed look at the Atkins diet  here.

2).The Zone Diet

The Zone diet aims for a nutritional balance of 40 percent carbohydrates, 30 percent fats, and 30 percent protein in each meal. The focus is also on controlling insulin levels, which may result in more successful weight loss and body weight control than other approaches. The Zone diet encourages the consumption of high-quality carbohydrates – unrefined carbohydrates, and fats, such as olive oil, avocado, and nuts. A detailed look at Zone diet here.

3). Ketogenic Diet

The ketogenic diet has been used for decades as a treatment for epilepsy and is also being explored for other uses. It involves reducing carbohydrate intake and upping fat intake. It sounds contrary to common sense, but it allows the body to burn fat as a fuel, rather than carbohydrates. Healthy fats, such as those in avocados, coconuts, Brazil nuts, seeds, oily fish, and olive oil are liberally added to the diet to maintain an overall emphasis on fat. The diet causes the break down of fat deposits for fuel and creates substances called ketones through a process called ketosis. This diet has risks including ketoacidosis for people with type 1 diabeties, however, and may result in diabetic coma and death. Although most studies are 2 years or less, there is some promising research in relation to diabetes management, metabolic health, weight loss, and body composition change.A detailed look at the Ketogenic Diet here.

4). Vegetarian Diet

Many people choose a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons, as well as health. There are various types of vegetarian: lacto-vegetarian, fruitarian vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, living food diet vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, and semi-vegetarian. The majority of vegetarians are lacto-ovo vegetarians, in other words, they do not eat animal-based foods, except for eggs, dairy, and honey. Studies over the last few years have shown that vegetarians have a lower body weight, suffer less from diseases, and typically have a longer life expectancy than people who eat meat. A detailed look at vegetarianism here.

5).Vegan Diet

Veganism is more of a way of life and a philosophy than a diet. A vegan does not eat anything that is animal-based, including eggs, dairy, and honey. Vegans do not usually adopt veganism just for health reasons, but also for environmental, ethical, and compassionate reasons. Vegans believe that modern intensive farming methods are bad for our environment and unsustainable in the long-term. If everybody ate plant-based food, the environment would benefit, animals would suffer less, more food would be produced, and people would generally enjoy better physical and mental health, vegans say.A detailed look at veganism here.

6). Weight watchers diet

Weight Watchers focuses on losing weight through diet, exercise, and a support network. Weight Watchers Inc. was started in the 1960s by a homemaker who had lost some weight and was concerned she might put it back on. So, she created a network of friends. Weight Watchers is a huge company, with branches all over the world. Dieters can join either physically and attend regular meetings, or online. In both cases, there is lots of support and education available for the dieter.

7). South Beach Diet

The south beach diet  was started by a cardiologist, Dr. Agatston, and a nutritionist, Marie Almon. It focuses on the control of insulin levels, and the benefits of unrefined slow carbohydrates versus fast carbohydrates. Dr. Agatston devised the South Beach diet during the 1990s because he was disappointed with the low-fat, high-carb diet backed by the American Heart Association. He believed that low-fat regimes were not effective over the long-term. A detailed look at South beach diet  here.

8). Raw food diet

The raw food diet, or raw foodism, involves consuming foods and drinks that are not processed, are completely plant-based, and ideally organic. Raw foodists believe that at least three-quarters of a person’s food intake should consist of uncooked food. A significant number of raw foodists are also vegans and do not eat or drink anything that is animal based.There are four main types of raw foodists: raw vegetarians, raw vegans, raw omnivores, and raw carnivores. A detailed look at the raw food diet here.

9). Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean Southern European, and more specifically focuses on the nutritional habits of the people of Crete, Greece, and southern Italy. Nowadays, Spain, southern France, and Portugal are also included, even though Portugal does not touch the Mediterranean Sea.The emphasis is on lots of plant foods, fresh fruits as dessert, beans, nuts, whole grains, seeds, olive oil as the main source of dietary fats. Cheese and yogurts are the main dairy foods. The diet also includes moderate amounts of fish and poultry, up to about four eggs per week, small amounts of red meat, and low to moderate amounts of wine. Up to one-third of the Mediterranean diet consists of fat, with saturated fats not exceeding 8 percent of calorie intake. The Mediterranean diet is the most extensively studied diet to date, with reliable research supporting its use for improving a person’s quality of life and lowering disease risk . A detailed look at the Mediterranean diet here.

Western diet : Risks

Doctor Tasnime Akbaraly from Montpellier, France, and team carried out a study that found that the Western style diet, which is high in sweet and fried foods, raises a person’s risk of dying early. They published their findings in the American Journal of Medicine. Akbaraly said “The impact of diet on specific age-related diseases has been studied extensively, but few investigations have adopted a more holistic approach to determine the association of diet with overall health at older ages. We examined whether diet, assessed in midlife, using dietary patterns and adherence to the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), is associated with aging phenotypes, identified after a mean 16-year follow-up.” The team found that study participants who strayed from the “Alternative Healthy Eating Index” had a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death.