Tag: britannica.com

Oil spills

A Decade After BP Oil Spill, Scientists Still Working To Save Bird ...

In this figure we can see clearly very bad condition of sea water.

The oil spills are very harmful to marine birds mammals as well as the under water various fishes, shellfish, sharks etc. there are oil destroy the insulating ability of fur bearing mammals such as sea otters and the water repellent of a bird’s features , thus the abilities, thus exposing these creaturess to the harsh elements.

Two cargo ships collided off the Mumbai coast on August 7 causing an oil spill that spread quickly through Maharashtra’s coastline. MS,c Chitra ruptured its tank when it hit incoming MV Khalijia and ran aground at Colaba, near Prongs Reef Lighthouse. The vessel contained about 1,200 tonnes of fuel oil in its tanks of which 800 tonnes spilled into the Arabian Sea before the leaks could be plugged two days later.

BAD IMPACT ON THE SEA FISHES:

5 Environmental Consequences of Oil Spills

Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the water repellency of a bird’s feathers, thus exposing these creatures to the harsh elements. Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold water, birds and mammals will die from hypothermia.

Juvenile sea turtles can also become trapped in oil and mistake it for food. Dolphins and whales can inhale oil, which can affect lungs, immune function and reproduction. Many birds and animals also ingest oil when they try to clean themselves, which can poison them.

Fish, shellfish, and corals may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it is mixed into the water column — shellfish can also be exposed in the intertidal zone. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth, enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment. Fish eggs and larvae can be especially sensitive to lethal and sublethal impacts. Even when lethal impacts are not observed, oil can make fish and shellfish unsafe for humans to eat.

An oil tanker stationed in Tamil Nadu’s Ennore released at least two tonnes of oil into the sea north of Chennai on Sunday after its fuel hose snapped, the spill occurred at the Kamarajar Port in Ennore, around 20 km from the state capital. An oil spill was reported from the same port in January 2017 after two vessels collided. It had affected 30 km of the coastline, caused significant environmental damage and killed a large number of turtles and hatchlings.

“Preliminary estimate of spilled fuel oil quantity is less than 2 tonnes,” port authorities said in a statement. “The emergency response mechanism was immediately activated and all concerned agencies, including the Coast Guard, swung in action to attend and mitigate the situation.” Raveendran added that 80% of the spilled oil has been contained within the boom – floating barriers installed to contain leaks – and has not spread out into the sea.

The fertilizer pattern by using farmers

The purpose of this type is to evaluate the pattern of fertilizer consumption, production trend in India and suggest the sustainable fertilizer based on requirement of various crop, aggro climate zones, soil, and climate. The data for major for fertilizer consuming based on zones and state helps us to understand consumption pattern in our country. During the period of 2007-2011 it was observed the west zone consumption 31,116,73 kiloton’s of fertilizer which was the highest among the four one and was also having highest total annual compound growth rate percentage of 9.68 Among major consuming state of the india Uttar Pradesh was found to be consuming maximum fertilizer, that are 16,621,29 kiloton’s Rice and wheat are the major crops which are consuming 37% and 24% of the fertilizer consumed in india among various crops Climate factor, like rainfall pattern have a very crucial role in this the consumption of fertilizer of as demand increase area of the irrigated.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in almost all the developing countries and also in India. Fertile soil is important for increasing agricultural production. Excess usage of chemical fertilizers is one of the reasons for decline in soil fertility. Public policy plays an important role in influencing the behavior of the farmers. The present chapter reviews the research studies relating to public policy and its impact on agricultural sector. Several researchers have made attempts to evaluate the impact of Agricultural policy on the Soil Fertility Management Practices (SFM). Agricultural policy has been analyzed focusing on its impact on production, prices, exports etc. Similarly, studies on SFM are focused on the documentation of SFM practices under different agronomic conditions and factors influencing SFM.

EMPIRICAL STUDIES

               Empirical literature on impact of agricultural policies has been classified into three sections focusing on the following issues:

 1. The studies related to Agriculture, Agricultural policy and Cropping Pattern.

2. The studies on Fertilizer policy and Fertilizer consumption.

3. The studies about Soil fertility management practices.

             Various data mining techniques are implemented on the input data to assess the best performance yielding method. The present work used data mining techniques PAM, CLARA and DBSCAN to obtain the optimal climate requirement of wheat like optimal range of best temperature, worst temperature and rain fall to achieve higher production of wheat crop. Clustering methods are compared using quality metrics. According to the analyses of clustering quality metrics, DBSCAN gives the better clustering quality than PAM and CLARA, CLARA gives the better clustering quality than the PAM. The proposed work can also be extended to analyze the soil and other factors for the crop and to increase the crop production under the different climatic conditions.

The paper also aims to recommend that fertilizers should be used in a balanced manner through integrated management of nutrient involving the use of chemical fertilizers, bio fertilizers, compost and vermicompost. Balanced use of fertilizers will reduce harmful effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and will help in making our agriculture sustainable. It also increases water and nutrients use efficiency, improve grain quality, soil health and give better economic returns to farmers and helps in sustainability. So, for sustainable growth in agriculture sector, it is imperative to reduce demand of chemical fertilizers without hampering food production.

The plague

the plague is an a ancient diseases that was occurring in North Africa and the middle East. and this diseases is behind several historic pandemic,Pestis of the teeth of the Neolithic farmers in sweden dated to roughly 4,900 year ago. The plague of the London of the 1664-66 caused between of the 75000 and 100,000 deaths in a populations is established at 460,000.

During of the 18th and the early part of the 19th century, plague continues to prevail in Turkey, North Africa, Egypt, Syria and the Greece. But during of the 19th century it the afflicted more than that the one district of the India, in 1815 Gujarat, in 1815 Sind, in the 1823 the Himalayan foothills, and in 1836 Rajasthan.

What year his plague start – The bubonic plague was active in the Europe from 1347 the beginning of black death of the black death, until 1750. A devasating global epidemic of bubonic that struck that Europe and Asia in the mid – 1300 s. When 12 of ships from the black sea docked at the sicilian port of the Messina.

how did has the plague? It has the caused bacteria, yersinia pestis. Humans usually get by the plague after being the bitten by flea that is carrying out the plague bacterium or by the handling and the It is caused by the bacterium an handling an animal infected with plague. and the plague is infamous for the killing millions of the people in Europe of during the middle ages of peoples.  

As this plague has been responsiblities are the widespread pandemic throughout history, include the so called black death that was caused by the over 50 million peoples are death, The Europe countries for the fourteen century, it can be easily treated with antibiotics and use of the standard measure. the plague was found by the all continents except by the Oceania but the human cases

Although plague has been responsible for widespread pandemics throughout history, including the so-called Black Death that caused over 50 million deaths in Europe during the fourteenth century, today it can be easily treated with antibiotics and the use of standard preventative measures.

Plague is found on all continents except Oceania but most human cases since the 1990 s have occurred in Africa. Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Peru are the three most endemic countries.And the in India their was the 693 suspected cases and 56 deaths were from the affected by the Indian sates as well as the Union Territory of the Delhi. These cases were from of Maharashtra which is 488 cases, Gujarat in 77 cases, Karnataka 46 cases, Uttar Pradesh which is 10 cases, Madhya Pradesh 4 cases and the New Delhi their are 68 cases. There are no reported of cases being exported to other countries.

The plague is transmitted between animals and human by the bite of infected fleas, and it directly contact to the eyes and with the infected tissues, inhalation of respiratory droplets. The plague case is fatality ratio of the 30% to the 60% for the bubonic types and it is always for the pneumonic kind of left untreated. The antibiotic treatment is effective plague bacteria, so early diagnosis treatment can be save the lives. From the 2010 to the 2015 their will be 3248 cases reported of worldwide, including by the 584 deaths in India.