The calorie was first introduced by Nicolas Clément, as a unit of heat energy, in lectures during the years 1819–1824. This was the “large” calorie, viz. modern kilocalorie.^[3][6] The term entered French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. It comes from Latin calor ‘heat’.

The “small” calorie (modern calorie) was introduced by Pierre Antoine Favre (Chemist) and Johann T. Silbermann (Physicist) in 1852. In 1879, Marcellin Berthelot distinguished between gram-calorie (modern calorie) and kilogram-calorie (modern kilocalorie).^[6] Berthelot also introduced the convention of capitalizing the kilogram-calorie, as Calorie.

The use of the kilogram-calorie (kcal) for nutrition was introduced to the American public by Wilbur Olin Atwater, a professor at Wesleyan University, in 1887.^[3]

The modern calorie (cal) was first recognized as a unit of the cm-g-s system (cgs) in 1896,^[6] alongside the already-existing cgs unit of energy, the erg (first suggested by Clausius in 1864, under the name ergon, and officially adopted in 1882).

Already in 1928 there were serious complaints about the possible confusion arising from the two main definitions of the calorie and whether the notion of using the capital letter to distinguish them was sound.^[7] Use of the calorie was officially deprecated by the ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, in 1948.^[8]

The alternate spelling calory is archai

Human resource management (HRM or HR) is the strategic approach to the effective and efficient management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage. It is designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives.^{[1][need quotation to verify]} Human resource management is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations, focusing on policies and systems.^[2] HR departments are responsible for overseeing employee-benefits design, employee recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, and reward management, such as managing pay and Employee benefits benefit systems.^[3] HR also concerns itself with organizational change and industrial relations, or the balancing of organizational practices with requirements arising from collective bargaining and governmental laws.^{[4][need quotation to verify]}

The overall purpose of human resources (HR) is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve success through people.^[5] HR professionals manage the human capital of an organization and focus on implementing policies and processes. They can specialize in finding, recruiting, training, and developing employees, as well as maintaining employee relations or benefits. Training and development professionals ensure that employees are trained and have continuous development. This is done through training programs, performance evaluations, and reward programs. Employee relations deals with the concerns of employees when policies are broken, such as cases involving harassment or discrimination. Managing employee benefits includes developing compensation structures, parental leave programs, discounts, and other benefits for employees. On the other side of the field are HR generalists or business partners. These HR professionals could work in all areas or be labour relations representatives working with unionized employees.

HR is a product of the human relations movement of the early 20th Century, when researchers began documenting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce.^[6] It was initially dominated by transactional work, such as payroll and benefits administration, but due to globalization, company consolidation, technological advances, and further research, HR as of 2015 focuses on strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions, talent management, succession planning, industrial and labor relations, and diversity and inclusion. In the current global work environment, most companies focus on lowering employee turnover and on retaining the talent and knowledge held by their workforce.^{[citation needed]} New hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of a new employee not being able to adequately replace the position of the previous employee. HR departments strive to offer benefits that will appeal to workers, thus reducing the risk of losing employee commitment and psychological ownership.

Founding to 2010Edit

The company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).^[18] In late 2003, Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company.^{[citation needed]} In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.^[19] In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.^[19] In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.^[19] In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.^[20]

In June 2008, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and other venture capital firms purchased a 5% stake in the company for $53 million, giving the company a post-money valuation of approximately $1 billion.^[21] In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in Mumbai^[22] and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, Ireland,^[23] received a $20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,^[24] announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,^[25] and improved its 1% premium subscription ratio.^[26] In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.^[27] By December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.^[28]

2011 to presentEdit

LinkedIn office building at 222 Second Street in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)

LinkedIn office in Toronto

LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol “LNKD”, at $45 per share. Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above IPO price. Shortly after the IPO, the site’s underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.^[8] In 2011, LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing Twitter, which earned $139.5 million.^[29] LinkedIn’s fourth-quarter 2011 earnings soared because of the company’s increase in success in the social media world.^[30] By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.^[31]

In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased 222 Second Street, a 26-story building under construction in San Francisco’s SoMa district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,^[32] with the lease covering 10 years.^[33] The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and marketing employees together with the research and development team.^[33] They started to move in in March 2016.^[33] In February 2016, following an earnings report, LinkedIn’s shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to $108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost $10 billion of its market capitalization that day.^[34][35]

In 2016, access to LinkedIn was blocked by Russian authorities for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens’ personal data on servers located in Russia.^[36]

On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion and the largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to “retain its distinct brand, culture and independence”, with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.^[37]

In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its Dublin office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.^[38]

As of 2017, 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.^[39]

Soon after LinkedIn’s acquisition by Microsoft, on January 19, 2017, LinkedIn’s new desktop version was introduced.^[40] The new version was meant to make the user experience seamless across mobile and desktop. Some of the changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.^[41]

Following the launch of the new user interface (UI), some users, complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by both free and premium users, and with both the desktop version and the mobile version of the site.

In 2019, LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.^[42][43] LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.^[44][45]

In June 2020, Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.^[46]

In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it laid off 960 employees, about 6 percent of total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO Ryan Roslansky said the cuts were due to effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic.^[47]

In April 2021, CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn’s accounts have leaked online.^[48] However, LinkedIn stated that “We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies”.^[49][50]

In 1943, Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA as a mail-order sales business, and began to sell furniture five years later.^[25] The first store was opened in Älmhult, Småland, in 1958, under the name Möbel-IKÉA (Möbel means “furniture” in Swedish). The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969).^[26] The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).^[26]

Map of countries with IKEA stores
Legend:  Current market locations  Planned market locations  No current or planned market locations

In 1973, the company’s West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz instead of Koblenz^[how?].^[25] Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada (1975),^[27][28] Hong Kong (1975), Singapore and The Netherlands (1978).^[29] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),^[30] the United States (1985),^[31] the United Kingdom (1987),^[32] and Italy (1989).^[33][29] Germany, with 53 stores, is IKEA’s biggest market, followed by the United States, with 51 stores. The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.^[34] IKEA has announced that the opening of a 65,000 m² (699,654.2 sq ft) store in Pasay, Philippines by the third or fourth quarter of 2021 is on track. Once opened, it will be the largest IKEA store in the world.^[35] In April 2021, IKEA opened its first store in Mexico in Mexico City.

Personally, MBA has been a long term plan since the third year in college. I was always excited about the various brands I come across in everyday lives and was amazed by the manner in which these firms made consumers believe that they are the best bet in the market. Went ahead and researched about such jobs and understood that an MBA degree is something that can give me a structured path to achieve my dream of working for top FMCG firms. I knew that being a GEM candidate, the road will be tough. A lot of articles on Quora and Youtube videos made me believe that unless I am able to score 99.5+ in CAT, no big college is going to accept my application. A lot of people think so much about this burden of scoring a high score, that they drop the idea of taking CAT in the first place. So if you are reading this and have decided to take CAT, you are already ahead of 20-30% of the candidates. Congratulations for that!

Canva was founded in Perth, Australia, by Melanie Perkins, Cliff Obrecht and Cameron Adams on 1 January 2012. In its first year, Canva had more than 750,000 users.^[10] In April 2014, social-media and technology expert Guy Kawasaki joined the company as chief evangelist (brand promoter).^[11] In 2015, Canva for Work was launched, focusing marketing materials.^[12]

During the 2016-17 financial year, Canva’s revenue increased from A$6.8 million to A$23.5 million, with a loss of A$3.3 million. In 2017, the company reached profitability and had 294,000 paying customers.^[13]

In January 2018, Perkins announced that the company had raised A$40 million from Sequoia Capital, Blackbird Ventures, and Felicis Ventures, and the company was valued at A$1 billion.^[14][15][13]

During May 2019, the company raised another round of funding of A$70 million from General Catalyst and Bond and its existing investors Blackbird Ventures and Felicis Ventures, valuing Canva at A$2.5 billion.^[16]

In October 2019, Canva announced that it had raised an additional A$85 million at a valuation of A$3.2 billion, and launched an enterprise product.^[8]

In December 2019, Canva announced Canva for Education, a free product for schools and other educational institutions intended to facilitate collaboration between students and teachers.^[17]

In June 2020, Canva announced a partnership with FedEx Office;^[18] and the following month with Office Depot.^[19] As of June 2020, Canva’s valuation had risen to A$6 billion.^[20]

Time management” is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter – not harder – so that you get more done in less time, even when time is tight and pressures are high. Failing to manage your time damages your effectiveness and causes stress.

It seems that there is never enough time in the day. But, since we all get the same 24 hours, why is it that some people achieve so much more with their time than others? The answer lies in good time management.

The highest achievers manage their time exceptionally well. By using the time-management techniques in this section, you can improve your ability to function more effectively – even when time is tight and pressures are high.

Good time management requires an important shift in focus from activities to results: being busy isn’t the same as being effective. (Ironically, the opposite is often closer to the truth.)

Spending your day in a frenzy of activity often achieves less, because you’re dividing your attention between so many different tasks. Good time management lets you work smarter – not harder – so you get more done in less time.

What Is Time Management?

“Time management” refers to the way that you organize and plan how long you spend on specific activities.

It may seem counter-intuitive to dedicate precious time to learning about time management, instead of using it to get on with your work, but the benefits are enormous:

• Greater productivity and efficiency.
• A better professional reputation.
• Less stress.
• Increased opportunities for advancement.
• Greater opportunities to achieve important life and career goals.

Failing to manage your time effectively can have some very undesirable consequences:

• Missed deadlines.
• Inefficient work flow.
• Poor work quality.
• A poor professional reputation and a stalled career.
• Higher stress levels.

Spending a little time learning about time-management techniques will have huge benefits now – and throughout your career.

Maybe, but obviously there’s no way for any of us to tell with literally no information to go on.

If you’re in your mid- to late-20s (or a little older) and are looking to change career then it might be a good idea. If your career development expects it, as some roles in consulting and finance do, then it might be a good idea. If you feel that you want to start and run your own business but don’t have the skills, confidence, mindset or network to do it then it might be good idea. It’s hard to suggest more than it “might” be a good idea because there are legitimate reasons why it might not be, even under those circumstances.

If you don’t want to take a year (or two) off from your career, or having an MBA wouldn’t really help with your career, or you really don’t like academia, or you don’t have the credentials to get into a decent school, or you have a great job that you love already then it could be better not to go.

Business school is time-consuming and costly. The opportunity cost of going is large (for me, something like $250k and that was more than a decade ago). And you only get to do it once – it can be a great way to switch careers without taking a backward step but once you’ve taken that step you don’t get to take it again if you’re unhappy with where you ended up. It’s not for everyone and even people for whom it is a suitable it’s a serious decision that deserves a lot of thought and consideration of the implications. Especially financially.

And don’t forget to factor in the uncertainty. When I graduated in 2005 the world looked great and the opportunities were abundant. 2 years later I was talking to people who were trying to get into finance and struggling because the downturn had begun. By 2008/9 people who’d gone to my school hoping to snap up a job a big investment bank were just grateful if they could get back in to their previous jobs at their previous levels. It doesn’t always work out the way you want it to.

So have a good think about it. Don’t rush into it. Speak to people who are where you want to be. Consider your finances. And then make a decision. There’s no universal right answer here.

Everyone must have heard about this thing somewhere or somewhat, many of this reading might have conservative family.

So basically there are different types of conservative families, before coming to that what is the real reason behind that conservatism, what I learned , the real reason behind this is their own past which make them develop a habit which eventually turns out them to Become conservative.

So there are different types of conservative families which might me one who still thinks girls can’t step out, so before pandemic I went to a small town just to visit someone I realized still they believe that girl should be going out of house if only needed so much, I tried explaining them but they take out their norms as a shield, then there is an another type of conservative family which stop there kids to do anything which involves risk just because they had faced that risk before and they don’t want their kids to repeat that mistake which eventually lead out kids to be more outspoken, then there is another type which just believe that they had whole control over their kids life who believe that if they even do anything without their permission they gonna punish them to an extend which will make them remember not to do anything without their consent.

These things only make a child miss alot, a child could never be able to follow any of his passion just because they believe a child is small, can’t take decision and can’t handle their own life

Mistake make a person learn things which even life can’t so rather than stopping start promoting, maybe the person doing it actually outshine it.

You might have heard many people take retirement at early stage of life, I personally get very intrigued by seeing them, that even in retirement they live a life king sized, I always used to think they might be saving a portion of their salary, but I was proven wrong until I saw these investment scheme

Investment at this point of time is very normal thing, many people invest in different schemes and get a good return out of it after some time

But investment in early 20s Is is worth it??

My answer would be a definite yes, at this age of time many of people rely on there family for there basic need’s, so basically we don’t have to spend any money on food, rent or any stuff, in simple words we don’t have any burden on ourselves then why not just invest

I personally when came across this thing I thought ughh why to invest at this stage of life , it will be not of any worth and these invest are way too costly..

But when I got the knowledge and the benifit I became fan of these investment, so there is a basic plan which just start from ₹500 a month called SIP ( systematic investment plan) even a pizza cost more, by investment of just this minimum amount we can make our future a little more secure and can take out whenever we want.

Then there is a plan called PPF(public providend fund) in which by just investing minimum account for 15 years we can get much more than we ever think,

Everyone of you must have heard money attract money, so rather than wasting start investing!