Tag: Class

Differences Between Caste System and Class System

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By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Social stratification is a fundamental aspect of human societies, organizing individuals based on certain hierarchical structures. Two significant systems of stratification are the caste system and the class system. While both determine social positioning and influence an individual’s life experiences, they differ in terms of mobility, rigidity, origin, and the criteria for stratification. This article explores the major differences between these two systems.

Definition and Origins

Caste System

The caste system is a hereditary form of social stratification that divides individuals into distinct, rigid groups based on birth. This system has been historically prevalent in societies such as India, Nepal, and parts of Africa. It is often linked to religious doctrines, especially in Hindu society, where it is associated with the Varna system—Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (traders), and Shudras (laborers), with Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) outside the hierarchy.

Class System

The class system is an open form of social stratification based on economic status, occupation, education, and wealth. It is more prevalent in industrialized and capitalist societies such as the United States and Europe. Unlike the caste system, class is not strictly determined by birth but rather by achievements, opportunities, and socio-economic conditions.

Key Differences

1. Basis of Stratification

  • Caste System: Based primarily on birth, religion, and traditional customs.
  • Class System: Based on economic factors, occupation, education, and achievements.

2. Social Mobility

  • Caste System: Social mobility is highly restricted; individuals remain in the caste they are born into for life.
  • Class System: Offers greater mobility; individuals can move up or down the social hierarchy through education, occupation, and economic success.

3. Rigidity vs. Flexibility

  • Caste System: Highly rigid and unchangeable; inter-caste mobility is almost impossible.
  • Class System: More flexible; people can change their class through effort and external circumstances.

4. Endogamy vs. Exogamy

  • Caste System: Encourages endogamy (marriage within the same caste) to maintain social purity.
  • Class System: Allows exogamy (marriage between different social classes), and social mobility often occurs through marriage.

5. Legal and Social Recognition

  • Caste System: Legally recognized in some countries, especially where caste-based reservations exist.
  • Class System: Not legally recognized but exists as an economic and social reality.

6. Impact on Social Relations

  • Caste System: Creates social divisions with limited interaction between different castes.
  • Class System: Allows for interaction across classes, though economic disparities may still limit relationships.

7. Economic and Occupational Influence

  • Caste System: Determines occupation traditionally, with little to no choice in profession.
  • Class System: Individuals have the freedom to choose their professions based on their skills and interests.

Modern-Day Relevance

Caste System Today

Despite legal abolitions, caste-based discrimination persists in many societies, particularly in India and South Asia. Affirmative action policies, such as reservations in education and employment, aim to uplift marginalized groups.

Class System Today

Class divisions continue to exist in capitalist economies, where income inequality and wealth gaps influence social mobility. Governments implement taxation, social welfare, and education policies to reduce class disparities.

Conclusion

While both the caste system and the class system create hierarchical divisions in society, the former is rigid and birth-based, while the latter is flexible and achievement-based. The caste system is deeply entrenched in tradition and religion, whereas the class system is shaped by economic and social factors. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in addressing social inequality and promoting inclusivity in modern societies.

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X241262562.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Mukherjee, R. (1999). Caste in itself, caste and class, or caste in class. Economic and political weekly, 1759-1761.

Olcott, M. (1944). The caste system of India. American Sociological Review, 648-657.

Ranadive, B. T. (1979). Caste, class and property relations. Economic and Political Weekly, 337-348.

Sharma, K. L. (1984). Caste and class in India: Some conceptual problems. Sociological Bulletin, 33(1-2), 1-28.

Teach yourself anything

“It is better to know how to learn than to know.” – Dr Seuss

False Beliefs About Self-Education

Despite having easy access to information, few people take full advantage of the opportunity we have for self-directed learning.
We still believe that to learn something, we need to be formally educated on it, when in fact we’re able to educate ourselves.

Self-Education In The 21st Century

Self-education is the core skill for the 21st century.
Our ability to respond to changes in the landscape of work and technology will be dictated by how skilled self-educators we are, how well we can take full advantage of the information available to us to grow our skillset.

Learning In The Real World

For 12 years, you’ve been trained to apply information that’s pre-packaged for you.
But if you want to do anything independently (entrepreneurship, creative work, etc.) then you have to be able to figure things out without being handed the knowledge beforehand.

The Sandbox Method for Self-Education

This is an ongoing process of self-development and learning, that recognizes that we don’t need to memorize facts, formulas, instead, we need to develop an intuitive understanding of our skills, expose ourselves to different information about the skill, and constantly push ourselves to improve.

Steps of the Sandbox Method
  • Build an area where you can freely play around with the skill you’re trying to learn – Your Sandbox. It should be: low-cost or free, low stakes and public.
  • Research: Resources exist, you just have to figure out what’s worth reading, watching, or listening to (books, blogs, MOOCs etc).
  • Implement and practise purposefully.
  • Get feedback.
What Practicing the Sandbox Method Means
  • Honestly assessing your limits to figure out where you need to improve.
  • Setting a goal just beyond your current ability to motivate yourself to stretch beyond your comfort zone.
  • Practising with intense focus.
  • Get feedback, in whatever way you can, and incorporate that feedback into your practice.
reference

https://medium.com/the-mission/self-education-teach-yourself-anything-with-the-sandbox-method-a4edfc5e1f8e

Five scientific steps to ace your next exam

1. When to Study

Studying time is more efficient if it is spread out over many sessions throughout the semester, with a little extra right before the exam.
Cover each piece of info five times from when you first learned it until your exam. It will enable you to retain the information with minimal effort.

2. What and How to Study

Testing yourself, so you have to retrieve the information from memory, works much better than repeatedly reviewing the information, or creating a concept map (mind map).
After the first time learning the material, spend the subsequent studying to recalling the information, solving a problem or explaining the idea without glancing at the source.

3. What Kinds of Practice to Do

For a particular exam, use the following:

  • Mock tests and exams that are identical in style and form.
  • Redo problems from assignments, textbook questions or quizzes.
  • Generate your questions or writing prompts based on the material.
4. Make Sure You Understand

Passing and failing rest on whether you understood some important ideas.
Your top priority should be to understand the core concepts. Identify the core concepts and make sure you can explain them without looking at the material.

5. Overcome Anxiety

Anxiety makes it difficult to remember things. To help overcome this, make some of your studying sessions like a mock exam, using the same seating posture, materials, and the same time constraints.

referEncE

https://www.scotthyoung.com/blog/2019/03/18/5-strategies-ace-exam/

Study less study smart

  1. Break your study time down into chunks such as 30 minutes and then take a 5-minute break to keep your brain fresh and awake as you are studying.
  2. Teach what you learn to others. This is one of the big values from study groups.
  3. Know the difference between recollection and recognition. Recognition is when you are studying and you turn the page and read something and you think, ‘I know that.’ But what is going on is that you recognize it.
  4. Use specific locations for studying. Have a study chair and a study desk so you know when you are sitting there you need to be studying.
  5. Don’t listen to music when you are studying especially if it has lyrics.
  6. Understand the difference between concepts and facts. The goal of learning is understanding. It is important to learn and remember facts but make your goal of understanding concepts not learning facts.
  7. To remember more of what you learn in class you should take notes. Take enough notes to trigger your brain after class but don’t take so many notes that you can’t focus during class.
  8. Getting enough sleep is key to remembering more of what you study.
  9. Test your memory by writing what you can recall without looking at your notes.
  10. The Survey, Question, read, recite and review method is when you survey or look over what you are going to learn and then develop questions that focus your brain.
  11. Use memory training techniques to study less study smart! When you use memory techniques such as the mind palace or the memory palace you are going to remember more of what you studied.
Reference

Study Less Study Smart by Marty Lobdell

Avoid sleeping in class

Bring a water bottle to class

Every time you get that tired feeling or you start to zone out, drink some water. Drinking cold water helps keep you hydrated to keep you focused. If you don’t drink enough water, your body doesn’t function as well as it could.

Sit at the front of the class

Being closer to the teacher is a great motivator to stay awake in class. Studies have also proven that sitting in the front of the classroom, leads students to receive higher grades on exams. Win-win, am I right?
Be active
Interact with your professor! Even if they don’t provide engaging activities, you can make them. Don’t be afraid to ask questions.

Chew gum/bring a snack

Chewing something activates specific regions of the brain meaning your brain become more active and you stay more awake!

Take deep breaths

By taking deeper breaths, you raise your oxygen levels, slowing your heart rate, lowering your blood pressure, and improving circulation.

Go to bed early

So you can wake up early and feel well-rested.

Get some exercise before class

The adrenaline from working out, taking a stroll, stretching, or doing some jumping jacks before class will help you stay awake.

Keep a good posture

If you focus on sitting straight up in your seat, you won’t be able to fall asleep. You rest your head and you will crash and burn.

Take notes (or doodle if it helps)

It keeps you active and it helps you focus on what you’re learning in class. Even if it’s random scribbles, it’s better than being asleep.

Walkabout in the back of the classroom

If you get tired, just find a spot in the classroom where you are not distracting anyone and walk about back and forth or take notes while standing.

Reference

https://jsom.utdallas.edu/blog/sleeping-in-class-dos-donts