CIVIL ENGINEERING

Definition:

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

There are 5 types of civil engineers;

Infrastructure Engineering.
Structural Engineering.
Environmental Engineering.
Geotechnical Engineering.
Transportation Engineers.

Infrastructure engineering;

.Infrastructure refers to the basic facilities and systems that help society function, including buildings, roads, utilities and other system

structural engineering;

Structural engineers ensure that bridges don’t collapse and are structurally sound, while civil engineers ensure that things like annual flooding and potential traffic bottlenecks are taken into consideration during transportation planning

Environmental engineering;

Environmental engineering functions include applied research and teaching; project planning and management; the design, construction, and operation of facilities; the sale and marketing of environmental-control equipment; and the enforcement of environmental standards and regulations.

Geotechnical engineering;

Geotechnical engineering is the study of the behaviour of soils under the influence of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment.

Transportation engineers:

Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support .

There are 7 fields of civil engineering:

Construction Engineering and Management.
Construction Materials.
Energy-Water-Environment Sustainability Program.
Environmental Engineering and Science.
Geotechnical Engineering.
Structural Engineering.
Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Systems Program

Construction engineering and management;

Construction engineering management refers to the use of critical thinking in technical and scientific fields to improve a construction project. This often involves designing and executing new solutions and faster processes that can help overcome worksite obstacles and improve efficiency.

Construction materials;

Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type of building material used in construction. The choice of these are based on their cost effectiveness for building projects

Energy water environment sustainability program;

The program in Energy-Water-Environment Sustainability (EWES) is a cross-cutting program focused on providing and supporting sustainable solutions for the exploration, production, delivery and use of energy, and their intersection with water and the natural and built environment.

Environmental engineering and science;

Environmental engineering science (EES) is a multidisciplinary field of engineering science that combines the biological, chemical and physical sciences with the field of engineering.

Geotechnical engineering;

Structural engineering;

Structural engineering is a subfield of civil engineering focused on the strength, stability, and durability of buildings, bridges, airplanes, and other structures.

Sustainable and resilient infrastructure

Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure is an interdisciplinary journal that focuses on the sustainable development of resilient communities.

INTRODUCTION;

What are kinetic roads?

Introduction
Nowadays, all the energy resources are depleting due to our constant dependency on natural resources. At this stage, an urgency has emerged to harness the energy that can operate almost anything in the world. Likewise, in the civil engineering world, new inventions are emerging to make a greener world.

In the transportation sector, kinetic roads can help tackle pollution and our extensive dependency on natural resources. Solar radiation and kinetic energy from passing automobiles are two forms of energy sources frequently applied to road surfaces. As a result, they offer a lot of potential as long-term energy sources. Roadway pavement occupies a large portion of urban and rural areas, covering millions of square kilometers and constantly being exposed to various energy sources such as sun radiation, vibration, and traffic-induced pressures.

All you need to know about glass railings;

Introduction
These days, glass is the most popular material for modern railing. We can see why it’s a popular alternative to hardwood handrails and spindles.

The glass railing creates a striking visual impact, enhances openness, expands areas, and allows light to flow freely. When built and installed properly, it adds luxury and value to a home while also being incredibly secure and practical.

Tempered glass is commonly used in glass railings. Tempering strengthens the structure and protects it from cracking and damage. Glass railings are popular among modern home builders because of their adaptability, exquisite design potential, and cheap upkeep.
What is Top-Down construction procedure ,Advantages and Disadvantages

What is Top-Down Construction?
In top-down construction, permanent structures are built from the ground up, beginning with a deep basement excavation. This method is the inverse of the more common bottom-up approach. This method involves constructing the basement levels in layers as the excavation continues. The concrete floors in basements act as lateral bracing for the surrounding walls. Slabs for the ground floor and basement are poured into the excavation holes. Since all subsequent below-grade levels have been completed, the floors can now act as lateral bracing for the perimeter walls.

Diaphragm walls, or “D” walls as they are more commonly known, are a type of perimeter wall that provides a foolproof answer to any problem that may arise during underground building. D walls are ideal for controlling groundwater movement and maintaining stable earth retention.

Introduction
Curing is the process of providing moisture to the concrete mix so that better interlocking is established. If curing is not done properly then it will cause insufficient hydration and as a result there will be capillary pores, causing cracks and shrinkage. Moreover, strength and durability will also get affected and the concrete will disintegrate and break. It also ensures to maintain a sufficient temperature of concrete at its early age. It must be implemented as soon as placement & finishing is done. Also, it must continue for a specific period for the concrete to achieve its desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature is necessary to avoid thermal shrinkage cracks, plastic shrinkage and problems like bleeding and segregation.

Types of Brick bonding in Brick Maasonry

Introduction
Brick is one rectangular building unit that constitutes the whole structure. It is mainly made of clay at high temperature and is mostly red in color. Other constituents of bricks are sand, cement, lime and fly ash. There are many patterns involved in laying bricks some of which are going to be discussed here. Nowadays, concrete hollow bricks are replacing the conventional bricks as more advancement in technology is going on. The standard size of brick used in buildings without mortar is 219 x 9 x 9 cm and with mortar the size is 20 x 10 x 10 cm. Bricks contribute in distribution of loads and maintain stability of the structure. Thus, bricks are such units that are irreplaceable in construction industry till today.

Riveting And weilding of steel

Introduction
Riveting is the process of joining two metal plates with the help of nuts and bolts. In other words, it is a process in which a hole is made on the steel plates to be joined, the diameter of which is more than the nominal diameter of bolt. The rivet is then inserted and the head is formed at the other end. The rivets should conform to IS: 1929-1982 and IS: 2155-1982 as appropriate. High tensile steel rivet must be manufactured from steel conforming to IS: 1149-1982.
Engineered cementitious composite

Introduction
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) or Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) is a particular type of concrete reinforced with specially selected short random fibers. The strain capacity of such composite is in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Bendable concrete acts like ductile metal when compared to the brittle nature of OPC cement. As a result of adverse effects on fiber dispersion and overall performance, the coarse aggregates are not used in ECC. Different type of fibers is implemented to impart the tensile strength in ECC. Some fibers include Poly Vinyl Alcohol, Polypropylene fiber, and also natural fibers. ECC shows ductility property in the hardened state, and flexible property in the new state makes ECC applicable to a wide range of construction applications. This report presents a review of ECC durability studies in the literature, with detailed discussions on ECC high-temperature resistance, permeability resistance, and shrinkage resistance. The use of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) has gained wide attention considering their properties, such as high tensile strength and elasticity values. However, the required methods for direct measurement of tensile strength are not developed adequately