By Kavita Dehalwar

Modeling user behavior for public transport users is an essential endeavor in urban planning, transportation engineering, behavioral economics, and smart mobility systems. It helps in understanding how and why individuals make certain transit choices, which can inform infrastructure development, policy-making, demand forecasting, and service design. This essay outlines a comprehensive approach to modeling public transport user behavior, encompassing theoretical foundations, methodologies, data sources, modeling techniques, and practical applications.

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1. Introduction

Public transport systems are critical to sustainable urban development. Understanding user behavior within these systems is necessary to design efficient, user-friendly, and environmentally sustainable transportation networks. User behavior modeling involves identifying the factors that influence individuals’ travel decisions, such as mode choice, route selection, departure time, and frequency of use. Accurately modeling this behavior allows for improved system performance, reduced congestion, and enhanced commuter satisfaction.

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2. Theoretical Foundations

2.1 Behavioral Theories

Several behavioral theories underpin travel behavior modeling:

• Rational Choice Theory assumes that individuals make decisions that maximize their utility based on travel time, cost, convenience, and reliability.
• Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) incorporates attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to predict intention and behavior.
• Habitual Behavior Theory highlights that not all decisions are conscious or rational; many are habitual and influenced by routine.
• Bounded Rationality suggests that decision-makers aim for satisfactory rather than optimal solutions due to cognitive limitations.

2.2 Utility Theory

In discrete choice modeling, users are assumed to choose the option with the highest perceived utility. Utility is typically a function of measurable variables like travel time and cost, as well as unobservable preferences.

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3. Data Collection and Sources

Effective modeling requires high-quality data. Common sources include:

• Surveys (e.g., travel diaries, stated preference (SP), and revealed preference (RP) surveys)
• Smart Card Data (e.g., tap-in/tap-out times and locations)
• Mobile Phone GPS Data
• Social Media and Web Scraping for sentiment and location
• Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) Systems
• CCTV and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Tracking

Each data source offers different insights and granularity, and often, multiple sources are integrated for comprehensive modeling.

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4. Modeling Methodologies

4.1 Descriptive Analysis

Basic statistical analysis helps understand general patterns, such as peak usage hours, preferred routes, and user demographics.

4.2 Discrete Choice Models (DCMs)

These are the most widely used tools for modeling individual travel decisions. Examples include:

• Multinomial Logit (MNL)
• Nested Logit
• Mixed Logit / Random Parameters Logit

These models estimate the probability of a user choosing a particular option from a finite set of alternatives.

4.3 Agent-Based Modeling (ABM)

ABMs simulate individual agents (users) and their interactions within a transport network. This method captures emergent phenomena, such as congestion and modal shift, based on user rules and preferences.

4.4 Machine Learning Approaches

Recent advancements include the use of:

• Decision Trees, Random Forests
• Neural Networks
• Support Vector Machines (SVM)
• Deep Learning for Pattern Recognition

These are data-driven methods that often outperform traditional models in prediction accuracy but may lack interpretability.

4.5 Hybrid Models

Combining statistical methods with machine learning or behavioral theory allows for more robust and explainable models.

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5. Factors Influencing User Behavior

Several variables influence transport user behavior:

• Travel Time and Reliability
• Cost (fare, fuel, tolls)
• Comfort and Convenience
• Service Frequency and Coverage
• Safety and Security
• Environmental Awareness
• Socioeconomic Characteristics (age, income, occupation)
• Weather Conditions
• Availability of Real-Time Information

Understanding the relative importance of these factors is crucial for targeted interventions.

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6. Applications of User Behavior Models

6.1 Transit Planning

Behavior models help optimize routes, schedules, and capacity planning.

6.2 Demand Forecasting

Models predict how many people will use certain services under varying scenarios, such as fare changes or new infrastructure.

6.3 Policy Simulation

Scenarios such as congestion pricing, subsidies, or vehicle restrictions can be tested virtually.

6.4 Smart Mobility Integration

Behavior modeling informs the integration of services like bike-sharing, ride-hailing, and micro-transit.

6.5 Personalized Travel Recommendations

Real-time behavior modeling supports personalized route suggestions and service alerts.

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7. Challenges and Limitations

• Data Privacy Concerns
• Model Transferability across Cities
• Behavioral Complexity and Non-Linearity
• Technological and Infrastructure Constraints
• Equity Considerations

Efforts must be made to address these challenges, particularly ensuring ethical use of data and avoiding biases.

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8. Future Directions

• Real-Time Adaptive Models that update with live data
• Integration with Smart City Platforms
• Use of Wearable Devices and IoT Sensors
• Explainable AI for Transparent Decision-Making
• Behavioral Nudges and Gamification to Influence Choice

The future of transport behavior modeling lies in dynamic, personalized, and predictive systems supported by AI and ubiquitous data.

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9. Conclusion

Modeling user behavior in public transport is a multifaceted task requiring a blend of theoretical insight, empirical data, and advanced analytics. As cities grow and mobility demands evolve, robust user behavior models will be critical to creating adaptive, efficient, and user-centered transportation systems. By embracing interdisciplinary methods and emerging technologies, stakeholders can not only predict how people move but also shape the future of urban mobility.

References

Buliung, R. N., & Kanaroglou, P. S. (2007). Activity–travel behaviour research: conceptual issues, state of the art, and emerging perspectives on behavioural analysis and simulation modelling. Transport Reviews, 27(2), 151-187.

Clifton, K. J., & Handy, S. L. (2003). Qualitative methods in travel behaviour research. In Transport survey quality and innovation (pp. 283-302). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of research writing and uses of research methodologies. Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.

Dehalwar, K. S. S. N., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Exploring the distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Think India Journal, 27(1), 7-15.

Jones, P. M., Dix, M. C., Clarke, M. I., & Heggie, I. G. (1983). Understanding travel behaviour (No. Monograph).

Kutter, E. (1973). A model for individual travel behaviour. Urban studies, 10(2), 235-258.

Pel, A. J., Bliemer, M. C., & Hoogendoorn, S. P. (2012). A review on travel behaviour modelling in dynamic traffic simulation models for evacuations. Transportation, 39, 97-123.

Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025). Assessing the Transit-Oriented Development and Travel Behavior of the Residents in Developing Countries: A Case of Delhi, India. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 151(3), 05025018.

Sharma, S. N., Kumar, A., & Dehalwar, K. (2024). The Precursors of Transit-oriented Development. EPW Economic & Political Weekly, 59(16), 14.

Sharma, S. N. (2019). Review of most used urban growth models. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 10(3), 397-405.

Van Acker, V., Van Wee, B., & Witlox, F. (2010). When transport geography meets social psychology: toward a conceptual model of travel behaviour. Transport reviews, 30(2), 219-240.

Wardman, M. (1988). A comparison of revealed preference and stated preference models of travel behaviour. Journal of transport economics and policy, 71-91.

Beyond prestigious institutes like IITs, NITs, and SPAs, Architecture and Planning students in India have access to a broad range of internship opportunities through external organizations. These opportunities offer hands-on exposure to real projects, regulatory processes, community engagement, and professional workflows. Here’s a detailed look at some of the key avenues:

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1. Development Authorities

Development authorities play a pivotal role in regional and urban planning. They offer internships that allow students to engage with policy implementation, land use planning, infrastructure development, and regulatory processes.

Popular organizations include:

• Delhi Development Authority (DDA)
• Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
• Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)
• Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA)

Key internship tasks:

• Preparing and reviewing master plans and zoning regulations
• Working on GIS and spatial data analysis
• Conducting surveys and stakeholder consultations
• Exposure to urban renewal and slum rehabilitation projects

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2. Municipal Corporations and Urban Local Bodies

Municipalities provide real-world exposure to urban management and planning at the grassroots level. Internships here can be especially insightful for students interested in public administration, urban governance, and service delivery systems.

Notable examples:

• Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM)
• New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)
• Chennai and Pune Municipal Corporations

Typical roles and learning areas:

• Solid waste management and sanitation planning
• Housing and infrastructure development
• Urban mobility planning and public transport systems
• Smart city mission implementation

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3. Architecture and Planning Firms

Private firms offer dynamic and professionally structured internships, often exposing students to the design-to-delivery process. These internships are essential for building portfolios and gaining industry-relevant skills.

Types of firms:

• Architectural Design Studios: Focused on residential, commercial, and institutional projects (e.g., Morphogenesis, Sanjay Puri Architects)
• Urban and Regional Planning Consultancies: Involved in master planning, land use policy, and feasibility studies (e.g., IPE Global, CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory)
• Multidisciplinary firms: Combining architecture, engineering, and planning (e.g., HCP Design, L&T, AECOM, Jacobs)

Common internship exposure:

• CAD and BIM modeling
• Site visits and project documentation
• Client presentations and concept development
• Urban analytics, transport planning, and policy drafting (for planning students)

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4. NGOs and Think Tanks

Internships with non-governmental organizations and research institutes allow students to work on social housing, heritage conservation, sustainable development, and community planning.

Examples include:

• Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
• Centre for Policy Research (CPR)
• INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage)
• Urban Design Research Institute (UDRI)

These internships are ideal for those inclined toward research, advocacy, and policy-related roles in urban development.

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Conclusion

In addition to premier academic institutions, Architecture and Planning students can gain invaluable field experience by interning with development authorities, municipal bodies, private firms, and NGOs. Each type of internship serves different career goals—be it design, policy, research, or public administration—and helps students develop a holistic understanding of the built environment.

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), and Schools of Planning and Architecture (SPAs) are some of the most prestigious technical and design institutions in India. These institutes play a crucial role in shaping the future of Architecture and Planning students by offering high-quality education, exposure to advanced research, and robust internship opportunities.

Internship Opportunities for Architecture and Planning Students

1. Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)

Many IITs, such as IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee, and IIT Delhi, offer specialized programs in Architecture and Planning. These institutes often have strong industry ties and international collaborations that translate into meaningful internship opportunities.

Students may intern:

• On-campus under professors working on government or industrial consultancy projects.
• With research labs on urban development, sustainable design, transport planning, smart cities, etc.
• Through international exchange programs, where IITs partner with global universities.
• Via alumni networks or career development cells that connect students with architectural firms and planning consultancies.

2. National Institutes of Technology (NITs)

NITs like NIT Calicut, NIT Trichy, and NIT Bhopal offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Architecture and Planning. These institutions emphasize practical training as part of the curriculum.

Internships facilitated by NITs include:

• Summer training with public sector units (PSUs) such as CPWD, NBCC, or urban development authorities.
• Placement in private architectural firms and urban planning consultancies, often facilitated by training and placement offices.
• Participation in government-funded research and infrastructure projects, especially in smart city initiatives and regional development plans.

3. Schools of Planning and Architecture (SPAs)

SPAs, including SPA Delhi, SPA Bhopal, and SPA Vijayawada, are dedicated institutions focusing exclusively on architecture, planning, and design. Their specialized nature often makes them highly integrated with the professional community.

Internship opportunities from SPAs include:

• Mandatory academic internships, typically 6-8 weeks, often required for degree completion.
• Industry tie-ups with leading architectural firms, real estate developers, and NGOs.
• Collaborations with international institutions for research-based internships or joint studios.
• Government projects and urban policy initiatives, where students work on real-world issues like transportation networks, housing policies, and heritage conservation.

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Conclusion

Internship opportunities from IITs, NITs, and SPAs provide Architecture and Planning students with vital practical experience, exposure to real-world challenges, and a platform to apply theoretical knowledge. These internships not only help students build portfolios but also open doors to future job prospects, higher education, and research avenues.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Introduction

Urbanization, while driving economic growth, has also led to significant challenges, particularly the proliferation of slums. Slums are characterized by poor housing, lack of basic services, overcrowding, and insecure tenure. Governments, urban planners, and development agencies have devised several strategies to address these issues, with Slum Upgradation and In-situ Slum Rehabilitation (ISSR) being two of the most widely adopted approaches. Each method seeks to improve the living conditions of slum dwellers while minimizing displacement and disruption.

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Understanding Slums: The Context

Before diving into specific approaches, it is crucial to understand why slums exist:

• Rapid Urbanization: Cities grow faster than they can build adequate housing.
• Rural-Urban Migration: Migrants seek better livelihoods but often can’t afford formal housing.
• Ineffective Urban Planning: Lack of inclusive planning excludes low-income populations.
• Land Market Distortions: High land prices and regulations push the poor into informal settlements.

Given these factors, slum management strategies must balance livelihood preservation, community networks, and housing improvements.

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Slum Upgradation

Definition

Slum Upgradation refers to the process of improving the existing physical, social, and economic conditions of slum settlements without displacing the residents. Instead of demolishing the slums, the focus is on providing basic services, enhancing infrastructure, securing tenure, and promoting community participation.

Key Features

• On-site Improvements: Roads, drainage, sanitation, water supply, electricity, and waste management are upgraded.
• Tenure Security: Residents are often given legal recognition or property rights to reduce the risk of eviction.
• Community Participation: Residents are involved in planning and execution to ensure solutions match their needs.
• Cost-effectiveness: Upgradation is often cheaper than demolition and reconstruction.
• Incremental Housing: Households are encouraged to gradually improve their dwellings over time with support services.

Advantages

• Minimal Disruption: Residents maintain social ties and access to livelihoods.
• Cost-Effective: Lower than constructing new housing projects.
• Empowerment: Strengthens community self-help initiatives.
• Preservation of Urban Fabric: Retains the organic settlement patterns, often vital for the city’s informal economy.

Challenges

• Land Ownership Issues: Upgrading land without clear ownership titles can be legally complex.
• Resistance from Landowners: Particularly when slums occupy valuable urban land.
• Technical Constraints: In highly congested areas, infrastructure upgrades are physically difficult.
• Risk of Gentrification: Post-upgrade, areas may attract investment leading to displacement of original residents.

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In-situ Slum Rehabilitation (ISSR)

Definition

In-situ Slum Rehabilitation involves the redevelopment of slum areas on the same land where they are located, typically by demolishing existing structures and constructing formal housing, often multi-story buildings, for the original inhabitants.

In India, ISSR has been a key component of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) mission.

Key Features

• Private-Public Partnerships (PPPs): Developers are incentivized (e.g., through additional land rights or subsidies) to build housing for slum dwellers.
• Free Housing for Slum Dwellers: Eligible families are provided with formal, legally recognized housing units.
• Vertical Living: High-rise apartment complexes replace horizontal slum settlements.
• Infrastructure Development: Comprehensive amenities such as sewage, roads, and green spaces are incorporated.
• Cross-subsidization: Developers sell part of the developed land at market rates to fund the rehabilitation.

Advantages

• Formalization of Housing: Residents gain legal titles, improving tenure security.
• Efficient Land Use: Vertical construction frees up land for urban infrastructure or commercial use.
• Improved Living Conditions: Proper sanitation, clean water, and durable housing are provided.
• Urban Renewal: Contributes to aesthetic and environmental improvements in cities.

Challenges

• Community Disruption: High-rises can weaken community bonds formed in low-rise, close-knit slums.
• Livelihood Impact: Resettlement often disrupts informal economic activities carried out within or near homes.
• Quality Concerns: Poor construction standards or maintenance can create “vertical slums.”
• Eligibility and Exclusion: Only those meeting eligibility criteria (e.g., proof of residency before a cut-off date) benefit, leaving many behind.
• Developer-Driven Models: Profit motives can sometimes prioritize commercial interests over community needs.

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Comparative Overview

Aspect	Slum Upgradation	In-situ Slum Rehabilitation
Approach	Improve existing structures and services	Demolish and rebuild formal housing on-site
Resident Displacement	Minimal	Temporary displacement during construction
Cost	Relatively low	Higher (due to complete reconstruction)
Social Networks	Maintained	Often disrupted
Main Beneficiaries	Entire community, even informal residents	Eligible families with proper documentation
Risk Factors	Land tenure issues, overcrowding	Exclusion, community alienation, vertical slum creation

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Conclusion

Both Slum Upgradation and In-situ Slum Rehabilitation are crucial approaches to addressing urban housing challenges, but they operate under different philosophies.

• Upgradation seeks to empower communities by improving what already exists, respecting social structures, and minimizing displacement.
• In-situ rehabilitation aims to formalize and modernize slum areas but risks alienating residents from their traditional ways of life.

A nuanced, context-specific strategy is essential — in some cases, upgrading may be preferable; in others, rehabilitation may be necessary. Importantly, the success of either approach hinges on community participation, transparent governance, social equity, and long-term sustainability.

Ultimately, the goal should not merely be to remove slums but to create inclusive cities where everyone, regardless of their socio-economic background, can live with dignity and opportunity.

References

Iweka, A. C., & Adebayo, A. K. (2015). Global slum upgrading practices: identifying the contemporary challenges. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 5(1), 1034-1044.

Ohls Aigbavboa, C., & Thwala, W. D. (2010). Lessons learned from in situ upgrading and eradication of informal settlement in Gauteng Province in South Africa. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 3(3), 233-244.

Sharma, S. N. (2020). Evaluation of Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban). Think India Journal23, 1, 1-13.

Shreevidya, G., Moogi, V. V., & Kelkar, A. A. (2018). An Overview of Slum Rehabilitation by In-Situ Technique.

Sharma, S. N. (2013). Participatory Planning in Practice. Lulu. com.

Sharma, S. N. (2005). Evaluation of the JnNURM Programme of Government of India for Urban Renewal. Think India Journal, 8(2), 1-7.

Sharma, S. N. (2014). Participatory Planning in Plan Preparation. BookCountry.

Vaid, U. (2023). Physical and mental health impacts of housing improvement: A quasi-experimental evaluation of in-situ slum redevelopment in India. Journal of environmental psychology, 86, 101968.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

In the context of rising urban traffic concerns in India, cities like Chandigarh and Kolkata have taken proactive measures to address one of the most persistent problems on their roads—overspeeding. With the growing number of vehicles and increasing traffic congestion, urban safety has become a critical issue. Authorities in both these cities have explored and implemented a range of solutions to reduce vehicle speeds and encourage safer driving behavior.

Chandigarh: A Model for Speed Management

Chandigarh, often considered one of India’s best-planned cities, has been at the forefront of urban traffic management. Recognizing the threats posed by high-speed driving—especially on wide arterial roads and sectors designed for fast movement—the Chandigarh Traffic Police initiated a comprehensive speed-calming strategy.

Key interventions included:

• Installation of Speed Cameras: High-resolution automated speed detection cameras were deployed at key intersections and vulnerable points to catch violators and generate e-challans in real time.
• Road Diet and Traffic Calming Measures: The city experimented with lane narrowing, installation of rumble strips, and raised pedestrian crossings. These measures aimed at naturally reducing vehicle speeds by altering driver perception and enforcing compliance.
• Intensive Awareness Campaigns: Through social media, radio, and public engagement programs, the authorities educated drivers—especially young motorists—about the risks of speeding and the legal consequences.
• Speed Limits and Zoning: Specific zones such as school areas, hospitals, and high-pedestrian zones were designated with reduced speed limits (20–30 km/h), and were closely monitored for enforcement.

The result was a noticeable reduction in speeding-related crashes, particularly in school zones and near marketplaces. Moreover, citizen feedback revealed improved perceptions of safety, encouraging more people to walk and cycle.

Kolkata: Integrating Safety with Urban Chaos

Kolkata presents a different urban context. With a dense urban fabric, a high reliance on public transport, and narrow, crowded streets, managing traffic speeds is both critical and challenging. The Kolkata Traffic Police adopted a multipronged approach to deal with these issues.

Key initiatives included:

• Adaptive Signal Systems and Traffic-Calming Zones: The use of intelligent traffic lights helped reduce vehicle speeds without causing excessive delays. Additionally, dedicated “calm zones” were created in sensitive areas like Park Street and Esplanade.
• Increased Enforcement and Penalties: Mobile speed radars and a greater number of traffic police personnel were deployed during peak hours to catch and deter speeding vehicles.
• Infrastructure Modifications: Speed breakers, median barriers, and pedestrian islands were constructed in accident-prone areas to slow down traffic and make pedestrian crossings safer.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Kolkata engaged with local NGOs and tech firms to roll out awareness campaigns, safety audits, and behavior-change programs, especially targeting commercial vehicle drivers and two-wheeler users.

Interestingly, the city also focused on improving the conditions of pedestrian infrastructure, which indirectly discouraged high-speed driving by giving road priority to non-motorized users.

The Way Forward

Both Chandigarh and Kolkata demonstrate how Indian cities, despite differing in scale and structure, can adopt innovative solutions to curb speeding and enhance urban road safety. What stands out is their commitment to combining enforcement with education and infrastructural adjustments. These strategies align with the Safe System Approach promoted by global traffic safety frameworks, which emphasizes shared responsibility and systemic thinking.

As India continues to urbanize and motorization rates climb, these city-led initiatives serve as important examples for others to follow. By fostering a culture of safer driving and designing roads that prioritize human life over speed, urban India can move closer to its Vision Zero ambitions—eliminating fatalities and serious injuries on roads.

References

Chakrabartty, A., & Gupta, S. (2014). Traffic congestion in the metropolitan City of Kolkata. Journal of Infrastructure Development, 6(1), 43-59.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Area Appreciation and Space Perceptions.

Lodhi, A. S., Jaiswal, A., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Assessing bus users satisfaction using discrete choice models: a case of Bhopal. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 9(11), 1-27.

Sharma, S. N., Kumar, A., & Dehalwar, K. (2024). The Precursors of Transit-oriented Development. EPW Economic & Political Weekly, 59(16), 14.

Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2023). Fundamentals of Planning and Design of Housing.

Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025). Assessing the Transit-Oriented Development and Travel Behavior of the Residents in Developing Countries: A Case of Delhi, India. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 151(3), 05025018. https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-5468

Tiwari, G., & Mohan, D. (2022). Traffic safety in India and vision zero. In The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy (pp. 1-39). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Verma, A., Sreenivasulu, S., & Dash, N. (2011). Achieving sustainable transportation system for Indian cities–problems and issues. Current Science, 1328-1339.

The Government is implementing different scholarship and fellowship schemes for providing financial assistance to all categories of students including Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC). The details of these schemes including the criteria laid down for scholarship and fellowship are available in the following websites:

Sl. No.	Ministry/ Department	Website links
1.	Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment	The details are available at https://socialjustice.gov.in/scheme-cat
2.	Ministry of Tribal Affairs	The details are available at https://tribal.nic.in/ScholarshiP.aspx
3.	Department of Higher Education	The details are available at https://www.education.gov.in/scholarships-education-loan-0
4.	University Grants Commission	The details are available at https://www.ugc.gov.in/Home/student_Corner
5.	All India Council for Technical Education	The details are available athttps://www.aicte-india.org/bureaus/rifd/Scholarship-Schemes

Moreover, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and Ministry of Tribal Affairs provides scholarships to all students belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, subject to their parental income ceiling. The number of students who have benefitted from these scholarships and fellowships in the last three years, and the total amount of funds allocated for said purposemay be accessed at https://www.education.gov.in/parl_ques.

To spread awareness among the students, the Ministry/ Departments disseminate information regarding the scholarships/ fellowshipsthrough print and social media among the stakeholders, including education departments and higher secondary boards of all States. Information useful for the students are also provided at dedicated students’ section of the National Scholarship Portal.

The information was given by the Minister of State for Education, Dr. Sukanta Majumdar in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to transform and improve the quality of education in the country and to provide a standard of education that is inclusive, equitable, and of high quality, empowering learners for the future and contributing to national development. NEP 2020 also promotes research and innovations by Higher Educations Institutes (HEIs) by setting up start-up incubation centres; technology development centres; centres in frontier areas of research; greater industry-academic linkages; and interdisciplinary research including humanities and social sciences research.

In alignment with NEP 2020, the Ministry of Education has taken several initiatives to enhance quality of education in HEIs.

Government of India also provides financial support to State Governments under Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)/ Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PMUSHA) scheme under three components namely, “Enhancing Quality and Excellence in select State Universities”, “Infrastructure Grants to Universities” and “Multi-Disciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERU)” for improvement in Higher Education.

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), a statutory body under the Ministry of Education, grants approval for conducting courses in Technical Education at diploma, undergraduate and post graduate levels to Technical Institutions, Institutions deemed to be Universities and standalone institutions. To enhance quality of technical education, AICTE has taken several steps including:

• Model Curriculum has been developed in areas such as Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, Space Technology, Electronic Engineering (VLSI Design and Technology), Robotics and Artificial Intelligence etc. Due representation of Industry stakeholders is ensured in the curriculum revision committees.

• Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) with leading industries and organisations have been signed to facilitate internship, skilling and upskilling of students and faculty members.

• Issued model internship guidelines for technical courses. Internship is mandatory component of Model Curriculum issued by AICTE for different courses. These guidelines provide internship in full-time or part-time.

• Industry Academia Mobility framework launched by AICTE to facilitate connect between theoretical knowledge and practical application, facilitating collaboration between academia and industry. Additionally, it provides for frameworks for industry-academia partnership, encouraging mutually beneficial engagements that enrich both parties.

(b) to (d) Government has taken various measures to promote accessibility and affordability of Higher Education in the country.

Ministry of Education launched SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) Portal in July 2017 to make high-quality content available to learners free of cost with the approach of “Anyone, Anywhere, Anytime Learning”. The portal has more than 5.1 crore enrolments since its inception.

Ministry of Education has launched PM Vidyalaxmi, a new central sector scheme on 6th November 2024, to ensure that no student is denied the opportunity to pursue higher education due to financial constraints. Under the scheme, collateral-free and guarantor-free education loan is provided to all the students, including female students, who get merit-based admission in top Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs) and who desire to avail the education loan. Further, for students with annual family income up to ₹ 8 lakh, the scheme provides 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹ 10 lakhs. Up to one lakh fresh students not getting any other scholarship or interest subvention on education loan will get this interest subvention.

University Grants Commission (UGC) provides scholarship under “National Scholarship for Post Graduate Studies (NSPG)” scheme to students pursuing Post Graduate Programs. UGC is also providing fellowships to pursue Ph.D. in all disciplines including STEM education, under UGC NET-Junior Research Fellowship and Savitribai Jyoti Rao Phule Single Girl Child Fellowship.

With a view to improve female enrolment in the Undergraduate Programmes in Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs), supernumerary seats were created which increased the female enrolment from less than 10% to more than 20%.

Further, Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs) also provide 100% tuition fee waiver for SC/ST/PwD undergraduate students. Besides, the most economically backward students (whose family income is less than Rs.1.00 lakh per annum) gets full remission of the fee and the other economically backward students with family income between Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.5.00 lakh get 2/3rd fee remission.

The National Credit Framework (NCrF) has been developed as a comprehensive credit accumulation & transfer framework encompassing elementary, school, higher, and vocational education & training. NCrF integrates creditization of learning in various dimensions i.e. academics, vocational skills and experiential learning including relevant experience and proficiency/ professional levels acquired. The NCrF provides for creditization of all learning and assignment, accumulation, storage, transfer & redemption of credits, subject to assessment; removes distinction and establishes academic equivalence between vocational & general education while enabling mobility within & between them.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has formulated guidelines for introduction of Apprenticeship Embedded Degree Programmes by HEIs to provide practical exposure during the course of study with the aim to enhance competencies of the graduates.

With an aim to augment employability of students/learners, the Ministry of Education provides apprenticeship through “National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS)”, which is a flagship scheme of Government of India, for on-the-job training and skilling of Indian youth. It is implemented by the Ministry of Education through four regional Boards of Apprenticeship Training/Practical Training (BoATs/BoPT) located at Mumbai, Kanpur, Chennai and Kolkata. Under the Scheme apprenticeship and training is provided to fresh graduates, diploma holders and degree apprentices. The prescribed minimum stipend for Graduate/Degree apprentices is Rs 9,000 per month and for Technician/Diploma apprentices is Rs 8,000 per month. Government of India provides 50% of the prescribed minimum stipend for apprentices. The Ministry of Education launched NATS 2.0 portal to bring students, industry and HEIs on single platform. Through NATS 2.0 portal, the government has started disbursing its share of the stipend through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mechanism. During the last 5 financial years over 8.72 Lakh apprentices were benefitted under NATS through a total financial assistance of Rs 1298 crore for stipend. During 2024-25 the scheme has benefitted 4.82 lakh students till date through financial assistance of over Rs 729 crore.

To promote research ecosystem in the country, in pursuance to the Budget Announcement 2018-19, the Government had approved Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship Scheme (PMRF) with total financial outlay of Rs. 1650.00 Cr. The scheme aimed to attract the best and brightest minds to pursue high – quality research in India’s premier academic institutions with enhanced financial support. Under first phase of PMRF, 3688 scholars are admitted. The first phase of PMRF has led to better outcomes of research and thus, 10,000 fellowships have been announced under PMRF in Budget 2025-26 for technological research with enhanced financial support.

The Government has approved establishment of three Centres of Excellence (CoE) in Artificial Intelligence (AI); one each in the areas of health, sustainable cities and agriculture; with a total financial outlay of Rs. 990.00 Cr over the period of FY 2023-24 to FY 2027-28.

42 Centrally Funded Institutions including 8 Central Universities, 7 IITs and 8 IIMs were added in last ten years from 2014 to 2024.

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Key Takeaways

• Understand current trends in machine learning and how they influence technology and society.
• Explore practical applications and future possibilities of machine learning.
• Discover relevant resources for in-depth insights into machine learning developments.

Introduction

Machine learning is a cornerstone of technological innovation in the rapidly evolving digital age, driving significant advancements across various sectors. Its unparalleled capacity to analyze vast datasets and derive actionable insights has fundamentally transformed industries, altering how we approach everyday routines and extraordinarily complex tasks. As organizations continue integrating machine learning into their core operations, it becomes a formidable tool capable of addressing multifaceted challenges while enhancing efficiency and competitiveness. As we venture further into the future, exploring pioneering trends, deciphering formidable challenges, and setting pragmatic expectations become imperative to understand the full extent of this dynamic and transformative technology.

The Growth of Machine Learning Technologies

The growth trajectory of machine learning has been nothing short of astronomical. Reports indicate that the global machine-learning market is poised to expand from USD 1.41 billion in 2020 to USD 8.81 billion by 2025, underscoring its vast influence across diverse sectors. Machine learning applications such as AI-driven chatbots, predictive analytics engines, and sophisticated image recognition systems are already becoming integral components of modern business infrastructures. These applications automate repetitive tasks and enhance decision-making accuracy by providing real-time, data-driven insights. Demand for machine learning solutions is expected to soar across multiple industries shortly. Organizations increasingly acknowledge its potential to revolutionize workflows and transform decision-making processes, thus positioning machine learning as a catalyst for innovation and progress.

Current Trends Shaping Machine Learning

Several pivotal trends are shaping the development and deployment of machine learning technologies. One such trend is Automated Machine Learning (AutoML), which significantly reduces the complexities associated with model building. AutoML democratizes access to machine learning capabilities by enabling organizations, even those lacking specialized data scientists, to harness the predictive prowess of advanced algorithms. In tandem with this trend is a growing emphasis on ethical AI. Recognizing that biases can be inherent in AI systems, there is an increased collective effort to develop transparent, fair, and accountable systems. Researchers and developers strive to build robust and trustworthy AI technologies by implementing ethical AI initiatives. These initiatives are essential for fostering public trust and ensuring responsible AI deployment across various sectors of society.

Societal Impact of Machine Learning

The societal impact of machine learning continues to reverberate across different domains, fundamentally transforming how individuals, businesses, and institutions operate. In healthcare, machine learning applications manifest in diagnostic tools capable of predicting diseases before they fully develop, enabling early intervention and improved patient outcomes. Personalized treatment plans, informed by individual genetic profiles and robust data analytics, elevate patient care. Similarly, machine learning supports AI-powered tutors and adaptive learning platforms that deliver bespoke educational educational experiences. These platforms foster an inclusive learning environment by catering to diverse learning speeds and preferences. In the financial sector, machine learning enhances fraud detection mechanisms, refines risk management strategies, and ensures greater security and efficiency by identifying potential threats with remarkable accuracy and speed.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its transformative capabilities, machine learning is not without formidable challenges. Data privacy is critical given the immense volumes of sensitive data required to operate machine learning systems effectively. Organizations must navigate complex regulatory standards while preserving essential functionality and ensuring user confidentiality. Algorithmic bias presents another persistent challenge, raising ethical questions about fairness, accountability, and the impact of biased conclusions drawn by AI systems. However, alongside these challenges lie myriad opportunities. Machine learning can pave new pathways for innovative business models and offer highly personalized user experiences. As technology evolves, bridging the gap between technical sophistication and consumer expectations becomes paramount. Stakeholders must navigate this delicate balance with diligence, fostering innovation while upholding ethical and responsible AI deployment principles.

The Future: What’s Next for Machine Learning?

As we contemplate the future trajectory of machine learning, it becomes evident that this technology promises groundbreaking advancements across various domains. In natural language processing, continuous improvements facilitate more intuitive human-computer interactions, enabling systems to understand and respond to human language in remarkably nuanced ways. Autonomous systems, ranging from self-driving cars to uncrewed aerial vehicles, are expected to become increasingly prevalent. These advancements herald a new era characterized by enhanced safety, operational efficiency, and transformative impacts on logistics and transportation. Concurrently, researchers continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible, with notable publications on future AI innovations providing valuable insights into the anticipated breakthroughs. This unfolding narrative of machine learning promises a future ripe with advanced technological possibilities and innovations that could redefine our interaction with the world.

Industries Transforming with Machine Learning

Machine learning transforms several key industries by streamlining operations and unlocking new potentials. Within the automotive sector, machine learning algorithms are crucial in developing and optimizing autonomous vehicles, enhancing road safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. Retailers leverage AI-driven analytics to optimize supply chain management, personalize customer experiences, and refine inventory logistics, transforming their business models and gaining competitive advantages. In the entertainment industry, machine learning technologies enable platforms to analyze viewing patterns and make precise content recommendations, profoundly impacting how audiences discover and engage with new media. Industries that strategically integrate machine learning enhance their current services while positioning themselves to take advantage of the latest trends and disruptive innovations.

Conclusion

Machine learning transcends its role as a mere tool; it represents a significant transformative force set to reshape various aspects of human engagement and business practices. As we move forward, understanding current trends, addressing formidable challenges, and embracing future possibilities are crucial for stakeholders across various sectors. By fully harnessing the potential of machine learning, they are better equipped to navigate the intricacies of this evolving landscape and seize both challenges and opportunities the future holds. As we stand on the brink of remarkable technological possibilities, the intersection of machine learning and human ingenuity sets the stage for a future that promises to transcend traditional boundaries and redefine conventional paradigms.

Functional Structuralism is a sociological theory that merges insights from both structuralism and functionalism to explain how societies function and maintain stability. This theory is concerned with how societal structures shape human behavior and how each part of society contributes to overall social stability.

Origins and Development

Functional Structuralism draws from two major theoretical traditions:

Structuralism – Emphasized by scholars like Claude Lévi-Strauss, structuralism focuses on the deep structures underlying human thought, language, and culture. It asserts that social reality is constructed through hidden, universal structures that shape people’s behavior.

Functionalism – Popularized by Émile Durkheim and later advanced by Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton, functionalism views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order.

The synthesis of these two traditions resulted in Functional Structuralism, which examines both how social structures shape behavior and how those structures function to maintain society.

Key Concepts of Functional Structuralism

1. Social Structure

• Society consists of interconnected institutions (e.g., family, economy, education, religion) that provide a framework for social interactions.
• These structures influence individual behavior by establishing norms, roles, and expectations.

2. Functions of Social Institutions

• Each institution in society has specific functions (manifest and latent) that contribute to societal stability.
• Example: The education system not only imparts knowledge (manifest function) but also reinforces social norms and prepares individuals for labor markets (latent function).

3. Equilibrium and Social Stability

• Functional Structuralism assumes that societies tend to maintain equilibrium.
• When a disruption occurs (e.g., a major economic crisis), other institutions adjust to restore stability.

4. Social Roles and Norms

• People occupy social roles within a structured system.
• These roles come with expectations that guide individual behavior and contribute to the stability of the social order.

5. Latent and Manifest Functions (Robert K. Merton)

• Manifest Functions: Direct, intended outcomes of social institutions (e.g., schools educating students).
• Latent Functions: Unintended, hidden consequences (e.g., schools promoting social networking).

6. Social Change and Dysfunction

• While the theory primarily focuses on stability, it also acknowledges dysfunctions—elements that disrupt social order.
• Example: Unemployment can be dysfunctional for economic stability, requiring new policies or structural adjustments.

Criticism of Functional Structuralism

Despite its contributions, Functional Structuralism has been criticized for:

1. Overemphasizing Social Stability – Critics argue that it neglects the role of conflict, power struggles, and radical social change (e.g., Karl Marx’s conflict theory).
2. Determinism – It assumes individuals are shaped by structures, downplaying human agency and free will.
3. Neglecting Micro-Level Interactions – The theory focuses on large-scale structures rather than individual interactions (unlike symbolic interactionism).

Comparison of Structuralism and Functionalism in Sociology

Aspect	Structuralism	Functionalism
Definition	Focuses on the underlying structures that shape human behavior and culture.	Views society as a system of interconnected parts working together to maintain stability.
Key Scholars	Claude Lévi-Strauss, Ferdinand de Saussure (in linguistics), Louis Althusser	Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton
Focus	Deep, hidden structures (e.g., language, myths, ideologies) that shape social life.	Social functions of institutions and their contribution to societal stability.
Unit of Analysis	Structures such as language, kinship systems, and cultural codes.	Social institutions (e.g., family, education, religion, economy).
Approach	Theoretical and abstract; focuses on how deep structures organize society.	Practical and empirical; examines real-world social functions and institutions.
View of Society	A network of symbolic and cognitive structures that influence behavior.	A system of interdependent parts that function together to maintain equilibrium.
Methodology	Qualitative analysis, semiotics, discourse analysis.	Empirical research, statistical analysis, social surveys.
Role of the Individual	Individuals are shaped by pre-existing structures; human agency is secondary.	Individuals play roles within institutions, but their behaviors are influenced by social norms.
Social Change	Change occurs when structural contradictions or shifts in deep structures take place.	Change occurs gradually as institutions adapt to maintain social order.
Criticism	Too abstract, neglects practical social interactions and conflicts.	Overemphasizes stability, underestimates power struggles and inequalities.

This table provides a clear comparative view of both theories.

Conclusion

Functional Structuralism provides a macro-level perspective on how societies maintain order and how institutions function interdependently. It remains a significant framework in sociology, particularly in understanding how social structures contribute to stability and continuity. However, contemporary sociologists often integrate insights from other perspectives, such as conflict theory and symbolic interactionism, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of society.

Rural and Urban Issues in Planning

Rural and urban areas present distinct but interconnected challenges that require strategic planning to ensure sustainable development, economic growth, and social equity. These issues vary based on geographical, socio-economic, and infrastructural conditions.

Rural Planning Issues

1. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Limited access to roads, public transportation, electricity, water supply, and sanitation facilities.
2. Agricultural Sustainability: Decreasing soil fertility, climate change impacts, water scarcity, and market access for farm produce.
3. Migration and Depopulation: Young populations migrating to urban centers for education and employment, leading to an aging rural population.
4. Limited Healthcare and Education Facilities: Inadequate medical and educational institutions result in lower quality of life.
5. Economic Stagnation: Lack of industries, poor connectivity, and insufficient government support for rural enterprises.
6. Land Use Conflicts: Unregulated expansion of agriculture and deforestation affecting biodiversity and ecosystem balance.

Urban Planning Issues

1. Traffic Congestion and Transportation Deficiencies: Poor public transit, inadequate pedestrian infrastructure, and excessive reliance on private vehicles.
2. Housing Shortages and Informal Settlements: Increasing urban population leading to slums and informal housing developments.
3. Environmental Pollution: Air, water, and noise pollution due to industrial activities and vehicular emissions.
4. Urban Sprawl: Unplanned expansion of urban areas leading to inefficient land use and loss of green spaces.
5. Social Inequality and Gentrification: Rising real estate prices pushing low-income residents to urban peripheries.
6. Waste Management Issues: Inefficient disposal and recycling systems causing environmental hazards.

Community-Based and Workshop-Based Methods in Planning

Community engagement is crucial in addressing both rural and urban planning challenges. Participatory planning ensures that the needs and aspirations of local populations are considered.

Community-Based Methods

These methods involve local residents in the planning and decision-making processes to ensure grassroots solutions that align with their needs. Some key community-based approaches include:

1. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):
   • Engages rural communities in assessing their needs and resources.
   • Uses tools like mapping, ranking exercises, and problem analysis.
2. Community Visioning:
   • Involves brainstorming sessions where community members collectively shape the development vision.
   • Helps in long-term goal setting and planning.
3. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):
   • Facilitates dialogues among specific groups (e.g., farmers, women, youth) to gather insights and opinions.
4. Stakeholder Consultations:
   • Engages local leaders, businesses, and civil society organizations for integrated planning.
5. Citizen Observatories:
   • Uses technology (e.g., mobile apps, GIS mapping) to collect real-time community data for planning purposes.
6. Co-Design Workshops:
   • Involves local people in designing solutions, particularly in urban redevelopment or infrastructure projects.

Workshop-Based Methods

Workshops provide a structured setting for collaborative problem-solving among stakeholders, planners, and policymakers.

1. Scenario Planning Workshops:
   • Participants develop and compare alternative future development scenarios.
   • Useful in climate resilience and urban expansion planning.
2. Design Charrettes:
   • Short-term intensive workshops where multidisciplinary teams work with communities to create urban or rural designs.
3. Deliberative Forums:
   • Structured discussions where diverse stakeholders debate issues and develop consensus-driven solutions.
4. Capacity-Building Workshops:
   • Training sessions that equip communities with knowledge on sustainable practices, governance, and resource management.
5. Policy Co-Creation Workshops:
   • Involves policymakers and citizens in drafting policy frameworks that reflect ground realities.
6. Hackathons and Innovation Labs:
   • Uses technology and collaborative problem-solving to develop data-driven solutions for urban and rural challenges.

Addressing Rural and Urban Planning Issues Using These Methods

The effectiveness of community-based and workshop-based methods in planning depends on their application to specific problems. Some examples include:

• Improving Rural Infrastructure: Participatory mapping and stakeholder consultations help prioritize infrastructure projects like roads and irrigation.
• Managing Urban Growth: Scenario planning workshops guide zoning policies and land-use regulations.
• Enhancing Public Transport: Co-design workshops with urban residents can refine public transport routes and services.
• Mitigating Environmental Challenges: Citizen observatories help in real-time monitoring of pollution and waste management.
• Empowering Local Economies: Capacity-building workshops support small businesses, cooperatives, and sustainable agriculture.

By integrating these participatory approaches, planners can create more inclusive and sustainable rural and urban environments, ensuring that development initiatives align with the needs of the people they serve.

A neighborhood is a geographically localized community within a city or town, characterized by social interactions, shared amenities, and common identity. Neighborhoods often serve as fundamental units of urban planning, fostering a sense of belonging and community among residents. They vary in size and structure but are typically defined by boundaries such as streets, parks, or water bodies.

A cluster refers to a group of buildings, housing units, or facilities that are closely linked spatially and functionally. Clusters can exist within a neighborhood and serve as sub-units that facilitate local interactions and connectivity. They can be designed around common open spaces, pedestrian pathways, or shared facilities to promote community engagement.

A society represents a broader social organization beyond a neighborhood or cluster. It encompasses various groups, institutions, and cultural dynamics that shape urban life. Societies include different economic, social, and cultural layers that influence neighborhood development and interactions at a macro scale.

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Neighborhood Pattern and Development Strategy

1. Neighborhood Patterns

Neighborhoods are structured in different patterns based on historical evolution, urban planning principles, and socio-economic factors. Some common neighborhood patterns include:

• Grid Pattern: A systematic layout of streets intersecting at right angles, promoting ease of navigation and accessibility. Found in cities like New York, it ensures uniformity and efficient land use.
• Radial Pattern: Streets radiate from a central point, such as a plaza or a transport hub. This pattern is common in historical cities with a central market or administrative core.
• Linear Pattern: Development follows a single axis, typically along a transportation corridor like a highway or railway.
• Organic Pattern: Evolved naturally over time without strict planning, resulting in irregular street layouts and diverse land use.
• Clustered Pattern: Groups of buildings or residences arranged around shared open spaces, commonly seen in gated communities or suburban developments.

2. Neighborhood Development Strategy

A neighborhood development strategy involves planning and policies that ensure sustainable growth, community well-being, and efficient land use. Key strategies include:

• Mixed-Use Development: Integrating residential, commercial, and recreational spaces to reduce travel distances and enhance livability.
• Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Encouraging development near transit nodes to promote public transport use and reduce car dependency.
• Walkability and Connectivity: Designing pedestrian-friendly streets, bike lanes, and pathways to improve mobility and accessibility.
• Green Infrastructure: Incorporating parks, open spaces, and sustainable drainage systems to enhance environmental quality.
• Affordable Housing and Inclusivity: Ensuring diverse housing options to accommodate various income groups and prevent socio-economic segregation.
• Smart City Initiatives: Using technology and data-driven approaches to improve urban services and infrastructure efficiency.

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Analyzing Neighborhood Development Patterns

Analyzing neighborhood development patterns involves assessing the spatial, social, and economic factors that shape urban growth. Some key aspects of analysis include:

1. Land Use and Zoning Analysis: Evaluating the distribution of residential, commercial, and public spaces to ensure balanced development.
2. Density and Housing Typologies: Examining population density and the mix of housing types (apartments, row houses, single-family homes) to determine growth trends.
3. Transportation and Connectivity: Studying road networks, transit accessibility, and pedestrian pathways to identify mobility challenges and opportunities.
4. Social Infrastructure: Assessing the availability of schools, hospitals, recreational centers, and public spaces that contribute to neighborhood well-being.
5. Economic Viability: Reviewing employment hubs, commercial zones, and economic activities to understand the sustainability of a neighborhood.
6. Environmental Considerations: Evaluating green spaces, air quality, and ecological balance to ensure sustainable urban development.
7. Community Participation: Understanding the role of resident engagement in shaping policies, maintaining public spaces, and fostering social cohesion.

By analyzing these factors, urban planners and policymakers can develop targeted interventions to enhance neighborhood livability, resilience, and functionality.

The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are set to host a Scientific Writing Workshop on 28th February 2025, designed to enhance the research and publication skills of students, research scholars, and faculty members. This workshop is particularly aimed at empowering early-career researchers to effectively publish their work and advance their professional careers.

The workshop will be conducted by Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha, Associate Publisher at ACS Publications, who will deliver an insightful one-hour session covering key aspects of scientific writing, including:

• Attributes of a High-Quality Research Paper
• Anatomy of a Manuscript
• Effective Use of Graphics and Figures
• Writing a Well-Structured Cover Letter
• Ethics and Plagiarism in Scientific Writing

This exclusive workshop can accommodate only 500 participants, ensuring an engaging and interactive session.

Registration Link:
Register Here

This is a golden opportunity for students, scholars, and faculty members to refine their scientific writing skills and gain valuable insights from an expert in the field. Additionally, we extend invitations to other NITs to encourage broader participation and foster a collaborative learning environment.

Register now to secure your spot and take a step towards mastering the art of scientific writing!

Difference between capacity C=1000v/s and c=S(g/C).

The two expressions you’ve mentioned relate to transportation or traffic flow, but they refer to different concepts in the context of traffic analysis. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Capacity (C = 1000 v/s):
   • This represents the capacity of a road or lane, usually expressed in terms of vehicles per second (v/s), vehicles per minute (v/min), or vehicles per hour (v/hr). In this case, C = 1000 v/s means that the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a point in one second is 1000.
   • This value is typically used to represent the maximum flow rate that can be sustained under ideal conditions, such as without traffic congestion, and with perfect road conditions and driver behavior.
2. C = S(g/C):
   • This expression is more of a functional relationship that might represent traffic flow under specific conditions. Here’s what it means:
     • S: This could represent the space headway, or the distance between successive vehicles (in meters or another unit).
     • g: This might represent the green time in a signal cycle (the duration during which vehicles are allowed to move through an intersection).
     • C: This is likely referring to the capacity in a given context, with the function g/C modifying the flow rate.
   • In this case, the formula suggests a relationship where the flow or capacity is dependent on the green signal time, the space headway, and the existing road capacity. It’s often used in signalized intersection analysis or queuing theory.

To summarize:

• C = 1000 v/s is a direct measure of the road’s capacity, indicating the maximum traffic flow rate.
• C = S(g/C) is a more complex relationship that accounts for factors like signal timing and headway between vehicles, potentially used for analyzing traffic flow at signalized intersections.

These two expressions are related, but one focuses on overall capacity under ideal conditions, while the other models traffic flow in a specific situation.

Definition and Objectives

Community development is a process where local people come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. It aims to build stronger and more resilient communities by enhancing economic, social, cultural, and environmental well-being. Key objectives include:

• Empowerment of marginalized groups
• Enhancement of social cohesion and inclusivity
• Economic development and employment generation
• Infrastructure and service improvements
• Environmental sustainability

Approaches to Community Development

1. Participatory Development: Engages local stakeholders in decision-making.
2. Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD): Focuses on utilizing existing strengths rather than external aid.
3. Sustainable Development Approach: Ensures economic growth without depleting natural resources.
4. Rights-Based Approach: Ensures that community development aligns with human rights principles.

Challenges in Community Development

• Resource Scarcity: Limited financial, human, and natural resources hinder progress.
• Lack of Community Engagement: Some communities face difficulties in participation due to socio-political constraints.
• Political and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Government policies and red tape can slow down initiatives.
• Sustainability Issues: Ensuring long-term sustainability of projects is a challenge.
• Cultural and Social Barriers: Differences in traditions and beliefs can create resistance to change.
• Economic Disparities: Wealth gaps within communities affect equal participation and benefits.

Development-Induced Displacement (Anthropo-Social Considerations)

Understanding Development-Induced Displacement (DID)

Development-induced displacement occurs when communities are forced to relocate due to large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams, highways, urban expansion, and industrial zones. While these projects drive economic growth, they often disrupt the socio-cultural and economic fabric of affected communities.

Anthropo-Social Considerations

1. Loss of Livelihoods: Displaced communities often lose traditional jobs like farming, fishing, and artisanal work.
2. Cultural Disintegration: Forced relocation can sever ties with cultural heritage and social networks.
3. Psychological Trauma: Displacement creates emotional stress, uncertainty, and identity crises among affected people.
4. Social Fragmentation: Relocated communities often struggle to integrate into new areas due to differences in language, traditions, or economic conditions.
5. Legal and Land Ownership Issues: Many displaced individuals lack legal land ownership documents, leading to inadequate compensation.
6. Environmental Impact: Large-scale projects often damage ecosystems, affecting community-dependent natural resources.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Definition

Resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) refer to the process of relocating displaced populations and ensuring their socio-economic restoration. Effective R&R policies mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and help communities rebuild their lives.

Key Components of Resettlement & Rehabilitation

1. Land and Housing Compensation: Providing fair compensation and alternative housing to displaced families.
2. Livelihood Restoration: Initiatives to provide employment, skill training, and business opportunities.
3. Infrastructure Development: Ensuring availability of roads, water supply, schools, healthcare, and community centers in resettlement sites.
4. Legal Protection: Safeguarding the rights of displaced people through legal provisions and frameworks.
5. Community Integration Programs: Encouraging social cohesion between displaced populations and host communities.
6. Environmental Rehabilitation: Measures to restore ecological balance post-development projects.

Challenges in Resettlement and Rehabilitation

• Inadequate Compensation: Many resettled individuals receive insufficient funds for rebuilding their lives.
• Poor Implementation of R&R Policies: Government initiatives often face delays and inefficiencies.
• Lack of Employment Opportunities: Resettled communities may struggle with finding sustainable jobs.
• Social Conflicts: Tensions between displaced groups and host communities can arise.
• Health and Education Gaps: Displaced populations often experience poor healthcare and disrupted education.
• Environmental Degradation: Improper planning can lead to ecological damage in resettlement zones.

Conclusion

Community development, development-induced displacement, and resettlement & rehabilitation are interrelated processes requiring a holistic approach. Sustainable development strategies must balance economic growth with social equity and environmental responsibility. Policies should prioritize community participation, fair compensation, and long-term well-being of displaced populations to ensure ethical and effective development practices.

Understanding Different Types of Social Groups

A social group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share common interests, and recognize themselves as part of a collective. Social groups play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ behaviors, attitudes, and social identities. Sociologists classify social groups into different types based on the nature of relationships, functions, and influence on individuals. The three primary categories of social groups are primary groups, secondary groups, and reference groups.

1. Primary Groups

Primary groups are small, intimate, and enduring social groups that involve deep emotional bonds among members. These groups are fundamental in the socialization process and significantly impact an individual’s personality and development.

Characteristics of Primary Groups:

• Small in Size: Typically consist of a limited number of members, allowing close interactions.
• Personal and Intimate Relationships: Members share deep emotional connections, love, and a sense of belonging.
• Long-term and Enduring: Relationships in primary groups last for an extended period, often lifelong.
• Face-to-Face Interaction: Direct and frequent communication strengthens the bond.
• Emotional Support: Members offer care, security, and emotional well-being to one another.

Examples of Primary Groups:

• Family
• Close friends
• Childhood peer groups

2. Secondary Groups

Secondary groups are larger, more impersonal, and goal-oriented social groups where interactions are based on specific objectives rather than emotional ties. These groups are instrumental in achieving professional, educational, or organizational goals.

Characteristics of Secondary Groups:

• Large and Formal: Membership is broader, and interactions follow established rules and norms.
• Impersonal and Indirect Relationships: Members interact based on roles and responsibilities rather than personal connections.
• Short-Term Associations: Membership and participation last only as long as the group’s objective is relevant.
• Task-Oriented: The primary purpose of secondary groups is to achieve specific goals rather than nurture personal bonds.
• Limited Emotional Involvement: Emotional connection among members is relatively low compared to primary groups.

Examples of Secondary Groups:

• Workplaces and professional organizations
• Schools and universities
• Political parties
• Religious institutions
• Social clubs and associations

3. Reference Groups

Reference groups serve as a standard for individuals to evaluate their behaviors, attitudes, and values. These groups influence an individual’s self-concept, aspirations, and lifestyle choices, even if the person is not a formal member.

Characteristics of Reference Groups:

• Standard for Comparison: Individuals compare themselves to reference groups to assess their own behaviors and achievements.
• Aspirational Influence: People often look up to certain groups they aspire to join or emulate.
• Positive and Negative Influence: Reference groups can have a constructive influence (motivating improvement) or a destructive influence (leading to harmful behaviors).
• Can Be Real or Imagined: A reference group may consist of real-life individuals (e.g., a professional group) or an imagined ideal (e.g., celebrities, historical figures).

Examples of Reference Groups:

• Celebrities and influencers
• Professional or academic communities
• Religious or cultural groups
• Sports teams and athletes
• Social movements and ideologies

Conclusion

Understanding different types of social groups is essential to comprehending social behavior and interactions. Primary groups foster close, emotional relationships and play a key role in socialization. Secondary groups facilitate functional and goal-oriented interactions, while reference groups influence individuals’ aspirations and self-perception. Each type of social group contributes uniquely to an individual’s social experience and development, shaping their identity and social roles within society.

Voluntary Associations

Voluntary associations are organizations formed by individuals who come together to achieve a common goal without coercion. These groups operate based on shared interests, values, and objectives, and they contribute significantly to society in various sectors, including education, health, environmental protection, and social welfare.

Types of Voluntary Associations:

1. Charitable Organizations – Focus on providing relief and support to vulnerable populations.
2. Professional Associations – Represent specific professions, offering networking and policy advocacy.
3. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) – Address local community needs.
4. Advocacy Groups – Work towards policy change and social justice.
5. Cultural and Recreational Associations – Promote art, culture, and sports activities.

Role and Objectives of NGOs

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are a subset of voluntary associations that operate independently of government control to address societal challenges. They play a crucial role in development and governance, particularly in countries where state capacity is limited.

Key Roles of NGOs:

1. Service Delivery – Providing healthcare, education, and social services.
2. Advocacy and Policy Influence – Shaping public policy and legislation.
3. Capacity Building – Strengthening local institutions and empowering individuals.
4. Research and Development – Conducting studies and pilot projects to test innovative solutions.
5. Environmental Conservation – Promoting sustainable practices and protecting natural resources.
6. Human Rights Protection – Defending vulnerable groups and ensuring justice.

Objectives of NGOs:

• Alleviate poverty and improve living conditions.
• Enhance democratic participation and governance.
• Promote social equity and justice.
• Support sustainable development initiatives.
• Bridge gaps in government service provision.

Identifying and Involving NGOs

Engaging NGOs in planning and development requires a structured approach to ensure their effective participation.

Steps to Identify Relevant NGOs:

1. Sector-Specific Analysis – Identify NGOs based on their expertise (e.g., environmental conservation, urban development, or public health).
2. Geographical Presence – Select organizations actively working in the target area.
3. Reputation and Impact – Evaluate past achievements and credibility.
4. Government and Stakeholder Recommendations – Consider referrals from authorities and partner organizations.

Methods to Involve NGOs in Planning:

• Collaborative Planning – NGOs can be included in decision-making bodies and policy forums.
• Public Consultations and Workshops – Facilitating dialogue between NGOs, government, and communities.
• Capacity Building Partnerships – Providing funding and technical support to NGOs for project implementation.
• Monitoring and Evaluation Participation – NGOs can assist in assessing program outcomes and impact.

Operational Issues for NGOs

Despite their contributions, NGOs face several operational challenges that can impact their effectiveness.

Common Operational Issues:

1. Funding Constraints – Dependence on donor funding can lead to financial instability.
2. Regulatory Compliance – NGOs must navigate complex legal and bureaucratic requirements.
3. Accountability and Transparency – Ensuring responsible use of resources and demonstrating impact.
4. Human Resource Management – Recruiting and retaining skilled personnel.
5. Stakeholder Coordination – Balancing multiple interests and partnerships.
6. Political Interference – Governments may impose restrictions or limit NGO operations.

Exploring the Role of NGOs in Planning

NGOs contribute significantly to planning at local, regional, and national levels. They serve as intermediaries between communities and governments, ensuring that development is participatory and inclusive.

Ways NGOs Support Planning:

1. Community Engagement – Mobilizing local populations and amplifying their voices in planning processes.
2. Data Collection and Research – Providing critical insights for evidence-based planning.
3. Pilot and Demonstration Projects – Testing innovative models before large-scale implementation.
4. Policy Advocacy – Influencing policies to make planning more equitable and sustainable.
5. Disaster Preparedness and Response – Supporting resilience planning and emergency management.

Conclusion

Voluntary associations and NGOs are integral to the social and economic development of communities. Their role in planning is invaluable, offering innovative solutions, promoting inclusivity, and ensuring sustainable development. However, challenges such as funding, accountability, and stakeholder coordination must be addressed to maximize their impact. Effective collaboration between NGOs, governments, and private entities can lead to more holistic and impactful planning outcomes.

India has an extensive public transportation network, including metro systems, suburban rail, bus rapid transit (BRT), and other public transit services. Here’s a list of top public transport systems in India across different modes:

1. Metro Rail Systems (Rapid Transit) 🚇

• Delhi Metro (Largest & most advanced metro system in India)
• Mumbai Metro (Expanding network with multiple corridors)
• Bengaluru Namma Metro (Well-connected metro system)
• Chennai Metro (Efficient air-conditioned metro service)
• Kolkata Metro (India’s first metro, now expanding)
• Hyderabad Metro (One of the world’s largest PPP metro projects)
• Pune Metro (Newly operational with planned expansions)
• Ahmedabad Metro (Part of the Smart City development)
• Lucknow Metro (Efficient transport system in Uttar Pradesh)
• Jaipur Metro (Well-planned but limited network)

2. Suburban Rail Networks 🚆

• Mumbai Suburban Railway (Lifeline of Mumbai, carrying over 7.5 million passengers daily)
• Kolkata Suburban Railway (Extensive rail network in West Bengal)
• Chennai Suburban Railway (Major suburban rail for the city)
• Delhi Suburban Railway (Connects NCR regions like Gurgaon, Faridabad)
• Hyderabad MMTS (Multi-Modal Transport System) (Suburban rail in Telangana)

3. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) & City Bus Services 🚌

• Ahmedabad BRTS (Janmarg) (Most successful BRT system in India)
• Indore iBUS BRTS (Efficient bus rapid transit system)
• Pune Rainbow BRTS (BRT corridors in Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwad)
• Surat BRTS (Growing and well-managed BRT network)
• Delhi DTC & Cluster Buses (Largest city bus fleet)
• BEST Buses (Mumbai) (Mumbai’s iconic red buses)
• BMTC (Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation) (Largest city bus fleet in Karnataka)
• Chennai MTC (Metropolitan Transport Corporation) (Major bus network)
• Kolkata WBTC & CSTC Buses (Extensive bus network)

4. Regional & Intercity Transport 🚍

• Indian Railways (IRCTC Trains) (Largest rail network for intercity transport)
• State Transport Buses (MSRTC, UPSRTC, KSRTC, TSRTC, etc.)
• Vande Bharat Express (Semi-High-Speed Trains) (New age express train service)

5. Water Transport 🚢

• Kochi Water Metro (First water metro service in India)
• Mumbai Ferry Services (Connecting Elephanta, Alibaug, and Navi Mumbai)
• Kolkata Ferry Services (Hooghly river transport network)

6. Electric & Shared Mobility 🚖

• Ola/Uber Ride-Sharing (Major app-based transport services)
• Rapido Bike Taxis (Affordable last-mile connectivity)
• E-Rickshaws (Popular in Delhi, UP, and Bihar for last-mile transport)

1. “Garden Cities of To-Morrow”
   • Author: Ebenezer Howard
   • Year: 1898
   • Key Idea: Introduced the Garden City concept, advocating self-contained communities with greenbelts.
2. “The City in History”
   • Author: Lewis Mumford
   • Year: 1961
   • Key Idea: A historical analysis of urban development and planning.
3. “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”
   • Author: Jane Jacobs
   • Year: 1961
   • Key Idea: Criticized modernist urban planning and emphasized vibrant, mixed-use neighborhoods.
4. “Urbanism as a Way of Life”
   • Author: Louis Wirth
   • Year: 1938
   • Key Idea: Explored how urbanization shapes social structures.
5. “The Image of the City”
   • Author: Kevin Lynch
   • Year: 1960
   • Key Idea: Introduced concepts like legibility and mental maps in city planning.

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Modern & Contemporary Planning Books

6. “A Theory of Good City Form”
   • Author: Kevin Lynch
   • Year: 1981
   • Key Idea: Developed a framework for evaluating urban design quality.
7. “Good City Form”
   • Author: Kevin Lynch
   • Year: 1984
   • Key Idea: Expanded on his earlier work on city imageability and planning.
8. “Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century”
   • Author: Peter Hall
   • Year: 1988
   • Key Idea: Analyzes urban planning theories and their real-world applications.
9. “The Just City”
   • Author: Susan S. Fainstein
   • Year: 2010
   • Key Idea: Advocates for social justice in urban planning.
10. “The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster”

• Authors: Lawrence J. Vale & Thomas J. Campanella
• Year: 2005
• Key Idea: Examines how cities rebuild after disasters.

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Transportation & Sustainable Planning Books

11. “The High Cost of Free Parking”

• Author: Donald Shoup
• Year: 2005
• Key Idea: Discusses how excessive parking requirements harm urban areas.

12. “Transit-Oriented Development in the United States”

• Authors: Robert Cervero et al.
• Year: 2004
• Key Idea: Explores the benefits and design principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD).

13. “Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time”

• Author: Jeff Speck
• Year: 2012
• Key Idea: Promotes walkability as key to successful urban planning.

14. “The Sustainable Urban Development Reader”

• Authors: Stephen Wheeler & Timothy Beatley
• Year: 2004
• Key Idea: A collection of important essays on sustainable urbanism.

15. “Cycling and Society”

• Authors: Dave Horton, Paul Rosen, Peter Cox
• Year: 2007
• Key Idea: Examines cycling’s role in urban transport and sustainability

major Urban Planning Models, their proponents, and the year they were proposed:

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1. Concentric Zone Model

• Proponent: Ernest Burgess
• Year: 1925
• Key Idea: Cities grow in a series of concentric rings from the center outward, with the central business district (CBD) at the core.

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2. Sector Model

• Proponent: Homer Hoyt
• Year: 1939
• Key Idea: Urban growth occurs in sectors or wedges radiating outward from the CBD along transportation corridors.

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3. Multiple Nuclei Model

• Proponents: Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman
• Year: 1945
• Key Idea: Cities develop multiple centers (nuclei) rather than a single CBD, based on specific land uses such as industrial, residential, and commercial areas.

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4. Urban Realms Model

• Proponent: James E. Vance Jr.
• Year: 1964
• Key Idea: Metropolitan areas are made up of distinct realms, each functioning independently but connected to the whole.

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5. Central Place Theory

• Proponent: Walter Christaller
• Year: 1933
• Key Idea: Explains the spatial arrangement of cities based on market areas, with larger cities providing more specialized services.

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6. Rank-Size Rule

• Proponent: George Zipf
• Year: 1949
• Key Idea: The size of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (e.g., the second-largest city is half the size of the largest city).

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7. Growth Pole Model

• Proponent: François Perroux
• Year: 1955
• Key Idea: Economic development is concentrated in certain urban “growth poles” that drive regional development.

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8. Garden City Model

• Proponent: Ebenezer Howard
• Year: 1898
• Key Idea: Cities should be planned with self-sufficient communities, surrounded by greenbelts, combining the best of urban and rural living.

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9. Radiant City (Ville Radieuse)

• Proponent: Le Corbusier
• Year: 1924
• Key Idea: A high-density, modernist city with skyscrapers, large open spaces, and separation of functions.

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10. Linear City Model

• Proponent: Arturo Soria y Mata
• Year: 1882
• Key Idea: Cities should develop along linear corridors following transportation routes, minimizing congestion.

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11. Broadacre City Model

• Proponent: Frank Lloyd Wright
• Year: 1932
• Key Idea: Cities should have low-density suburban settlements with large land plots for each family, emphasizing individual mobility.

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12. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Model

• Proponent: Peter Calthorpe
• Year: 1993
• Key Idea: Urban development should be centered around high-quality public transport systems, with walkable, mixed-use communities.

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13. Smart Growth Model

• Proponent: Smart Growth Network (Peter Calthorpe and others)
• Year: 1990s
• Key Idea: Encourages compact, mixed-use, and walkable urban development to reduce urban sprawl.

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14. Compact City Model

• Proponent: Dantzig & Saaty
• Year: 1973
• Key Idea: Promotes high-density, mixed-use urban areas with reduced reliance on cars to enhance sustainability.

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15. Sustainable City Model

• Proponent: Brundtland Commission
• Year: 1987
• Key Idea: Urban planning should balance environmental, economic, and social sustainability to ensure long-term urban livability.

major planning theories, their proponents, and the year they were proposed:

1. Rational Planning Theory

• Proponent: Herbert Simon
• Year: 1957
• Key Idea: Decision-making is a rational process involving goal setting, data analysis, and evaluation of alternatives.

2. Incrementalism (Incremental Planning Theory)

• Proponent: Charles E. Lindblom
• Year: 1959
• Key Idea: Planning is a continuous and small-scale adjustment process rather than comprehensive, large-scale changes.

3. Mixed Scanning Model

• Proponent: Amitai Etzioni
• Year: 1967
• Key Idea: Combines aspects of both rational planning and incrementalism by using a hierarchical approach to decision-making.

4. Advocacy Planning

• Proponent: Paul Davidoff
• Year: 1965
• Key Idea: Planners should represent different interest groups and advocate for the needs of marginalized communities.

5. Communicative Planning Theory

• Proponent: Judith Innes, Patsy Healey
• Year: 1980s-1990s
• Key Idea: Emphasizes participatory planning and consensus-building through stakeholder dialogue.

6. Equity Planning

• Proponent: Norman Krumholz
• Year: 1975
• Key Idea: Planning should focus on social justice, ensuring that resources and opportunities are distributed fairly.

7. Strategic Planning

• Proponent: John Bryson
• Year: 1988
• Key Idea: Long-term planning that focuses on setting goals and defining actions to achieve them in a dynamic environment.

8. Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)

• Proponent: Paul Sabatier
• Year: 1988
• Key Idea: Policy changes occur through the interactions of advocacy coalitions over time.

9. Radical Planning

• Proponent: John Friedmann
• Year: 1987
• Key Idea: Emphasizes grassroots participation and self-reliance in planning.

10. Collaborative Planning

• Proponent: Patsy Healey
• Year: 1997
• Key Idea: Encourages communication and cooperation among various stakeholders to shape urban development.

11. New Urbanism

• Proponent: Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe
• Year: 1990s
• Key Idea: Promotes walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use developments, and sustainable urban growth.

12. Sustainable Development Theory

• Proponent: Brundtland Commission
• Year: 1987
• Key Idea: Development should meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

13. Smart Growth Theory

• Proponent: Smart Growth Network, Peter Calthorpe
• Year: 1990s
• Key Idea: Encourages compact, transit-oriented, and environmentally friendly urban growth.

14. Complexity Theory in Planning

• Proponent: Michael Batty
• Year: 2005
• Key Idea: Cities and urban systems should be understood as complex, self-organizing entities.

Pollution is categorized into air, water, noise, and soil pollution, each requiring specific parameters for measurement.

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1. Air Pollution 🏭🌫

Key Measurement Parameters:

Parameter	Unit	Description
PM2.5	µg/m³	Fine particulate matter (<2.5 µm) harmful to lungs.
PM10	µg/m³	Coarse particulate matter (<10 µm) affecting respiration.
SO₂ (Sulfur Dioxide)	ppm or µg/m³	Causes acid rain and respiratory problems.
NO₂ (Nitrogen Dioxide)	ppm or µg/m³	Leads to smog, acid rain, and lung irritation.
CO (Carbon Monoxide)	ppm	Reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
O₃ (Ozone)	ppm	Harmful at ground level; causes respiratory issues.
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)	ppm	Includes benzene, formaldehyde, contributing to smog.
AQI (Air Quality Index)	Index	Composite measure of multiple pollutants.

🔹 Measuring Devices: Air Quality Monitoring Stations, Laser Particle Counters, Gas Analyzers.

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2. Water Pollution 🚰

Key Measurement Parameters:

Parameter	Unit	Description
pH	Scale (0-14)	Measures acidity or alkalinity (7 = neutral).
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	mg/L	Essential for aquatic life; low levels indicate pollution.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)	mg/L	Measures organic pollution by oxygen consumption over 5 days.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)	mg/L	Measures oxygen needed to break down organic & inorganic matter.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)	mg/L	Indicates mineral concentration.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)	mg/L	Particles that can cause water turbidity.
Nitrates & Phosphates	mg/L	Excessive levels cause eutrophication in water bodies.
Heavy Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, As)	ppm or mg/L	Toxic metals harmful to human health.
Fecal Coliform	CFU/100mL	Indicates sewage contamination.

🔹 Measuring Devices: pH Meters, Spectrophotometers, BOD/COD Analyzers.

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3. Noise Pollution 🔊

Key Measurement Parameters:

Parameter	Unit	Description
Sound Level (Decibels – dB)	dB(A)	Measures noise intensity; permissible limit: 55 dB (day), 45 dB (night) in residential areas.
Frequency (Hz)	Hertz (Hz)	Determines the pitch of the noise.
Duration of Exposure	Hours	Prolonged exposure to high noise levels increases health risks.

🔹 Measuring Devices: Sound Level Meters, Noise Dosimeters.

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4. Soil Pollution 🌱

Key Measurement Parameters:

Parameter	Unit	Description
pH	Scale (0-14)	Indicates soil acidity/alkalinity affecting plant growth.
Organic Matter Content	%	Indicates soil fertility and decomposition.
Heavy Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, As)	mg/kg	Toxic elements from industrial waste and pesticides.
Nitrate & Phosphate Levels	mg/kg	Excessive levels lead to soil and water contamination.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)	meq/100g	Measures soil fertility and nutrient-holding capacity.
Microbial Content	CFU/g	Assesses soil health and biological activity.

🔹 Measuring Devices: Soil Test Kits, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

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Conclusion 📊

Each type of pollution has unique measurement parameters crucial for monitoring, control, and policy formulation. Environmental agencies use these parameters to assess pollution levels and implement mitigation strategies.

Would you like details on any specific parameter or measuring instrument? 😊

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in India consists of 8 core missions, each targeting a specific aspect of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

8 Missions of NAPCC and Their Targets:

1. National Solar Mission (NSM) 🌞
   • Promote solar energy development.
   • Achieve 100 GW solar power capacity by 2022 (now part of a larger 500 GW renewable energy goal by 2030).
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) ⚡
   • Improve energy efficiency in industries.
   • Reduce energy intensity of GDP.
   • Promote market-based mechanisms like Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT) scheme.
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH) 🏙
   • Improve energy efficiency in buildings.
   • Enhance public transport and waste management.
4. National Water Mission (NWM) 💧
   • Improve water conservation and efficiency.
   • Target 20% reduction in water use by 2030.
5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) 🏔
   • Protect Himalayan glaciers and biodiversity.
   • Enhance climate resilience for mountain communities.
6. National Mission for a Green India (GIM) 🌲
   • Increase forest cover and eco-restoration.
   • Target 10 million hectares of afforestation by 2030.
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) 🚜
   • Promote climate-resilient agriculture.
   • Improve soil health, water efficiency, and crop diversification.
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC) 📚
   • Improve climate change research and data collection.
   • Enhance awareness and capacity building.

These eight missions are supplemented by State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) and additional sector-specific initiatives like Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME).

Difference Between Growth Pole Theory and Central Place Theory

Feature	Growth Pole Theory	Central Place Theory
Proposed By	François Perroux (1955)	Walter Christaller (1933)
Concept	Economic development occurs around specific “growth poles” or urban centers that stimulate regional growth.	Settlements are organized in a hierarchical pattern to provide goods and services to surrounding areas.
Focus	Industrial and economic growth	Spatial distribution of settlements and services
Key Elements	Growth poles, industries, agglomeration economies, spread effects	Market areas, range, threshold, hierarchical organization
Process	Growth starts at a pole (a major urban center or industry) and spreads outward.	Larger settlements serve more specialized functions, while smaller ones provide basic services.
Growth Pattern	Uneven growth, concentrated in specific locations	Balanced distribution of services based on population demand
Applicability	Regional economic planning, industrial development policies	Urban and regional planning, location of retail and service centers
Example	Development of IT hubs like Bengaluru in India, leading to regional economic growth.	Distribution of towns and cities based on service provision, such as tiered settlement hierarchy in Germany.

Key Differences in Their Approach

• Growth Pole Theory is economic-centric, emphasizing how specific industries or urban centers drive regional development.
• Central Place Theory is spatial-centric, focusing on the arrangement and hierarchy of settlements based on service provision.

You said:

show graphically

ChatGPT said:

Here are graphical representations of Growth Pole Theory and Central Place Theory to illustrate their differences:

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1. Growth Pole Theory (François Perroux)

• Growth occurs around a dominant urban or industrial center.
• Economic activities are concentrated in a few key locations.
• Development spreads outward from these poles.

Graphical Representation

📍 Growth Pole → 🔄 Spillover Effects → 🌍 Regional Development

javaCopyEdit     Growth Pole (City/Industry)
             ⬇️
     Economic Activities
        ↙️  ⬇️  ↘️
   Nearby Towns/Villages
         ⬇️
    Spread Effects

(Illustration: The growth pole (central circle) influences nearby areas, leading to economic expansion.)

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2. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)

• Settlements form a hierarchical network based on their function.
• Higher-order centers provide specialized services, while lower-order centers provide basic services.
• Market areas are hexagonal to maximize coverage and minimize overlap.

Graphical Representation

🏙 Central Place (City) → 🏘 Towns → 🏠 Villages → 🚜 Hamlets

markdownCopyEdit       Central City
       🏙 (Top-tier)
        /  |  \
  Towns (Mid-tier)
   🏘    🏘    🏘
  / | \  / | \  / | \
Villages (Lower-tier)
🏠 🏠 🏠 🏠 🏠 🏠

(Illustration: Settlements follow a hexagonal hierarchy, with larger centers serving as hubs for smaller ones.)

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Key Takeaways

1. Growth Pole Theory → Economic development is concentrated and spreads from a central hub.
2. Central Place Theory → Settlements are distributed in a hierarchical pattern, serving different functions.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has established 4 research institutes and 10 regional research stations in the State of West Bengal. These institutes are catering to the agricultural technology needs of the State of West Bengal besides other parts of the country. In addition, at district level, 23 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) have also been established in West Bengal for training and demonstration of the technologies developed by ICAR.

The list of the Research Institutes and Regional Research Stations located in the State of West Bengal is attached as Annexure-I.

Agricultural research institutes/centres located in West Bengal have undertaken research for the development of various field crops, pulses, oilseeds, fibres, horticultural crops, climate resilient varieties; poultry and fisheries sectors; development of ergonomically improved tools & equipment and women friendly tools and machineries; demonstration, training and skill development programmes for farmers and stakeholders etc. During the last three years (2021-2023) and 2024 a total of 132 field crops varieties were developed and released for West Bengal. These include 69 varieties of cereals; 16 of oilseeds; 22 of pulses; 11 of fibre crops; 8 of forages and 6 of sugarcane.

Agricultural growth depends upon various policies and schemes of Central Government, State Governments and the research carried out by the Agriculture Research Institutes. In West Bengal, over the last three years, agricultural research and development institutions along with Government policies and support have made significant strides in improving agricultural growth.

Annexure-I

List of Agriculture Research Institutes located in the State of West Bengal

1. National Institute of Natural Fiber Engineering & Technology (NINFET), Kolkata
2. Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibers (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata
3. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata
4. Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Kolkata

List of Regional Centres of ICAR Institutes located in the State of West Bengal

1. Eastern Regional Station of ICAR-IVRI, Belgachia Road, Kolkata
2. Eastern Regional Station of ICAR-NDRI, Kalyani, Nadia
3. ICAR-CTRI Research Station, Dinhata, Cooch Behar
4. IARI Regional Station, Kalimpong, Darjeeling
5. ICAR-Regional Research Centre of CIBA, Kakdwip, 24 Parganas (South)
6. ICAR-CIFE Centre, Salt Lake City, Kolkata
7. Regional Research Centre of ICAR-CIFA, Rahara Fish Farm, Rahara
8. ICAR-CPCRI, Research Centre, Mohitnagar, Jalpaiguri
9. ICAR-CSSRI Regional Research Station, Canning Town, 24 Parganas (South)
10. ICAR-CISH Regional Research Station, Makhdumpur, Malda

The Government has initiated and is implementing the following schemes aimed to provide farmers with latest skilling requirements.

The Government is implementing Skill Training of Rural Youth (STRY) with the objective to impart short term skill training (7 days duration) to rural youths and farmers in agriculture and allied sectors for upgradation of their knowledge and skills and promote wage/self employment in rural areas. The component aims at providing short duration skill based training programs to rural youth and farmers on agri-based vocational areas for creating a pool of skilled manpower. Recently, the STRY programme has been subsumed under ATMA cafeteria.  

The Government is implementing skill development programmes through Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in different States of the Country to serve as single window agricultural knowledge, resource and capacity development centres with mandate of technology assessment and demonstration for its use and capacity building. As part of its activities, the KVKs are imparting training to the farmers, farm women and rural youths on different aspects of agriculture and allied sectors (Crop Production, Horticulture, Soil Health and Fertility Management, Livestock Production and Management, Home Science/Women empowerment, Agril. Engineering, Plant Protection, Fisheries, Production of Input at site, Agro forestry etc.) for their capacity building.

A Centrally Sponsored Scheme on ‘Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms’ popularly known as Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) is implemented across the country by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. The scheme promotes decentralized farmer-friendly Extension system in the country with an objective to support State Government’s efforts to revitalize the extension system and making available the latest agricultural technologies and good agricultural practices in different thematic areas of agriculture and allied areas to farmers, farm women and youth, through various interventions like Farmers Training, Demonstrations, Exposure Visits, Kisan Melas etc.  Presently, the scheme is being implemented in 739 districts of 28 States & 5 UTs in the country.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is implementing ‘Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization’ (SMAM). For implementation of this scheme Four Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institutes (FMTTIs) located at Budni (Madhya Pradesh), Hissar (Haryana), Geraldine (Andhra Pradesh) and Biswanath Chariali (Assam) are engaged in the country for imparting skill development training courses to different categories of beneficiaries like farmers, technicians, under graduate engineers, entrepreneurs on selection, operation, repair and maintenance, energy conservation and management of agricultural equipments.

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), an umbrella scheme of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, is implemented for ensuring holistic development of agriculture and allied sectors. There is provision for allowing the states to choose their own agriculture and allied sector development activities including training programmes as per the district/state agriculture plan.

The Government has launched National Skill Development Mission under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in July 2015, under which the DA&FW has been operationalizing skill training courses of minimum 200 hours duration for rural youth and farmers as per the approved Qualification Packs developed by Agriculture Skill Council of India (ASCI) in the areas of agriculture and allied sectors. Recently, this programme has been subsumed under ATMA cafeteria. 

The details of the number of farmers benefited/trained under the skill development schemes implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare during the last three years, year-wise is given as under:

S.No.	Schemes	Number of Farmers Trained			Total
		2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
1.	STRY	10456	11634	20940	43030
2.	KVK	1691744	1953220	2156363	5801327
3.	ATMA	1359069	1428446	1207207	3994722
4.	SMAM	13261	15440	14971	43672
5.	RKVY	—	3799	2951	6750
6.	MSDE	3470	3715	718	7903
	Total	3078000	3416254	3403150	9897404

The funds allotted/utilized under respective schemes in the districts of Tiruchirappalli and Pudukottai are given as under:

District : Tiruchirappalli.

(Rs. in Lakhs)

S.No	Schemes	2021-22		2022-23		2023-24
		Funds alloted	Funds utilized	Funds alloted	Funds utilized	Funds alloted	Funds utilized
1.	STRY	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	1.26	1.26
2.	ATMA	51.5	51.5	24.9	24.9	21	21
3.	TNSDC STRY	0.88704	0.88704	0.68544	0.68544	—	—
	Total	52.80704	52.80704	26.00544	26.00544	22.26	22.26

Source: State Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu

District : Pudukottai

(Rs. in Lakhs)

S.No	Schemes	2021-22		2022-23		2023-24
		Funds alloted	Funds utilized	Funds alloted	Funds utilized	Funds alloted	Funds utilized
1.	STRY	0.84	0.84	0.42	0.42	1.26	1.26
2.	ATMA	56.40	56.40	39.50	39.50	19.60	19.60
3.	TNSDC STRY	1.69	1.65	0.60	0.58	—	—
	Total	58.93	58.89	40.52	40.50	20.86	20.86

Source: State Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu.

 By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Social control is the process by which a society regulates the behavior of its members. It’s a way to maintain order and stability, and to prevent negative behavior that could harm others. 

1. Understanding Social Control

Social control refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual and group behavior to maintain order and social cohesion. It ensures that individuals conform to societal norms, values, and laws, thereby preventing deviant behavior and promoting stability. Social control is essential for the smooth functioning of a community, as it creates a balance between personal freedoms and collective interests.

2. Types of Social Control

Social control can be broadly categorized into two types:

• Formal Social Control: This involves established institutions such as the legal system, law enforcement agencies, and government regulations that enforce rules through laws, policies, and punishments.
• Informal Social Control: This includes unwritten norms, customs, traditions, and societal expectations that guide behavior. It operates through social institutions like family, religion, and peer groups.

3. Mechanisms of Social Control

Several mechanisms help maintain order and cohesion in communities. These include:

A. Legal and Political Mechanisms (Formal Control)

1. Laws and Regulations – Governments establish legal frameworks that define acceptable behavior and prescribe penalties for violations.
2. Law Enforcement – Police, courts, and correctional institutions ensure compliance with laws and administer justice.
3. Government Policies – Public policies and governance structures regulate behavior in economic, social, and political spheres.

B. Social and Cultural Mechanisms (Informal Control)

4. Norms and Values – Societal expectations shape behavior by defining what is considered right or wrong.
5. Family and Socialization – Parents, relatives, and community elders teach norms and values, reinforcing positive behaviors.
6. Religion and Morality – Religious institutions promote ethical behavior and instill a sense of moral responsibility.
7. Education – Schools and universities teach discipline, civic responsibility, and critical thinking.
8. Peer Pressure – Friends and social groups influence behavior through acceptance or rejection.

C. Psychological and Emotional Mechanisms

9. Guilt and Conscience – Internalized moral standards help individuals self-regulate behavior.
10. Public Opinion and Social Stigma – Fear of social rejection discourages deviant actions.

4. Importance of Social Control in Communities

• Maintains Order and Stability – Prevents chaos by ensuring individuals follow common rules.
• Promotes Social Cohesion – Strengthens bonds between individuals through shared values.
• Protects Rights and Freedoms – Balances personal liberties with collective welfare.
• Encourages Positive Behavior – Rewards compliance with norms and discourages deviance.

Conclusion

Social control is fundamental for maintaining order and cohesion in any society. Through formal institutions and informal cultural practices, communities ensure that individuals adhere to shared norms, creating a stable and harmonious social environment. Effective social control mechanisms help in the smooth functioning of society, fostering a sense of belonging and cooperation among its members.

References

Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social forces, 326-335.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Horwitz, A. V. (1990). The logic of social control. Springer Science & Business Media.

Janowitz, M. (1975). Sociological theory and social control. American Journal of sociology, 81(1), 82-108.

Ross, E. A. (2017). Social control: A survey of the foundations of order. Routledge.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Settlement sociology and migration studies are two interrelated fields that explore how human populations establish communities and how migration patterns influence social, economic, and political structures. Settlement sociology focuses on the development, organization, and transformation of human settlements, while migration studies examine the movement of people across geographic spaces, whether voluntary or forced. Together, these disciplines offer insights into urbanization, rural development, demographic shifts, and policy implications.

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Settlement Sociology

Settlement sociology originated as a subfield of sociology that examines how people establish and maintain communities, focusing on aspects such as economic activity, social organization, and governance structures. It encompasses both rural and urban settlements, analyzing the ways in which individuals and groups adapt to their environment and contribute to social cohesion.

Key Aspects of Settlement Sociology:

1. Urban and Rural Settlements: Examines the structure, function, and dynamics of different types of settlements, from small villages to large metropolitan areas.
2. Social Institutions: Investigates how families, educational systems, religious institutions, and economic structures shape community life.
3. Infrastructure and Development: Studies the role of transportation, housing, and public services in shaping settlements.
4. Social Integration and Conflict: Analyzes issues such as segregation, gentrification, and community resilience.
5. Environmental Adaptation: Looks at how human settlements evolve in response to environmental challenges and technological advancements.

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Migration Studies

Migration studies focus on the movement of people within and across borders, considering economic, social, political, and environmental factors that drive migration. It explores various migration patterns, including voluntary migration for work or education, forced migration due to conflict or natural disasters, and internal migration within a country.

Types of Migration:

1. Internal Migration: Movement within national borders, such as rural-to-urban migration or interregional migration.
2. International Migration: Cross-border movement for employment, education, or asylum-seeking.
3. Forced Migration: Displacement due to war, persecution, natural disasters, or climate change.
4. Labor Migration: Migration driven by employment opportunities, often leading to remittance economies.
5. Return Migration: When migrants return to their place of origin after a period abroad.

Key Theories in Migration Studies:

1. Push-Pull Theory: Explains migration based on factors that push people away from their place of origin (e.g., poverty, conflict) and pull them toward a destination (e.g., economic opportunities, better living conditions).
2. Network Theory: Highlights the role of social connections and established migrant networks in facilitating migration.
3. World Systems Theory: Examines migration as a result of global economic inequalities and historical colonial relationships.
4. Transnationalism: Focuses on how migrants maintain ties with their home countries while integrating into new societies.

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Interconnections Between Settlement Sociology and Migration Studies

Settlement sociology and migration studies intersect in several ways, particularly in how migration reshapes settlements and how settlement patterns influence migration flows. Key areas of intersection include:

1. Urbanization and Migration: Migration is a primary driver of urbanization, with cities expanding as migrants seek economic opportunities.
2. Social Integration of Migrants: Settlement sociology helps understand how migrants adapt to new communities, addressing issues such as cultural assimilation, discrimination, and social mobility.
3. Policy and Governance: Both fields inform policies on housing, labor markets, social services, and immigration regulations.
4. Diaspora and Transnational Communities: Migration leads to the formation of transnational communities, influencing both the origin and destination settlements.
5. Impact of Climate Change: Rising environmental concerns have led to increased research on climate-induced migration and its impact on settlements.

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Conclusion

Settlement sociology and migration studies provide crucial insights into the evolving patterns of human habitation and movement. By understanding how communities are formed, maintained, and transformed by migration, researchers and policymakers can develop strategies to foster inclusive and sustainable societies. As migration continues to shape global demographics, interdisciplinary approaches will be essential in addressing challenges related to urbanization, social integration, and economic development.

References

Anderson, B. (2019). New directions in migration studies: towards methodological de-nationalism. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(1), 1-13.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Levitt, P., & Jaworsky, B. N. (2007). Transnational migration studies: Past developments and future trends. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 33(1), 129-156.

King, R. (2012). Geography and migration studies: retrospect and prospect. Population, space and place, 18(2), 134-153.

Pessar, P. (2003). Engendering migration studies. Gender and US immigration: Contemporary trends, 22-42.

Nawyn, S. J. (2010). Gender and migration: Integrating feminist theory into migration studies. Sociology Compass, 4(9), 749-765.

By Aayush Gupta

Definition and Concept

Gentrification refers to the process of urban transformation where lower-income neighborhoods undergo redevelopment, leading to an influx of middle- and upper-class residents. This often results in rising property values, increased commercial investments, and displacement of original residents.

Image Credit: Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2019). Toward a socioecological model of gentrification: How people, place, and policy shape neighborhood change. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41(7), 887–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1562846

Causes of Gentrification

1. Urban Redevelopment – Governments and private investors initiate renewal projects to modernize deteriorating areas.
2. Economic Growth – Expansion of industries, businesses, and job opportunities attracts wealthier populations.
3. Improved Infrastructure – Investments in public transport, green spaces, and cultural hubs make areas more desirable.
4. Cultural and Social Appeal – Artists, students, and young professionals often drive early waves of gentrification.
5. Policy Interventions – Zoning laws, tax incentives, and housing policies influence neighborhood transformations.

Key Features of Gentrification

1. Demographic Shift – Wealthier, often younger, populations move into historically working-class or marginalized areas.
2. Rising Property Values – Increased demand leads to higher real estate prices and rents.
3. Displacement of Low-Income Residents – Original inhabitants may be forced out due to unaffordable costs.
4. Change in Local Businesses – Small, local businesses are replaced by upscale restaurants, cafes, and retail chains.
5. Urban Aesthetic Transformation – Old buildings are renovated, and modern architectural developments emerge.

Social and Economic Impacts

1. Positive Effects
   • Improved infrastructure and amenities.
   • Increased property values benefiting homeowners.
   • Reduction in crime rates in some cases.
   • Economic revitalization through new businesses.
2. Negative Effects
   • Loss of cultural and social identity of neighborhoods.
   • Displacement of lower-income residents due to unaffordable rents.
   • Social tensions between newcomers and long-term residents.
   • Homelessness and increased socio-economic disparities.

Gentrification in the Modern Context

1. Gentrification in Global Cities – London, New York, San Francisco, and Berlin have witnessed rapid gentrification, affecting housing affordability.
2. Government Policies and Interventions – Rent control laws, affordable housing policies, and community-led development initiatives aim to mitigate negative impacts.
3. Sustainable Urban Planning – Efforts to balance economic development with social equity, ensuring inclusive growth.

Gentrification is the process by which urban neighborhoods, often those that have long been home to lower-income residents, experience redevelopment through the influx of middle- and upper-class populations. This urban transformation is driven by a combination of economic forces, policy interventions, and cultural shifts. While gentrification can stimulate economic growth and improve public infrastructure, it frequently also results in the displacement of longstanding communities and the loss of cultural identity.

Definition and Causes

• Urban Redevelopment Initiatives:
  Government-led programs and private investments often target dilapidated areas for revitalization. Infrastructure improvements—such as upgraded transportation, parks, and utilities—create a more attractive environment for new investments.
• Economic Growth:
  As industries expand and job opportunities increase, wealthier populations are drawn to urban centers. The rise in demand for modern amenities and lifestyle-oriented housing leads to increased property values.
• Cultural Shifts:
  Artists, young professionals, and creative entrepreneurs are frequently the early adopters of gentrification, drawn by affordable spaces and the vibrant energy of urban life. Their presence, while culturally enriching, can alter the original social fabric.
• Policy and Zoning Changes:
  Changes in zoning laws, tax incentives, and housing policies can accelerate redevelopment. These policies are often designed to promote economic growth but may inadvertently contribute to the exclusion of lower-income residents.

Key Features of Gentrification

1. Demographic Shifts:
   The influx of wealthier, often younger, populations reshapes the social demographics of a neighborhood.
2. Rising Property Values and Rents:
   Increased demand drives up the cost of housing, often pricing out long-term residents.
3. Displacement:
   Original residents, frequently from marginalized communities, may be forced to relocate as affordable housing becomes scarce.
4. Transformation of Local Businesses:
   Traditional local stores and markets give way to upscale boutiques, cafes, and restaurants tailored to new residents.
5. Urban Aesthetic Changes:
   Historical buildings are renovated or replaced, and new architectural styles emerge that reflect modern tastes.

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Figure 1: The Gentrification Process Flowchart

[Urban Decay]

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[Government & Private Investments]

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[Infrastructure Improvements & Zoning Changes]

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[Attraction of Middle/Upper-Class Residents]

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[Increased Property Values & Economic Revitalization]

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[Displacement of Long-Term, Lower-Income Residents]

Figure 1 illustrates the flow of the gentrification process—from initial urban decay through investment and renewal to the resulting economic and social shifts that can lead to displacement.

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Table 1: Impact of Gentrification

Aspect	Positive Impact	Negative Impact
Economic	Boosts local economy; increases tax revenue	Rising costs; displacement of low-income groups
Social	Reduction in crime rates; enhanced public services	Social tensions; erosion of long-standing community ties
Cultural	Revitalizes neighborhoods with creative inputs	Loss of cultural identity; homogenization of urban spaces
Housing	Renovation of housing stock; improved amenities	Escalating rents; loss of affordable housing

Table 1 summarizes the dual nature of gentrification impacts, showing that while there are economic and social benefits, these gains often come at the cost of affordability and cultural diversity.

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Conclusion

Gentrification is a multifaceted phenomenon that brings about both revitalization and disruption. While the influx of investment and economic growth can lead to better infrastructure and reduced crime, the displacement of long-standing, lower-income residents poses serious challenges. Sustainable urban planning that incorporates affordable housing and community engagement is essential for ensuring that redevelopment benefits all stakeholders without eroding the unique cultural character of urban neighborhoods. This balanced approach is key to fostering inclusive growth in rapidly changing urban environments.

Gentrification is a double-edged sword, bringing economic growth but also deepening social inequalities. While it revitalizes urban spaces, it raises concerns about affordability, displacement, and cultural erosion. Sustainable policies and inclusive urban planning are essential to ensure that development benefits all residents.

References

Almeida, R., Patrício, P., Brandão, M., & Torres, R. (2022). Can economic development policy trigger gentrification? Assessing and anatomising the mechanisms of state-led gentrification. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 54(1), 84-104.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2019). Toward a socioecological model of gentrification: How people, place, and policy shape neighborhood change. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41(7), 887–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1562846

Kovács, Z. (2009). Social and economic transformation of historical neighbourhoods in Budapest. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 100(4), 399-416.

Saleh, H., & Remmang, H. (2018). Economic gentrification and socio-cultural transformation metropolitan suburban of Mamminasata.

Thomas, J., & Vogel, B. (2018). Intervention gentrification and everyday socio-economic transactions in intervention societies. Civil Wars, 20(2), 217-237.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Gentrification is a complex and often controversial process in which urban neighborhoods experience economic and social transformation. Typically, this involves an influx of wealthier residents, increased property values, and shifting cultural dynamics. While some view gentrification as a means of urban renewal that brings investment and improvement to deteriorating neighborhoods, others criticize it for displacing long-standing residents and eroding the cultural identity of communities. This article explores the causes, consequences, and broader implications of gentrification on the social fabric of urban settlements.

Understanding Gentrification

Gentrification is driven by multiple factors, including urban redevelopment policies, real estate speculation, and an increasing desire among middle- and upper-class individuals to live in historically marginalized neighborhoods. The process often begins when artists, young professionals, and entrepreneurs move into affordable urban areas, making them trendy and desirable. As demand grows, property values and rent prices rise, leading to demographic shifts that can have profound social consequences.

Socioeconomic Impact

One of the most immediate effects of gentrification is the displacement of low-income residents. Rising rents and property taxes make it difficult for long-term residents to afford to stay in their homes, forcing them to relocate to less expensive, often less accessible areas. This displacement can contribute to increased homelessness and socioeconomic instability, disrupting the lives of those who have built their communities over generations.

On the other hand, gentrification can bring economic benefits, such as improved infrastructure, better public services, and increased business investment. New businesses, restaurants, and cultural institutions often emerge, leading to job creation and enhanced amenities. However, these benefits are not always equitably distributed, with wealthier newcomers reaping the most rewards while poorer residents struggle to adapt.

Cultural and Social Disruptions

Gentrification alters the cultural landscape of urban neighborhoods, often diluting or erasing the historical and ethnic identity of these communities. Long-standing businesses, community centers, and places of worship may be forced to close due to rising costs, breaking down social networks that have provided support and cohesion for generations. The influx of wealthier residents can also lead to a cultural clash, with differences in lifestyle, values, and social engagement creating tensions between old and new inhabitants.

Changes in Political Representation

As demographics shift, so does political representation. Gentrified areas often see a change in voting patterns and policy priorities, with new residents advocating for different urban policies than those of long-term residents. This shift can result in policies that favor further development and real estate investment, sometimes at the expense of affordable housing and social welfare programs.

Resistance and Community Activism

Despite its challenges, many communities resist gentrification through grassroots activism and policy advocacy. Rent control measures, affordable housing initiatives, and community land trusts have been used to mitigate displacement and preserve the character of neighborhoods. Local organizations also work to amplify the voices of long-term residents, ensuring they have a say in the future of their communities.

Conclusion

Gentrification is a double-edged sword, bringing both revitalization and displacement to urban areas. While it can lead to economic growth and improved infrastructure, it often comes at the cost of social cohesion and cultural heritage. A balanced approach—one that prioritizes affordable housing, community engagement, and inclusive urban planning—is essential to ensuring that the benefits of gentrification are shared equitably among all residents. Only through mindful and equitable development strategies can cities preserve the diversity and vibrancy that make urban life so rich and dynamic.

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X241262562.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Lees, L., Slater, T., & Wyly, E. (2013). Gentrification. Routledge.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Assessment of the Barriers to the Adoption of Clean Energy for Household Cooking in Okrika Local Government Area.

Ogbanga, M. M., & Bukie, B. F. (2024). Traditional Institutions and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Social Work Analysis.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Examining the Potential of Women Organisations in Promoting the Use of Clean Energy for Household Cooking; A Study of Okrika Local Government Area.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Migration and Transformation: Understanding the Impact on Destination Countries in the Age of Mobility.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Analyzing the Impact of Policy Reforms on Vulnerable Populations: A Comparative Study Case study of Social Welfare of River State.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). The Coping Mechanisms Employed by Youths in Response to Climate Change-Related Stressors.

Shaw, K. (2008). Gentrification: What it is, why it is, and what can be done about it. Geography Compass, 2(5), 1697-1728.

Sharma, S. N. Sustainable Transit-Oriented Development: A Solution to Urban Congestion.

Zukin, S. (1987). Gentrification: culture and capital in the urban core. Annual review of sociology, 13(1), 129-147.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Society is constantly evolving due to various internal and external factors. Two key concepts that help us understand these transformations are social change and social mobility. While both terms describe shifts in societal structures, norms, and individuals’ positions, they differ in scope and impact. This article explores their definitions, differences, and applications in the Indian context.

Social Change

Definition

Social change refers to significant alterations in societal structures, cultural patterns, and institutions over time. It is a broad concept that encompasses shifts in values, beliefs, technology, economic systems, and governance.

Causes of Social Change

1. Technological Advancements – Innovations like the internet, artificial intelligence, and digital payment systems have transformed social interactions.
2. Economic Changes – Industrialization and globalization have altered job markets and consumption patterns.
3. Political Movements – Reforms like the abolition of untouchability and reservation policies have reshaped Indian society.
4. Cultural and Religious Shifts – Changes in family structures, gender roles, and interfaith interactions reflect evolving societal norms.
5. Environmental Factors – Climate change and urbanization have led to new societal adaptations.

Examples in Indian Society

• Women’s Empowerment – Increased female participation in education and workforce due to legal and social reforms.
• Digital Revolution – The rise of mobile banking, e-governance, and online education.
• Social Justice Movements – The Dalit movement and LGBTQ+ rights activism have changed societal perceptions and policies.

Social Mobility

Definition

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a society’s hierarchical structure. It can be vertical mobility (moving up or down the social ladder) or horizontal mobility (changing occupations or locations without status change).

Types of Social Mobility

1. Upward Mobility – Improvement in social status, often through education, employment, or political power.
2. Downward Mobility – Decline in social status due to economic hardship or job loss.
3. Intergenerational Mobility – Change in status across generations (e.g., a farmer’s child becoming a doctor).
4. Intragenerational Mobility – Status change within an individual’s lifetime.

Factors Influencing Social Mobility

1. Education – A key driver for upward mobility in India.
2. Caste System – Although weakening, caste still influences mobility.
3. Economic Opportunities – Access to capital and jobs determines movement within the social hierarchy.
4. Government Policies – Reservations in education and jobs support marginalized communities.

Examples in Indian Society

• Reservation System – Facilitates mobility for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
• Entrepreneurship – The rise of self-made business leaders from diverse backgrounds.
• Urban Migration – Rural populations moving to cities for better economic opportunities.

Differences Between Social Change and Social Mobility

Aspect	Social Change	Social Mobility
Definition	Transformation in societal structures and cultural patterns	Movement of individuals or groups within the social hierarchy
Scope	Broad, affects society as a whole	Individual or group-based
Causes	Technological, economic, political, cultural factors	Education, economic opportunities, policies
Timeframe	Long-term and gradual	Can be short-term or long-term
Example in India	Abolition of untouchability, digital revolution	A farmer’s child becoming an engineer

Applications in Indian Society

1. Education Reforms – The expansion of education has led to both social change (greater literacy and awareness) and social mobility (people improving their socio-economic status).
2. Economic Policies – Initiatives like Skill India and Startup India promote social mobility by offering new employment opportunities.
3. Urbanization – Migration to cities results in both social mobility (better jobs, income growth) and social change (modern lifestyles, nuclear families).
4. Caste and Gender Dynamics – Legal protections and affirmative action drive social mobility while changing societal attitudes towards caste and gender roles.

Conclusion

Social change and social mobility are interconnected but distinct phenomena shaping Indian society. While social change alters the broader societal framework, social mobility determines how individuals or groups navigate that framework. Together, they play a crucial role in fostering a more inclusive, progressive, and equitable society.

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X241262562.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fate of Slums of Bhopal-A Tale of Struggle and Resilience. Think India Journal, 26(4), 12-18.

Ogbanga, M. M., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Climate Change and Mental Heat.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Assessment of the Barriers to the Adoption of Clean Energy for Household Cooking in Okrika Local Government Area.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Examining the Potential of Women Organisations in Promoting the Use of Clean Energy for Household Cooking; A Study of Okrika Local Government Area.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Vulnerabilities of Youths to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Phalga Local Government Area.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), established by the United Nations in 2015, represent a global commitment to address critical challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, and access to education and healthcare. These 17 goals aim to create a sustainable future by balancing economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Social work, as a profession dedicated to fostering social justice and improving the well-being of individuals and communities, plays a pivotal role in achieving these goals.

Understanding the SDGs

The SDGs encompass a broad spectrum of interconnected objectives, including:

1. No Poverty (Goal 1): Eradicating extreme poverty and ensuring access to resources and opportunities for all.
2. Zero Hunger (Goal 2): Addressing food security and promoting sustainable agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-Being (Goal 3): Ensuring healthy lives and access to quality healthcare.
4. Quality Education (Goal 4): Providing inclusive and equitable education for all.
5. Gender Equality (Goal 5): Promoting gender equity and empowering women and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation (Goal 6): Ensuring access to safe water and sanitation.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy (Goal 7): Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth (Goal 8): Advocating for inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (Goal 9): Building resilient infrastructure and fostering innovation.
10. Reduced Inequalities (Goal 10): Addressing disparities in income and opportunities.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities (Goal 11): Creating safe and sustainable urban environments.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production (Goal 12): Encouraging sustainable consumption patterns.
13. Climate Action (Goal 13): Tackling climate change through mitigation and adaptation.
14. Life Below Water (Goal 14): Protecting marine ecosystems.
15. Life on Land (Goal 15): Promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (Goal 16): Promoting peaceful and inclusive societies.
17. Partnerships for the Goals (Goal 17): Strengthening global collaboration to achieve the SDGs.

The Role of Social Work

Social work contributes significantly to the realization of the SDGs through its core values of social justice, human rights, and empowerment. Below are some of the key ways in which social work aligns with and advances the SDGs:

1. Poverty Alleviation: Social workers engage in community development programs, advocate for social welfare policies, and provide direct assistance to marginalized populations, addressing the root causes of poverty.
2. Promoting Health and Well-Being: Social workers play a critical role in healthcare settings, offering counseling, case management, and support services to improve mental and physical health outcomes.
3. Advancing Education: Social workers support access to education by working with schools, families, and communities to address barriers such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of resources.
4. Gender Equality and Social Justice: Through advocacy and intervention, social workers combat gender-based violence, promote women’s empowerment, and challenge societal norms that perpetuate inequality.
5. Building Resilient Communities: Social workers assist communities in disaster preparedness, recovery, and resilience, aligning with goals such as climate action and sustainable cities.
6. Addressing Inequalities: Social workers work tirelessly to reduce inequalities by advocating for inclusive policies, combating discrimination, and ensuring equitable access to resources and opportunities.
7. Environmental Sustainability: Recognizing the interconnectedness of social and environmental issues, social workers engage in initiatives that promote environmental justice, sustainable practices, and awareness of climate change.
8. Strengthening Institutions and Partnerships: Social workers collaborate with governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to design and implement programs that foster peace, justice, and effective governance.

Challenges and Opportunities

While social work has immense potential to advance the SDGs, it also faces challenges such as resource constraints, political resistance, and systemic inequities. However, these challenges present opportunities for innovation, advocacy, and collaboration. By leveraging technology, fostering partnerships, and emphasizing community-driven approaches, social workers can amplify their impact.

Conclusion

The SDGs provide a comprehensive framework for creating a sustainable and equitable world. Social work, with its commitment to social justice and human dignity, is uniquely positioned to contribute to these goals. By addressing systemic issues, empowering communities, and fostering resilience, social workers play a crucial role in transforming the vision of the SDGs into reality. As the world navigates complex global challenges, the integration of social work practices with the SDGs offers a pathway to a more inclusive and sustainable future.

References

Amadi, L. A., Ogbanga, M. M., & Agena, J. E. (2015). Climate change and feminist environmentalism in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 9(9), 361-371.

Adonye, F. G., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIAN WOMEN GROUPS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN OPOBO/NKORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE NIGERIA; IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. The Professional Social Work Journal, 31.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Migration and Transformation: Understanding the Impact on Destination Countries in the Age of Mobility.

Jack, J. T. C. B., Ogbanga, M. M., & Odubo, T. R. (2018). Energy poverty and environmental sustainability challenges in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 19-31.

Ramsey-Soroghaye, B. N., & Ogbanga, M. (2022). Socio-cultural determinants hindering research among social workers in Nigeria. African Journal of Social Work, 12(4), 153-162.

Ogbanga, M. M., & Bukie, B. F. (2024). Traditional Institutions and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Social Work Analysis.

Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Vulnerabilities of Youths to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Phalga Local Government Area.

Amadi, L., Imoh-Ita, I., & Ogbanga, M. (2016). Exploring knowledge management and green corporate strategy (GCS) nexus. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(1), 66-82.

Ogbanga, M. M., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Climate Change and Mental Heat.

Ngowari, G. B., & Ogbanga, M. (2020). The effects of cultural practices and knowledge systems on community development. Management Insight, 16(02), 9-16.

Nwakanma, E., & Ogbanga, M. M. Assessing disaster preparedness and Indigenous disaster management systems of at-risk communities in Isoko-South LGA of Delta State, Nigeria.

Uzobo, E., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2017). The Role of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics in the Attainment of Selected Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria. Indian Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), 1-10.

By Track2Training

The integration of social work into environmental and social issues has become increasingly critical in the face of global challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and social inequities. These interconnected crises demand a holistic approach that addresses both human well-being and environmental sustainability. Social work, as a profession rooted in social justice and community empowerment, is uniquely positioned to bridge the gap between human needs and ecological preservation. By incorporating ecological perspectives into their practice, social workers can address the multifaceted impacts of environmental issues on vulnerable populations, advocate for systemic change, and contribute to building resilient communities.

The Intersection of Social Work and Environmental Justice

Environmental issues often disproportionately affect marginalized and vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing social inequities. Communities with limited resources are more likely to experience the adverse effects of pollution, climate change, and natural disasters, which can lead to displacement, health crises, and economic instability. Social workers, with their focus on advocacy and empowerment, can play a pivotal role in addressing these disparities. By working at the intersection of social and environmental justice, they can help ensure that marginalized voices are heard in policy-making processes and that resources are distributed equitably.

For example, social workers can engage with communities to identify their specific needs and vulnerabilities in the face of environmental challenges. They can facilitate access to resources such as clean water, renewable energy, and sustainable housing, while also advocating for policies that address systemic inequities. This approach not only alleviates immediate hardships but also empowers communities to become active participants in creating sustainable solutions.

Social Work in Disaster Response and Climate Adaptation

Natural disasters, intensified by climate change, highlight the urgent need for integrating social work into disaster response and climate adaptation strategies. Social workers are often at the forefront of crisis intervention, providing emotional support, connecting individuals to resources, and helping communities rebuild. By incorporating environmental awareness into these efforts, social workers can address both the immediate and long-term impacts of disasters.

For instance, social workers can collaborate with urban planners and environmental scientists to develop community-based disaster preparedness programs. These initiatives can include educating residents about climate risks, creating evacuation plans, and advocating for infrastructure improvements to reduce vulnerability. Additionally, social workers can support individuals and families in navigating the emotional and psychological toll of environmental crises, fostering resilience and promoting mental health in the aftermath of disasters.

Advocacy and Policy Development

Social workers also play a crucial role in shaping policies that address the root causes of environmental and social issues. By leveraging their expertise in social justice and community engagement, they can advocate for systemic changes that promote sustainability and equity. This includes pushing for legislation that reduces carbon emissions, protects natural resources, and ensures access to essential services for all communities.

Collaboration is key to these efforts. Social workers can partner with environmental organizations, policymakers, and grassroots movements to amplify their impact. By bringing a human-centered perspective to environmental advocacy, they help ensure that policies are not only ecologically sound but also socially inclusive. This interdisciplinary approach is essential for addressing the complex and interconnected nature of today’s global challenges.

Building Resilient Communities

At the heart of integrating social work into environmental issues is the goal of building resilient communities. Resilience involves the ability to adapt to and recover from challenges, whether they stem from environmental disasters, economic instability, or social inequities. Social workers can contribute to resilience by fostering community cohesion, promoting education and awareness, and facilitating access to resources and opportunities.

For example, community-based programs that combine environmental education with social support can empower individuals to take proactive steps toward sustainability. These initiatives can include urban gardening projects, renewable energy cooperatives, and workshops on reducing environmental footprints. By involving community members in these efforts, social workers help create a sense of ownership and collective responsibility, which are essential for long-term success.

Conclusion

The integration of social work into environmental and social issues represents a vital step toward addressing the complex challenges of the 21st century. By combining their commitment to social justice with an ecological perspective, social workers can advocate for systemic change, support vulnerable populations, and promote sustainable development. This interdisciplinary approach not only addresses immediate crises but also lays the foundation for a more equitable and sustainable future. As the world grapples with the dual imperatives of social equity and environmental stewardship, the role of social work in bridging these domains will become increasingly indispensable.

References

Amadi, L., Imoh-Ita, I., & Ogbanga, M. (2016). Exploring knowledge management and green corporate strategy (GCS) nexus. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(1), 66-82.

Amadi, L., Igwe, P., & Ogbanga, M. (2016). Talking Right, Walking Wrong: Global Environmental Negotiations and Unsustainable Environmental Consumption. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science, 2(2), 24-38.

Amadi, L. A., Ogbanga, M. M., & Agena, J. E. (2015). Climate change and feminist environmentalism in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 9(9), 361-371.

Adonye, F. G., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIAN WOMEN GROUPS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN OPOBO/NKORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE NIGERIA; IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. The Professional Social Work Journal, 31.

Bukie, B. F., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2024). Correctional Institutions (Prison) Congestion and the Health Implication of Inmates in Nigeria.

de Lima, G. N., Zuñiga, R. A. A., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2023). Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. In Climate Change and Health Hazards: Addressing Hazards to Human and Environmental Health from a Changing Climate (pp. 251-275). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Jack, J. T. C. B., Ogbanga, M. M., & Odubo, T. R. (2018). Energy poverty and environmental sustainability challenges in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 19-31.

Ogbanga, M. M., & Bukie, B. F. (2024). Traditional Institutions and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Social Work Analysis.

Nwakanma, E., & Ogbanga, M. M. Assessing disaster preparedness and Indigenous disaster management systems of at-risk communities in Isoko-South LGA of Delta State, Nigeria.

Ngowari, G. B., & Ogbanga, M. (2020). The effects of cultural practices and knowledge systems on community development. Management Insight, 16(02), 9-16.

Ramsey-Soroghaye, B. N., & Ogbanga, M. (2022). Socio-cultural determinants hindering research among social workers in Nigeria. African Journal of Social Work, 12(4), 153-162.

Uzobo, E., & Ogbanga, M. M. (2017). The Role of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics in the Attainment of Selected Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria. Indian Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), 1-10.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The popular proverb, “When fishermen don’t go to sea, they mend their nets,” carries a profound lesson about preparation, diligence, and continuous improvement. It illustrates the importance of readiness for future opportunities by using periods of inactivity wisely. This adage has practical applications not only for fishermen but for anyone aspiring to achieve success in life. Success does not come by chance; it is the result of deliberate effort, preparation, and foresight.

The Meaning of the Proverb

In the life of a fisherman, the sea represents the place where he toils for his livelihood, casting nets to catch fish. However, fishing trips are not possible every day due to unfavorable weather or other conditions. During these intervals, wise fishermen repair their nets, ensuring they are strong, functional, and ready for the next venture. If they neglect this task, broken or weak nets may fail, leading to a loss of potential catch when they do return to the sea. This metaphor symbolizes that moments of rest or downtime should be used productively to prepare for future endeavors.

The Role of Preparation in Success

Success in any field requires preparation. Just as the fisherman’s net must be mended to ensure a fruitful catch, individuals must invest in self-improvement to seize opportunities when they arise. Preparation builds the foundation for success by enhancing skills, gathering knowledge, and fostering resilience. For students, preparation comes from diligent study and regular practice. For professionals, it involves continuous learning, networking, and refining their craft. The key to progress is recognizing that success is built during the moments when visible achievements seem distant.

Examples from Everyday Life

Consider the life of an athlete. A successful sportsperson does not simply rely on natural talent; they spend countless hours training, practicing techniques, and maintaining physical fitness even when no competitions are in sight. Similarly, a businessperson uses downtime to analyze market trends, refine strategies, and develop contingency plans. Those who ignore preparation risk falling behind when opportunities emerge. History is filled with examples of people who achieved greatness because they used their waiting periods to sharpen their abilities.

The Power of Reflection and Learning

Productive preparation also includes reflection. Taking time to analyze past experiences, both successes and failures, allows for greater insight and improvement. Just as a fisherman checks for weak spots in the net, individuals should evaluate their weaknesses and devise ways to overcome them. Learning from mistakes prevents repeating them, while understanding successes builds confidence for future ventures.

Resilience and Adaptability

Preparation fosters resilience, a key ingredient for success. In a rapidly changing world, being adaptable and ready for challenges is critical. The most successful individuals are those who have not only honed their skills but also anticipated potential obstacles. Like fishermen who adapt their nets for different fish or varying sea conditions, individuals must remain flexible in their strategies and continuously update their knowledge and abilities.

Conclusion

In life, success is rarely achieved by chance. It is the result of careful preparation and thoughtful action. The lesson from the fisherman’s net is a powerful reminder that moments of stillness are not wasted if they are used wisely. Preparing for success requires patience, reflection, and a relentless pursuit of improvement. Whether through learning new skills, planning for the future, or simply strengthening one’s mental and emotional resolve, the secret to success lies in making the most of every moment—even those when there is no immediate reward in sight. By mending our proverbial nets, we ensure that when the sea of opportunity calls, we are ready to answer with confidence and competence.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Spatial planning, also known as urban or regional planning, is a discipline that focuses on the organization and development of land use and physical spaces in urban and rural areas. It involves analyzing, designing, and implementing policies and strategies to guide the spatial distribution of various activities, such as housing, transportation, industry, commerce, recreation, and infrastructure. Spatial planning can be defined as the coordination of practices and policies affecting spatial organization. Spatial planning is synonymous with the practices of urban planning in the United States but at larger scales and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in European countries.

The goal of spatial planning is to create sustainable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing environments that meet the social, economic, and environmental needs of a community or region. It takes into consideration factors such as population growth, land availability, natural resources, transportation systems, environmental impact, and social equity. Spatial planning is a public policy process that involves the public and private sectors to organize the distribution of people and activities across a region or municipality.

Spatial planning involves a comprehensive and integrated approach to land use management. It typically includes activities such as:

Analysis and assessment: Gathering and analyzing data on the existing conditions, including population demographics, land use patterns, infrastructure, and environmental resources.

Policy formulation: Developing policies, guidelines, and regulations to guide land use and development activities. This may involve zoning regulations, environmental protection measures, transportation plans, and economic development strategies.

Strategic planning: Creating long-term plans and visions for the future development of an area. This includes setting goals and objectives, identifying priority areas for development or preservation, and determining the spatial distribution of different land uses.

Plan implementation: Carrying out the proposed strategies and policies through various means, such as land acquisition, infrastructure development, building codes, and permitting processes.

Stakeholder engagement: Involving the community, interest groups, and other stakeholders in the planning process to ensure their perspectives and concerns are considered. This can include public consultations, workshops, and collaboration with local organizations.

Monitoring and evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of implemented plans and policies, tracking changes in land use patterns, and making adjustments as needed.

Spatial planning is typically undertaken by government agencies at different levels, including local, regional, and national authorities. It often involves collaboration with various professionals, including urban planners, architects, environmentalists, economists, and social scientists.

Spatial planning aims to create livable, sustainable, and inclusive communities by carefully managing the physical environment and ensuring that land use decisions align with broader social, economic, and environmental objectives.

References

Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design, 31(5), 743-758.

Faludi, A. (2000). The performance of spatial planning. Planning practice and Research, 15(4), 299-318.

Hurlimann, A. C., & March, A. P. (2012). The role of spatial planning in adapting to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(5), 477-488.

Larsson, G. (2006). Spatial planning systems in Western Europe: An overview.

Lozano-Perez, T. (1990). Spatial planning: A configuration space approach (pp. 259-271). Springer New York.

Olesen, K. (2014). The neoliberalisation of strategic spatial planning. Planning Theory, 13(3), 288-303.

Sharma, S. N., Dehalwar, K., & Singh, J. (2023). Cellular Automata Model for Smart Urban Growth Management.

Sharma, S. N. (2024). Land-Use Zones in Urban Planning. Track2Training.

Vigar, G. (2009). Towards an integrated spatial planning?. European Planning Studies, 17(11), 1571-1590.

Introduction to Settlements

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

In sociology, a settlement refers to a place where people establish a community. It encompasses the physical, social, and economic structures created by humans to live and thrive together. Settlements reflect human interaction with the environment and have evolved through history, influenced by geography, economy, technology, and culture.

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Types of Settlements

Settlements are generally categorized based on size, function, and permanence.

1. Rural Settlements

• Definition: Small, sparsely populated areas with primary economic activities like agriculture, fishing, or forestry.
• Characteristics:
  • Population density is low.
  • Houses are often spread out.
  • Primary focus on agriculture and allied sectors.
• Types:
  • Clustered or Nucleated Settlements: Houses are close together, often around a central point like a market or temple.
  • Dispersed Settlements: Individual farmsteads are scattered.
  • Linear Settlements: Develop along roads, rivers, or other linear features.

2. Urban Settlements

• Definition: Larger, densely populated areas where secondary and tertiary activities dominate.
• Characteristics:
  • High population density and infrastructure.
  • Diverse economic activities (industrial, commercial, services).
• Types:
  • Towns: Smaller urban areas with limited services and industries.
  • Cities: Larger, more complex centers of commerce and culture.
  • Metropolises: Extremely large cities with significant regional or national influence.
  • Megalopolis: A vast urban region formed by the merging of multiple cities.

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Classification by Permanence

• Temporary Settlements: Structures built for short durations, often by nomadic or pastoralist groups.
• Permanent Settlements: Long-lasting, structured communities with established infrastructure.

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Functions of Settlements

Settlements can also be classified by the functions they perform:

1. Residential: Primarily for housing, e.g., suburbs.
2. Commercial: Focus on trade and commerce, e.g., business districts.
3. Industrial: Where factories and industries are located.
4. Administrative: Capitals or regional centers with governance structures.
5. Cultural or Religious: Settlements formed around temples, churches, or other cultural landmarks.
6. Educational: Settlements with a concentration of academic institutions.

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Factors Influencing Settlement Patterns

The development and pattern of settlements are influenced by various physical and socio-economic factors:

1. Physical Factors:
   • Topography: Flat lands favor settlements; mountainous areas have dispersed patterns.
   • Climate: Moderate climates support larger populations; extreme climates deter dense settlements.
   • Water Supply: Proximity to rivers, lakes, or coastlines influences settlement location.
   • Natural Resources: Access to fertile soil, minerals, or forests promotes settlement.
2. Socio-Economic Factors:
   • Economic Activities: Industrial or commercial areas attract urban settlements.
   • Transportation: Regions with developed transport networks have more dense settlements.
   • Political Stability: Peaceful and secure regions promote larger, more permanent settlements.

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Settlement Patterns

Settlement patterns describe how buildings and human activity are distributed in a particular area.

1. Linear Pattern: Houses or settlements are arranged along a road, river, or valley.
2. Circular Pattern: Found around a central point like a water body or a place of worship.
3. Grid Pattern: Planned settlements with streets intersecting at right angles, common in modern cities.
4. Irregular Pattern: Random, unplanned settlements seen in many rural areas.

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Urbanization and Settlement Growth

Urbanization refers to the growth of urban settlements as populations move from rural to urban areas. This process has led to:

• Expansion of cities and towns.
• Increased demand for housing, infrastructure, and services.
• Changes in socio-economic structures and lifestyles.

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Modern Settlement Trends

1. Suburbanization: Movement from central urban areas to suburbs.
2. Gentrification: Transformation of lower-income urban areas into affluent neighborhoods.
3. Slums and Informal Settlements: Unplanned, overcrowded areas with poor living conditions, common in rapidly urbanizing cities.

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Conclusion

Settlements are fundamental to understanding human interaction with the environment and societal organization. The study of settlements helps sociologists and planners address challenges like urban sprawl, housing shortages, and sustainable development. Settlements evolve continuously, reflecting changes in human needs, technology, and the natural world.

References

Dehalwar, K. Defining Neighbourhood, Clusters, and Society: Analyzing Neighborhood Development Patterns.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fate of Slums of Bhopal-A Tale of Struggle and Resilience. Think India Journal, 26(4), 12-18.

Johnson, R. D., & Holbrow, C. H. (Eds.). (1977). Space settlements: A design study (Vol. 413). Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Myres, J. N. L. (1989). The English Settlements. Oxford University Press, USA.

Rao, H., & Kenney, M. (2008). New forms as settlements. The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism, 352-370.

Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Carlo Delgado, G., Dewar, D., … & Zwickel, T. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning.

Sharma, S. N. The Complex Reality of Delhi’s Slums: A Closer Look at Urban Informality.

Skempton, A. W., & MacDonald, D. H. (1956). The allowable settlements of buildings. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 5(6), 727-768.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The PM Gati Shakti mission, aimed at revolutionizing India’s infrastructure, faces critical challenges. Concerns include lack of transparency, inadequate financial planning, project delays, neglect of social and environmental impacts, and fragmented interagency coordination. Addressing these concerns is crucial for the scheme’s effectiveness and long-term sustainability.

The PM Gati Shakti mission, launched with much fanfare, aims to revolutionize India’s infrastructure landscape by integrating and streamlining various modes of transportation. The scheme’s overarching goal of reducing logistical costs, improving efficiency, and boosting economic growth is undeniably commendable. However, a critical analysis reveals several implementation concerns that cast doubt on the scheme’s effectiveness and long-term sustainability.

PM Gati Shakti is a recent initiative launched by the Indian government to boost the country’s infrastructure development and ensure faster and more efficient movement of goods and people. The genesis of this initiative can be traced back to the announcement made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his Independence Day speech on August 15, 2021.

In his speech, the Prime Minister highlighted the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to infrastructure development that would enable the country to meet the demands of a rapidly growing economy. He emphasized the importance of creating a strong and modern infrastructure network that would connect the country’s far-flung regions and help in the efficient movement of goods and people.

To achieve this vision, the government launched the PM Gati Shakti initiative, which aims to integrate the country’s various modes of transportation, including roads, railways, waterways, and airways, into a unified and seamless network. The initiative also seeks to leverage the power of technology to create a digital infrastructure backbone that would enable better monitoring and management of the country’s infrastructure assets.

Under this initiative, the government is also working to create a National Master Plan (NMP) that would serve as a blueprint for infrastructure development in the country. The NMP would bring together various ministries and departments involved in infrastructure development and enable them to work in a coordinated and integrated manner.

In line with the Prime Minister’s vision of expanding the NMP platform for socio-economic development, Social Sector Ministries are being onboarded through a series of meetings. A recent meeting was held to review the adoption of PM Gati Shakti NMP by Social Sector Ministries/Departments, and it was emphasized that there is immeasurable potential for the adoption and augmentation of NMP in social sector planning. 14 Social Sector Ministries/Departments have been onboarded, and their individual portals have been integrated at the backend with the NMP. 61 data layers of Social Sector Ministries related to infrastructure assets have been mapped on NMP, and there is a focus on developing SOPs for data management. The meeting saw participation from all 14 Ministries/Departments, and some ministries showcased their use cases for the adoption of NMP. The Ministry of Women and Child Development has developed a mobile application for data collection regarding Anganwadi Centres, which has resulted in real-time data enrichment on the platform for infrastructure planning. The Department of School Education and Literacy is using the NMP platform to identify suitable sites for opening new schools. Other social sector Ministries are also in the process of identifying assets essential for social sector planning to be uploaded on NMP. Individual portals for 22 infrastructure and user economic ministries and all 36 States/UTs have been created and integrated with the NMP at the backend, with 1460 data layers currently integrated into NMP.

The genesis of PM Gati Shakti in India can be traced back to the Prime Minister’s vision of creating a modern and efficient infrastructure network that would serve as the backbone of the country’s economic growth. Through this initiative, the government aims to bring about a comprehensive and integrated approach to infrastructure development and create a National Master Plan that would serve as a blueprint for the country’s infrastructure development for years to come.

Lack of Clarity and Transparency:

One of the major issues with the PM Gati Shakti mission is the lack of clarity and transparency in its execution. Despite its ambitious objectives, there is a dearth of detailed information regarding the scheme’s operational framework, funding allocation, and implementation timeline. This opacity raises questions about the government’s commitment to transparency and accountability, leaving room for potential mismanagement and corruption.

Inadequate Financial Planning:

While the mission aims to bring about transformative changes, there are serious concerns about its financial viability and sustainability. The PM Gati Shakti Scheme demands substantial financial resources for the development and integration of multiple transport modes. However, the government’s allocation of funds and revenue-generation plans remain vague. Without a comprehensive and transparent financial plan, the scheme may struggle to attract investment and realize its ambitious goals.

Infrastructure Bottlenecks and Project Delays:

India’s infrastructure sector has long been plagued by bottlenecks and project delays. Unfortunately, the PM Gati Shakti Scheme does not appear to adequately address these concerns. The lack of a robust mechanism to tackle bureaucratic red tape, land acquisition challenges, and environmental clearances is a significant hurdle to the timely completion of infrastructure projects. Without addressing these issues, the scheme risks becoming yet another ambitious plan trapped in bureaucratic gridlock.

Neglecting Social and Environmental Impacts:

While the PM Gati Shakti mission emphasizes economic growth and infrastructure development, it seems to overlook the potential social and environmental impacts. The scheme’s focus on rapid expansion and integration may lead to the displacement of communities, destruction of ecosystems, and exacerbation of pollution and climate change. A comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment framework, along with community engagement, should be integral components of the scheme to ensure sustainable and inclusive development.

Fragmented Approach and Interagency Coordination:

Given the complexity and interdependence of India’s transportation systems, the PM Gati Shakti mission’s fragmented approach raises concerns about effective interagency coordination. The lack of a centralized authority responsible for integrating various modes of transport, coupled with the absence of a clear governance structure, may lead to conflicts, inefficiencies, and duplication of efforts. Without robust coordination mechanisms, the scheme’s potential benefits may remain unrealized.

Conclusion:

While the PM Gati Shakti Mission having the vision of transforming India’s transportation infrastructure is undoubtedly laudable, a critical review reveals several pressing concerns. The lack of transparency, inadequate financial planning, infrastructure bottlenecks, neglect of social and environmental impacts, and fragmented approach raise doubts about the scheme’s effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Addressing these issues is crucial for the successful implementation of the scheme and ensuring that it delivers the promised benefits to the nation and its citizens.

References

Govt. of India. (n.d.). PM Gati Shakti – national master plan for multi-modal connectivity. Govt. of India. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/pm-gati-shakti-national-master-plan-multi-modal-connectivity

Mishra, R. (2021, October 19). Gati Shakti Master Plan: All you need to know about it. Business Today. https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/gati-shakti-master-plan-all-you-need-to-know-about-it-309810-2021-10-19

Press Bureau of India. (2021, October 13). PM launches Gati Shakti- National Master Plan for infrastructure development. Press Bureau of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1763638

PTI. (2021, October 13). PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan to enhance competitiveness, promote manufacturing. Thehindu.com. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-gati-shakti-national-master-plan-to-enhance-competitiveness-promote-manufacturing/article36983467.ece

Strategic Investment Research Unit. (2021, October 28). PM Gati Shakti Master Plan. Invest India Outlook. https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/pm-gati-shakti-master-plan

Tandon, T. (2021, October 13). PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan 2021: All you need to know. Jagran Josh. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/gati-shakti-master-plan-launched-by-pm-modi-all-you-need-to-know-1634106695-1

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The Yamuna Basin, particularly in Delhi, has been plagued by recurring floods caused by heavy rains. These floods have had devastating consequences on both human lives and the environment. To mitigate the impact of such natural disasters and safeguard the well-being of the populace, immediate and proactive measures must be taken to prevent future floods.

Critical Analysis:

Inadequate Infrastructure:

One of the primary causes of flooding in the Yamuna Basin is the inadequate infrastructure in Delhi. The city’s drainage system is ill-equipped to handle heavy rainfall, resulting in the water overflowing into residential areas. Insufficient stormwater drains and poorly maintained canals exacerbate the situation, leading to widespread inundation. The lack of investment and timely upgrades in infrastructure is a critical issue that must be addressed.

Encroachment and Enclosed River Channels:

Over the years, encroachments and unauthorized construction have obstructed the natural flow of the Yamuna River. Many of the river channels have been encased and converted into concrete structures, leaving no room for the river to expand during heavy rains. This not only disrupts the river’s ecological balance but also contributes to flood-related hazards. Strict enforcement of regulations to prevent encroachments and the revival of natural river channels are essential steps towards flood prevention.

Climate Change Impact:

The impact of climate change cannot be ignored when considering the causes of flooding in the Yamuna Basin. Increasingly unpredictable weather patterns and intense rainfall events have become more frequent due to climate change. Therefore, any long-term solution must acknowledge and account for the effects of climate change on the region’s hydrology. This necessitates the development and implementation of climate-resilient infrastructure and urban planning strategies.

Preventive Measures:

Improved Infrastructure:

Investments must be made to enhance the drainage system and build larger and efficient stormwater drains. These should be designed to accommodate heavy rainfall, reducing the risk of flooding in residential areas. Regular maintenance and periodic upgrades of existing infrastructure should also be prioritized.

River Channel Restoration:

Efforts should be directed towards restoring the natural flow of the Yamuna River by removing encroachments and revitalizing river channels. This can help create additional space for floodwaters to dissipate and reduce the pressure on residential areas during heavy rains. Adequate buffer zones should be maintained along the riverbanks to allow for natural expansion during flood events.

Climate-Resilient Urban Planning:

Long-term solutions should focus on incorporating climate-resilient urban planning strategies. This may include building sustainable and green infrastructure, promoting water harvesting and retention systems, and encouraging the use of permeable surfaces to facilitate groundwater recharge. Integrating climate change projections into urban planning frameworks can aid in creating flood-resistant cities.

Public Awareness and Emergency Preparedness:

Public awareness campaigns about flood risks and preparedness measures should be initiated to educate residents about safety protocols and evacuation procedures. Establishing early warning systems and emergency response mechanisms can significantly reduce the impact of floods and save lives.

Conclusion:

The recurring floods in the Yamuna Basin of Delhi demand immediate attention and action. Addressing the issues of inadequate infrastructure, encroachments, and climate change impact are crucial steps in flood prevention. By investing in improved infrastructure, restoring natural river channels, incorporating climate-resilient urban planning, and promoting public awareness, we can pave the way for a more resilient future, safeguarding lives and property from the devastating effects of flooding.

References

Kumar, M., Sharif, M., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Flood risk management strategies for national capital territory of Delhi, India. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 25(3), 248-259.

Mazumder, S. K., Dhillon, M. S., & Kanwal, A. (2018). River Action Plan, Flood Management & Basin Development. Lead paper in a Souvenir “River Action Plan, Flood Management & Basin Development” published by Consulting Engineers Association of India, 27-28.

Patel, R. S., Taneja, S., Singh, J., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Modelling of Surface Runoff using SWMM and GIS for Efficient Storm Water Management. CURRENT SCIENCE, 126(4), 463.

Sharma, M., Rawat, S., Kumar, D., Awasthi, A., Sarkar, A., Sidola, A., … & Kotecha, K. (2024). The state of the Yamuna River: a detailed review of water quality assessment across the entire course in India. Applied Water Science, 14(8), 175.

Tomar, P., Singh, S. K., Kanga, S., Meraj, G., Kranjčić, N., Đurin, B., & Pattanaik, A. (2021). GIS-based urban flood risk assessment and management—a case study of Delhi National Capital Territory (NCT), India. Sustainability, 13(22), 12850.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

With reference to podcast on ‘Understanding Urban Digitalisation Projects in India: Platformisation, Infrastructuring, and Datafication’

Urban databases play a crucial role in shaping economic decision-making in urban environments. They serve as valuable repositories of information related to demographics, infrastructure, and various socio-economic factors. The availability and effective use of urban data can significantly enhance the understanding of urban dynamics, enabling policymakers and businesses to make more informed decisions. The discourse surrounding the use of urban databases for enhancing economic decision-making is a topic of increasing significance in the realm of urban planning and governance. This critical review aims to analyze the strengths and limitations of the concept, drawing upon the broader implications and challenges discussed in relevant literature.

One of the key strengths emphasized in the discourse is the potential for urban databases to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics within urban environments. By amalgamating data on demographics, infrastructure, and socio-economic factors, these databases promise to offer policymakers and businesses invaluable insights for more informed decision-making processes. This multifaceted approach is particularly laudable, given the complexity of urban ecosystems. However, a critical lens reveals certain limitations in the implementation and utilization of urban databases. One notable concern is the inherent challenge of data accuracy and reliability. The quality of decisions made based on urban databases is contingent on the accuracy of the data input. Inaccuracies, biases, or outdated information may lead to flawed analyses and misguided decisions. Additionally, issues of data privacy and security loom large, raising questions about the ethical considerations in the collection and storage of sensitive urban information.

Furthermore, the article under scrutiny may touch upon the potential pitfalls of over-reliance on quantitative data at the expense of qualitative insights. While databases provide a wealth of statistical information, they may fall short in capturing the nuanced, context-specific intricacies of certain urban phenomena. A comprehensive understanding of an urban environment requires a balanced integration of both quantitative and qualitative data. The review should also consider the contextual relevance of urban databases. The effectiveness of these databases may vary across different urban settings, influenced by factors such as governance structures, technological infrastructure, and socio-cultural contexts. The universal applicability of urban databases for economic decision-making should be critically evaluated, and efforts should be made to tailor these tools to specific urban landscapes.

In conclusion, while the concept of utilizing urban databases for better economic decision-making is promising, a critical review reveals a nuanced landscape of opportunities and challenges. The strength lies in the potential for comprehensive insights, but caution is warranted regarding issues of data accuracy, privacy, and contextual relevance. As the discourse continues to evolve, addressing these concerns will be paramount to harnessing the full potential of urban databases for effective economic decision-making in urban contexts.

References

Parkar, K., Zérah, M.-H., & Mittal, G. (2023). Understanding Urban Digitalisation Projects in India: Platformisation, Infrastructuring, and Datafication. Economic and Political Weekly, 58(14), 53–60.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Urban landscapes are constantly changing due to various factors such as human interventions, natural forces, and community actions. These transformations are aimed at meeting the needs of the people using the urban spaces, taking into account their social, psychological, political, cultural, financial, physical, and other needs. Urban planning research methods and tools have also been evolving, and this paper discusses the contemporary methods, tools, and technologies used in urban planning research. The article applies current trends and examples to illustrate the employment of these methods in designing, developing, and operating urban spaces. This paper aims to be a valuable introductory reference for emerging researchers in urban planning, particularly for undergraduate and postgraduate students with limited exposure to urban planning research. However, established researchers in the discipline can also find this article useful. The authors conclude that future research should not disregard established research techniques in addressing urban vulnerabilities.

Keywords

Research Methods, Urban Planning, Research Tools, Urban Governance, Sustainability

Introduction

Urban planning, like other disciplines, heavily relies on research to progress and adapt. Failure to do so can cause the discipline to become obsolete in today’s rapidly changing world. The Frascati Manual defines research and experimental development as creative work done systematically to increase knowledge of humans, culture, and society, and to develop new applications based on that knowledge. Universal research methods applicable to both physical and social sciences are identified by Gulbrandsen and Kyvik (2010), and this paper adopts three key research methods in urban planning: basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

In addition to these methods, Parnell and Piertese (2015) identify other modes of generating new knowledge in urban planning, including pure research, embedded research, city labs, professional networks, cityscapes, and exhibitions. This paper focuses on discussing the first three modes in detail, along with relevant examples of embedded techniques, and provides an overview of the other modes that readers can explore further. The following section on research technologies and tools will explain some of the latter modes identified by Parnell and Piertese (2015).

Findings and Discussion

Basic research, also known as pure or fundamental research, is focused on exploring and explaining the fundamental principles behind the functioning of the world. The OECD (2002) defines basic research as experimental or theoretical work undertaken purely to acquire new knowledge of observable phenomena and the underlying facts behind them. The aim of this research is to satisfy the curiosity of the researcher and to increase the existing base of scientific knowledge by presenting theoretical perspectives or alternatives to explain certain phenomena or behaviors in society. Pure research in urban planning involves examining existing theories, redesigning them or proposing new ones to offer better explanations for phenomena, such as the current drive to have green urban infrastructure to combat global warming or studies to develop theories on smart cities (Palys, 2018).

Pure research is not problem-solving, but it seeks to justify the status of a phenomenon, even if its applications may or may not have any use in the immediate or long-term future. Pure research in urban planning seeks to enhance an understanding of past legacies through an analysis of diverse aspects of urban complexity, such as culture, social identities, resource flows, labor regimes, regulations, urban politics, welfare regimes, and the design of a city. Pure research is often undertaken by universities and other higher-caliber research centers, but private commercial entities also engage in it resulting in theoretical researchers being drawn from there (Palys, 2018).

Pure research is primarily aimed at expanding the theoretical basis of a phenomenon, feeding researchers’ curiosities, and resulting in new ways of doing things (innovations) that then feed into investments and remodeling of the way things are done. Through pure research, old theories, standards or formulae can be tested, and those found to be incomprehensive or nonsensical are discarded. Pure research can be exploratory, descriptive or causal in nature, and it largely involves observation, polls/surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions as its primary means of investigation (Palys, 2018; Parnell & Pieterse, 2015).

In contrast to pure research, applied research aims to provide immediate solutions to existing problems and is based on pre-existing theories and assumptions from pure research. It uses its findings to address real-world issues, aids in decision-making, and enables policy and programme development. Applied research encompasses a range of methods, from large scale surveys to complex lab experiments, and is problem-solving in nature. It focuses on felt needs and non-hypothetical problems based on factual evidence to suggest meaningful solutions and testable hypotheses. Three types of applied research within social sciences include descriptive, experimental, and mixed-method studies. The applied research process involves defining the research problem, planning the study, executing data collection and analysis or experimentation, and reporting on findings with follow-up. Descriptive studies aim to paint a picture of a phenomenon, while correlational studies report negative, positive, or zero correlation between variables. Cross-sectional studies collect data from many different individuals, groups, or locations at the same time to observe variations or consistency in variables.

Klosterman (2015) describes experimental development in urban planning as the process of designing and redesigning land use maps over multiple decades, which are essential for determining land use regulations. On the other hand, Gulbrandsen & Kyvik (2010) define experimental development as a research methodology that aims to fill technical knowledge gaps to improve existing technologies or create new ones to address societal issues. Experimental development often leads to tangible products, such as software, hardware, or techniques that increase efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery. The goal of experimental development is to create prototypes that will lead to actual development. The OECD distinguishes between basic, applied research, and experimental development, which can transition from one to the next in a specific order. The primary aim of experimental development is to make technical improvements on products or processes, such as developing image processing technologies used in urban policing or alternative modes of transport and communication, among others.

here is a comparative table that summarizes the relationship between basic research, applied research, and experimental development:

Category	Goal	Output	Examples
Basic Research	Expand scientific knowledge and understanding	Theoretical frameworks, concepts, and principles	Research on subatomic particles, DNA structure
Applied Research	Solve practical problems by applying scientific ideas	Solutions to specific problems or issues	Developing a vaccine for a disease, improving a product
Experimental Development	Make technical improvements to products or processes	Tangible products (software, hardware, techniques)	Developing image processing technologies for urban policing, alternative modes of transportation, innovative architectural designs

Note that there is some overlap between the categories and there may not always be a clear distinction between them. Additionally, the output of each category can inform and influence the others, leading to a cycle of innovation and discovery.

Parnell & Pieterse (2015) identified embedded research as a significant mode of undertaking urban planning studies, which involves close partnership between researchers and practitioners to co-produce outputs for society’s gains. This collaboration between academia and development organizations allows for the alignment of field practices with theory to address challenges in the use of developed technologies and practice models. Embedded research is a bridge that allows mutual collaboration and benefits between academia and industry practitioners. McGinity & Solakangas (2014) report that embedded research borrows from embedded journalism, which involves US media reporters being within the war environment and updating their audiences. While there are contradicting opinions on research methodologies, Palys (2018) insists that these categorizations of studies as either pure, applied, or experimental are strictly based on the motivation that compels a researcher to undertake a study at the beginning, whereas Gulbrandsen & Kyvik (2010) argue that there is very little difference between basic research, applied research, and experimental design. However, it is important to note that applied research and experimental development work does not necessarily have to take place in university labs. Many innovations driving the urban growth and development agenda today did not originate from urban planners, such as online shopping, which has been very vital in helping the world’s cities and their residents cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise of online taxi services and shared rides also reduces the number of cars on the roads across cities, contributing to fighting transport-related greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Although widely held perceptions exist that basic research no longer takes place in universities, many theories are still emerging in various disciplines, including urban and regional planning.

Conclusions

The authors argue that standardized urban research methodologies are inadequate for planning the development of cities. They suggest that the unique qualities of each city should be documented and incorporated into future planning. The authors note that research on urban planning is often constrained by a lack of funding and researchers willing to undertake field surveys. The authors also highlight the importance of community-based enumeration and participatory urban planning in ensuring that the needs of urban residents and decision-makers are met. However, the rapid pace of change in urban planning has created a gap in research, leaving many citizens unable to cope with the technological advancements being made. The authors call for the deliberate retention and incorporation of human-led studies on the urban environment, alongside the use of AI to solve urban problems.

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By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The debate over whether to refer to oneself as a “Planner” or a “Big Data Scientist” touches on the evolving nature of roles in data management, analytics, and decision-making. Each title implies a different focus, skill set, and approach to handling data and planning activities. To critically discuss this, let’s consider the distinctions and overlaps between the two roles.

1. Definitions and Roles

Planner: Traditionally, a planner is someone who devises strategies, coordinates activities, and allocates resources to achieve specific goals. This role is often seen in urban planning, business strategy, project management, and logistics. Planners focus on creating structured approaches to meet objectives, often relying on historical data, projections, and various planning tools.

Big Data Scientist: A Big Data Scientist, on the other hand, is someone specialized in handling, analyzing, and deriving insights from large volumes of complex data. This role involves using statistical methods, machine learning, and data mining to extract patterns, trends, and actionable insights from data. Big Data Scientists work extensively with structured and unstructured data, often using advanced computational techniques and software.

2. Skill Sets

Planners typically possess skills in project management, strategic thinking, resource allocation, and risk management. They may use data, but their focus is on the practical application of this data to achieve specific goals. Tools used by planners may include project management software, GIS (for urban planners), and various planning frameworks.

Big Data Scientists require strong analytical skills, proficiency in programming languages like Python or R, expertise in data analysis tools, and a deep understanding of statistical methods and machine learning algorithms. They must be able to work with large datasets, perform complex data manipulations, and create predictive models.

3. Approach to Data

Planners use data to support their planning processes but may not engage deeply with the data itself. Their focus is more on how to use available information to make strategic decisions. Data is one of many inputs into a broader decision-making process.

Big Data Scientists focus on the data itself. Their primary role is to uncover insights from data, which can then inform planning and decision-making processes. They are more concerned with the data’s quality, structure, and the methods used to analyze it.

4. Evolving Roles and Convergence

The line between planners and big data scientists is increasingly blurred. Modern planning often requires data-driven insights, and thus planners may need skills in data analysis. Conversely, Big Data Scientists might be involved in strategic planning based on the insights they generate. This convergence is seen in fields like smart city planning, where urban planners use big data analytics to understand traffic patterns, energy usage, and other urban dynamics.

5. Context and Industry Differences

In business contexts, a planner might focus on market strategies, supply chain logistics, or operational efficiency. A Big Data Scientist in the same company might analyze customer data, optimize product recommendations, or predict market trends. While both roles contribute to the company’s success, they do so in different ways.

In public policy or urban planning, a traditional planner might focus on land use, zoning, and community development. A Big Data Scientist could analyze social media data, census information, or transportation data to provide insights that shape these planning decisions.

6. Implications for Identity and Title

Choosing to call oneself a “Planner” or a “Big Data Scientist” reflects not only the skills one possesses but also the role one plays in the organization.

A Planner might emphasize their strategic, big-picture thinking, and their ability to integrate various inputs into a coherent plan. They may see their role as guiding an organization or community toward specific goals.

A Big Data Scientist might emphasize their technical skills, their ability to manage and analyze large datasets, and their role in uncovering hidden insights. They may see their role as providing the data-driven evidence needed to make informed decisions.

Conclusion

The choice between calling oneself a “Planner” or a “Big Data Scientist” ultimately depends on one’s primary focus and approach to their work. While there is overlap, the distinction lies in whether the individual is more focused on the strategic application of insights (Planner) or on the technical generation of those insights from data (Big Data Scientist). As roles continue to evolve with the integration of data science into various fields, professionals might increasingly identify with both roles, or new titles might emerge to capture this convergence.

References

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Van Der Aalst, W., & van der Aalst, W. (2016). Data science in action (pp. 3-23). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, melting glaciers, and increasing natural disasters. While its effects are global, they are not equally distributed, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities, particularly women in developing regions. Feminist environmentalism offers a critical lens to understand and address these inequities, integrating gender justice into the broader framework of environmental sustainability.

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The Interplay Between Climate Change and Gender

The impacts of climate change are intricately tied to existing social and economic inequalities. Women, especially those in rural and marginalized communities, often rely on natural resources for their livelihoods, making them more vulnerable to environmental changes. For instance:

1. Agricultural Dependency: Women constitute a significant proportion of the agricultural workforce in many developing countries. Erratic rainfall and prolonged droughts threaten crop yields, directly impacting their income and food security.
2. Water Scarcity: Women are frequently responsible for water collection in many societies. Climate-induced water shortages force them to travel longer distances, exposing them to physical strain and potential violence.
3. Displacement: Climate disasters often lead to displacement, and women in refugee settings face unique challenges, including inadequate healthcare, limited access to education, and heightened risk of gender-based violence.

These examples underline how climate change is not just an environmental issue but also a social one, with profound implications for gender equality.

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Feminist Environmentalism: A Transformative Approach

Feminist environmentalism bridges the gap between environmental and gender justice, emphasizing that sustainable solutions must address the structural inequalities that perpetuate both environmental degradation and gender oppression. This approach is rooted in several key principles:

1. Intersectionality: Feminist environmentalism recognizes the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression, such as race, class, and gender. For example, Indigenous women are often at the forefront of climate activism because their communities bear the brunt of resource exploitation and ecological destruction.
2. Empowerment and Agency: Women must be seen not merely as victims of climate change but as agents of change. Programs that empower women to participate in environmental decision-making lead to more equitable and effective solutions. For instance, studies show that women’s involvement in forest management improves conservation outcomes.
3. Care Ethics: Feminist perspectives highlight the value of care ethics in addressing environmental crises. This approach prioritizes nurturing relationships between humans and nature, moving away from extractive models of development.

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Contributions of Women to Climate Action

Women have been pivotal in leading grassroots movements and advocating for climate justice:

• Wangari Maathai: The Kenyan environmentalist and Nobel laureate founded the Green Belt Movement, which empowered women to plant trees, combat deforestation, and advocate for sustainable development.
• Greta Thunberg: The young Swedish activist has galvanized global attention to the climate crisis, inspiring millions to demand urgent action from policymakers.
• Indigenous Women Leaders: Across the globe, Indigenous women are defending their lands and advocating for the preservation of biodiversity, often at great personal risk.

These examples demonstrate the critical role women play in shaping a sustainable future.

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Policy Recommendations for Integrating Feminist Environmentalism

To create a just and sustainable world, policymakers must incorporate feminist perspectives into climate strategies. Key recommendations include:

1. Gender-Inclusive Climate Policies: Policies should address the unique vulnerabilities of women and ensure their participation in decision-making processes. For example, allocating resources for women’s education and training in sustainable practices can build resilience in vulnerable communities.
2. Support for Women-Led Initiatives: Governments and international organizations should provide funding and technical support to women-led environmental projects. This not only fosters innovation but also ensures that solutions are tailored to local contexts.
3. Legal Protections: Strengthening legal frameworks to protect women environmental defenders from violence and harassment is crucial for sustaining their advocacy efforts.
4. Intersectional Data Collection: Collecting and analyzing gender-disaggregated data on climate impacts can help identify specific challenges and tailor interventions accordingly.

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Conclusion

Climate change is not a gender-neutral phenomenon. Addressing it requires a nuanced understanding of the intersection between environmental degradation and social inequalities. Feminist environmentalism provides a powerful framework to tackle these challenges holistically, advocating for a world that values both ecological sustainability and gender justice. By empowering women and embracing inclusive policies, we can forge a path toward a more equitable and resilient future.

References

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The Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Young Research Fellowship (AKYRF) is an esteemed initiative established to encourage young researchers and scholars to make significant contributions to scientific and technological advancements in India. Named after Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, one of India’s most celebrated scientists and the 11th President of India, the fellowship is designed to honor his legacy of inspiring and nurturing young minds, fostering innovation, and promoting excellence in research.

Key Features and Objectives of the Fellowship

1. Inspiration from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s Vision: Dr. Kalam was deeply passionate about empowering youth and advancing India’s scientific and technological capabilities. The fellowship aims to continue his vision of fostering scientific and technological research, particularly in the fields of defense, space technology, and other cutting-edge areas that can contribute to the nation’s development.
2. Target Audience: The fellowship is primarily designed for young researchers, typically in the early stages of their career. The eligibility criteria often include:
   • Age limit (usually below 30 or 35 years depending on the program guidelines).
   • Researchers, scientists, or academicians working in areas aligned with Dr. Kalam’s vision of national progress, such as aerospace, defense, energy, environmental studies, and related fields.
3. Fields of Research: The fellowship encourages interdisciplinary research, with particular emphasis on areas of high strategic importance to India, such as:
   • Aerospace and space technology
   • Defense and national security
   • Renewable energy technologies
   • Biotechnology and healthcare
   • Environmental sustainability
   • Advanced computing and artificial intelligence
4. Research Grants and Support:
   • Funding: The fellowship provides financial support for research, including stipends for the researchers, travel grants, and project-based funding to carry out experiments and field studies.
   • Facilities and Infrastructure: Fellows are often provided access to world-class research facilities and labs, either within renowned institutions or through collaborations with industry partners.
   • Networking and Mentorship: Fellows have the opportunity to interact with leading scientists, professionals, and mentors, creating a conducive environment for learning, innovation, and growth.
5. Duration and Structure: The fellowship may typically last for one to two years, depending on the scope of the research proposal. During this time, the selected fellows are expected to focus on their research topics, present progress reports, and possibly engage with industry or academic institutions for collaboration.
6. Collaboration and Industry Linkages: One of the core aspects of the fellowship is its emphasis on collaboration with government research organizations, academic institutions, and industries. This creates a platform for translating research into practical, real-world applications that can benefit society and the country.
7. Promotion of Innovation: In line with Dr. Kalam’s own passion for innovation, the fellowship encourages young researchers to think creatively and engage in projects that have the potential for breakthroughs in scientific and technological knowledge.
8. Post-Fellowship Opportunities: After completing the fellowship, researchers often continue their work with further academic pursuits, industry partnerships, or as part of government projects. Many fellows go on to lead innovative projects, become part of strategic national institutions, or establish their own research initiatives.

Selection Criteria

The selection process for the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Young Research Fellowship is rigorous and highly competitive. Some typical criteria include:

• Academic Excellence: Applicants must have a strong academic background, usually with at least a postgraduate degree in the relevant field.
• Research Proposal: A well-articulated research proposal outlining the objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and potential impact of the research.
• Recommendations: Letters of recommendation from academic or industry professionals who can vouch for the applicant’s capabilities and potential.
• Innovative Thinking: The fellowship looks for individuals who exhibit original thinking, the ability to solve complex problems, and a desire to create a tangible impact on society.

Impact and Legacy

The Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Young Research Fellowship is more than just a financial aid program. It stands as a testament to Dr. Kalam’s commitment to nurturing the next generation of scientists and innovators. By focusing on high-impact areas such as defense, space exploration, and sustainability, the fellowship plays a crucial role in supporting India’s growth as a global leader in technology and research.

Many of the fellows go on to make significant contributions to their respective fields, advancing both scientific knowledge and the practical application of that knowledge. Moreover, the fellowship fosters a spirit of inquiry and excellence among the youth, aligning with Dr. Kalam’s vision of a developed India driven by innovation, research, and collaboration.

Conclusion

The Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Young Research Fellowship is a prestigious program that plays a pivotal role in supporting and motivating young researchers to pursue innovative and impactful scientific research. By providing financial support, research infrastructure, and valuable mentorship, it honors the legacy of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and helps realize his dream of a technologically advanced and self-reliant India.

TERRE Policy Centre, environmental NGO based in Pune, Maharashtra dedicated to sustainable solutions, organises a Fellowship program every year for the young researchers of India in the remembrance of Late President and Scientist Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
This year we have announced the 07th Edition of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Young Research Fellowship 2024-25.

Requesting you to encourage the young researchers of your University and Institutes to actively participate in the fellowship to make a considerable change for the future generation of our nation.

Important Dates:
• Announcement of fellowship programme – 15th October 2024

• Registration Open – 16th October 2024
• Registration Last Date – 16th January 2025
• Evaluation – March 2025
• Interview of shortlisted applicants – April 2025
• Result – May 2025
• Fellowship Awardees Announcement – 27th July 2025

Attached below are the details of the fellowship.

Please consider the attached file as a personal invitation and kindly circulate the information among the students.

For registration and application click on the link below
http://www.drkalamfellowship.com

The field of Machine Learning (ML) is one of the most exciting and rapidly evolving domains in technology. With advancements in artificial intelligence, automation, and data science, the demand for skilled machine learning professionals has surged across industries. This article delves into the job prospects in machine learning, the skills required, the industries hiring, and future trends.

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Why Machine Learning is in Demand

Machine Learning, a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), enables systems to learn from data and improve over time without explicit programming. Its applications span numerous fields such as healthcare, finance, e-commerce, and autonomous vehicles, driving innovation and efficiency. The global shift towards automation, data-driven decision-making, and intelligent systems has created a significant demand for ML professionals.

Key factors driving demand:

1. Explosion of Data: The massive growth of data from IoT devices, social media, and digital platforms requires sophisticated models to extract insights.
2. Advancements in Computing Power: With more accessible and powerful GPUs and cloud computing, ML solutions are becoming increasingly viable.
3. Cross-Industry Applications: From personalized recommendations to predictive maintenance, ML is transforming businesses.

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Career Opportunities in Machine Learning

1. Data Scientist

• Role: Use machine learning algorithms to analyze and interpret complex datasets.
• Skills: Python/R, TensorFlow, statistical modeling, data visualization.
• Industries: E-commerce, finance, healthcare, social media.

2. Machine Learning Engineer

• Role: Develop, implement, and optimize machine learning models.
• Skills: Proficiency in ML frameworks (Scikit-learn, PyTorch), software engineering, distributed computing.
• Industries: Tech companies, startups, robotics.

3. AI Research Scientist

• Role: Conduct research to develop new algorithms and advance ML techniques.
• Skills: Deep learning, neural networks, mathematics, programming.
• Industries: Research labs, universities, tech giants.

4. Business Intelligence Analyst

• Role: Leverage ML to create actionable insights and improve business strategies.
• Skills: Data analysis, SQL, business acumen, ML algorithms.
• Industries: Retail, consulting, marketing.

5. NLP Specialist

• Role: Work on language-based applications like chatbots, sentiment analysis, and translation tools.
• Skills: Natural Language Processing, linguistics, deep learning.
• Industries: Customer service, content management, social platforms.

6. Robotics Engineer

• Role: Design and build intelligent systems for autonomous robots.
• Skills: Robotics, reinforcement learning, control systems.
• Industries: Manufacturing, defense, healthcare.

7. Autonomous Vehicle Engineer

• Role: Develop systems for self-driving cars, including computer vision and sensor fusion.
• Skills: Computer vision, C++, SLAM algorithms.
• Industries: Automotive, transportation.

8. Cybersecurity Analyst

• Role: Implement ML to predict and prevent cybersecurity threats.
• Skills: Anomaly detection, intrusion prevention, ethical hacking.
• Industries: IT, finance, government.

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Skills Required for Machine Learning Careers

To build a successful career in machine learning, aspiring professionals need a blend of technical and soft skills:

Technical Skills

1. Programming Languages: Python, R, Java, and C++.
2. Mathematics: Linear algebra, calculus, probability, and statistics.
3. Data Handling: Proficiency in SQL, Pandas, and NumPy.
4. ML Algorithms: Familiarity with supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning.
5. Frameworks and Tools: TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, Scikit-learn.
6. Big Data Technologies: Hadoop, Spark, and Kafka.

Soft Skills

1. Problem-Solving: Ability to identify and solve complex real-world problems.
2. Communication: Articulate technical findings to non-technical stakeholders.
3. Adaptability: Stay updated with the latest trends and technologies.

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Industries Hiring Machine Learning Professionals

Machine learning professionals are in demand across various sectors:

1. Technology: Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook.
2. Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, credit risk analysis.
3. Healthcare: Medical imaging, drug discovery, personalized medicine.
4. Retail and E-commerce: Recommendation systems, inventory optimization.
5. Manufacturing: Predictive maintenance, quality control.
6. Media and Entertainment: Content recommendation, video/audio processing.

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Future Trends in Machine Learning Careers

1. Explainable AI (XAI): Demand for ML professionals who can create interpretable models.
2. Edge AI: Increased need for ML expertise in IoT and edge computing.
3. Hybrid Roles: Interdisciplinary skills combining ML with fields like genomics or environmental science.
4. AI Ethics: Specialists ensuring fairness, accountability, and transparency in ML models.

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Conclusion

The job prospects in machine learning are vast and growing. As businesses and industries continue to adopt AI-driven solutions, the need for skilled professionals will only increase. For those with a passion for technology and innovation, a career in machine learning offers an exciting and lucrative pathway.

Whether you’re a recent graduate or a professional looking to pivot, now is the time to invest in developing machine learning skills and embrace a future shaped by intelligent systems.

Human Resources (HR) departments play a critical role in ensuring an organization’s workforce operates efficiently, ethically, and productively. With the increasing complexity of managing employees, HR professionals rely heavily on robust software solutions to streamline processes such as recruitment, payroll, performance evaluation, and compliance. In this article, we delve into the most popular HR management software, their features, and why they are essential for modern organizations.

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1. Workday

Overview:

Workday is a cloud-based HR management software that provides a wide range of tools for workforce planning, talent management, and payroll operations. It is known for its intuitive user interface and data-driven insights.

Key Features:

• Human Capital Management (HCM): Comprehensive tools for workforce planning, hiring, and employee management.
• Payroll Management: Global payroll capabilities to handle multi-country operations.
• Talent Optimization: Performance tracking, learning management, and succession planning.
• Analytics: Real-time data analytics and reporting for better decision-making.

Why Workday?

Workday is particularly favored by large enterprises because of its scalability and integration capabilities. Its predictive analytics help HR teams proactively address workforce challenges.

2. BambooHR

Overview:

BambooHR is a highly popular HR management software among small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). It focuses on simplifying HR tasks with its user-friendly platform.

Key Features:

• Employee Database: Centralized storage for all employee information.
• Recruitment Tools: Applicant tracking and onboarding features.
• Performance Management: Tools for setting goals, tracking achievements, and conducting performance reviews.
• Time-Off Tracking: Easy management of employee leave requests and vacation schedules.

Why BambooHR?

Its affordability and ease of use make BambooHR a go-to solution for SMBs. Additionally, its strong emphasis on employee engagement and feedback sets it apart.

3. SAP SuccessFactors

Overview:

SAP SuccessFactors is a cloud-based suite designed for enterprises seeking advanced HR tools. Its integration with other SAP modules makes it a comprehensive enterprise solution.

Key Features:

• Core HR and Payroll: Centralized employee data and seamless payroll processing.
• Recruiting and Onboarding: Advanced candidate search and automated onboarding workflows.
• Learning and Development: Tools for employee training, certification, and career development.
• Workforce Analytics: Advanced tools for workforce planning and analytics.

Why SAP SuccessFactors?

This software is ideal for organizations already using SAP products. It excels in handling complex HR needs for global organizations.

4. ADP Workforce Now

Overview:

ADP Workforce Now is a robust HR software aimed at businesses of all sizes. It is particularly well-known for its payroll and compliance features.

Key Features:

• Payroll Processing: Handles payroll efficiently, including tax compliance.
• HR Management: Tools for benefits administration, employee self-service, and performance tracking.
• Time and Attendance: Timecard tracking and workforce scheduling.
• Compliance Support: Regular updates to ensure compliance with changing labor laws.

Why ADP Workforce Now?

ADP’s longstanding reputation in payroll and compliance makes it a trusted solution. Its modular design also allows businesses to tailor it to their specific needs.

5. Zoho People

Overview:

Zoho People is part of the Zoho suite of business applications and is an excellent choice for small to medium-sized businesses.

Key Features:

• Employee Management: Centralized database for employee records and personal details.
• Time Tracking: Tools for attendance and timesheet management.
• Performance Appraisals: Customizable appraisal systems for performance reviews.
• Mobile App: Access HR functionalities on the go.

Why Zoho People?

Zoho People is known for its affordability and seamless integration with other Zoho applications, making it an excellent choice for companies already using the Zoho ecosystem.

By Kavita Dehalwar

In recent years, the conversation around gender equality in workplaces has gained significant momentum globally. While governments and organizations have made progress in public-sector employment through reservations and affirmative actions, the private sector often lags behind in ensuring adequate representation for women. The idea of introducing women reservation policies in private jobs is gaining traction as a necessary step toward fostering inclusive economic growth and addressing gender disparities in employment.

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The Current Status of Women in Private Employment

Globally, women represent nearly half of the population, but their participation in the workforce, especially in leadership and technical roles, remains disproportionately low. According to a 2023 report by the World Economic Forum, women occupy only 26.7% of leadership positions in the private sector. Factors such as lack of access to quality education, societal expectations, and workplace discrimination contribute to these disparities.

In India, for instance, the female labor force participation rate in the private sector is as low as 23.3% (as per 2022 statistics), far below the global average of 47%. Despite advances in education and skill development, women remain underrepresented, especially in high-paying and decision-making roles. This trend has significant implications for economic growth, as studies show that gender-diverse organizations perform better and contribute positively to GDP.

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Why Women Reservation in Private Jobs is Necessary

1. Addressing Systemic Discrimination
   Historical biases and social norms often marginalize women in private-sector hiring and promotions. By instituting reservation policies, companies can actively counter these biases and ensure fair representation in the workforce.
2. Promoting Economic Growth
   Women’s participation in the workforce is directly linked to economic prosperity. A McKinsey study suggests that closing the gender gap in employment could add $12 trillion to global GDP by 2025. Reservation policies can serve as a catalyst for unlocking this potential.
3. Reducing the Gender Pay Gap
   Women continue to earn less than men for the same roles, with a global pay gap of approximately 20%. By increasing the number of women in skilled and leadership positions, reservations can help narrow this gap.
4. Fostering Innovation and Productivity
   Diverse teams are proven to be more innovative and productive. Women’s inclusion at all levels of private employment can bring fresh perspectives, enhance decision-making, and improve workplace culture.
5. Achieving Social Equity
   Beyond economic considerations, reservation policies in private jobs promote social equity by empowering women and challenging patriarchal norms. It helps create role models for younger generations, inspiring them to pursue careers in diverse fields.

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Challenges in Implementing Women Reservation in Private Jobs

While the benefits of women reservation are evident, its implementation in the private sector comes with challenges:

1. Resistance from Employers
   Many private-sector employers may view reservation policies as interference in their hiring practices, fearing it could compromise meritocracy.
2. Skill Gap
   Critics often point out that there is a mismatch between the skills women bring and the demands of certain roles. Addressing this requires parallel investments in education and vocational training.
3. Workplace Culture
   Without supportive policies like maternity leave, flexible hours, and anti-harassment measures, women may find it difficult to sustain long-term careers in male-dominated industries, even with reservations.
4. Legal and Policy Framework
   Unlike the public sector, the private sector operates on profit-driven motives, making it harder to enforce reservation policies without a robust legal framework.

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Successful Models of Women Inclusion in Private Jobs

Several countries and companies have set examples in promoting women’s participation without formal reservation policies. For instance:

• Nordic Countries: Through a combination of legislation and incentives, Nordic countries like Sweden and Norway have achieved nearly 40% female representation on corporate boards.
• Diversity Quotas in Europe: Germany, France, and Italy have mandated gender quotas for boardrooms, leading to increased representation of women in leadership roles.
• Corporate Initiatives: Companies like Unilever and TCS have introduced targeted programs to recruit, retain, and promote women, showcasing how private firms can take voluntary steps toward inclusivity.

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How Women Reservation Can Work in Private Jobs

1. Legislation and Incentives
   Governments can mandate a minimum percentage of jobs in the private sector be reserved for women, especially in industries where they are underrepresented. Tax benefits and other incentives can encourage compliance.
2. Collaborative Skill Development Programs
   Partnerships between the government, private firms, and NGOs can help bridge the skill gap by providing vocational training tailored to industry demands.
3. Setting Benchmarks for Inclusion
   Companies should be encouraged to publish annual diversity reports and set benchmarks for female representation at all levels.
4. Supportive Workplace Policies
   Reservation should be complemented with policies that make workplaces more inclusive, such as mentorship programs, childcare facilities, flexible working hours, and robust anti-discrimination frameworks.
5. Monitoring and Accountability
   Regular audits and assessments are necessary to ensure companies meet their targets for women’s reservation and genuinely improve workplace diversity.

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The Road Ahead: Striking a Balance

Introducing women reservation in private jobs is not just about meeting quotas; it’s about creating an ecosystem where women have equal opportunities to thrive. While legal mandates can kickstart the process, long-term success lies in building a culture of inclusivity and addressing systemic barriers. Governments, corporations, and civil society must work together to ensure these policies are both effective and sustainable.

As countries strive to achieve gender parity in all spheres of life, the private sector cannot remain an exception. Women reservation in private jobs is not just a moral imperative but also an economic and social necessity for a more equitable and prosperous future.

References

Bose, N., & Das, S. (2018). Political reservation for women and delivery of public works program. Review of Development Economics, 22(1), 203-219.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X241262562.

Dehalwar, K. Gender and Its Implications for Spatial Planning: Understanding the Impact. Track2Training

Kishwar, M. (2000). Equality of Opportunities vs Equality of Results: Improving Women’s Reservation Bill. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(47), 4151-4156.

Menon, N. (2000). Elusive’Woman’: feminism and women’s reservation bill. Economic and political weekly, 3835-3844.

Sharma, K. (2000). Power and representation: Reservation for women in India. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 6(1), 47-87.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Urban design is the interdisciplinary field that combines architecture, city planning, landscape architecture, and engineering to create functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable urban environments. It is a critical discipline in shaping the future of cities, addressing challenges like population growth, climate change, and the need for more inclusive and equitable spaces.

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1. What is Urban Design?

Urban design focuses on the large-scale organization and design of cities, towns, and communities. It encompasses the physical layout of neighborhoods, the arrangement of streets and public spaces, and the integration of buildings, infrastructure, and green spaces. Unlike architecture, which focuses on individual buildings, urban design deals with the broader spatial relationships between structures and their surroundings.

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2. Key Principles of Urban Design

Urban design is guided by several core principles that ensure the creation of livable and sustainable urban environments:

1. Connectivity: Creating well-connected transport systems and pedestrian pathways to enhance accessibility and reduce reliance on cars.
2. Public Realm: Designing vibrant public spaces that encourage social interaction and community engagement.
3. Sustainability: Incorporating eco-friendly designs, such as green roofs, energy-efficient buildings, and renewable energy sources, to minimize environmental impact.
4. Resilience: Planning cities that can adapt to climate change, natural disasters, and economic shifts.
5. Identity and Place-Making: Preserving cultural heritage while fostering a sense of belonging through unique and meaningful urban spaces.
6. Inclusivity: Ensuring spaces are accessible and welcoming to people of all ages, abilities, and socio-economic backgrounds.

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3. Components of Urban Design

Urban design involves several interconnected elements:

1. Urban Structure: The arrangement of zones, including residential, commercial, and industrial areas, as well as transport and infrastructure networks.
2. Public Spaces: Parks, plazas, streets, and other shared spaces that promote social interaction and enhance quality of life.
3. Buildings: The design and placement of buildings influence the aesthetic and functional character of a city.
4. Landscape: Incorporating natural elements such as trees, water bodies, and green belts to improve air quality and create appealing environments.
5. Transport and Mobility: Designing systems that balance the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, public transport, and private vehicles.

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4. Historical Evolution of Urban Design

Urban design has evolved significantly over centuries, reflecting changing societal needs, technologies, and cultural values:

1. Ancient Cities: Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Athens emphasized planned layouts, with streets, drainage systems, and public spaces.
2. Medieval Period: Walled cities with organic layouts focused on defense and community cohesion.
3. Industrial Revolution: Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded and polluted cities, prompting calls for better planning.
4. Modernist Movements: In the 20th century, urban design embraced geometric layouts, zoning, and high-rise buildings, as seen in Le Corbusier’s Radiant City.
5. Contemporary Approaches: Today, urban design emphasizes sustainability, inclusivity, and resilience, with smart cities

References

Adams, D., & Tiesdell, S. (2012). Shaping places: urban planning, design and development. Routledge.

Anttiroiko, A. V. (2013). U-cities reshaping our future: reflections on ubiquitous infrastructure as an enabler of smart urban development. AI & society, 28, 491-507.

Carmona, M. (2014). The place-shaping continuum: A theory of urban design process. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 2-36.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Area Appreciation and Space Perceptions.

Kumar, G., Vyas, S., Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2023). Planning and Development of Housing in Urban Fringe Area: Case of Bhopal (MP). GIS Business, 18(1), 1-14.

Palma Andrés, J. (2019). Modern Cities Need a Vision to Shape Their Future. City Policies and the European Urban Agenda, 21-65.

Sepe, M. (2020). Shaping the future: perspectives in research on, and the teaching of, urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 25(1), 28-31.

Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2023). Fundamentals of Planning and Design of Housing.

By Kavita Dehalwar

A technical paper is a specialized document that presents detailed information about a specific topic, often related to scientific research, engineering, technology, or other technical disciplines. These papers serve as a medium for researchers, professionals, and academics to share new findings, ideas, methodologies, or technologies with a targeted audience. Technical papers are characterized by their precision, depth of analysis, and reliance on data and evidence to support conclusions.

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Purpose of a Technical Paper

The primary purpose of a technical paper is to:

1. Contribute to Knowledge: Disseminate new research findings, innovations, or advancements in a specific field.
2. Solve Problems: Address technical challenges or propose solutions based on research or experimentation.
3. Educate and Inform: Provide detailed explanations of complex concepts, making them accessible to other experts or practitioners in the field.
4. Facilitate Collaboration: Foster knowledge-sharing among professionals, academics, and industry leaders.

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Key Features of a Technical Paper

1. Technical Rigor: A technical paper is grounded in accuracy, with well-defined methodologies and robust analysis. It relies on evidence, such as experimental results, theoretical models, or simulations.
2. Clear Structure: Technical papers follow a standardized format that allows readers to easily navigate the content. This structure often includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
3. Specialized Audience: The language and depth of detail in a technical paper are tailored for a specific audience, such as engineers, scientists, or domain experts.
4. Use of Visuals: Figures, graphs, charts, and tables are commonly used to present data and enhance understanding.
5. Objective Tone: Technical papers avoid subjective opinions, focusing instead on evidence-based conclusions.

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Components of a Technical Paper

1. Title: A concise and descriptive title that conveys the main topic of the paper.
2. Abstract: A brief summary of the paper, outlining the research problem, methods, key findings, and significance.
3. Introduction:
   • Defines the problem or question being addressed.
   • Provides background information and context.
   • States the objectives of the study or research.
4. Literature Review (if applicable):
   • Summarizes relevant research in the field.
   • Identifies gaps that the paper aims to address.
5. Methodology:
   • Describes the methods, tools, or processes used to conduct the research.
   • Provides enough detail for replication of the study.
6. Results:
   • Presents the findings of the study, often using visuals like graphs or tables.
   • Includes raw data, statistical analysis, or experimental outcomes.
7. Discussion:
   • Interprets the results and explains their implications.
   • Compares findings with existing literature.
8. Conclusion:
   • Summarizes key insights and contributions.
   • Highlights limitations and suggests directions for future research.
9. References:
   • Lists all sources cited in the paper, formatted according to a standard style (e.g., APA, IEEE, or MLA).
10. Appendices (if needed):
    • Includes supplementary material, such as raw data, mathematical derivations, or additional explanations.

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Types of Technical Papers

1. Research Papers: Present original findings or discoveries in a specific field.
2. Review Papers: Summarize and synthesize existing research on a particular topic.
3. White Papers: Explain technical topics, often from an industry perspective, and advocate for a specific solution or approach.
4. Case Studies: Provide detailed accounts of real-world applications or projects.
5. Standards Papers: Define guidelines, standards, or protocols for technology or processes.
6. Tutorial Papers: Offer step-by-step instructions or educational content on a particular technique or methodology.

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Importance of Technical Papers

1. Advancing Innovation: By sharing new insights, technical papers drive innovation in science and technology.
2. Building Expertise: They serve as a resource for professionals and students to deepen their knowledge.
3. Peer Review and Validation: Technical papers often undergo peer review, ensuring the credibility and reliability of the work.
4. Documentation and Record: They provide a permanent record of developments in a field, serving as a reference for future research.
5. Facilitating Communication: Technical papers enable collaboration and communication across academia, industry, and government.

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Writing a Technical Paper

1. Plan and Research: Identify the key points, research thoroughly, and organize information logically.
2. Draft and Edit: Write the paper in a clear, concise style. Review multiple drafts to refine the content.
3. Use Visual Aids: Incorporate diagrams, tables, and charts to enhance clarity and support findings.
4. Seek Feedback: Share the draft with colleagues or mentors for constructive feedback.
5. Follow Guidelines: Adhere to formatting and submission guidelines specified by the intended publication or conference.

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Common Challenges in Technical Paper Writing

1. Complexity: Striking a balance between technical detail and readability can be challenging.
2. Clarity: Avoiding jargon while maintaining precision requires careful word choice.
3. Plagiarism: Proper citation of sources is crucial to avoid academic misconduct.
4. Rejection: High standards in peer-reviewed journals mean many papers face rejection. Revisions and resubmissions are often part of the process.

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Conclusion

Technical papers play a vital role in advancing knowledge and fostering innovation across technical and scientific fields. By adhering to rigorous standards and focusing on clarity, accuracy, and relevance, technical papers ensure the effective dissemination of information, enabling professionals and researchers to collaborate, innovate, and solve real-world problems. Whether contributing new findings or summarizing existing knowledge, technical papers are indispensable to the progression of technology and science.

References

Copeck, T., Barker, K., Delisle, S., Szpakowicz, S., & Delannoy, J. F. (1997). What is technical text?. Language Sciences, 19(4), 391-423.

Crowcroft, J. (2007). Net neutrality: the technical side of the debate: a white paper. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 37(1), 49-56.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Research Writing and Uses of Research Methodologies. Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.

Ehrenberg, A. S. C. (1982). Writing technical papers or reports. The American Statistician, 36(4), 326-329.

McConnell, S. (2002). How to write a good technical article. IEEE Softw., 19(5), 5-7.

By Kavita Dehalwar

A practice-oriented paper is a type of academic or professional writing that focuses on the practical application of theories, research findings, or concepts to real-world problems or settings. Unlike purely theoretical or research-focused papers, practice-oriented papers aim to bridge the gap between knowledge and action by offering insights, methods, tools, or strategies that practitioners can implement.

Key Characteristics of Practice-Oriented Papers:

1. Focus on Application:
   • Explains how concepts or findings can be applied in practical settings.
   • Often tailored to professionals or practitioners in a specific field (e.g., education, healthcare, engineering).
2. Actionable Recommendations:
   • Includes specific steps, tools, or techniques for solving a problem or improving outcomes.
3. Real-World Relevance:
   • Rooted in real-world challenges or case studies.
   • May draw on the author’s direct experience or data collected from practical scenarios.
4. Clear and Accessible Language:
   • Written to be understandable by non-academic audiences, such as field professionals.
5. Collaboration Between Theory and Practice:
   • Often links theoretical frameworks to their practical implementation.
   • Demonstrates how theoretical knowledge enhances practice.

Examples of Practice-Oriented Paper Topics:

• In Education: “Strategies for Incorporating Technology into the Classroom for Enhanced Learning Outcomes.”
• In Business: “Best Practices for Managing Remote Teams in a Post-Pandemic World.”
• In Healthcare: “Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Community Clinics.”

Common Formats:

• Case studies.
• How-to guides.
• Policy briefs.
• Reports on pilot programs or interventions.
• Reflective essays based on practical experience.

Intended Audience:

The audience is usually professionals or stakeholders in the relevant field who are seeking actionable insights to improve their work, address challenges, or enhance effectiveness.

If you’re writing or using a practice-oriented paper, it’s essential to focus on actionable solutions and ensure that the content is both grounded in evidence and tailored to the practical needs of your audience.

References

Brem, A. (2024). Editorial Publishing in a Practice-Oriented Journal: Why and How You Should Do It. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 52(2), 6-8.

Castonguay, L. G., Atzil-Slonim, D., de Jong, K., & Youn, S. J. (2024). Practice-oriented research: An introduction to new developments and future directions. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 51(3), 287-290.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Research Writing and Uses of Research Methodologies. Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.

Jonas, M., Littig, B., & Wroblewski, A. (Eds.). (2017). Methodological reflections on practice oriented theories. Springer.

Pettersen, I. N. (2015). Towards practice-oriented design for sustainability: the compatibility with selected design fields. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 8(3), 206-218.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Training and internship opportunities are critical for architecture and planning students as they bridge academic learning with practical application, enhancing skills and preparing students for professional careers. Below is a detailed discussion of various opportunities available:

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1. Architectural Firms and Planning Consultancies

• Roles: Interns in architectural firms work on design projects, develop CAD drawings, create 3D models, and assist with project documentation. In planning consultancies, tasks might include urban analysis, zoning studies, and report preparation.
• Skills Developed:
  • Technical proficiency in software such as AutoCAD, SketchUp, Revit, and GIS tools.
  • Understanding client requirements and project feasibility.
  • Exposure to real-world constraints like budget, materials, and regulations.
• Opportunities:
  • International firms like Foster + Partners, Gensler, or AECOM.
  • Local firms with a strong portfolio in housing, urban design, or infrastructure projects.

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2. Government and Public Sector Internships

• Opportunities:
  • Urban Development Authorities: Departments like municipal corporations, urban development ministries, or city planning bodies often offer internships to students in city planning, housing, or transport planning.
  • Heritage Conservation Departments: Roles in documentation, restoration planning, and heritage management.
• Example:
  • Internships with agencies like HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation), Smart City Missions in India, or city planning departments in countries worldwide.
• Benefits:
  • Exposure to policymaking and public-sector project execution.
  • Opportunities to work on large-scale public infrastructure projects.

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3. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Research Institutes

• NGOs: Interning with organizations focused on sustainable development, disaster management, or housing for the underprivileged can offer unique experiences.
• Research Institutes: Organizations like the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) or regional research bodies provide internships involving data analysis, policy formulation, or publishing research papers.
• Skills Developed:
  • Social and environmental aspects of architecture and planning.
  • Grant-writing and stakeholder engagement.

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4. Real Estate and Construction Companies

• Roles: Interns may assist with site planning, feasibility studies, and project management tasks.
• Notable Companies:
  • Real estate developers like CBRE, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL), or regional property developers.
• Learning Outcomes:
  • Insight into the commercial aspects of design and planning.
  • Hands-on experience with construction technologies and sustainability practices.

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5. Academic and Teaching Assistantships

• Many universities and colleges offer opportunities for students to work as teaching or research assistants during their studies.
• Activities:
  • Assisting professors in research projects, model-making, or preparing teaching materials.
• Benefits:
  • Deepened theoretical knowledge and academic networking.
  • Opportunities to publish papers or participate in conferences.

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6. Specialized Design and Software Training Programs

• Purpose: Enhance technical skills in areas like parametric design, Building Information Modeling (BIM), or GIS.
• Programs:
  • Workshops and certifications by software companies such as Autodesk, Rhinoceros, or ESRI.
  • Online platforms like Coursera, edX, and LinkedIn Learning offer project-based learning modules.
• Impact:
  • Stand out in the job market with advanced technical skills.
  • Learn about cutting-edge tools used in industry and academia.

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7. Internships in Sustainability and Green Building Design

• Opportunities: Internships in firms specializing in LEED certification, renewable energy integration, and sustainable urban design.
• Example:
  • Green building councils or eco-architecture firms.
• Skills Gained:
  • Techniques for energy modeling, water management, and lifecycle cost analysis.
  • Knowledge of global standards like LEED, BREEAM, or GRIHA.

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8. International Internships and Exchange Programs

• Organizations: Programs such as Erasmus+ in Europe or IAESTE (International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience) provide placements worldwide.
• Advantages:
  • Exposure to global architectural and planning standards.
  • Networking with international professionals and peers.
• Challenges:
  • May require competitive application and sponsorship for travel or accommodation.

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9. Competitions and Live Projects

• Competitions such as the Archiprix, Urban Labs, or national student design contests often include mentorship and training components.
• Participating in these provides:
  • Practical problem-solving skills.
  • A portfolio of innovative projects.

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10. Construction Site Internships

• Experience:
  • Shadowing construction managers and understanding site operations.
• Skills:
  • Learning construction techniques, material properties, and project coordination.
• Suitability:
  • Essential for students interested in execution and project management.

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Conclusion

Training and internship opportunities provide invaluable experiences for architecture and planning students, aligning their academic knowledge with professional needs. Proactively seeking internships in varied sectors such as design firms, NGOs, government bodies, and international platforms equips students with a diverse skill set and prepares them for multifaceted roles in their careers.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The inclusion of women in management positions is a critical marker of gender equality and organizational diversity. Over the decades, there has been progress in bridging the gender gap in leadership roles, but significant challenges remain. This discussion explores the current landscape, benefits of gender diversity in management, barriers faced by women, and strategies for achieving equitable representation.

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1. Current Status of Women in Management

• Global Trends: Despite growing awareness, women remain underrepresented in management positions worldwide. According to reports by organizations like the International Labour Organization (ILO) and McKinsey, women occupy about 29% of senior management roles globally as of 2023, with significant variation across industries and regions.
• Regional Disparities:
  • In North America and Europe, women have made strides, particularly in the corporate and public sectors, supported by diversity policies and quotas.
  • In Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, cultural norms and societal expectations pose barriers, resulting in slower progress.
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa, entrepreneurship among women has risen, but their presence in formal management roles remains limited.
• Industry-Specific Representation: Women are better represented in industries like healthcare, education, and hospitality, but their presence is significantly lower in technology, engineering, and manufacturing sectors.

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2. Benefits of Women in Management

• Enhanced Organizational Performance: Studies consistently show that companies with diverse leadership teams outperform those without in terms of profitability, innovation, and decision-making quality. Diverse perspectives lead to better problem-solving and strategic planning.
• Improved Workplace Culture: Women leaders often promote inclusive workplace policies and practices, fostering an environment of collaboration, trust, and employee satisfaction.
• Social and Economic Growth: Gender-diverse management contributes to economic growth by leveraging the full talent pool. When women thrive in leadership roles, they inspire and mentor future generations.

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3. Challenges Facing Women in Management

• Structural Barriers:
  • Glass Ceiling: Unofficial barriers prevent women from advancing to top leadership roles despite qualifications and performance.
  • Pay Gap: Women in management often earn less than their male counterparts for similar roles, perpetuating financial inequity.
• Societal and Cultural Norms:
  • Gender stereotypes portray leadership as a predominantly male domain, creating biases in hiring and promotion.
  • Women often face societal expectations to prioritize family responsibilities, limiting their career advancement opportunities.
• Organizational Challenges:
  • Lack of mentorship and sponsorship opportunities hinders career progression for women.
  • Workplace cultures that favor “masculine” leadership traits can marginalize women with different leadership styles.
• Intersectional Disparities: Women from marginalized communities face compounded discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or socio-economic status, further limiting their opportunities.

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4. Strategies to Promote Women in Management

• Policy Interventions:
  • Quotas and Targets: Governments and organizations can set targets for female representation in leadership to drive accountability.
  • Equal Pay Policies: Enforcing transparency in pay structures ensures women receive equitable compensation.
• Organizational Initiatives:
  • Leadership Development Programs: Offering training and development opportunities tailored to women prepares them for managerial roles.
  • Flexible Work Policies: Enabling work-life balance through remote work, parental leave, and flexible hours supports women in leadership.
  • Diversity and Inclusion Committees: Establishing committees to monitor and promote diversity initiatives ensures sustained progress.
• Mentorship and Sponsorship: Senior leaders should mentor and sponsor aspiring women managers, providing them with guidance, networking opportunities, and advocacy.
• Addressing Biases: Conducting unconscious bias training helps organizations identify and mitigate discriminatory practices in recruitment, evaluation, and promotion.

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5. Case Studies

• Norway’s Gender Quota in Boardrooms: Norway introduced a mandatory quota requiring 40% of board members in public companies to be women. This policy significantly increased female representation in senior roles and inspired similar initiatives globally.
• Lean In Movement: Founded by Sheryl Sandberg, this initiative encourages women to pursue leadership roles while advocating for systemic changes in workplace policies and culture.
• UN Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs): The WEPs provide guidance to businesses on promoting gender equality in the workplace, marketplace, and community. Companies adopting these principles report better gender balance in management.

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6. Future Directions

• Technological Innovation: Leveraging technology to provide virtual mentorship, networking platforms, and data-driven approaches to address gender disparities can accelerate change.
• Focus on Intersectionality: Policies must consider intersectional barriers to ensure inclusivity for all women, including those from underrepresented groups.
• Corporate Accountability: Organizations should publish annual diversity reports and set measurable goals to track progress in promoting women in management.
• Cultural Shifts: Encouraging society to redefine leadership as inclusive and diverse is crucial. Schools, media, and community programs can play a role in challenging stereotypes.

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7. Conclusion

The presence of women in management positions is not only a matter of fairness but also a strategic imperative for organizations aiming to thrive in a competitive, globalized world. While progress has been made, achieving gender parity in leadership requires a collective effort from governments, organizations, and society at large. By dismantling systemic barriers, promoting inclusive policies, and fostering cultural change, the vision of gender-equal leadership can become a reality.

References

Broadbridge, A., & Simpson, R. (2011). 25 years on: reflecting on the past and looking to the future in gender and management research. British journal of management, 22(3), 470-483.

Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(4), 5-30.

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X241262562.

Lyness, K. S., & Terrazas, J. M. (2006). Women in management: An update on their progress and persistent challenges. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2006, 21, 267-294.

Madsen, S. R. (2012). Women and leadership in higher education: Current realities, challenges, and future directions. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 14(2), 131-139.

By Kavita Dehalwar

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials globally, accounting for a significant portion of the built environment. However, its production is responsible for approximately 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, mainly due to cement manufacturing. In response to this environmental challenge, scientists and engineers have developed biocrete, a cutting-edge material poised to revolutionize the construction industry.

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What is Biocrete?

Biocrete, also known as bio-concrete or living concrete, is an innovative material infused with biological components, typically microorganisms, to enhance its properties and sustainability. Unlike traditional concrete, biocrete integrates living systems that provide self-healing, reduced carbon footprint, and improved durability.

Biocrete comes in various forms, tailored to specific applications:

1. Self-healing biocrete: Incorporates bacteria that produce calcium carbonate to seal cracks.
2. Biologically-derived cement replacements: Use microbial processes to generate bio-based binders.
3. Algae-based biocrete: Employs algae for carbon sequestration during production.

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The Science Behind Biocrete

1. Self-Healing Mechanism

Biocrete’s self-healing properties leverage bacteria such as Bacillus species, which remain dormant within the material until a crack forms. When exposed to water and oxygen through the crack, these bacteria become active, consuming calcium lactate and producing calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate fills and seals the cracks, restoring the material’s integrity.

2. Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)

Microorganisms, such as Sporosarcina pasteurii, are utilized to precipitate calcium carbonate through metabolic processes. This biological method offers a sustainable alternative to conventional cement by reducing the need for high-temperature processes.

3. Algae-Based Solutions

Certain strains of algae, like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, capture atmospheric CO₂ during photosynthesis and produce biomass and calcium carbonate. Integrating these algae into concrete production not only offsets carbon emissions but also creates a renewable cycle.

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Advantages of Biocrete

1. Environmental Benefits:
   • Reduced Carbon Emissions: Biocrete eliminates or minimizes the use of traditional Portland cement, significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
   • Carbon Sequestration: Algae-based and microbial processes can actively sequester carbon during production.
2. Durability:
   • Self-healing properties extend the lifespan of structures by reducing maintenance and preventing water infiltration through cracks.
   • Enhanced resistance to chemical attacks, especially in marine environments.
3. Resource Efficiency:
   • Utilizes biological and renewable inputs, reducing reliance on non-renewable resources.
   • Potential for using waste products, such as agricultural residues, as feedstocks for microbial processes.
4. Cost Savings:
   • Lower long-term maintenance costs due to self-healing.
   • Potential for reduced material costs as production scales up.

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Applications of Biocrete

1. Infrastructure Repair: Self-healing biocrete is particularly useful for repairing bridges, tunnels, and roadways, where traditional maintenance is challenging and costly.
2. Green Building Projects: Architects and developers increasingly use biocrete in sustainable construction to meet environmental certifications.
3. Marine Structures: Biocrete’s resistance to seawater makes it ideal for offshore platforms, seawalls, and docks.
4. Customizable Design: Its properties can be tailored for specific applications, such as soundproofing or thermal insulation.

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Challenges and Limitations

While biocrete holds immense promise, it faces several challenges:

1. Production Costs: Currently, biocrete is more expensive to produce than traditional concrete due to limited scalability and the cost of biological components.
2. Standardization: The construction industry lacks clear guidelines and standards for integrating biocrete into mainstream projects.
3. Durability in Extreme Conditions: The long-term performance of biocrete under extreme environmental stress requires further testing.
4. Public Perception: Adoption may be hindered by skepticism about the reliability of living materials in construction.

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The Future of Biocrete

The growing emphasis on sustainable development and green technologies is likely to accelerate the adoption of biocrete. Researchers are exploring ways to:

• Scale up production while reducing costs.
• Improve the efficiency and resilience of biological processes.
• Integrate biocrete with other smart construction technologies, such as sensors and robotics.

Governments and private organizations can play a pivotal role by funding research, creating incentives, and establishing standards that encourage the adoption of biocrete in construction projects.

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Conclusion

Biocrete represents a transformative innovation in the construction industry. By blending biology with traditional materials, it offers a sustainable solution to the environmental challenges posed by conventional concrete. While hurdles remain, ongoing advancements in material science and biotechnology are set to make biocrete a cornerstone of sustainable infrastructure. As the world strives to reduce its carbon footprint, biocrete stands out as a promising step toward a greener future.

References

Hayakawa, M., Matsuoka, Y., & Shindoh, T. (1993). Development and application of superworkable concrete. In Special Concretes-Workability and Mixing (pp. 185-192). CRC Press.

Kerley, M. (2004). Structural identification of phases constituting biocrete acid resistant mortar.

Sharma, S. N., Prajapati, R., Jaiswal, A., & Dehalwar, K. (2024, June). A Comparative Study of the Applications and Prospects of Self-healing Concrete/Biocrete and Self-Sensing Concrete. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1326, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing.

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By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

The incidents of women lynching in Manipur have drawn significant attention to the issue of vigilantism and the dangers it poses, particularly to vulnerable groups such as women. It’s important to address the issue of mob attacks on women in the context of India and examine the complex factors contributing to such incidents. India, like many other societies, has deep-rooted gender inequalities and a patriarchal social structure. Despite significant progress in women’s rights and empowerment, there are still pockets of society where traditional gender norms and attitudes persist, leading to the marginalization and vulnerability of women. Some cultural norms and beliefs may perpetuate the notion that women are subordinate to men and should not challenge authority. This can result in the objectification and disrespect of women, making them targets of mob attacks in certain situations. In some cases, mob attacks on women may be used as a means of exerting control or punishment. Women who are perceived as deviating from societal norms or who assert their rights and freedoms may face hostility from conservative elements.

Despite progress in women’s empowerment, there are still areas where women face limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. This lack of empowerment can make them more susceptible to violence and abuse. The effectiveness of law enforcement and the justice system in addressing crimes against women can vary widely across regions in India. Weak law enforcement and slow justice processes may embolden perpetrators and encourage mob violence. Mob attacks often involve a group mentality where individuals may feel less accountable for their actions, leading to a sense of impunity. This can lead to the escalation of violence, especially against vulnerable targets like women. In some cases, mob attacks against women may be linked to underlying communal or caste tensions. Women from minority or marginalized communities may be targeted as part of larger conflicts.

Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach:

• Promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment through education, awareness campaigns, and economic opportunities.
• Strengthening law enforcement and the justice system to ensure swift and fair action against perpetrators of violence.
• Challenging cultural norms and beliefs that perpetuate gender inequality and discrimination.
• Encouraging community engagement and dialogue to counter mob mentality and promote respect for women’s rights.
• Enhancing women’s safety through measures like improved street lighting, safe public transportation, and community watch programs.

It’s important to recognize that progress is being made in India towards addressing these challenges, and numerous individuals and organizations are working tirelessly to improve the status of women and their safety. However, the issue remains complex and will require sustained efforts from all sections of society to achieve lasting change.

By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Introduction

Animal husbandry, the practice of raising and breeding animals for various purposes, has been an integral part of human civilization for thousands of years. It plays a crucial role in improving livelihoods worldwide, particularly in rural communities. Animal husbandry offers a wide range of benefits, including food security, economic opportunities, environmental sustainability, and social development. This essay explores the usefulness of animal husbandry in enhancing livelihoods and highlights its significance in meeting the challenges of a rapidly changing world.

Food Security and Nutrition

One of the primary advantages of animal husbandry is its contribution to food security and nutrition. Livestock serves as an essential source of high-quality protein, essential minerals, and vitamins. Animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs provide vital nutrients necessary for human growth and development. Moreover, animal husbandry diversifies dietary options, making communities less reliant on a limited range of crops. This resilience is especially valuable in areas prone to agricultural risks, such as droughts or pests, as livestock can utilize marginal lands and convert low-quality forage into valuable protein sources.

Economic Opportunities

Animal husbandry offers numerous economic opportunities, particularly for rural communities. Livestock production creates jobs along the entire value chain, from breeding and rearing animals to processing and marketing animal products. Many small-scale farmers and pastoralists depend on livestock as a primary source of income and livelihood. By engaging in animal husbandry, individuals can generate a sustainable income, improve their financial stability, and escape the cycle of poverty.

Furthermore, animal husbandry contributes to rural economies by stimulating local markets. It encourages the growth of supporting industries such as veterinary services, animal feed production, and equipment manufacturing. Additionally, the sale of animals and their by-products generates revenue that can be invested in education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, leading to overall community advancement.

Environmental Sustainability

Animal husbandry, when practiced sustainably, plays a vital role in environmental conservation. Well-managed livestock systems can contribute to soil fertility, enhance nutrient cycling, and promote biodiversity. Animals, through their grazing patterns, help maintain grasslands and prevent the encroachment of invasive species. Moreover, livestock waste can be used as organic fertilizer, reducing the dependency on chemical inputs and enhancing soil health.

Furthermore, animal husbandry can foster sustainable land management practices. By employing rotational grazing and adopting agroforestry techniques, farmers can optimize land utilization and minimize soil erosion. Additionally, integrated farming systems that combine crop cultivation with livestock rearing contribute to resource efficiency and reduce waste. Such practices promote the preservation of natural resources and mitigate the environmental impact of agricultural activities.

Social Development and Resilience

Animal husbandry plays a pivotal role in social development, especially in marginalized communities. By engaging in animal husbandry, individuals gain valuable skills and knowledge, empowering them to become self-reliant and independent. Livestock rearing provides opportunities for vocational training and capacity building, enabling individuals to enhance their agricultural practices and improve productivity.

Moreover, animal husbandry can contribute to gender equality and women empowerment. In many societies, women play a significant role in livestock management, which allows them to generate income and actively participate in decision-making processes. By recognizing and supporting women’s involvement in animal husbandry, communities can achieve more equitable and inclusive development.

Furthermore, animal husbandry can enhance community resilience in the face of external shocks such as natural disasters or economic downturns. Diversifying livelihood options by incorporating livestock rearing reduces vulnerability and provides a safety net during difficult times. It creates opportunities for income generation and asset accumulation, enabling communities to bounce back from crises and secure their future.

Conclusion

Animal husbandry offers a range of benefits that contribute to improving livelihoods globally. It plays a critical role in ensuring food security, creating economic opportunities, promoting environmental sustainability, and fostering social development. By recognizing the importance of animal husbandry and supporting sustainable practices, societies can harness its full potential for the betterment of individuals and communities. As we navigate the challenges of a rapidly changing world, animal husbandry will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping resilient and prosperous livelihoods.

References

Adepoju Abimbola, O., & Oluwakemi, A. O. (2013). Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural, 5(12), 482-489.

Allison, E. H., & Ellis, F. (2001). The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine policy, 25(5), 377-388.

Belcher, B., Ruiz-Pérez, M., & Achdiawan, R. (2005). Global patterns and trends in the use and management of commercial NTFPs: implications for livelihoods and conservation. World development, 33(9), 1435-1452.

Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Institute of Development Studies (UK).

Herrero, M., Thornton, P. K., Gerber, P., & Reid, R. S. (2009). Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: understanding the trade-offs. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(2), 111-120.

Serrat, O., & Serrat, O. (2017). The sustainable livelihoods approach. Knowledge solutions: Tools, methods, and approaches to drive organizational performance, 21-26.

Sharma, S. N., Chatterjee, S., & Dehalwar, K. (2023). Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: Challenges and Opportunities. Think India Journal, 26(1), 7-15.

Williams, T. O. (2004). Sustainable crop-livestock production for improved livelihoods and natural resource management in West Africa. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).