Tag: Analysis

Understanding Thiessen Polygons: Significance and Applications in Spatial Analysis

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By Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Thiessen polygons, also known as Voronoi diagrams, are a fundamental tool in spatial analysis, providing significant insights into geographical and other scientifically relevant data distributions. Named after the American meteorologist Alfred H. Thiessen, who popularized their use in the early 20th century, these polygons help in defining influence zones around a given set of points on a plane. This article explores the concept, creation process, and various applications of Thiessen polygons, emphasizing their utility in multiple scientific and practical fields.

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What are Thiessen Polygons?

Thiessen polygons are a geometric representation used to delineate areas of influence for each of several points on a map. Each polygon corresponds to a specific point and consists of all the places that are closer to that point than to any other. These polygons are constructed such that every location within the polygon boundary is nearest to the point generating the polygon, ensuring that any spatial analysis using these zones is precise and relevant to the designated point.

How Are Thiessen Polygons Created?

The process of creating Thiessen polygons involves several mathematical steps:

  1. Point Placement: Begin with a set of points on a plane. These points can represent various data sources like weather stations, cities, or other geographical features.
  2. Perpendicular Bisectors: For each pair of points, draw a line segment connecting them, and then draw the perpendicular bisector of this line segment. The bisector will divide the space into two regions, each closer to one of the two points than to the other.
  3. Intersection of Bisectors: The bisectors from all pairs of points intersect to form the boundaries of the Thiessen polygons. The process continues until the entire plane is divided into contiguous polygons, each surrounding one of the original points.

Applications of Thiessen Polygons

Thiessen polygons have diverse applications across various scientific disciplines and industries:

  1. Meteorology and Climatology:
    • Precipitation Analysis: Thiessen polygons are used to estimate area-averaged rainfall from discrete weather stations. Each station influences a polygonal area, and precipitation data are averaged over these areas to provide a more comprehensive view of rainfall distribution.
  2. Hydrology and Water Resources:
    • Catchment Area Analysis: In hydrology, Thiessen polygons can help determine the catchment areas of rivers or water catchments, aiding in the management of water resources and flood analysis.
  3. Agriculture:
    • Irrigation Planning: Farmers use Thiessen polygons to analyze soil moisture levels and optimize irrigation systems, ensuring that water resources are used efficiently according to the proximity of water sources and field demands.
  4. Urban Planning and Public Health:
    • Service Area Planning: These polygons help in planning public services such as hospitals, schools, and fire stations by defining which areas are closest to each service point, optimizing response times and accessibility.
    • Epidemiology: Health researchers use Thiessen polygons to study the spread of diseases from various epicenters, helping in targeted healthcare interventions.
  5. Telecommunications:
    • Network Coverage Optimization: Thiessen polygons assist in determining areas of coverage and gaps for cellular networks based on the locations of signal towers.
  6. Geography and Ecology:
    • Species Distribution: Ecologists use these polygons to study species distributions and interactions by mapping sightings to understand territorial boundaries.

Challenges and Considerations

While Thiessen polygons are a powerful tool for spatial analysis, they have limitations, particularly in complex terrains and in cases where geographic barriers affect the actual area of influence. Additionally, the accuracy of the polygons depends significantly on the density and distribution of the points used in their creation.

Conclusion

Thiessen polygons are an indispensable tool in geographic information systems (GIS), enabling precise spatial analysis across diverse fields from meteorology to urban planning. By simplifying complex geographical data into manageable zones of influence, they provide valuable insights that guide decision-making and research across the globe. As technology advances, the creation and use of Thiessen polygons are becoming more refined, offering even greater accuracy and utility in spatial analysis.

References

Boots, B. N. (1980). Weighting thiessen polygons. Economic Geography, 56(3), 248-259.

Brassel, K. E., & Reif, D. (1979). A procedure to generate Thiessen polygons. Geographical analysis, 11(3), 289-303.

Croley II, T. E., & Hartmann, H. C. (1985). Resolving thiessen polygons. Journal of Hydrology, 76(3-4), 363-379.

Fiedler, F. R. (2003). Simple, practical method for determining station weights using Thiessen polygons and isohyetal maps. Journal of Hydrologic engineering, 8(4), 219-221.

Rhynsburger, D. (1973). Analytic delineation of Thiessen polygons. Geographical Analysis, 5(2), 133-144.

An Analysis of Philip Larkin’s poem “Church Going”

Philip Larkin is a British poet of twentieth century. His poem “Church Going” deals with the issues regarding the declining religious beliefs and spirituality of the twentieth century. The title of the poem carries multiple connotations. In a primary analysis the title may refer to going to the church for participating in the sermons or for praying. Another meaning is just visiting the church for the sake of visiting. And in a deeper analysis it can be said that the title may refer to going away from the church which means an escape from religion and spirituality.

The poem is filled with various rhetorical questions through which poet brings a sense of sarcasm. Poet is at the church in the beginning. As he enters he thuds close the door. But he refuses to enter first, because he doesn’t want to disturb the practices. Then there are several instances in the poem which reflects the lack of faith in the poetic persona’s mind.

He has seen many pillars, bible, altar and he doesn’t feel any respect towards them. He reads from the Bible in a sarcastic way and exits. He feels a kind of uncle or irreverence towards the church and religion. The poetic persona wonders that what will happen to the church if the people completely stop the visit. He says that some will be tourist attractions with their documents and ceremonial plate wares. Others will decay and take over by sheeps and cows. Or some women with superstitious beliefs would visit.

The narrator also wonders who will be the last person to visit the church as a church. One may be a history buff, or an antique lover. Someone who loves the Christmas will also be a visiter. But the last person may be a poet like the narrator, bored and ignorant about religion. Even though the poetic persona is ignorant and having irreverence, says that the church held everything together from the shattered form. It is the place of marriage, birth and death and gives meaning to all human action. The church, which is a serious and meaningful place in a meaningful ground combine all human instinct and humans seek wisdom from here. Through the poem Philip Larkin presents a contrast between shattering beliefs and the spirituality of the twentieth century and the role of church and religion in giving meanings to human life.

ANALYSIS OF THE STYLE AND STRUCTURE OF THE NOVEL THE STONE ANGEL BY MARGARET LAURENCE

Margaret Laurence’s 1964 novel The Stone Angel depicts the story of Hagar Shipley, whose life was filled with chaos and sorrows. Hagar Shipley the protagonist of the novel is a ninety year old woman who outlived her husband and younger son John. Hagar is the daughter of a wealthy shop owner, Jason Currie. As a young woman she marries Brampton Shipley against the wishes of her parents. After marriage she gave birth to two sons Marvin and John, among which Hagar shows favoritism towards younger son John. Hagar and Brampton’s marriage become unsuccessful and they become separated. Hagar takes John along with her, but finally he returns to his father. Hagar visits her hometown Manawaka, after hearing the news of Brampton’s poor health, and he dies soon. Then John too dies soon in a car accident. Upon hearing the news of John’s death, Hagar doesn’t show any emotions. From these incidents she becomes a strong, emotionless person, the stone angel, as the title suggests. Then, she lives with her elder son Marvin and his wife Doris. Hagar runs off from them, when they planned to send her to nursing home, and wanders around at Shadow point. Towards the end Marvin and Doris takes her back home, brings to the hospital. Aware that she is dying Hagar finally apologizes to Marvin.
This life story of Hagar is presented in the first person point of view by the author. The narrator itself is Hagar, who presents the events in the form of fragmented memories and images. The novel is divided into ten chapters and they shifts back and forth between the present and the past. At the present Hagar is a ninety year old woman, whose physical breakdown made her dependent. As Hagar narrates her own story, the narrative arc goes back to her early ages, where the events are presented in a chronological order. But these memories and images of the past occur in a fragmented way, which represents the present, helpless, ill condition of Hagar. Margaret Laurence has incorporated the technique of stream of consciousness in the narration. This made the mental and emotional state of narrator transparent. And by this the readers will also be able to perceive the intensity of her feelings and experiences and they can feel with her. The shift from present state to past memories can also be analysed as the attempt of Hagar to
suppress her fear of mortality. The use of Hagar as narrator to tell her own story makes the work more special. Even though Hagar tells her past in the form of monologues, whose tragic flaw is excessive pride, they can also be considered as biased. By the structure it can also be considered as a kind of autobiography of Hagar. The shift from present to past somehow resembles the narrative part of Benjamin in the novel The Sound and the Fury. Margaret Laurence made the novel rich with various symbols and images which strengthens the narrative. The title itself, identifies with Hagar. The stone angel represents the rigid, unbending, proud self of Hagar. But at the same time she is not completely without emotions. Towards the end she feels guilt, sorrow and regret. So, the symbol of stone angel
clearly depicts Hagar. As an angel she considered herself as superior to others, whose tragic flaw was excessive pride. The symbol of eggs, used by author represents nurture and compassion for others, which lacks in Hagar. While analyzing the images used by the author, the biblical image is superior. The name Hagar, came from Bible, Abraham’s concubine and mother of Ishmael. As Hagar was banished from heaven, Hagar in the novel also left her home. The nursing home and hospital imagery can be related to death which Hagar fears. The narration, images and symbols makes the novel greatest Canadian novels ever written by Margaret Laurence. The two narrative arcs, narration through fragmented images and stream of consciousness technique, first person perspective etc make the structure and style of the novel different.

How to Make Money Blogging

. Online Courses and Workshops

Here at Smart Blogger, we make most of our income from online courses and workshops — over $1 million per year — but we are far from the only successful blog doing this. Most of the people making a lot of money from their blogs are doing it online

Books and Ebooks

Quite a few writers have parlayed their blogging success into a major publishing deal. Mark Manson, for instance, published a in 2015. Millions of readers later, he got a book deal with Harper Collins and went on to sell over 3,000,000 copies in the US alone.

Affiliate Marketing

If you’d like to create some passive income streams from your blog, one of the best choices is affiliate marketing — recommending the services, digital products, and physical products of other companies in exchange for a commission.

Advertising

Normally, we’re not big fans of selling ads on your site. You need roughly a million visitors per year for the large ad networks to take you seriously, and affiliate marketing is almost always more profitable and just as passive.

That being said, some niches like recipes, fashion, and news are hard to monetize through many of the other methods mentioned here, and they get LOTS of page views. In that case, putting a few ads on your site can make sense as a supplementary income source.

Speaking

There are many reasons to start a blog for personal use and only a handful of strong ones for business blogging. Blogging for business, projects, or anything else that might bring you money has a very straightforward purpose – to rank your website higher in Google SERPs, a.k.a. increase your visibility.

As a business, you rely on consumers to keep buying your products and services. As a new business, you rely on blogging to help you get to potential consumers and grab their attention. Without blogging, your website would remain invisible, whereas running a blog makes you searchable and competitive.

There are many reasons to start a blog for personal use and only a handful of strong ones for business blogging. Blogging for business, projects, or anything else that might bring you money has a very straightforward purpose – to rank your website higher in Google SERPs, a.k.a. increase your visibility.

As a business, you rely on consumers to keep buying your products and services. As a new business, you rely on blogging to help you get to potential consumers and grab their attention. Without blogging, your website would remain invisible, whereas running a blog makes you searchable and competitive.

Blogs and websites

Many people still wonder if there is any difference between a blog and a website. What is a blog and what is a website? It’s even more challenging to differentiate between the two today. Many companies are integrating blogs into their websites as well, which further confuses the two.

Is Online Gaming harmful or beneficial?

Online games can be credited for being the best help to parents at the time of lockdown. Games kept the children busy making it easy for parents to keep them at home. While it has not been hidden from us that the market of online gaming is growing very fast, the vulnerability caused in a child’s mind due to its addiction is out as well. There have been many debates regarding the advantages and disadvantages of online gaming. While many studies have presented its benefits some have criticized it for developing a lazy generation. Let us look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of online gaming. 

Some of the Advantages of Online Gaming are:

  • Develops Multi-tasking skills: Many games in the market require maximum attention when the player has to gather the weapons along with fighting the opponent. This develops the multi-tasking ability in the player which can be very well equipped in real life. Hence providing an important life skill to the players.
  • Increased Concentration: Games that include warfares demands maximum attention of the player in every direction of the game. This way the player is forced to only focus on the game neglecting the outer disturbance, hence improving the concentration and memory of the player.
  • Promotes Teamwork: Multiplayer games are to be played with team-mates. This promotes the strategy of teamwork in the minds of the player. This can further help the player in his future jobs and also develop his mindset with a more compassionate approach towards his team. 
  • Develop future skills: While promoting teamwork multiplayer games also demand instant reaction and problem-solving skills while attempting a task in the game. These skills when employed in real life can increase the outsourcing capacity of the player, thus developing his skills for future life.

With the above advantages, there are many disadvantages of online gaming as well. Some of them are listed below:

  • Addiction: This is one of the biggest disadvantages of online gaming. Online Video games are designed to be addictive but it is up to the person to control himself from getting addicted. One of the studies compares the addiction to online gaming as bad as that of drugs. This addiction can also affect the academics of a student. So if you ever feel like you are spending a lot of time on your computer or mobile then ALERT! This can be dangerous for your mental health.
  • Promote Aggression: Online gaming inhabits the player with a different level of stress. A stressful player can turn aggressive towards the people surrounding him. In a Psychological experiment, the people playing violent video games were examined to be more aggressive and have lower patience levels than others. 
  • Social Replacement: While many stats are presenting that people who are regular gamers may tend to lose their self-esteem and their confidence, this can also result in turning the people anti-social. Players may start to find socializing too difficult and thus end up being a loner.
  • Obesity: As surprising as it may sound, one of the most common problems found in gamers is the problem of Obesity. Sometimes players get so involved in the games that they lose track of their appetite, eating more than required. Also, online gaming does not include any physical activity for the extra calories to be burnt resulting in the accumulation of extra fat on the body of the gamer. 
  • Bad Vision: Spending a lot of time in front of the computer or cell phone may result in a distorted vision of the player. 

It’s said that everything done in excess is harmful. It is best applicable to online gaming which if played for some time is beneficial both mentally and socially but is equally dangerous if played in excess.  So while enjoying online games also pay attention to your physical and mental health.