In recent years, the construction industry has witnessed a significant transformation with the rise of prefabricated building construction. This method involves assembling components of a structure in a manufacturing site and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. This innovative approach not only accelerates building timelines but also offers improvements in cost, quality, and sustainability.
What is Prefabricated Building Construction?
Prefabricated building construction, also known as modular construction, involves the off-site manufacturing of building sections, known as modules. These modules are constructed in a controlled factory setting, where environmental factors can be managed to avoid delays. Once completed, these modules are transported to the building site and assembled to form a fully functional structure.
The technology used in prefabricated construction has evolved significantly, allowing for greater complexities in design and larger scales of construction. This method is used for a wide range of buildings, from single residential units to large-scale commercial projects.
Benefits of Prefabricated Building Construction
1. Efficiency and Speed: Construction speed is one of the most significant advantages of prefabrication. Buildings can be completed 30% to 50% quicker than those using traditional construction methods. This is largely due to the simultaneous progress in site preparation and building manufacturing, which drastically cuts down overall project time.
2. Cost-Effectiveness: Although the initial costs might be similar or slightly higher than traditional construction, prefabricated building construction saves money in the long run. This saving is due to reduced construction times, decreased labor costs, and less waste.
3. Quality Control: Since the components are manufactured in a controlled environment, the quality is often superior to that of traditional construction, where environmental factors and varying skill levels can affect the build.
4. Sustainability: Prefabricated construction is often more sustainable than traditional construction methods. The controlled factory environment leads to more accurate assemblies, better air filtration, and tighter joints, which make the buildings more energy-efficient. Moreover, the factory setting allows for recycling materials, controlling inventory, and optimizing material usage which reduces waste.
5. Safety: Enhanced safety is another crucial benefit of prefabricated construction. Factory settings are less hazardous compared to construction sites, and workers are not exposed to environmental hazards and risks associated with traditional construction sites, such as extreme weather and heights.
Challenges and Considerations
While prefabricated building construction offers numerous benefits, there are also challenges that need to be addressed:
1. Transportation: The larger the modules, the more complex and costly it becomes to transport them to the site. Logistics require careful planning and sometimes special transportation permits.
2. Design Limitations: Although technology has advanced, there are still some design limitations compared to traditional methods. Complex, non-repetitive structures can be more challenging to achieve with prefabrication.
3. Upfront Planning: Prefabrication requires detailed planning and coordination at the early stages of a project. Changes to the design after the production process begins can be costly and difficult to implement.
4. Market Perception: There is a perception issue where some clients believe prefabricated buildings are inferior or less durable than traditional structures, though this is changing as more high-quality projects are completed.
Conclusion
Prefabricated building construction is poised to be a game-changer in the construction industry. With the ongoing advancements in technology and increasing focus on sustainable development, it offers an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional construction methods. As the industry overcomes the existing challenges and more successes are documented, prefabricated construction is likely to become more prevalent globally, shaping the future of how buildings are created.
References
Baghchesaraei, A., Kaptan, M. V., & Baghchesaraei, O. R. (2015). Using prefabrication systems in building construction. International journal of applied engineering research, 10(24), 44258-44262.
Fard, M. M., Terouhid, S. A., Kibert, C. J., & Hakim, H. (2017). Safety concerns related to modular/prefabricated building construction. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 24(1), 10-23.
Jaillon, L., & Poon, C. S. (2010). Design issues of using prefabrication in Hong Kong building construction. Construction Management and Economics, 28(10), 1025-1042.
Navaratnam, S., Ngo, T., Gunawardena, T., & Henderson, D. (2019). Performance review of prefabricated building systems and future research in Australia. Buildings, 9(2), 38.
Shashikant Nishant Sharma , Dr. Kavita Dehalwar , Arjun Singh Lodhi , Gopal Kumar,”PREFABRICATED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS APPROACH “, Futuristic Trends in Construction Materials & Civil Engineering Volume 3 Book 1,IIP Series, Volume 3, May, 2024, Page no.91-114, e-ISBN: 978-93-5747-479-5
Spatial planning plays a critical role in shaping the physical environment of communities, influencing how people interact with their surroundings and access resources and opportunities. However, the planning process is often influenced by various social factors, including gender. Gender refers to the social, cultural, and economic attributes and roles associated with being male or female, which can significantly influence how individuals experience and navigate spaces. Understanding the implications of gender on spatial planning is essential for creating inclusive and equitable environments that meet the diverse needs of all community members.
One of the primary ways gender influences spatial planning is through the creation of gendered spaces. Gendered spaces are areas that are designed, perceived, and used differently by men and women due to societal norms, cultural practices, and individual preferences. For example, public transportation systems, parks, and recreational facilities may be designed with specific gender biases, impacting accessibility and usability for different genders. Women, for instance, may perceive certain spaces as unsafe due to inadequate lighting or lack of surveillance, limiting their mobility and access to public amenities.
Furthermore, the division of labor based on gender roles can influence spatial patterns. For instance, women often bear the primary responsibility for caregiving and household chores, which can affect their travel patterns and access to essential services such as healthcare and education. Spatial planning must consider these gendered dynamics to ensure that infrastructure and services are distributed equitably and efficiently, addressing the needs of all members of the community.
Safety and Security
Gender also plays a significant role in perceptions of safety and security within the built environment. Women, in particular, may experience harassment, violence, or fear of crime in public spaces, which can restrict their freedom of movement and limit their participation in social and economic activities. Spatial planning strategies such as urban design, lighting, and surveillance measures can help mitigate these risks and create safer environments for all genders.
Inclusive Design and Accessibility
An inclusive approach to spatial planning involves designing environments that accommodate the needs of diverse populations, including different genders, ages, abilities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Gender-sensitive design considers how spaces are used and experienced by men, women, and non-binary individuals, ensuring that infrastructure, facilities, and services are accessible and welcoming to all.
For example, public restrooms are often designed with binary gender distinctions, which can be exclusionary for transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Gender-inclusive design promotes the creation of gender-neutral facilities that accommodate diverse identities and preferences, fostering inclusivity and reducing stigma and discrimination.
Participation and Decision-Making
Gender dynamics also influence participation and decision-making processes in spatial planning. Women and other marginalized groups are often underrepresented in planning processes, resulting in policies and interventions that may not adequately address their needs and priorities. Engaging diverse stakeholders, including women, in decision-making processes can lead to more inclusive and responsive spatial planning outcomes.
Furthermore, empowering women as planners, policymakers, and community leaders can help challenge existing gender norms and biases within the planning profession, promoting greater gender equity in urban and regional development initiatives.
Conclusion
Gender is a fundamental aspect of spatial planning, shaping how individuals experience and interact with the built environment. Recognizing and addressing the implications of gender in spatial planning is essential for creating inclusive, safe, and equitable communities where all individuals can thrive. By adopting a gender-sensitive approach to planning and design, policymakers, planners, and stakeholders can work towards building cities and regions that reflect the diverse needs and aspirations of their populations.
References
Damyanovic, D. (2016). Gender mainstreaming as a strategy for sustainable urban planning. In Fair Shared Cities (pp. 177-192). Routledge.
Dehalwar, K., & Singh, J. (2015). Current State of Water Management System: Case Review of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD), 5(6), 35-40.
Dehalwar, K. Understanding the Dynamics of Peri-Urban Areas: Navigating the Interface Between Urban and Rural Realms.
Garcia-Ramon, M. D., Ortiz, A., & Prats, M. (2004). Urban planning, gender and the use of public space in a peripherial neighbourhood of Barcelona. Cities, 21(3), 215-223.
Malaza, N., Todes, A., & Williamson, A. (2009). Gender in planning and urban development.
McDowell, L. (1983). Towards an understanding of the gender division of urban space. Environment and planning D: Society and Space, 1(1), 59-72.
Rakodi, C. (1991). Cities and people: Towards a gender‐aware urban planning process?. Public Administration and Development, 11(6), 541-559.
Sánchez de Madariaga, I., & Neuman, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender in the city. Town Planning Review, 87(5), 493-504.
Sharma, S. N. (2014). Participatory Planning in Plan Preparation. BookCountry.
Spain, D. (2014). Gender and urban space. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 581-598.
Neighborhoods, clusters, and society are fundamental units of human settlement, shaping the way people live, interact, and develop. Understanding their dynamics and patterns is crucial for urban planning, social cohesion, and community development. In this article, we delve into the definitions of these terms, explore neighborhood development patterns, and discuss strategies for fostering sustainable neighborhood growth.
Understanding Neighbourhood, Clusters, and Society
Neighbourhood: A neighbourhood is commonly defined as a geographically localized community within a larger urban or rural area. It’s characterized by its distinct physical boundaries, social networks, and shared amenities. Neighbourhoods vary widely in size, population density, socio-economic status, and cultural composition. They often comprise residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, fostering a sense of belonging and identity among residents.
Clusters: Clusters refer to groups of closely located entities, such as buildings, businesses, or institutions, sharing common characteristics or functions. Clustering facilitates synergy, collaboration, and economies of scale. In urban contexts, clusters can emerge organically or be deliberately planned to encourage innovation, specialization, and efficiency. Examples include technology hubs, industrial estates, and cultural districts.
Society: Society encompasses the collective interactions, norms, and institutions of a group of people living within a defined geographical area. It encompasses diverse social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions, shaping individuals’ identities, behaviors, and aspirations. Societies evolve over time in response to internal dynamics and external influences, reflecting the interplay of tradition, innovation, and globalization.
comparative table outlining the key characteristics of Neighborhoods, Clusters, and Society:
Aspect
Neighborhood
Clusters
Society
Definition
A geographically localized community within a larger urban or rural area, characterized by distinct physical boundaries, social networks, and shared amenities.
Groups of closely located entities (e.g., buildings, businesses, institutions) sharing common characteristics or functions.
The collective interactions, norms, and institutions of a group of people living within a defined geographical area.
Physical Boundaries
Clearly defined, often with identifiable borders such as streets, rivers, or natural landmarks.
May or may not have clearly delineated boundaries; often characterized by proximity or functional relationships.
Not bound by physical geography; encompasses a broader socio-cultural and political context.
Composition
Varied mix of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces; diverse socio-economic and cultural demographics.
Typically consists of entities with similar functions or characteristics, fostering synergy and collaboration.
Comprised of diverse individuals, groups, and institutions interacting within the social framework.
Interaction
Encourages face-to-face interactions among residents; fosters a sense of belonging and community identity.
Facilitates collaboration, knowledge exchange, and specialization among entities within the cluster.
Involves complex networks of social interactions, norms, and institutions shaping individuals’ behaviors and identities.
Purpose
Provides a localized context for daily activities, social interactions, and community engagement.
Promotes efficiency, innovation, and economies of scale through shared resources and expertise.
Serves as the foundation for collective governance, cultural expression, and socio-economic development.
Planning & Governance
Subject to urban planning regulations and local governance structures; may have community organizations or associations.
May be organized around formal or informal networks, industry associations, or government initiatives.
Governed by formal institutions, laws, and governance mechanisms, as well as informal norms, traditions, and social contracts.
This table provides a concise overview of the distinguishing features of Neighborhoods, Clusters, and Society, highlighting their respective roles, compositions, and dynamics within human settlements.
Neighborhood Development Patterns
Neighborhood development patterns are influenced by a myriad of factors, including historical context, economic forces, governance structures, and cultural norms. Several common patterns can be observed:
Traditional Neighbourhoods: These neighborhoods often feature compact, mixed-use developments with pedestrian-friendly streets, reflecting centuries-old urban design principles. Examples include historic city centers, where residential, commercial, and civic functions coexist harmoniously.
Suburban Sprawl: Suburban sprawl is characterized by low-density, car-dependent developments sprawling outward from urban centers. It often leads to inefficient land use, traffic congestion, and social isolation, as neighborhoods prioritize individual privacy over communal interaction.
Gated Communities: Gated communities are enclaves characterized by restricted access, private amenities, and homogeneous socio-economic demographics. While offering security and exclusivity, they can exacerbate social segregation and limit opportunities for diversity and integration.
Mixed-Income Developments: Mixed-income developments aim to create diverse, inclusive neighborhoods by integrating housing options for people of varying income levels. These initiatives promote social cohesion, reduce stigma, and enhance economic mobility, albeit requiring careful planning and community engagement.
Regeneration Projects: Regeneration projects seek to revitalize neglected or blighted neighborhoods through targeted investments in infrastructure, housing, and public spaces. By harnessing public-private partnerships and community participation, these initiatives can foster economic growth, improve quality of life, and preserve local heritage.
Development Strategies for Sustainable Neighborhoods
Creating sustainable neighborhoods requires a holistic approach that balances economic viability, environmental stewardship, and social equity. Key strategies include:
Compact Urban Design: Promoting mixed-use, walkable neighborhoods reduces car dependency, mitigates urban sprawl, and enhances social interaction.
Green Infrastructure: Integrating green spaces, parks, and urban forests improves air quality, mitigates heat islands, and enhances residents’ well-being.
Community Engagement: Empowering residents through participatory planning processes fosters ownership, trust, and social capital, enhancing the resilience and vibrancy of neighborhoods.
Smart Mobility: Investing in public transit, cycling infrastructure, and pedestrian-friendly streets reduces congestion, lowers emissions, and promotes active lifestyles.
Cultural Preservation: Celebrating local heritage, traditions, and arts fosters a sense of place, identity, and belonging among residents, enriching the social fabric of neighborhoods.
In conclusion, neighborhoods, clusters, and society are integral components of human settlements, shaping the way people live, work, and interact. By understanding their dynamics and patterns, and implementing inclusive and sustainable development strategies, we can create vibrant, resilient communities that enrich the lives of residents and contribute to the well-being of society as a whole.
References
Chaskin, R. J. (1997). Perspectives on neighborhood and community: A review of the literature. Social Service Review, 71(4), 521-547.
Durlauf, S. N. (2004). Neighborhood effects. Handbook of regional and urban economics, 4, 2173-2242.
Hipp, J. R., Faris, R. W., & Boessen, A. (2012). Measuring ‘neighborhood’: Constructing network neighborhoods. Social networks, 34(1), 128-140.
Lansing, J. B., & Marans, R. W. (1969). Evaluation of neighborhood quality. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(3), 195-199.
LODHI, A. S., & SHARMA, S. N. Framework for Road Safety Improvement Measures for Madhya Pradesh.
Mannarini, T., Tartaglia, S., Fedi, A., & Greganti, K. (2006). Image of neighborhood, self-image and sense of community. Journal of environmental psychology, 26(3), 202-214.
Mumford, L. (1954). The neighborhood and the neighborhood unit. The Town Planning Review, 24(4), 256-270.
Sharma, S. N., & Biswas, A. (2016). Best practices for ensuring total sanitation. International Journal for Social Studies, ISSN, 2455-3220.
Delhi, the capital city of India, is a vibrant metropolis that juxtaposes modernity and tradition. However, amid the glittering skyscrapers and bustling marketplaces, there exists a stark contrast in the form of slums that dot the cityscape. These informal settlements, home to a significant portion of Delhi’s population, present a complex and challenging reality. This article aims to shed light on the slums of Delhi, exploring the factors that contribute to their existence, the challenges faced by residents, and potential solutions to address this pressing issue.
Factors Contributing to the Existence of Slums:
Rapid Urbanization: Delhi has witnessed rapid urbanization over the years, attracting people from rural areas in search of better opportunities. However, the city’s infrastructure has struggled to keep pace with the population influx, leading to the formation of informal settlements.
Lack of Affordable Housing: The soaring cost of real estate in Delhi has made it difficult for a significant portion of the population to afford proper housing. As a result, many individuals and families find themselves living in makeshift shelters in slums.
Informal Employment: A substantial number of slum dwellers are engaged in informal and low-wage employment opportunities. The lack of stable income makes it challenging for them to access formal housing options, pushing them towards the fringes of the city.
Rapid Urbanization:
Delhi’s landscape has undergone a rapid transformation as it evolved into a bustling metropolis, magnetically attracting individuals from rural areas in pursuit of improved livelihoods. The city’s economic opportunities and urban allure have spurred an influx of people seeking a better life. However, this surge in population has strained the existing infrastructure, causing a proliferation of informal settlements. The speed at which Delhi has urbanized has outpaced the development of essential services, resulting in the emergence of slums that grapple with inadequate amenities and living conditions.
Lack of Affordable Housing:
One of the most pressing challenges contributing to the existence of slums in Delhi is the exorbitant cost of real estate. The city’s property market has experienced a meteoric rise, rendering it increasingly unaffordable for a significant segment of the population. The soaring property prices have left a considerable portion of Delhi’s residents with limited housing options, forcing them into makeshift shelters within the confines of slums. This disparity in housing affordability underscores a critical issue that demands attention to ensure a more equitable distribution of living spaces within the city.
Informal Employment:
A significant demographic within Delhi’s slums is engaged in informal and low-wage employment opportunities. The city’s economic landscape accommodates a diverse range of informal sectors, from street vending to day labor, providing a source of income for many. However, the nature of informal employment often means irregular and unstable income streams, making it arduous for individuals to secure formal housing. As a consequence, slum dwellers, driven by economic necessity, find themselves on the peripheries of the city, residing in settlements that lack the basic amenities necessary for dignified living.
Addressing these factors necessitates a comprehensive approach that considers not only housing but also the broader issues of urban planning, economic development, and social welfare. Efforts to provide affordable housing options, improve infrastructure, and formalize employment opportunities can contribute to alleviating the challenges faced by residents of Delhi’s slums. By acknowledging the multifaceted nature of the issue, policymakers and urban planners can work towards creating a more inclusive and sustainable urban environment for all of Delhi’s inhabitants.
Challenges Faced by Slum Dwellers:
Inadequate Infrastructure: Slums often lack basic amenities such as proper sanitation, clean water supply, and electricity. The absence of these fundamental services contributes to a cycle of poverty and health challenges for the residents.
Health and Hygiene Concerns: Overcrowded living conditions, coupled with inadequate sanitation facilities, create a breeding ground for diseases. The prevalence of health issues in slums underscores the urgent need for improved healthcare services and sanitation infrastructure.
Educational Barriers: Access to quality education remains a significant challenge for children living in slums. Limited resources, coupled with the need for children to contribute to family income, often result in lower enrollment and higher dropout rates.
Vulnerability to Displacement: Slum dwellers often live in constant fear of eviction, as their settlements are considered illegal. This vulnerability adds a layer of uncertainty to their lives and makes it difficult for them to invest in long-term improvements to their living conditions.
Inadequate Infrastructure:
One of the most pressing challenges faced by slum dwellers in Delhi is the pervasive lack of basic infrastructure. Many slum settlements are characterized by the absence of essential amenities such as proper sanitation, a reliable clean water supply, and consistent electricity. The dearth of these fundamental services perpetuates a cycle of poverty, hindering residents from breaking free from the constraints of their living conditions. Insufficient infrastructure not only compromises the daily lives of slum dwellers but also restricts their potential for economic and social advancement.
Health and Hygiene Concerns:
The overcrowded living conditions within Delhi’s slums, combined with the absence of adequate sanitation facilities, create a breeding ground for various diseases. The prevalence of health issues in these communities highlights the urgent need for improved healthcare services and enhanced sanitation infrastructure. Communicable diseases thrive in environments where hygiene is compromised, posing a constant threat to the well-being of slum residents. Addressing health and hygiene concerns is paramount to breaking the cycle of illness and promoting the overall welfare of those residing in Delhi’s slums.
Educational Barriers:
Access to quality education remains a significant hurdle for children growing up in Delhi’s slums. Limited resources, both within the slum communities and in the broader education system, contribute to lower enrollment rates and higher dropout rates. Children often face the dual challenge of needing to contribute to family income, making it difficult for them to prioritize education. Breaking down educational barriers is essential for empowering the younger generation within slum communities, providing them with the tools and opportunities needed to overcome the cycle of poverty.
Vulnerability to Displacement:
The constant fear of eviction looms large over the lives of slum dwellers in Delhi, as their settlements are often deemed illegal. This vulnerability not only disrupts the daily lives of residents but also creates a layer of uncertainty that impedes long-term improvements to their living conditions. The perpetual risk of displacement discourages investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare within slum communities, perpetuating a cycle of neglect and marginalization.
To address these challenges, concerted efforts are needed from policymakers, community leaders, and civil society organizations. Initiatives that focus on improving infrastructure, enhancing healthcare services, promoting education, and providing secure land tenure can contribute to breaking the cycle of poverty and vulnerability faced by the residents of Delhi’s slums. Only through a holistic and collaborative approach can meaningful progress be made towards creating more inclusive and equitable urban spaces.
Potential Solutions and Initiatives:
Affordable Housing Programs: Implementing affordable housing initiatives and policies can help address the housing crisis in Delhi. The government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations, can work towards providing affordable housing options for low-income families.
Improving Infrastructure: Investment in basic infrastructure such as sanitation, clean water supply, and electricity is crucial for enhancing the living conditions in slums. Targeted interventions can significantly improve the quality of life for residents.
Community Empowerment: Empowering slum communities through education and skill development programs can break the cycle of poverty. Initiatives that focus on providing vocational training and creating employment opportunities within or near the slums can uplift residents economically.
Regularization of Informal Settlements: Instead of displacement, authorities could consider the regularization of existing informal settlements. This involves providing legal recognition, basic services, and tenure security to residents, contributing to a more stable and secure living environment.
In the dynamic and evolving landscape of Delhi’s slums, addressing the challenges faced by residents requires proactive and comprehensive solutions. Here are potential initiatives and strategies that could make a significant impact on improving the lives of those living in informal settlements:
Affordable Housing Programs: Implementing affordable housing initiatives is paramount in alleviating the housing crisis in Delhi. The government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private stakeholders, can develop and execute policies that prioritize affordable housing options for low-income families. This may involve the creation of subsidized housing schemes, low-interest loans, or innovative housing models that cater to the unique needs of slum dwellers.
Improving Infrastructure: A targeted and sustained investment in basic infrastructure is crucial for enhancing the living conditions in Delhi’s slums. This includes initiatives to improve sanitation facilities, ensure a reliable and clean water supply, and provide access to electricity. Upgrading infrastructure not only addresses immediate health and hygiene concerns but also contributes to the overall well-being and dignity of slum residents.
Community Empowerment: Empowering slum communities through education and skill development programs can be a transformative step in breaking the cycle of poverty. Initiatives that provide access to quality education for children and adults alike, coupled with vocational training programs, can equip residents with the skills needed for better employment opportunities. Creating avenues for entrepreneurship within or near the slums further uplifts the economic prospects of the community.
Regularization of Informal Settlements: Rather than displacing residents, authorities could consider the regularization of existing informal settlements. This involves providing legal recognition to these settlements, ensuring basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity, and granting tenure security to residents. Regularization not only enhances the legitimacy of slum communities but also provides a more stable and secure living environment, encouraging long-term investments in infrastructure and community development.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging partnerships between the public and private sectors can amplify the impact of initiatives aimed at slum improvement. Collaborations with private entities can bring in additional resources, expertise, and innovative solutions. This could involve joint ventures for housing projects, infrastructure development, or social enterprises that benefit the residents of slum communities.
Inclusive Urban Planning: Integrating slum development into the broader urban planning framework is essential for creating a more inclusive city. Authorities can adopt participatory approaches, involving slum residents in the planning and decision-making processes. This ensures that development initiatives align with the unique needs and aspirations of the communities they seek to serve.
Conclusion:
The slums of Delhi represent a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Tackling issues related to housing, infrastructure, healthcare, and education is crucial for creating a more inclusive and equitable urban environment. As Delhi continues to evolve, policymakers, community leaders, and citizens must come together to find sustainable solutions that uplift the lives of those residing in the city’s informal settlements. By combining these initiatives and strategies, Delhi has the potential to transform its slum areas into thriving, sustainable communities. These efforts not only address immediate challenges but also lay the foundation for a more equitable and inclusive urban landscape.
References
Datta, Ayona. “The intimate city: Violence, gender and ordinary life in Delhi slums.” Urban Geography 37.3 (2016): 323-342.
Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fate of Slums of Bhopal-A Tale of Struggle and Resilience. Think India Journal, 26(4), 12-18.
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Sharma, S. N. (2013). Sustainable development strategies and approaches. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), 2.
Sharma, S. N. (2014). Participatory Planning in Plan Preparation. BookCountry.
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Snell-Rood, C. (2015). No one will let her live: women’s struggle for well-being in a Delhi slum. University of California Press.
Tsujita, Y. (2013). Factors that prevent children from gaining access to schooling: A study of Delhi slum households. International Journal of Educational Development, 33(4), 348-357.
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