Work from is doing the office work from home. It is made popular now-a-days, due to the arising of COVID-19. Actually speaking, the concept of work from home, has emerged already. But it became frequently using now-a-days. There are many pros and cons of working from people. Employees feel that, they may work easily and comfortably when working from home. But the employees are also asked to work more time in their home. They are given more work and less time to complete their given work. Now a days almost every industry is asking their employees not to come to office, instead take work from home. Work from home is became as the emerging feature now-a-days. It is been accepted and welcoming by most of the employees.

The pros of work from home are,

• Remote work saves money:

Yes, remote work definitely saves money. By doing work from home, the cost and expenses of the employees are being saved by the organization. The office expenses are reduced to the much lower extent. The remote work is nothing but, doing the work from their home, doing their work comfortably.  

• Flexible schedule:

When working in home, we have a flexible and comfortable schedule. We can create our own schedule to work on and complete you work on our convenience.

• Work life balance:

It can seem counterintuitive that bringing your work home with you can lead to better work-life balance, but hear us out. When you work remotely, you often deal with fewer distractions and increases your productivity. This means work gets done more quickly, and you have more time to spend with your family and friends. Remote work options are beneficial for your company as you have a wider talent pool to choose from and also a higher employee retention rate.

• Team meetings:

When you’re not able to throw time on people’s calendars for meetings on a whim, you need to be more intentional about your calls. Working remotely can actually help you have more effective meetings by setting agendas upfront, or only taking calls that have a specific purpose.

The cons of work from home are,

• Boundaries:

When there’s less separation between work and home, some employees have a hard time setting boundaries. Many feel expected to be online and available constantly, and instant messaging or collaboration tools can add to that feeling. Additionally, for those working with people in different time zones, it can be hard to have a regular work schedule.

• Lack of communication

Having 100% virtual communication means more opportunities for miscommunication. When people aren’t sitting next to each other, it can be harder to talk things through and get things done as a team.

• Isolated feeling:

Whether it’s heading out for happy hour drinks or chatting about the weekend, remote workers have to work harder to connect and build trust with one another. And if others on your team are co-located, they may not capture in writing what they’ve talked about in person. 

Speaking at a Health Ministry press conference, Dr. VijayRaghavan said preventing a third wave depends on how effectively the guidelines are implemented and followed. “Infections rise when the virus has the opportunity to infect humans,” he added.

Responding to a question on when the second wave which has already infected lakhs and killed thousands, will Dr. VijayRaghavan said it has already started declining in some places. The number of cases and the positivity will decline and there will be a lag in hospitalization and mortality, he added.

Cautioning against the misuse of steroids and stressing the need to adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by doctors, NITI Aayog member V.K. Paul said people displaying symptoms — fever, headache, body ache, sore throat, breathlessness etc. — should consider themselves COVID positive unless tested otherwise and strictly follow COVID isolation and treatment guidelines.

“Both Sputnik Light and Johnson and Johnson vaccines are promising candidates and can help in hastening the vaccination cover in our population but their clearance will be based on the vaccines’ scientific merit,” he added. Meanwhile the Health Ministry noted that it has now advised State governments to prioritize due beneficiaries of the second dose for COVID vaccine and ensure timely completion of the recommended vaccination schedule.

“State governments have been told to utilize supplies of vaccines in a 70:30 ratio for 2nd dose and 1st dose respectively. Regular review of coverage of COVID-19 vaccination drive should be undertaken to formulate and implement a strategy for such prioritization and an effective communication strategy must be implemented for full two dose protection to all priority beneficiary groups,” said the Health Ministry.

The Ministry added that it has reviewed the COVID-19 situation and management with eight States — Assam, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkand and Himachal Pradesh. India registered a record single-day hike of 4.14 lakh fresh COVID-19 case on Friday, May 7, taking the country’s coronavirus tally to 2.14 crores, the health ministry’s data showed.

With 3,915 fatalities being reported in a span of 24 hours, the death toll inched to 2.34 lakh. Meanwhile, experts are of the view that the reported numbers likely downplay the real toll because India’s hospitals and crematoriums have been overwhelmed, which makes the evaluation of any peak particularly complicated.

A high percentage of positive tests suggests the likelihood of many more people in the community with undetected coronavirus, according to Johns Hopkins University. And last year, the WHO recommended countries waited until their positive test rate was below 5% for at least two weeks before considering easing restrictions. Gautam Menon, a mathematical modeler and professor of physics and biology, at Ashoka University, near Delhi, says: “Test positivity rates are still quite high, over 20% countrywide.

Friendship is a unique feature. Friendship is always essential for everyone. A friend is a person who stands for everyone in all the success and failure which takes place in our life. A friend should be an advisor, well-wisher, a guide etc. It is a mutual affection between people. Friendship, a state of enduring affection and trust between two people. In all cultures, friendships are important relationships throughout a person’s life span.

Friendships play an important role in healthy human development and adjustment across the life span. Friendships exist in practically every stage of development, although the form they take varies considerably with age. Everyone must have known about this proverb, “A friend in need is a friend indeed”, which means a friend should be in all the aspects whether it is success (or) any failure. A good friend will not let you down in any cases. It all depends on the type of friend we have.

Among people in long-term relationships, women tend to do more work to sustain friendships and other close relationships. This might include sending Christmas cards, remembering birthdays, making phone calls, and updating friends on major life events. Lifelong friendships can be immensely rewarding. People may draw inspiration from talking to those who knew them when they were young. Lifelong friends connect people to their history, offer insight on how a person has changed and evolved, and are often deeply connected to one another’s families. These friendships offer a sense of permanency and consistency that can be deeply reassuring at times of ambivalence, loss, or anxiety.

Making friends can be challenging for people of all interests, ages, and personalities. Children sometimes struggle with feeling like they don’t fit in at school or in extracurricular activities. This can prove especially challenging in small communities where children may feel trapped in a small peer group with which they have little in common.

Ending a friendship can be difficult. There’s no widely accepted cultural ritual for doing so, and no mandate that there must be a formal breakup. Some people simply stop talking to their friends, or drift away from them over time.

Because there is no accepted cultural standard for ending a friendship, there’s also no “right” reason to end a friendship. Some people invest lots of time even in friendships that cause a lot of emotional pain. Others are uninterested in friendships that present any challenges at all. Consider ending a friendship when the friendship becomes a barrier to your happiness or in some way undermines your values or self-worth. 

The great thing about friendship is that there is no single way to have or be a friend. So if a friendship is no longer working in its current form, consider changing the friendship rather than ending it. If your best friend isn’t as supportive as you would like, you might share less with them and slowly transition them to an acquaintance, without ending the friendship or removing them from your life.

Exercise to be done regularly for a fit and a happy life. It strengthens our body and helps us to be fit for a long time. Exercise helps in controlling obesity and other unhealthy diseases. It controls our fat in our body and helps in good blood circulation. It is to be done on a regular basis, to lead our life with hale and healthy.

Obesity and being unhealthy is found in almost every third of children aged two to fifteen. So it’s more important to address this major issue and to get people fit and active. Exercise helps in the stimulation muscles development, joints and bones, as well as the lungs and heart. It helps a person maintain a constant healthy weight. Exercise helps young people manage symptoms of depression and anxiety.

A healthy lifestyle demands regular exercise, and it is an integral part of being fit. Study after study has shown us the various benefits it can have. Not only does regular exercise help you reduce your risk of developing diseases and manage your weight, but it can also help prevent and treat mental health problems. Exercise is a great way to unwind from the stresses of life and can boost your wellbeing and mood. No matter what one’s age, everyone gets benefitted from regular exercise. To instil healthy habits that may last a lifetime of children, one makes their kids active from an early age. Being active is a huge benefit for older people and seniors.

Exercise helps in the stimulation muscles development, joints and bones, as well as the lungs and heart. It helps children maintain a constant healthy weight. Daily exercise also provides kids with the opportunity to make friends and interact with other people. Exercise helps young people manage symptoms of depression and anxiety.

A person stays happier, being fit and healthy. A healthy and fit person is less prone to chronic diseases. In any pressure situation, a healthy mind reacts better. The self-confidence of a person is increased. Drastic reduction in risk of heart failure. With the increased immunity power helps the body fight against cancerous cells. The intensity of getting a fracture gets decreased with regular exercise.

Exercise is a great way to unwind from the stresses of life and can boost your wellbeing and mood. Exercise helps in the stimulation muscles development, joints and bones, as well as the lungs and heart. It helps a person maintain a constant healthy weight. Exercise helps young people manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. A person stays happier, being fit and healthy. A healthy and fit person is less prone to chronic diseases. In any pressure situation, a healthy mind reacts better. The self-confidence of a person is increased. Drastic reduction in risk of heart failure. With the increased immunity power helps the body fight against cancerous cells. The intensity of getting a fracture gets decreased with regular exercise.

In early March, India’s health minister Harsh Vardhan declared the country was “in the endgame” of the Covid-19 pandemic. Mr. Harsh Vardhan also lauded Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership as an “example to the world in international co-operation”. From January onwards, India had begun shipping doses to foreign countries as part of its much-vaunted “vaccine diplomacy”.

At the end of February, India’s election authorities announced key elections in five states where 186 million people were eligible to vote for 824 seats. Beginning 27 March, the polls would stretch over a month, and in the case of the state of West Bengal, be held in eight phases. Campaigning had begun in full swing, with no safety protocols and social distancing. In mid-March, the cricket board allowed more than 130,000 fans, mostly unmasked, to watch two international cricket games between India and England at the Narendra Modi stadium in Gujarat.

India was in the grips of a devastating second wave of the virus and cities were facing fresh lockdowns. By mid-April, the country was averaging more than 100,000 cases a day. On Sunday, India recorded more than 270,000 cases and over 1,600 deaths, both new single-day records. If the runway infection was not checked, India could be recording more than 2,300 deaths every day by first week of June.

Meanwhile, almost in a parallel universe, away from the death and despair, the world’s richest cricket tournament was being played behind the closed doors, every evening, and tens of thousands of people were following their leaders to election rallies and attending the festival Kumbha Mela.

India’s second wave was fuelled by people letting their guard down, attending weddings and social gatherings, and by mixed messaging from the government, allowing political rallies and religious gatherings. With infections declining, fewer people were taking the jabs, slowing down the vaccination drive, which had aimed to inoculate 250 million people by the end of July. 

Experts now say that crowing about India’s exceptional in “beating” the epidemic – younger population, native immunity, a largely rural population – and declaring victory on the virus turned out to be cruelly premature. “As is typical in India, official arrogance, hyper-nationalism, populism and an ample dose of bureaucratic incompetence have combined to create a crisis.

Experts say this rapid increase shows that the second wave is spreading much faster across the country. Dr A Fathahudeen, who is part of Kerala state’s COVID taskforce, said the rise was not entirely unexpected given that India let its guard down when daily infections in January fell to fewer than 20,000 from a peak of over 90,000 in September.

Many Indian cities are reporting a chronic shortage of hospital beds. It’s also evident in the desperate cries for help on social media platform.

Knowledge management is how we manage our knowledge. This includes our creativity, skills, leadership and competencies. The management of our knowledge is commonly referred to as knowledge management. In the business world, the definition of knowledge management also includes the maintenance of a knowledge base or portal where specific knowledge related to the company is housed. Only a few initiatives are able to truly transform how an organization operates, and knowledge management is one of them.

Types of knowledge management:

The types include,

• Explicit knowledge management
• Implicit knowledge management
• Tacit knowledge management

Explicit knowledge management: Explicit knowledge means the knowledge which covers topics that are easy to systematically document, and share out at scale: what we think of as structured information. Explicit knowledge includes things like frequently asked questions (FAQs), instructions, raw data and related reports, diagrams, one-sheets.

Implicit knowledge management: Implicit knowledge is what is gained when you learn the best way to something. You can then take that experience and synthesize it with other learned information in order to solve an entirely new problem. This is very much different from the explicit management. Generally implicit knowledge management is been excluded from traditional because it is very much difficult.

Tacit knowledge management: Tacit knowledge is intangible information that can be difficult to explain in a straightforward way, such as things that are often “understood” without necessarily being said, and are often personal or cultural. Tact knowledge is very informal and is applied only for a specific situation. Knowledge which is gained from personal experience and is more difficult to express.

Knowledge life cycle:

There are 4 stages in knowledge life cycle, they include

• Creation
• Mobilization
• Diffusion
• Commoditization

Creation: The first stage in knowledge life cycle is creation. It is about creating the knowledge, how it is going to be applied.  In fact, no one can fully understand the idea or emerging knowledge, even if person creating it. In doing business, the suitable strategy in this early stage is to test the idea on its commercial viability.

Mobilization: It is the improved state of creation, the value of knowledge will be more creative in mobilization stage.  In fact, no one can fully understand the idea or emerging knowledge, even if person creating it. In doing business, the suitable strategy in this early stage is to test the idea on its commercial viability.

Diffusion: Diffusion is the third stage in knowledge life cycle. The organizations will accept the leakage of knowledge, and no longer try to keep the knowledge under wraps. They will spread out the knowledge by selling it to outsiders.

Commoditization: The last stage in knowledge creation life cycle is the commoditization stage. The organizations concentrate on managing knowledge that is already well known. The basic knowledge has been completely diffused. However, there are many opportunities to extract value from current knowledge to generate one in this stage

A leader is a person who resembles as a role model to others. A leader is a person who should work on behalf of the people. He should understand the feeling of his employees and their thinking capacity. He is the person who voices out on their behalf. A person is said to be a leader, only if he satisfies the basic criteria for leadership. A leader is a person who is extraordinary in his work, skills, knowledge and attitude. Leadership helps him and also others to the correct things at the right time.

Leadership means different things to different person around the world, and different things in different situations.

There are different styles of leadership models. They include:

Autocratic leader

Democratic leader

Transactional leader

Transformational leader

Laissez-Faire leader

Autocratic leader: An autocratic leader is a leader who do involve others in his decision. He will not let the employees according to their will ness. He is a person who is very arrogant towards his employees. Autocratic leadership is the inverse of democratic leadership. Employees are neither considered nor consulted prior to a direction, and are expected to adhere to the decision at a time and pace stipulated by the leader.

Democratic leadership: A democratic leadership style is entirely an opposite of autocratic leadership style. A democratic leader always cares for his employees. He always motivate them in doing the work. He always engage them in decision making process. He is a person with friendly nature and makes relationship with others.

Transactional leader: Transactional leader is more or less similar to autocratic leadership style. These managers reward their employees for precisely the work they do. Transactional leadership helps establish roles and responsibilities for each employee, but it can also encourage bare-minimum work if employees know how much their effort is worth all the time.

Transformational leader: Transformational leader is similar to democratic leadership style. This is a highly encouraged form of leadership among growth-minded companies because it motivates employees to see what they’re capable of. But transformational leaders can risk losing sight of everyone’s individual learning. They always listen to their employees in each and every step, they are going to take. They discuss among themselves. A good style of bonding with the leader and employees will occur in this type of leadership.

Laissez-Faire leader: leadership can empower employees by trusting them to work however they would like, it can limit their development and overlook critical company growth opportunities. A good leadership style which could be executed in the organization. Laissez faire leadership is exactly the opposite of autocratic leadership style. This would be similar to democratic style of leadership. The team would be involved in decision making process with the leader. If this type of leadership exists within an organization, the goal of an organization can be easily achieved and the employees would also work hard to reach their goals.

Now-a-days work life balance is very much important for our life. Work life balance is balancing both our life and work. Balancing the work and life is a hectic task for every one of us. Everyone should keep a balance of work and life. Many people always work had, and forget to balance the life. This leads to poor balancing. The balancing should be strong and should create a positive environment among the people around us. Working is not the only vital task in our life, there are many more. All can be practices and achieved only there is a good balance among each other.

Actually the concept of work from home also emerged before COVID-19. But, it became very popular during the COVID. Due to COVID, everyone started to work from home. Many organizations are also allowing the employees to work from home. Now-a-days the people like to continue to work, only from home, because they are very used to work from home during COVID. Especially during work from home, balancing of work life is very vital. Because for the whole day we work in home and do not have time to spend with our family. Due to many distractions, stress etc.

Work-life balance is an important aspect of a healthy work environment. Maintaining work-life balance helps reduce stress and helps prevent burnout in the workplace. Chronic stress is one of the most common health issues in the workplace. It can lead to physical consequences such as hypertension, digestive troubles, chronic aches and pains and heart problems. Chronic stress can also negatively impact mental health because it’s linked to a higher risk of depression, anxiety and insomnia.

When you are considering your work-life balance, planning begins before you look for a job and accept a new position. First, take the time to determine your real-life needs from the broadest perspective. When you plan your work first, it can accordingly be executed. Planning helps in achieving work life balance. For example, you may be surprised to discover that a lower-paying job with proximity to great day care for your children is preferable to another option that takes you an hour away. Work life balance will be achieved easily if the family supports them. The working people should listen to the family what they are about to say. Only if it happens, the family will run smoothly. Otherwise it leads to distractions within the family with arising a lot of problems.

During your interview for a new job, keep your ears open to hear the company’s view on telecommuting, work culture, time flexibility, and so on. All of these aspects of employment will affect your ability to pursue a work-life balance. If they’re not mentioned during the interviews, you’ll want to ask specific questions to assess the workplace’s compatibility with your work-life balance needs.

Deforestation is cutting down trees. The facts of deforestation,

Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth’s land surface, according to the World Wildlife fund. These forested areas can provide food, medicine and fuel for more than a billion people. Worldwide, forests provide 13.4 million people with jobs in the forest sector, and another 41 million people have jobs related to forests. 

Today, most deforestation is happening in the tropics. Areas that were inaccessible in the past are now within reach as new roads are constructed through the dense forests. A 2017 report by scientists at the University of Maryland showed that the tropics lost about 61,000 square miles (158,000 square kilometers) of forest in 2017 — an area the size of Bangladesh.

The World bank estimates that about 3.9 million square miles (10 million square km) of forest have been lost since the beginning of the 20th century. In the past 25 years, forests shrank by 502,000 square miles (1.3 million square km) — an area bigger than the size of South Africa. In 2018, The guardian report that every second, a chunk of forest equivalent to the size of a soccer field is lost.

Often, deforestation occurs when forested area is cut and cleared to make way for agriculture or grazing. Reports that just four commodities are responsible for tropical deforestation: beef, soy, palm oil and wood products. UCS estimates that an area the size of Switzerland (14,800 square miles, or 38,300 square km) is lost to deforestation every year. 

Natural fires in tropical forests tend to be rare but intense. Human-lit fires are commonly used to clear land for agricultural use. First, valuable timber is harvested, then the remaining vegetation is burned to make way for crops like soy or cattle grazing. In 2019, the number of human-lit fires in Brazil skyrocketed. As of August 2019, more than 80,000 fires burned in the Amazon, an increase of almost 80% from 2018. 

Many forests are cleared to make way for palm oil plantations. Palm oil is the most commonly produced vegetable oil. It’s cheap, versatile and can be added to both food and personal products like lipsticks and shampoo. Its popularity has spurred people to clear tropical forests to grow more palm trees. Growing the trees that produce the oil requires the levelling of native forest and the destruction of local lands — on the ecosystem. According to a research report, the global palm oil market was valued at $65.73 billion in 2015 and is expected to reach $92.84 billion in 2021. 

Forests can be found from the tropics to high-latitude areas. They are home to 80% of terrestrial biodiversity, containing a wide array of trees, plants, animals and microbes, according to The World Bank, an international financial institution. Some places are especially diverse — the tropical forests of New Guinea, for example, contain more than 6% of the world’s species of plants and animals. 

Women empowerment means empowering the women. The empowerment should be done to uplift the women. In Western Countries, female empowerment is often associated with specific phases of women’s rights movement in history. This movement tends to be split into three waves, the first beginning in the 19^th and early 20^th century, where suffrage was a key feature. The second wave of the 1960s included the sexual revolution and the role of women in society. Third wave feminism is often seen as beginning in the 1990s. Women’s empowerment and promoting women’s rights have emerged as a part of a major global movement and is continuing to break new ground in recent years. Days like International Women’s Empowerment Day are also gaining momentum. But despite a great deal of progress, women and girls continue to face discrimination and violence in every part of the World.

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. There has been development over the last decades: More girls are going to school, fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality.

Principle of Women Empowerment:

1. Create high-level corporate leadership for gender equality.
2. Treat all people fairly at work, respecting and supporting non-discrimination and human rights.
3. Androgynous management should be followed.
4. The employees should not be judged by their gender, they should be judged by their skills and knowledge.
5. Ensure the health, wellbeing and safety of all workers.
6. Promote education, training and development for women.
7. Career development programmes should be organised and open the doors for women in all fields.
8. Implement supply chain, marketing practices and enterprise development that empower women.
9. Champion equality through community initiatives and advocacy
10. Measure and report publicly on progress to create gender equality.

National policy for the empowerment of Women (2001)

Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of women to enable them to realize their full potential

(ii) The de-jure and de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal basis with men in all spheres – political, economic, social, cultural and civil

(iii) Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic life of the nation

(iv) Equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security and public office etc.

(v) Strengthening legal systems aimed at elimination of all forms of discrimination against women

(vi) Changing societal attitudes and community practices by active participation and involvement of both men and women.

(vii) Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process.

(viii) Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and the girl child; and

(ix) Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s organizations.

Yoga is a form of exercise that originated in Ancient India. Many people have practiced it for thousands of years. The act of yoga consists of many poses known as “Asana” that have different physical benefits. It is said that if a person practices yoga, he (or) she will become healthier. Yoga was introduced from subcontinent India by the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism, those who performed it were called yogis. The one who teaches yoga is called yogi, a yogi is revered and respected by its followers. Most importantly it is an exercise which people belonging to all religions can perform. Yoga has become very famous throughout the world, every year 21st June is celebrated international yoga day all around the globe. Therefore, many countries have adopted yoga as a form of exercise. Yoga will definitely help in keeping our body hale and healthy.

Yoga is a science which deals in practices of balancing mind, body and soul. Actually, Yoga means Union, union with the Divine. It helps in healing mind, body and finally soul by providing relaxation, positive thinking and harmony. The practice entails low-impact physical activity, postures, breathing techniques, relaxation, and meditation.

Yoga plays an important role in human life. People of all ages, sick people as well perform yoga to enjoy a fit and healthy life. But, sick people must take an expert consultation before performing exercises. Because, without consulting the doctor (or) an expert, if a sick person does the yoga, they the pain of the sick person may increases depending upon the body condition. People who perform yoga must follow a routine for exercise, rest and diet. Because yoga possess different postures, and to do that we should take a good intake.

Benefits of Yoga:

• Yoga allows clearing mind and reaching a more peaceful life approach;
• It creates a connection between body and mind bringing a needed harmony;
• Yoga reduces stress, various fears, and mental disorders;
• It connects a person with nature
• Helps in keeping ourselves hale and healthy
• Helps in relaxation and self confidence
• It balances mind, body and soul.

Western countries have readily adopted yoga for the innumerable health benefits it has to offer. There are thousands of yoga schools in the USA alone that teach the art of yoga. While yoga can be practiced by anyone at home, the complicated postures need some practice. The deeply rooted spiritualism in yoga is because when our minds and bodies are in complete harmony, we attain a sense of divine peace that might be called ‘moksha’ in Sanskrit. The aim of yoga is to connect us to ourselves by eliminating any negative energy in our bodies. It is advised that we must sit on the ground while performing yoga as that would transfer the negative energy to the ground.

Yoga is very helpful for each and every individual. Any age people can do Yoga, but may vary upon their body condition. By doing yoga every day, the day becomes brighter and brighter,

Performance appraisal is the appraisal which is given to every employee in an organisation for their incredible performance. Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development.

Objectives of Performance Appraisal

Performance Appraisal can be done with following objectives in mind:

1. To maintain records in order to determine compensation packages, wage structure, salaries raises, incentives etc.
2. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of employees to place right men on right job.
3. To maintain and assess the potential skill possessed by a person for further growth and development.
4. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status.
5. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status.
6. It serves as a basis for influencing working habits of the employees.
7. To give them a motivating factor
8. To gain them a sort of self-confidence and deterministic employee.
9. To review and retain the promotional and other training programmes.

Performance Appraisal tools:

1. Ranking
2. Paired Comparison
3. Forced Distribution
4. Checklist
5. Critical Incident
6. BARS
7. MBO
8. Performance Test
9. Report

Employees stress is a growing concern for organizations today. Stress can be defined as a lively circumstance in which people face constraints, opportunities, or loss of something they desire and for which the consequence is both unpredictable as well as crucial. Stress is the response of people to the unreasonable/excessive pressure or demands placed on them.

Symptoms of Stress

Some of the symptoms of stress at workplace are as follows-

• Absenteeism, escaping from work responsibilities, arriving late, leaving early, etc.
• Deterioration in work performance, more of error prone work, short term memory loss, etc.
• Cribbing, arguing, getting irritated, anxiety, etc.
• Deteriorating health, more of accidents, etc.
• Medical leave, suggestions, grievances.
• Improper eating habits (over-eating or under-eating), excessive smoking and drinking, sleeplessness, etc.
• Lack of sleep, Lack of food.

Training Methods:

On the job training: The training to the employees, may be in the form of on the job training. It requires field training for some jobs like, machine handling etc.

Classroom Training: This means that, the training is done in classroom with the presentation mode, where the employees would be trained accordingly.

Seminars/Conferences – Seminars and conferences are effective when training needs to be given to a larger audience. Relevant information, latest developments, new technologies and case studies are discussed on a common platform to acquaint employees with new skill sets.

Simulation Exercise – Simulation exercises train the employees in an artificial environment which closely resembles the employee’s actual working conditions.

360 degree feedback is also known as multi-rater feedback or multi-dimensional feedback or multi-source feedback. It is a very good means of improving an individual’s effectiveness (as a leader and as a manager). It is a system by which an individual gets a comprehensive/collective feedback from his superiors, subordinates, peers/co-workers, customers and various other members with whom he interacts.

Recruitment means pooling of candidates for the process of selection. The recruitment process will vary depending on things like the size of your organisation and the number of roles you’re trying to fill. But at the most basic level, your recruitment process should include the following 7 steps. These steps include:

1. Form a selection committee

First, you’ll need to decide who will be making the hiring decisions. This group of people will be your “selection committee”. If the organization is small (or) a start-up, there would be only 1 person, if it is medium, then there will be 2 persons. If it is a big organization, then there would be more than 4 persons.

2. Create a job description

• Job title
• Department
• Who the role reports to
• Responsibilities and expectations
• Goals and objectives
• Opportunity for progression and promotion
• Required qualifications, education and training
• Soft skills and desirable traits
• Location and travel requirements
• Company culture and identity

3. Post your job

Your company website: If you don’t have a careers page, you might want to contemplate making one. 

Social media: Post your vacancy details to social media platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn. LinkedIn is particularly good for this, as it is often used by people who are thinking about their next career move.

Classified ad boards: Although not dedicated to careers, many classified ad boards – both online and in print – include “job” categories where you can advertise your vacancy.

LinkedIn: Now-a-days LinkedIn has become more vital. Many connections can be made easily by a single step on a click. LinkedIn also provides many opportunities for both the recruiters and the candidate who are searching for the jobs. It also provide many placement opportunities for the students.

4. Create shortlists and arrange interviews:

By now, you should have plenty of CVs waiting on your desk. Now it’s time for you and your selection committee to review applications, create a shortlist, and invite candidates for an interview by checking the Resume. To create your shortlist, you should give each applicant a score. This score should be based on how well they meet the criteria you set out in your job description. Candidates who do not meet criteria crucial to the role should obviously be removed from the equation.

5. Conduct interviews and score

You should think about the questions you are going to ask in advance. Last minute scrambling could lead to a poor interview that doesn’t give you the information you need, and it could make you look like a bad employer. Interview plays a vital role in selection of the candidates.

6. Check reference:

You should check your preferred selection’s references and qualifications before you contact them. This could save you from some very awkward situations. The references should be correct and right to your knowledge.

7. Send a offer letter:

You’re nearly done now. After completing the process of selection, a formal offer letter should be sent to the selected candidates. The offer letter would contain the name, the post applied, joining date, name of the organization, date. For the unselected candidates also, a formal message should be sent.

Hard work is the work which takes more time and complex in doing the task. But in opposite, Smart work takes a smaller time compared to Hard work, and the work can be completed with smart work and efficient. Hard Work we can complete a task successfully, but in order to gain name and fame among people and get recognition Smart Work matters a lot. Smart Workers prioritize their tasks, complete the most important ones first and the rest later. This makes their job easy since they can act towards a solution depending on the priority. Smart Work lets you understand the time consume even before performing the task. With a plan on what needs to be done, Smart Workers reach the success pole soon. In a sense, working hard in a smart way will lead to success in any task assigned to us.

To achieve anything in life, one has to commit to continuous hard work, which will lead one to the summit of achievement. There is no shortcut to success, only one’s persistent efforts can turn our goals into reality.

Smart work is the fruit of hard work. And to master the qualities of smart work, one needs to work really hard work focuses on what kind of method should be used to achieve the result, hard work entirely focuses only on the end result. If the drive is considered as the heart of your hard work, then the plan is considered as the skeleton of your work.

Hard work without a definite strategy is always considered as a futile attempt and is simply a wastage of time and resources. For most of the successful people, they have put in a considerate amount of hard work so as to achieve their goals. For most of the successful people, they have put in a considerate amount of hard work so as to achieve their goals.

Advantages of Smart work

• It teaches time management skills.
• Because of smart work, we now have more free time. For example, modern transport systems reduced effort and time in moving to another place.
• Smart work improves productivity.
• Smart work is time efficient

Advantages of Hard work

• Hard work teaches us patience and discipline.
• The result of hard work will be more appealing to us because we put a lot of effort into achieving it.
• Everyone will choose hardworking persons to work under them.
• Hard work always paves a way for success

Without Hard work, smart work cannot be succeeded, and without smart work, hard work cannot be succeeded. So to attain a good position, both hard work and Smart work both are important for the success.

In today’s context health is very much important, especially during the lockdown period due to COVID-19. Health and fitness plays a vital role. Health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely physical wellbeing. Health and fitness go hand in hand. Health is very important aspect of fitness.  We have to stay healthy; we have to keep fit. We must concentrate on our fitness if we have to maintain our health. Health is wealth, and we must take care of ourselves. Being healthy does not merely refer to exercising regularly; it is a much vaster concept. We should be conscious about our health now, especially now-a-days.

To concentrate on ways to be fit, we must understand the reasons for which fitness is required. Our lifestyle has changed by and large, and we are more accustomed to eating out. Meals cooked at home are healthier, but our work takes us to different places, and we cannot expect home-cooked meals.

To make up for our lack of eating healthy, we must take proper care of ourselves by exercising regularly. Exercise does not, however, mean that we have to spend our whole day in the gym or we have to give up eating our favourite food.

Obesity has resulted in more health issue and problems. According, to the data the obesity rate has risen all over the years. There are four primary components of fitness, cardio-respiratory capacity, muscular capacity, flexibility, and body composition. Cardio-respiratory helps is intake of oxygen supply. Flexibility helps us in doing yoga and exercises. Muscular capacity helps the muscles to stretch and strengthen. The composition value to be maintained correctly. Increase (or) decrease may result in various health problems.

By enduring daily physical activities, you are not only improving the state and condition of your body, but your state of mind as well. This can benefit your mental state of mind by improving your confidence, and make you feel overall better about yourself and your looks. It is vital to eat our food at proper times. Dieticians suggest us to eat small quantities of food at multiple times. This helps in proper digestion and assimilation of food. We should intake sufficient green, leafy vegetables and a lot of water. Water regulates our body processes and facilitates overall functioning. Food intake plays a vital role in maintaining our body healthy. Food intake have many advantages to keep our Health fit. And also drinking a lot of water will also help in fitness and keeps our body hale and healthy. We must maintain our health and fitness simultaneously. We have busy schedules, but maintaining our health is very much important, and many of us do not find time to exercise. Thus, we must find alternative ways of applying. Walking a certain distance, using stairs instead of elevators and lifts, and maintaining a proper sleep schedule are some ways of staying fit. Sleep is crucial for a healthy and productive life. An individual must sleep for an average duration of eight hours per day

Presently Coronavirus has created a massive change in every human being. A new type of work culture is been adopted. A drastic change in a human being has started emerging. This Coronavirus has impacted all over the world. This situation is very critical to overcome for each and every individual in the Country. It has affect the ages of child, teenage, adult and even elderly people.

COVID-19 (Coronavirus) has affected day to day life and is slowing down the global economy. This pandemic has affected thousands of peoples, who are either sick or are being killed due to the spread of this disease. The most common symptoms of this viral infection are fever, cold, cough, bone pain and breathing problems, and ultimately leading to pneumonia. This, being a new viral disease affecting humans for the first time, vaccines are not yet available. Thus, the emphasis is on taking extensive precautions such as extensive hygiene protocol (e.g., regularly washing of hands, avoidance of face to face interaction etc.) social distancing, and wearing of masks, and so on. This virus is spreading exponentially region wise. Countries are banning gatherings of people to the spread and break the exponential curve. Many countries are locking their population and enforcing strict quarantine to control the spread of the havoc of this highly communicable disease.

Presently the impacts of COVID-19 in daily life are extensive and have far reaching consequences. These can be divided into various categories:

Healthcare

1. Challenges in the diagnosis, quarantine and treatment of suspected or confirmed cases                              
2. High burden of the functioning of the existing medical system                   
3. Patients with other disease and health problems are getting neglected everywhere       
4. Overload on doctors and other healthcare professionals, who are at a very high risk                        
5. Overloading of medical shops with medicines                                                                                                                
6. Requirement for high protection for the people                                                                                         
7. Destruction of medical supply chain

Economic                                                                                                                                        

1. Slowing of the manufacturing of essential                                                                                      
2. Disrupt the supply chain of products                                                                                                 
3. Losses in national and international business                                                                                       
4. Poor cash flow in the market                                                                                                       
5. Significant slowing down in the revenue growth

Social

1. Service sector is not being able to provide their proper service                                                        
2. Cancellation or postponement of large-scale sports and tournaments                                                            
3. Avoiding the national and international travelling and cancellation of services                       
4. Disruption of celebration of cultural, religious and festive events                                                    
5. Undue stress among the population                                                                                    
6. Postponement of examinations

Marketing is done digitally now-a-days. This is done with the help of digital marketing only. In the times of COVID-19, digital marketing paved a way and have gained more attraction. Marketing is an important factor for any type of business to be in the market. Marketing through digitally is a very much easier way to show or to deliver their products to the customers. Marketing digitally requires knowledge, skills and attitude to learn new things.

Digital marketing have become an intrinsic part in today’s life. Right from personal use to professional use. India is the 2^nd largest country in the usage of Internet users. Digital marketing has paved the way for the customers to buy online in variety of products by sitting on their home. It is also time efficient and time saving too. They can also refer the products and they can buy on their choice. Digital media is an ever grown source of entertainment, news, shopping and social interaction and customers are now exposed not just to what your company says about your brand, but what the media, friends and relatives say.

It also helps is maintaining a complex relationship with the customers all over the word. They can also interact with the customers to maintain a good relationship and know about their likes and dislikes, tastes and preference. It helps the business to change the products according to the customer’s needs. Search Engine Optimization is a process that aims at expanding online visibility in organic results on search engines. The higher your business ranks on search engine results page (SERP), the more amount of traffic gets directed to a website. Also, the chances of converting a passive visitor into an active customer also increases. By optimizing your blog or a website with the help of SEO techniques, you can easily get it ranked on the top results on SERP.

Social media plays a significant role in the promotion of products and services of a company. It is one of the marketing ways that gives you enhanced exposure and provides you an opportunity to connect to a wide range of audience in an intimate way. By interacting with customers on social media, your business gains important insights and feedback that helps you to enhance your customer service, service and products

The cost of marketing your product and services using traditional marketing methods such as newspaper, pamphlets, television etc. are costlier as compared to online advertising. So, if you are looking for a cost-effective means to promote your products or services, then digital marketing would be the best option.

At low expense, you can cover a wider segment of pollution that is not possible with any other marketing mediums. In just a few dollars, you can easily subscribe your business to an email advertising provider firm and send direct or transactional emails to hundreds of customers present on the mailing list.

• The COVID-19 has resulted in schools shut all across the world. Globally, over 1.2 billion children are out of the classroom.
• As a result, education has changed dramatically, with the distinctive rise of e-learning, whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms.
• Research suggests that online learning has been shown to increase retention of information, and take less time, meaning the changes coronavirus have caused might be here to stay.

With this sudden shift away from the classroom in many parts of the globe, some are wondering whether the adoption of online learning will continue to persist post-pandemic, and how such a shift would impact the worldwide education market.

Even before COVID-19, there was already high growth and adoption in education technology, with global edtech platform investments reach more billion2019 and the overall market for online education projected to reach the unexpected result. Whether it may be conferencing, meeting, classes there has been a significant surge in usage since COVID-19.

Online classroom, meanwhile, has been used extensively since mid-February after the Chinese government instructed a online full-time students to resume their studies through online platforms. This resulted in the largest “online movement” in the history of education with approximately 81% of K-12 students, attending classes via K-12 Online School in Wuhan.

Other companies are bolstering capabilities to provide a one-stop shop for teachers and students. For example a Singapore-based collaboration suite initially developed by ByteDance as an internal tool to meet its own exponential growth, began offering teachers and students unlimited video conferencing time, auto-translation capabilities, real-time co-editing of project work, and smart calendar scheduling, amongst other features. To do so quickly and in a time of crisis, Lark ramped up its global server infrastructure and engineering capabilities to ensure reliable connectivity.

Some school districts are forming unique partnerships, to offer local educational broadcasts, with separate channels focused on different ages, and a range of digital options. Media organizations such as the BBC are also powering virtual learning; Bitesize Daily, launched on 20 April, is offering 14 weeks of curriculum-based learning for kids across the UK with celebrities like Manchester City footballer Sergio Aguero teaching some of the content.

There have already been successful transitions amongst many universities. For example, they managed to get more than 5,000 courses online just two weeks into the transition using “DingTalk ZJU”. The Imperial College London started offering a course on the science of coronavirus, which is now the most enrolled class launched in 2020 on Coursera.

Machine learning is doing analysis using machine. Data is the most important part of all Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence. Without data, we can’t train any model and all modern research and automation will go vain. Big Enterprises are spending lots of money just to gather as much certain data as possible.  Machine learning algorithms have been around for a long time, the ability to automatically apply complex mathematical calculations to big data – over and over, faster and faster – is a recent development.

DATA : It can be any unprocessed fact, value, text, sound or picture that is not being interpreted and analyzed. Data is the most important part of all Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence. Without data, we can’t train any model and all modern research and automation will go vain. Big Enterprises are spending lots of money just to gather as much certain data as possible.

INFORMATION : Data that has been interpreted and manipulated and has now some meaningful inference for the users.

KNOWLEDGE : Combination of inferred information, experiences, learning and insights. Results in awareness or concept building for an individual or organization.

How we split data in Machine Learning?

• Training Data: The part of data we use to train our model. This is the data which your model actually sees and learn from.
• Validation Data: The part of data which is used to do a frequent evaluation of model, fit on training dataset along with improving involved hyper parameters (initially set parameters before the model begins learning). This data plays it’s part when the model is actually training.
• Testing Data: Once our model is completely trained, testing data provides the unbiased evaluation. When we feed in the inputs of testing data, our model will predict some values (without seeing actual output). After prediction, we evaluate our model by comparing it with actual output present in the testing data. This is how we evaluate and see how much our model has learned from the experiences feed in as training data, set at the time of training.

Properties of Data –

1. Volume : Scale of Data. With growing world population and technology at exposure, huge data is being generated each and every millisecond.
2. Variety : Different forms of data – healthcare, images, videos, audio clippings.
3. Velocity : Rate of data streaming and generation.
4. Value : Meaningfulness of data in terms of information which researchers can infer from it.
5. Veracity : Certainty and correctness in data we are working on.

Problem solving refers to how effectively we are able to solve our problem more quickly and efficiently. There are many different strategies that good problem solvers use to solve a problem. Before using a strategy, you must remember a few things. First, take your own time to understand the problem. Few good problem solvers solve problems fast and some may be slow, but they are correct in their problem solving approach. Second, don’t give up. You will never solve a problem if you don’t try. Last, be flexible. If in a first try, if you don’t succeed, try another way. And if the second way doesn’t work, try a third way.

Here are a few steps to solving a problem that you should follow. First, read the problem very carefully. Try to understand every word and make sure you know what the problem is asking. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look it up in a dictionary and get to know about the word. Second, Trial and error is a problem solving strategy that everybody uses at one time or another. In trial and error, you try an answer. If the answer is an error, you try something else. You keep trying until you get the correct answer. This is a good strategy to use if the problem only has a few possible answers.

     Another good problem solving strategy is to make a table. Another problem solving strategies is to use a special case. A special case is an instance of a pattern used for some definite purpose. Special cases help to test whether a property or generalization is true. The only thing wrong with this strategy is that even if several special cases of a pattern are true, the pattern may not always be true times it helps a lot to make one. A table is just an arrangement of rows with columns.

It’s important that you are able to recognise the common synonyms, words and phrases used in problem solution questions. Here are the key words and their synonyms used in the questions above.

• Problem – issues, resulting, situation
• Cause – reasons, why
• Solution – deal with, addressed, tackled, remedied, improved, measures taken, solved, prevent

Problem refers to the situation as how did the problem arise. What chances has happened for the problem to  has occured. Cause refers to why did the problem arise. What events caused the problem to be arise. Solution refers to how affectively we are solving the problem. The strategies adopted by us in solving the issue or problem.

Emotional intelligence is the capability and the ability to understand and manage your own emotions in a positive manner. Emotional intelligence is how we understand our emotions. It is a positive way to release stress and communicate effectively. It helps to make relations stronger. It is as important as intellectual ability. It helps to connect with feelings and turns intentions into actions. It is a helping hand in achieving personal goals.

Emotional intelligence is one of the essential components of leadership and an inbuilt ability of an individual to perceive the emotions and feelings of other people. It is also known as emotional quotient or EQ. It is defined as the capability of individuals to identify their own emotions. To discern between different feelings and to use the appropriate emotional guide to label each feeling and emotion in the correct way forms a part of emotional intelligence.

Empathy is an emotion that is somewhat related to emotional intelligence because it relates to an individual who connects their personal experiences with those of others. Emotional intelligence is commonly divided into four attributes which include self attributes in which a person can control his impulsive feelings and behaviour and manage his or her emotions in healthy ways. The second attribute is self-awareness, where the person gets to recognize his emotions and the thoughts that affect his behavior.

The third attribute of emotional intelligence is social awareness. The person has empathy and can understand emotions, needs and concerns of other people. The person who has empathy can pick up on emotional and is able to recognize the power of dynamics in a group. The last attribute is the aspect of relationship management. If you are able to handle with your emotional intelligence, our relationship with others would be in a good way. This attribute helps to develop and maintain good relationships and to communicate early and manage a conflict.

High emotional intelligence helps to navigate the social complexities of the workplace or place of education and helps to motivate others and excel in a career too. Emotional intelligence helps to managing our emotions in a correct way. If the emotions are not handled properly, then the stress will not be handled ideally. Being in proper tune with emotions, a social purpose can be served. It helps to connecting with the people all around the world quickly and easily

The skills that make up emotional intelligence can be learned at any time. There lies a difference between learning emotional intelligence and applying it in your daily life activities. In order to permanently change behaviour to stand up to pressure, one needs to learn how to overcome stress to be emotionally aware.

Self-awareness is an essential feature of emotional intelligence. It helps an individual to know their own strengths and use them wisely. In today’s scenario, emotional intelligence is one of the most significant aspects to reach the goal and succeed in life. Emotional intelligence leads to general happiness. Emotional intelligence is an important aspects in today’s life for each and every individual.

High emotional intelligence helps to deal with low self-esteem and helps a person to upgrade his life and have a better living scenario

Robots are taking over the world. OK, not really. Not yet. But they are becoming increasingly prevalent in almost every industry, from healthcare and manufacturing to defense and education.

Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that substitute for (or replicate) human actions. Pop culture has always been fascinated with robots. R2-D2. Optimus Prime. WALL-E. These over-exaggerated, humanoid concepts of robots usually seem like a caricature of the real thing…or are they more forward thinking than we realize? Robots are gaining intellectual and mechanical capabilities that don’t put the possibility of a R2-D2-like machine out of reach in the future.

As technology progresses, so too does the scope of what is considered robotics. These robots consist mainly of mechanical arms tasked with welding or screwing on certain parts of a car.

While the overall world of robotics is expanding, a robot has some consistent characteristics:

1. Robots all consist of some sort of mechanical construction. The mechanical aspect of a robot helps it complete tasks in the environment for which it’s designed.
2. Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Essentially, an electric current (a battery, for example) is needed to power a large majority of robots.
3. Robots contain at least some level of computer programming. Without a set of code telling it what to do, a robot would just be another piece of simple machinery. Inserting a program into a robot gives it the ability to know when and how to carry out a task.
4. They’ll also continue to be a main focal point in smart factories, where they’ll take on more difficult challenges and help to secure global supply chains.

Though relatively young, the robotics industry is filled with an admirable promise of progress that science fiction could once only dream about. From the deepest depths of our oceans to thousands of miles in outer space, robots will be found performing tasks that humans couldn’t dream of achieving alone.

Digital payments are the payments which are made digitally. The payments which are done in digital form are known as digital payments. Now-a-days digital payments are made useful by almost everyone. The payments made digitally saves time of the people. The digital payments are made simple for the people. The usage is also very simple and easy. Government of India has started adopting digital payments in implementation of Bhim UPI and many more projects, digital payments are considered to be modern age technology saviors.

The Government of India has been taking several measures to promote and encourage digital payments in the country. To put it in, simple words, a digital payment occurs when goods or services are purchased through the use of various electronic measures. Digital payment is the payment which is made digitally which the help of technology. There is no use of cash or cheques in this type of payment method, a cashless economy wherein all transactions are carried out using different types of payment method and does not involve the physical use of money for the purchase of various goods and services. As part of ‘Digital India’ campaign, the government aims to create a ‘digitally empowered’ economy that is paperless, cashless.

Please note that digital payments can take place on the internet as well as on physical premises. For example, if you buy something from Amazon and pay for it via UPI, it qualifies as a digital payment. Similarly, if you purchase something from your local Kirana store and choose to pay via UPI instead of handing over cash, that also is a digital payment.

What are the different methods of digital payments?

After the launch of Cashless India, we currently have ten methods of digital payment available in India. Some methods have been in use for more than a decade, some have become recently popular, and others are relatively new. 

1. Banking Cards

Indians widely use Banking cards, or debit/credit cards, or prepaid cards, as an alternative to cash payments. Andhra Bank launched the first credit card in India in 1981.

Cards are preferred because of multiple reasons, including, but not limited to, convenience, portability, safety, and security. This is the only mode of digital payment that is popular in online transactions and physical transactions alike. Nowadays, many apps are being launched with the sole purpose of managing card transactions like Cred, Square, etc.

2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)

USSD was launched for those sections of India’s population which don’t have access to proper banking and internet facilities. Under USSD, mobile banking transactions are possible without an internet connection by simply dialing *99# on any essential feature phone.

This number is operational across all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) and allows customers to avail of services including interbank account to account fund transfer, balance inquiry, and availing mini statements. Around 51 leading banks offer USSD service in 12 different languages, including Hindi & English.

3: Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)

AEPS is a bank-led model for digital payments that was initiated to leverage the presence and reach of Aadhar. Under this system, customers can use their Aadhar-linked accounts to transfer money between two Aadhar linked Bank Accounts. As of February 2020, AEPS had crossed more than 205 million as per NPCI data.

Artificial Intelligence is commonly known as AI. If a machine, thinks like a human beings and works accordingly, then it is known as Artificial Intelligence. Some tasks that human intelligence is capable like learning, analyzing, problem-solving, etc. when done by machines is a noteworthy example of AI. All in all, the simulation of some human intelligence skills by machines is called Artificial Intelligence.

With the continuous development in science and technology, it is hard to estimate how far and what else we will be able to establish. According to experts, the future of the world seems to be dominated by Artificial Intelligence. And the time is assumed to be not far when almost every aspect of our life involves AI assistance in some way or the other.

The ability of a computer system or a machine to operate and process information like a human being is called Artificial Intelligence or simply AI. It can learn, analyse, copy, and adapt to new information and perform without much external optimization. With the help of a machine doing things like human, the chances of getting error is fairly reduced.

Experts believe that AI in future will be able to make human life much easier by providing a solution to almost all challenges. Humans will also be made aware of potential threats from beforehand by Artificial Intelligence use. One of the fastest-growing fields of technology and invention is that of AI.

AI has established its position in several marketing activities. And the automation of marketing processes has increased the demand for AI implementation in the industry recently as well. AI has also brought opportunities to marketers to expand their business and provided user interface insight.

Artificial Intelligence helps many organisation or the business to improve their business more vital. Many business are operating only with the help of Artificial Intelligence. The machine doing the similar things which are done by a human beings in all the ways.

Artificial Intelligence can be categorized into four categories, and this categorization was brought up by Arend Hintze.

1. The first types of AI are those machines which can react to certain situations, but these machines don’t have any sort of memory and hence cannot learn or use past experience. Computer chess games are a simple example of this first type of AI.
2. The second types of AI are those machines which are capable of using past memory to form future ones. An excellent example of this second type of AI is self-driving cars.
3. The third type of AI at present only exists in theory, and as per the imagination, it will be able to have humane emotions like beliefs, desires, opinions, intentions, etc.

The most sophisticated form of AI if ever comes to exist would be this fourth type of AI. This fourth type of AI machine will be able to have a sense of self-awareness, emotions

1. Ensuring Universal Access at all levels of school education: NEP 2020 emphasizes on ensuring universal access to school education at all levels- preschool to secondary. 

Infrastructure support, innovative education centers to bring back dropouts into the mainstream, tracking of students and their learning levels, facilitating multiple pathways to learning involving both formal and non-formal education modes, an association of counselors or well-trained social workers with schools, open learning for classes 3,5 and 8 through NIOS and State Open Schools, secondary education programs equivalent to Grades 10 and 12, vocational courses, adult literacy, and life-enrichment programs are some of the proposed ways for achieving this. 

About 2 crore out of school children will be brought back into main stream under NEP 2020.

2. Early Childhood Care,  Education with new Curricular and Pedagogical Structure: With emphasis on Early Childhood Care and Education, the 10+2 structure of school curricula is to be replaced by a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively.

This will bring the hitherto uncovered age group of 3-6 years under school curriculum, which has been recognized globally as the crucial stage for development of mental faculties of a child. The new system will have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre schooling.

NCERT will develop a National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Care and Education (NCPFECCE) for children up to the age of 8. 

ECCE will be delivered through a significantly expanded and strengthened system of institutions including Anganwadis and pre-schools that will have teachers and Anganwadi workers trained in the ECCE pedagogy and curriculum. The planning and implementation of ECCE will be carried out jointly by the Ministries of HRD, Women and Child Development (WCD), Health and Family Welfare (HFW), and Tribal Affairs.

3. Attaining Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: Recognizing Foundational Literacy and Numeracy as an urgent and necessary prerequisite to learning, NEP 2020 calls for setting up of a  National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy by MHRD.

States will prepare an implementation plan for attaining universal foundational literacy and numeracy in all primary schools for all learners by grade 3 by 2025.A National Book Promotion Policy is to be formulated.

4. Reforms in school curricula and pedagogy: The school curricula and pedagogy will aim for holistic development of learners by equipping them with the key 21st century skills, reduction in curricular content to enhance essential learning and critical thinking and greater focus on experiential learning. Students will have increased flexibility and choice of subjects. 

There will be no rigid separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra-curricular activities, between vocational and academic streams.

Vocational education will start in schools from the 6th grade, and will include internships.

A new and comprehensive National Curricular Framework for School Education, NCFSE 2020-21, will be developed by the NCERT.

5. Multilingualism and the power of language: The policy has emphasized mother tongue/local language/regional language as the medium of instruction at least till Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond. 

Sanskrit to be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an option for students, including in the three-language formula. Other classical languages and literatures of India also to be available as options. 

No language will be imposed on any student. Students to participate in a fun project/activity on ‘The Languages of India’, sometime in Grades 6-8, such as, under the ‘Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat’ initiative. Several foreign languages will also be offered at the secondary level.

Indian Sign Language (ISL) will be standardized across the country, and National and State curriculum materials developed, for use by students with hearing impairment.

6. Assessment Reforms: NEP 2020 envisages a shift from summative assessment to regular and formative assessment, which is more competency-based, promotes learning and development, and tests higher-order skills, such as analysis, critical thinking, and conceptual clarity. 

All students will take school examinations in grades 3, 5, and 8 which will be conducted by the appropriate authority. Board exams for Grades 10 and 12 will be continued, but redesigned with holistic development as the aim.  A new National Assessment Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development),  will be set up as a standard-setting body.

7. Equitable and Inclusive Education: NEP 2020 aims to ensure that no child loses any opportunity to learn and excel because of the circumstances of birth or background. 

Special emphasis will be given on Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Groups(SEDGs) which include gender, socio-cultural, and geographical identities and disabilities. This includes setting up of   Gender Inclusion Fund and also Special Education Zones for disadvantaged regions and groups. 

Children with disabilities will be enabled to fully participate in the regular schooling process from the foundational stage to higher education, with support of educators with cross disability training, resource centers, accommodations, assistive devices, appropriate technology-based tools and other support mechanisms tailored to suit their needs. 

Every state/district will be encouraged to establish “Bal Bhavans” as a special daytime boarding school, to participate in art-related, career-related, and play-related activities. Free school infrastructure can be used as Samajik Chetna Kendras

8. Robust Teacher Recruitment and Career Path: Teachers will be recruited through robust, transparent processes. Promotions will be merit-based, with a mechanism for multi-source periodic performance appraisals and available progression paths to become educational administrators or teacher educators. 

A common National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST) will be developed by the National Council for Teacher Education by 2022, in consultation with NCERT, SCERTs, teachers and expert organizations from across levels and regions.

9. School Governance: Schools can be organized into complexes or clusters which will be the basic unit of governance and ensure availability of all resources including infrastructure, academic libraries and a strong professional teacher community.

10. Standard-setting and Accreditation for School Education: NEP 2020 envisages clear, separate systems for policy making, regulation, operations and academic matters. States/UTs will set up independent State School Standards Authority (SSSA). 
Transparent public self-disclosure of all the basic regulatory information, as laid down by the SSSA, will be used extensively for public oversight and accountability. 

The SCERT will develop a School Quality Assessment and Accreditation Framework (SQAAF) through consultations with all stakeholders.

Time management is the process of planning and controlling how much time to spend on specific activities. Time management is about managing our time effectively and efficiently. Good time management enables an individual to complete more in a shorter period of time. Time management is very important for an individual in each and every part of their life. It may be for children, elderly or grown-ups. In each stage of life time is an essential element which needs to be followed.

Benefits of Time Management

The ability to manage your time effectively and efficiently is very important in one’s life. Good time management leads to improved efficiency and fetches more productivity, less stress, and leads to more success in life. The benefits of time management are;

1. Stress relief

If were are managing our time correctly, we would be able to complete our task on the given time. If the task is completed on the given time, we would get an appreciation. If we get appreciation, we will be motivated. If we get motivated, we would work more for the organization and help in achieving the goal (or) the objective of an organization easily.

      2. More time

Good time management gives you extra time to spend in your daily life. People who can time-manage effectively enjoy having more time to spend on hobbies or other personal pursuits. If we manage our time properly, there will be no question for stress, tired, unhealthy etc.

      3. More opportunities

Managing time well leads to more opportunities and less time wasted on trivial activities. Good time management skills are key qualities that employers look for. The ability to prioritize and schedule work is extremely desirable and varies from every organization. If we manage our time efficiently, we will be able to look after many things and many opportunities that we are searching for.

Time management techniques:

1. Keep a to-do list

To manage your time effectively, always keep a to-do list. A to-do list contains all the things you need to do in a certain time. In a to-do list, write the jobs or the works you want to do in a stipulated time.

2. Prioritize your task

Always prioritize you work accordingly. You should be able to prioritize your work. Prioritizing is nothing but, segregating the work into very much important, important and not important. When we segregate our task like this, we come to know which task to be completed first and the following task to be completed. By following this ways, our task can be completed and also we can manage our time easily.

3. Be focused

To manage our time efficiently and effectively, we should be always focused on the job that we are doing. Only when we are focused we would be able to complete the task in the given stipulated time. Our time can also be easily managed.

4. Track your time

Ultimately, you can’t improve how you use your time, without understanding how you actually use it in the first place. Tracking your time is elementary here – it provides the insight and self-awareness to make effective changes, surfacing hidden time drains, highlighting inefficient processes and laying out your productive patterns.

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Employee engagement is a workplace approach resulting in their right conditions for all members of an organization to give to their best each day, committed to their organization’s, goals and values, motivated to contribute to organizational success, with an enhanced sense of their own well-being.

Employee engagement is based on trust, integrity, two way commitment and communication between an organization and its members. It is an approach that increases the chances of business success, contributing to organizational and individual performance, productivity and well-being. It can be measured. It varies from poor to great. It can be nurtured and dramatically increased; it can be lost and thrown away.

Employee engagement is getting up in the morning thinking, “Great, I’m going to work. I know what I’m going to do today. I’ve got some great ideas about how to do it really well. I’m looking forward to seeing the team and helping them work well today”.

Employee engagement is about understanding one’s role in an organisation, and being sighted and energised on where it fits in the organisation’s purpose and objectives.

Employee engagement is about having a clear understanding of how an organization is fulfilling its purpose and objectives, how it is changing to fulfil those better, and being given a voice in its journey to offer ideas and express views that are taken account of as decisions are made.

Employee engagement is about being conscious on what we are doing and have an eyesight of what is supposed to be done, whenever a task is assigned to him/her in an organization.

Employee engagement is about being included fully as a member of the team, focused on clear goals, trusted and empowered, receiving regular and constructive feedback, supported in developing new skills, thanked and recognized for achievement.

Engaged organizations have strong and authentic values, with clear evidence of trust and fairness based on mutual respect, where two-way promises and commitments – between employers and employees – are understood and fulfilled. 

Employee engagement is about positive attitudes and behaviors leading to improved business outcomes, in a way that they trigger and reinforce one another.

Employee engagement is about our employees feeling pride and loyalty working for our organization, being a great advocate of the organization to our clients, users and customers, going the extra mile to finish a piece of work.

Employee engagement is about drawing on our employees’ knowledge and ideas to improve our products and services, and be innovative about how we work.

Employee engagement is about drawing out a deeper commitment from our employees so fewer leave, sick absence reduces, accident rates decline, conflicts and grievances go down, productivity increases. Employee engagement is about organization actions that are consistent with the organization’s values. It is about kept promises, or an explanation why they cannot be kept.

Employee engagement cannot be achieved by a mechanistic approach which tries to extract discretionary effort by manipulating employees’ commitment and emotions. Employees see through such attempts very quickly and can become cynical and disillusioned.

Team building is nothing but, the people work in a team, rather than working as an individual. Team building always fetches everyone almost a comfortable zone. Without working as an individual, if rather we work in a team, especially in an organization, the goal of the organization can be easily achieved. When we are working in a team, their always exists a good relationship with each other.

Team building is always aimed at:
• creating an informal atmosphere.
• building closer relationships between each other in a team.
• improving team spirit and.
• identification of leaders.
• Development of team qualities, such as mutual support, compromise, motivation etc.

Also, team building can help in the presence of conflicts in the team, as informal dialogue and joint activities help to improve relations between employees, to remove misunderstandings. As a result of team-building, team members will know each other better and find a common language with everyone in a team. If there are conflicts in the team it is possible to recommend organizing outdoor sporting team games. When team members appear in unusual conditions, they more quickly build informal communication, find mutual language and identify opinion leaders, likes and dislikes in the team. At the same time, informal communication leads to a relaxation of each and every member in the team.

Teamwork is one of the most bare minimum requirements for any organization to function and achieve all its goals. All organizations are divided into many sections or teams which work to accomplish the tasks within the specified time limit.

All the parts of the organization do teamwork and complete the various tasks assigned to them. If there is no teamwork, the organization will fail to achieve the specified tasks. One of the most significant advantages of working in a team is that the work gets divided between all the group members more or less equally. When the work is shared, all the members are going too equal amounts of jobs. Hence, the team members will not have hard feelings that they are been overloaded with work, as they work equally in a team.

There are three levels of the team in every organization – Top Level, Middle Level, and Lower Level.

1. Top Level: The Top Level is the highest level on the structure of an organization. It is the level that sets the goals of the organization. Top Level is the team that works towards maximizing profits and to minimize the risk of the organization. Understanding the different needs and wants of the consumers is one of its main objectives.
2. Middle Level: The Middle Level is the second level on the structure of an organization. Managers or supervisors are on the Middle Level in an organization. The work of the middle level is to follow the instructions told from the top level. It allots work to the employees so that they can accomplish the goals that are set by the organization. The people working on the Middle Level, regularly check the work done by the employees and make sure that the employees meet all the deadlines which is made.
3. Last Level: The last level in the structure of an organization is the Lower Level. It is the level which consists of all the employees of the company. Employees have to work towards completing all the work that is assigned to them by the managers. They always follow the work which is given to them.

Workplace romance means that, a relationship that exists between the opposite gender of people in the workplace (or) the organization there are working with. Workplace romance has become common now-a-days as, people majority spend their time in their organization. By meeting and mingling with the people of the same gender and opposite gender. Majority of their time is spent with the people or friends in the organization who surrounds them most of the time

By meeting and spending most of their time with their colleagues in the organization, they get used to liked to their friends taste and preferences, likes and dislikes, their needs and their wants. These things leads to developing a good sort of chemistry with them. This sort of feeling is the starting of their workplace romance.

Relationships between employees often cause problems for businesses: favoritism, harassment lawsuits, conflicts of interest, gossip, toxic work environment, things can get ugly in a hurry when a relationship turns sour. Plus, office romance can land a company in the headlines for inappropriate relationships.

General relationship may lead to workplace romance when there is mutual desire and longing for each other.

Advantages of Workplace Romance:

1. Energy level is increased:

Office romance definitely increases the energy level of both the gender. As they get to deal with the more or less, with same type of work. They may also engage in same projects as well. This may lead them to increase their energy level and make them to engage more closer. This also helps the organization (or) the workplace to attain their goals quicker and easier.

2. Leads to motivation:

When they are engaged in workplace romance, they easily get motivated. As they used to spend much of their time with their partner. Also they would work more, as they get motivated themselves, when they are working together as a partners/team. They will always prove up to their best, as they don’t want to feel less against each other.

3. Increase in productivity level:

When they are in relationship, they feel better in expressing their views and ideas. They feel easy in communicating with each other. Both of them would, be of same attitude, knowledge and also in their skill level. They always feel productive about themselves and therefore help in achieving the goal of the organization.

Disadvantages of Workplace Romance:

1. Risk at workplace:

As every coin has both sides. This also may have some disadvantages. Relationship may be positive (or) sometimes negative. If negative sort of relationship exists, it may lead to changes in their behavior. They will not be productive. At last, they end up at risk in the workplace.

2. Workplace affected:

If the relationship is not good between each other, it also affects their work too. It may affect their performance in their work. Work dedication may also suffer even though you are a brilliant employee.

3. Conflicts:

If their relationship is negative, they always feel weird and wouldn’t concentrate in their work        stronger. When two employees from a different department, in a relationship, might disclose important information or decisions that were expected to be a secret to each other.

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Workplace romance