Vitamins are complex organic compounds, whose presence in trace amount in the food is essential for growth and other physiological activities. Vitamins do not have any energy value. However they are essential for controlling energy yielding processes.  The identified Vitamins are classified as A,B,C,D,E and K. Of these, Vitamins B and C are water soluble in nature. Vegetables and fruits containing these Vitamins it washed in water as cut pieces would loose them easily. Vitamins A,D,E and K,if consumed beyond required level may cause defects, commonly referred to as vitaminosis .

Of the various vitamins, vitamin D or calciferol on exposure to sunlight can be synthesised by our body through the lipid compound called ergosterol,found below our skin. Hence it is known as ‘sunshine vitamin’.

The most functions of vitamins include

Physiological processes

Vitamin A plays a very important role in visual perception. Vitamin E might ensure fertility in animals. The clotting of blood is aided by Vitamin K. Vitamin C provides Immunity against infections and it may also support processes of growth.

Maintenance of body tissues

The epithelial tissue of the body are maintained by vitamin A and B2. The growth of bones is ensured by vitaminD. Vitamin E plays a role in the rejuvenation of tissues. Nourishment to nerve cells is provided by vitamin B1. The process of maturation of erythrocytes is due to vitamin B12.

Metabolic processes

The process of calcium and phosphorus metabolism happens due to the presence of vitamin D. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. Vitamin B1 remains as a co-enzyme in tissue metabolism and it is found useful in the process of oxidation of glucose in CNS. Vitamin B2 is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Niacin ( vitamin B) plays a role as a co-enzyme and is essential for oxidation-reduction reactions. Normal metabolism of amino acids and fat are due to vitamin B6. Biotin (vitamin B) serves as a co-enzyme and co-factor in oxidative metabolism. Vitamin C activates certain intra-cellular enzymes.

Vitamin Deficiency Ailments

Vitamin A

1. Atrophy of lacrymal glands of the eye and reduction in tear secretion.

2. Corneal epithilium becomes red and dry (xerosis). It may also become wrinkled and keratinised ( xeropthalmia). Appearance of Bitot’s spot in the cornea might happen.

Vitamin D

Defective calcification of bone,deficiency of vitamins-D,causes rickets in growing children and osteomalacia in adults.

Vitamin E

Rare in human, sterility in experimental animals.

Vitamin K

1. Lack of vitamin K leads to defect in blood coagulation.

2. In humans,vitamin-K deficiency leads to haemorrhagic manifestations.

Vitamin B1

Gross deficiency of vitamins B1,leads to a condition known as beri beri. Beriberi affects nervous and cardiovascular systems. In children and infants the onset is acute.

Vitamin B2

Loss of appetite and other gastro-intestinal symptoms, soreness and burning of lips,mouth and tongue. Fissures appear at edges of the mouth.

Vitamin Niacin

Its deficiency leads to pellagra. The principal symptoms of pellagra include mental changes, (dementia) dermatitis and stomatitis. The tongue becomes smooth, red and painful.

Vitamin C

Its deficiency in the body leads to scurvy, a disease charaterised by bleeding gums,loosening and falling out of teeth and intra muscular haemorrages. In the absence of this vitamin the collagen and connective tissue proteins are not synthesised properly.

Mental health includes psychological, emotional and social well-being. It affects the way we act, think, feel and react to certain things. It helps us to assess how we take decisions, handle stressful situations and make choices. It is an important element of human life which matters throughout the entire life of a person, not at just some particular point of time.

Today, almost everyone leads a competitive life with busy schedules Everyone is in such a hurry that we often tend to forget to keep check on our mental state. And this is not a healthy habit. Just as our physical health, our mental health is also very important, and one should not ignore it.

Determinants of mental health

Multiple psychological, social and biological factors determine the level of the mental health of a person. For instance, person who lives in a stressful or disturbing environment is at higher risk of having poor mental health. Similarly, poor physical health, unhealthy lifestyle and biological factors genetics can also be reason of one’s bad mental health.

Mental Health Awareness

Social media etiquette has been the need of the hour with the emergence of various social media platforms in the modern world. Since this are the etiquettes to be followed online, they are also known as NETIQUETTES.

■ SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTE & IT’S IMPORTANCE

▪Social media etiquette refers to the guidelines that companies and individuals use to preserve their reputation online.

A single silly mistake can not only spoil your reputation  professionally but also in your personal life.

▪Etiquette helps with the hard part.

Most articles about social media focus on how to handle platforms. But most missteps in social media happen because of how we handle our audiences. Etiquette provides the framework for tackling this “people part.” Without it, you’re flying blind in all those platforms.

▪Etiquette helps you bounce back from mistakes.

No matter how great your manners are, inevitably we all make mistakes in social media. That’s because people are weird and unpredictable. It’s impossible to flawlessly communicate with everyone all the time. But knowing where points of confusion commonly crop up can help you improve your chances of doing it more successfully, more often.



▪Etiquette makes you a better supporter of your peers.

There is no one “right way” to do social media and no one does it perfectly. Knowing other people are also making mistakes makes the whole playing field less intimidating. Our collective imperfection also makes us less likely to jump on the blame bandwagon and start pointing fingers when mistakes happen.



▪ Etiquette helps you be more empathetic.

While your goal in using social media is undoubtedly important, don’t forget you are communicating with people who have goals, too. Using proper etiquette forces you to put yourself in your audience’s shoes, which ultimately gives you a better understanding of their wants and needs.



▪ Etiquette helps you focus on the bottom line.

Posting personal info to a professional account, accidentally sharing private information publicly or inadvertently insulting an influential supporter are all etiquette mistakes that can create a social media firestorm. Will those type of mistakes end your career or company? Maybe not. But they will distract you from the business of being awesome and that can affect your bottom line.



▪Etiquette makes you more productive.

In spite of its popular appeal and easy access, social media is complicated and complex and only produces strategic results if you use it strategically. You will need a variety of tools at your disposal to do this strategic work. Etiquette is one of those tools.



▪ Etiquette makes the social web a better place.

Sure pleases and thank yous seem like little things that don’t matter a whole lot in the grand scheme. But there is a lot of rudeness, trolling and bullying on social media these days. Using good etiquette is one way you can help collectively tip the scales back in the direction of people being nicer to each other.



▪ Good etiquette feels good.

As Maya Angelou once said, “Just do right. Right might not be expedient. It may not be profitable. But it will satisfy your soul.” Social media etiquette is social media done right that feel right.

■TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTES

▪Think before you post. Ask yourself how a post could be taken out of context, double- check that it’s error-free and ensure you’re posting on the right account.

▪ Understand the platform you’re posting on and the conventions of that platform. On Twitter, for example, you can post several times a day, while the same behaviour might be considered spammy on Facebook. On Facebook, hashtags are widely considered #annoying so #DontUseThem #ever .

 Speaking of which, don’t use too many hashtags even on Twitter. Recent studies have shown that hashtags play little role in increasing the virality of your tweet and can impede understanding. When you do use them, ensure that every letter of a new word is capitalized. (I.e. #GoTeamGo not #goteamgo)

 Don’t auto-post from Facebook to Twitter and vice versa. Though auto-posting might save you some time, no one will read a Twitter post that gets cut-off mid sentence or a Facebook post with @ tags.

▪ Strike the right tone: If you post in language that’s too stiff and formal, your organization will look aloof and out of place. If you’re too casual, you will look unprofessional.

 Don’t disguise your intentions. Be up front whenever you promote something you have a vested interest in.

 ▪Use correct grammar and spelling.

 ​Don’t sign your posts, unless you’re

 a) posting from a Twitter account that’s handled by multiple people or

 b) Mark Twain/ Oscar Wilde/ Ghandi or some other famous quotable figure.

 ​Don’t use Capslock (no one likes being shouted at) or go overboard with exclamation marks/emoticons. Unless your team has just upset its arch-rival with 1 second to go at the Olympics/Paralympics, you probably don’t need more than 1 exclamation mark per sentence.



▪Respond to questions and comments promptly.

 Don’t let social media accounts fall idle. It reflects poorly on your organization. If you’re strapped for time, use some of the many post-scheduling devices such as Hootsuite to schedule some content.

 ▪Use blocking or banning only as a last measure. Your social media channels should be a place for healthy debate. If someone is speaking negatively about your organization, politely respond to their concerns and encourage them to contact you by email to follow up. If someone is being harassing or using threatening language, however, feel free to block and ban them.

 ▪Be careful with humour. If something will offend even 1 person out of 100, don’t post it. Humour can backfire more than any other posting type.

▪ While it’s okay to share something from another organization’s page, ask before you share something from someone’s personal page.

 ▪Vary your message. If you want to increase the visibility of a big event with multiple posts, change the language and tone of each post.

 On Twitter, shorten your links using a link shortener like Ow.ly or go.gl.

▪ Many people who work in social media for sports organizations have an existing relationship within the sports community (i.e. a former athlete) and may have friends there. Be mindful of the distinction between your personal and professional social media life and keep your tone professional when engaging with your real-life friends on your organization’s social media channels.

▪ Above all, be genuine. Traditional business communication methods can come off as wooden and hollow on social media. Ditch the passive voice and the stock phrases and speak directly to your audience.

I hope this article is very much familiar to you because it is a part of your daily lives whether it’s shopping, food delivery or travelling digital marketing can be said a core or the central part of these activities. Coming to what the word “digital marketing” actually refers to it can be dynamic but in a general form we can say that digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as social media, or other platforms. This helps in marketing the goods from the seller directly to the buyer eliminating the intermediaries.

PHILIP KOTLER, a well known name in the field of management is known to be the father of digital marketing. He is an American professor and has penned almost more than 60 books on marketing and established it as a field in academic. We can say that he thought about this concept earlier and was aware of the fact that the world will be accepting digital marketing as one of the most successful innovation.

TYPES of digital marketing : There are many types of digital marketing but which are considered as most important are as follows :- Search engine optimization (SEO), Pay -per-click, Social media marketing, Content marketing, Email marketing, Mobile marketing, Marketing analytics. The above mentioned types are very useful in today’s world. People are doing specialized courses into this field as this is the requirement of the time.

The 5 main D’s for digital marketing :- Digital devices, digital platforms, digital media, digital data and digital technology. As a result today each individual is aware about the trend of digital marketing. Traditionally marketing was only confined to sales and promotion but now due to digital marketing people can see, decide and review their product very easily.

The trend is more successful in India as every individual is having a smartphone and low cost internet availability which enables a strong point for digital marketing. Digitalisation also helps in the marketing sector as people are available with multiple option(one is upi as a payment option). Digital marketing is the new and innovative future for India as it can be carried over at the local level as well as the international level. Even during the pandemic situation India was the only country to reach at the highest level in field of digital marketing. So digital marketing is a successful approach for us.

I hope you all will agree on my views on this topic. Thank you and keep reading !!!!!

Dance in india has an unbroken tradition of over 2000 years. Two main division of its forms are classical and folk. The classical is the style’s adherence to the guidelines laid down in natyashastra, which explains the indian art of acting.folk dance of india vary according to the region and have no specific grammar.

here let’s know about this two dances which i like the most. Bharatanatyam and kathak

Bharatanatyam originated in tamilnadu and was earlier known as daasiyattam. this dance form has been handed down through the centuries by dance teachers called nattuwanars and the temple dancers,called devadasis. In the sacred environment of the temple these families developed and propagated their heritage.the training traditionally took around seven years under the direction of the teachers who were scholars and persons of great learning.

kathak means ‘ to tell a story’. this north inidan dance form is inextricably bound with classical hindustani music, and the rhythmic agility of the feet is accompanied by the table or pakhvaj. traditionally the stories were of radha and krishna in the natwari style nu the mughal invasion of north india had a serious impact on the dance. the dance was taken to muslim courts and thus it became more entertaining and less religious in content. more emphasis was laid on nirtha, the pure dance aspect and less on abhinaya[expression and emotion].

Green house effect

Global warming refers to an average increase in the earth’s temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate.   During the past 4.65 billion years of its history, earth has warmed many times. But at present it is facing a rapid warming mainly due to human activities. The average temperature of the earth is about 59⁰F (15⁰C). During the last century this average has risen by about 1⁰F. By the year 2100, it is believed that the rise would be between 2.5 and 10.4⁰F. This will cause dramatic changes such as rise in sea level, changes in rainfall patterns,wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife and humans.

Green house gases and Green house effect

The trapping of energy from the sun by certain gases in the atmosphere leading to rise in earth’s temperature is known as Green house effect. Hence these gases are known as green house gases. Some gases such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane act as the trap. These gases absorb and reflect infra-red waves radiated by earth. By doing so,these gases conserve heat as in a green house.

Normally all life on earth depends on this green house effect. If it does not exist, earth would be cooled,and ice would cover earth from pole to pole.But if the greenhouse effect becomes strong it could make the earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants and animals.

Types of Greenhouse Gases

In the environment, greenhouse gases occur (i) naturally or (ii) from the human activities.

The most abundant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. It reaches the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions, respiration of animals, burning and decay of organic matter such as plants.  Normally carbon-dioxide is removed by the plants through photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is also absorbed into ocean water. But humans by their activities increase the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Such activities include burning of fossil fuels,solid wastes,wood and wood products to drive vehicles, generate electricity etc. At the same time due to deforestation, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced.

Human activities, have caused carbon-dioxide to be released to the atmosphere at rates much faster than that at which earth’s natural processes can recycle this gas. There were about 280 molecules of carbon-dioxide per million molecules of air (i.e.,parts per million or ppm) in 1750. Today atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations are 368ppm, a 31% increase.

Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon-dioxide. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal,natural gas and oil. It is also emitted from rotting organic waste in sand fills,by the cows as a by product of digestion. Since 1750,the amount of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled.

Nitrous oxide traps 300 times more heat than carbon-dioxide. Burning fossil duels and ploughing farm soil releases Nitrous oxide. Since 1750 ots level increased by 17%.

Hydrocarbons formed from the manufacture of foams,coolants such as chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators are the other gases responsible for global warming.

In 2000,scientists discovered an alarming increase in the level of a new gas called trifluoromethyl sulphur penta fluoride. Eventhough the gas is rare, it traps more effectively than all other greenhouse gases, The saddest part of it is that the industrial source of the gas is not yet identified.

Effects of Global warming

1. Due to the warming of oceans, sea level will rise. Glacier ice will also melt,causing further rise in sea level. As a result in the 21st century sea level will rise from 9 to 88 cm. Such a rise will submerge many parts of countries.

2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.

3. The warmed would will be generally more humid and greater humidity will increase the rainfall.

4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and intense.

5. Some regions of the world become dry.

6. Wind blows will be harder and in different patterns . Hurricane would be more severer.

7. Weather patterns would be less prediclable and more extreme.

8. Crops and forests may be affected by more insects and plant diseases.

9. Some types of forests may disappear.

10. More people will get sick or die from heat stress.

11. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever,yellow fever and encephalitis will spread to other parts of the world.

Effects to control Global warming

Two major ways are there to control global warming: 1. to keep the carbon-dioxide out of the atmosphere by storing the gas or its carbon component somewhere else,a strategy called carbon sequestration. 2.to reduce the production of greenhouse gases.

Carbon sequestration

The simple technique is to preserve trees and plants more. Trees ,take up carbon-dioxide, break it down in photosynthesis, and store carbon in new wood. It need massive reforestation. Carbon-dioxide can also be sequestration directly into deep ocean water or into oil wells or some aquifer from which it cannot escape.

Reduce the production of greenhouse gases

Usage of alternative fuels such as nuclear energy, solar power, wind power and hydrogen fuel cells which emit no greenhouse gases are being considered.

Yoga’s popularity has increased dramatically during the previous few decades. Yoga is also being adopted and recommended by medical professionals and celebrities due to its numerous benefits. While some people dismiss yoga as just another fad and equate it with new age mysticism, others swear by how amazing this kind of exercise feels. What they don’t realise is that what they think of as just another form of exercise will benefit them in unexpected ways. Before we get into the benefits of Yoga, it’s important to first define what Yoga is. Yoga is a way of life that aspires for a healthy mind in a healthy body, not a religion. As stated in Ayurveda in India, man is a physical, mental, and spiritual being, and yoga aids in the development of a balance between these three. Aerobics and other forms of exercise, on the other hand, only provide bodily well-being. These activities have very little to do with spiritual or astral body development.

Yoga is more than just bending and twisting your body while holding your breath. It’s a method for putting you in a state where you can see and experience reality as it is. Your sensory body grows as you allow your energies to become exuberant and ecstatic. The unity that yoga generates allows you to feel the entire universe as a part of yourself, making everything one. It’s a method that motivates you to work for the greater benefit. Yoga aims to achieve perfect harmony between your mind, body, and spirit. You will be able to draw out the best of your ability if you modify yourself so that everything within you works perfectly.

Benefits of Yoga

The following are some of the benefits of Yoga:
1. Enhances mental performance.
2. Reduced anxiety
3. Increases flexibility through modifying gene expression
4. Blood pressure is brought down.
5. Reduces anxiety and chronic back pain by improving lung capacity.
6. In diabetics, it helps to lower blood sugar.
7. Balance is improved.
8. Bone strength
9. Weight management is important.
10. Heart disease risk is reduced.

Yoga as a practise offers numerous advantages that have a favourable impact on a person’s physical and emotional well-being. Yoga can help you with a variety of things, like lowering your blood pressure and increasing your pain tolerance.

1. Improved Circulation: Yoga helps to increase blood circulation. This means that oxygen and nutrients are transported more efficiently throughout the body. Improved blood flow also means healthier organs and a more youthful appearance.
2. Yoga Improves Posture: Yoga teaches you how to manage and balance your body. Your body will naturally assume the correct stance with continuous practise. You’ll appear confident as well as healthy.
3. Improves your mood: Practicing yoga on a regular basis instantly improves your mood by infusing your body with revitalising energy.
4. Improved Blood Circulation: Daily yoga practise improves blood circulation in the body. As the body slows down, this allows for more oxygenation, resulting in a dramatic fall in blood pressure.
5. Prevents Premature Aging: Why not age gracefully rather than prematurely? Yes, yoga aids in the detoxification and elimination of toxins and free radicals. Apart from the various advantages, this also helps to slow down the ageing process. Yoga also relieves stress, which is another component that slows down the ageing process.
6. Stress Reduction: When you’re on your yoga mat, you’re completely focused on the practise. This means that all of your attention is focused on the task at hand, and your mind is gradually draining the stress and problems that have been tormenting it.
7. A Lower Pulse Rate: Yoga relaxes the body by relieving stress. The pulse rate slows down as the body relaxes. A low pulse rate means that your heart is capable of pumping more blood in a shorter period of time.
8. Increases Strength: You can develop your strength by using your own body weight. This is a perplexing strength-training technique.

The family remains one such spot where you have experienced all kinds of emotions. We all love our FAMILY, don’t we?  From laughing loud to crying in silence, we all have experienced the importance of family. The family is the one such place you experience genuine love, the place where you can never find partiality in trust and love. Family is always there to support you in all the right decisions you make and restrict you from the incorrect decisions you take. Family encourages you to connect with people physically, emotionally, and mentally. It identifies you as a capable individual of reaching his/her goals without any hesitations.

How lucky are those people who have a complete family, aren’t they? They have many people around them with whom they can spend time, share their feelings, and experience all the ups and downs in life. The absence of that one really important person breaks you into pieces. Never feel suffocated you are in a joint or a complete family. Think you have a lot of support that only a few people get in their life. Family is a bunch of teachers and students, teachers being who direct you throughout your life and students being from whom you learn not to make mistakes.

The most important lesson is family teaches us our values. They teach us how to respect elders, the importance of helping people in need. Basically, the family is filled with all the interesting topics and lessons we want. The importance of a balanced life can be learnt from family. The right way of maintaining a healthy relationship with family members is by spending time with them, playing games with them, going on outings.

A complete family completes your world. Privileged are those who are blessed with a complete family. Some people don’t acknowledge the importance of a complete family. They take family for granted. They feel parents control them. They don’t spend time with them. There are so many families in this world in which one or the other family member isn’t there. The reason for the separation can be anything, but the loss is irreplaceable. People with the loss really feel helpless in such situations when they desperately need them.

Imagine a family who just makes a home, not a house. A place where family members stay happy, has small fights or arguments, come tired from work to have a good relaxation with family members is HOME. A HOUSE is a place filled with lots of fights, no proper conversations and a lot of misunderstandings.

 A HAPPY FAMILY IS WHERE-

• You keep your family as a first priority. 
• Not allow a third person break your family.
• You trust and love each other unconditionally.
• Understand and support each other.

It is not very easy to break your family until you put all your efforts to save it. It is important to sit and engage in a calm and healthy conversation on where we went wrong, what are the areas for us to work on so that we don’t commit same mistakes again. In a relationship, understanding is extremely important. If one partner fails to understand, the other should be more understanding to handle the situation very well. A family with constant fights and a lot of misunderstandings will never last long. It’s very important to stay united to save relationships.

A family is blessing where people get to stay happy and share all the matters openly without any hesitations. Always feel lucky to be born in a family where parents are supportive, loving and are ready to do anything for your happiness.

What is Photography?

Before giving the answer, let me tell you something.
See the little girl in the photograph below.

Isn’t the picture amazing? I feel this photograph must have been clicked by any talented photographers. Such a clear photograph, such a prominent one, the portrait of the young girl is so distinguished.
What is your opinion?
But, now I would like to say you all, that it is one of the world’s most famous photograph clicked by Steve McCurry. Still, now those who were thinking it to be an ordinary photograph must have started thinking that the photograph has to possess something special within it, as it has been clicked by one of the WORLD’S BEST PHOTOGRAPHER, Steve McCurry. Many people will be curious to know whether there is having some mystery within the photograph like that the portraiture of Lady with an Ermine drawn by Leonardo. But, to speak the truth there is no such mystery within the photograph but the real mystery lies within the eyes of the 10-year-old little girl. Sharbat Gula, a Pashtun orphan in the Nasir Bagh was present at the refugee camp near the Afghan-Pakistan border, in December 1984, when Steve went there. Won’t the look of this little girl an incredible one with a penetrating gaze? Yes, that gaze is the special one because the eyes will say you many things. The girl was gleaming into the camera lens. She had this curiosity and anxiety over her face.

So, now if I ask you all, what is photography, then we can say by keeping the dictionary definition apart that it is a vast idea with different opinions from a different type of people. For some, photography may be putting fingers in the button and ‘clicking a photo’ or posing in front of the camera and sharing in social media. But for many, photography is like a passion. Most of the photographers have a common dream to snap a photo that would eventually become world-famous and enter the history books. Photography is nothing but an art which is used to show us the various visions of our life. It will also give us an opportunity to showcase our skills with the camera.
Each and every artistic creation has some inner values, emotions and valuable history attached to it. Artistic creation may vary from painting to sculpting, or from architecture, printmaking to photography. Artist of each category wants to convey to us some real life-related message. Messages can not only be conveyed through writings or scribbling into papers and reading those scribbled words, but they can also be conveyed from between the written lines, between the written words, those words that are not in black and white on the paper. Similarly, a clicked photo has much to say us. Moving or still, and however it is taken, whether, by pinhole camera or phone, the photographic image is the successor to the great art of the past. A photo is a very clever creation may be cleverer than us. It constantly tests our intellect and sees whether we are able to collect the true message from within the frame. It will never reveal its true meaning. It’s us who have to find the true meaning of it.

Wildlife photography tells us about all the different points of wildlife. In wildlife photography, the photographer has to be patient and spend a lot of time to get good pictures and maybe longer time to get some of the best photos. Now, animals will do what they would like to do, one couldn’t command them to be a little soft or to behave cutely. You always have to be ready with your camera so that you don’t miss those shots which are really appreciable or something special. More you spend time with the animals more you will be able to understand their behaviour.

Nature photography shows us an overview of the situation, sometimes in a very aesthetic form, but in recent years it has evolved into photography that reveals a context that, like any documentary photography, explores the relationship of the living to a territory.

On the other hand, war photography involves photographing armed conflict and its effects on people and places. Photographers who are involved in this type of art has life risk, may get harmed due to explosions or gunfight and may many times succumb to death. The main motive of this type of photography is to make the whole world know about the miseries of war. The typical condition in which the soldiers live, they go to the Warfield in order to kill those people whom they never know.

Another photograph clicked by Steve McCurry during the First Gulf War Kuwait, 1991. It shows three camels silhouetted against an explosion of fire and smoke.  “Saddam Hussein had blown up 600 oil wells. It was an environmental catastrophe. Lakes of oil were leaking all over the country, and seeping into the Gulf. Half of it was on fire. There were geysers of oil spurting out of the earth, making it like midnight during the day,” recalled by Steve McCurry. He spotted the camels running along the edge of an oilfield and followed them in his jeep. But they had been blackened by the oil, and there was no way to capture a picture of them against the black cloud behind. Suddenly the camel started running towards the burning area and they have been illuminated by fire and then he clicked the photo and then he realized himself within a minefield. He carefully backs out following the tyres so that he doesn’t get blown up. Thus proves the risk of the work.

So each type of photography has its own purpose. It was rightly said by Elliott Erwitt, “Photography is an art of observation. It has little to do with the things you see and everything to do with the way you see them”. Obviously, it is the viewer’s eye which is responsible the way it would interpret the beauty of the photo. A photographer’s fame and popularity depends on the viewer’s eye because the greatness of photography lies in human insight.  From news images to the Hubble telescope, Photography is the art of real-life – however, manipulated, and real-life creates true art.

As the name itself suggest today we will understand the concept of internship and skill development .Both these are necessary to upgrade an individual’s career goals. For a good and secure job experience and interest is must.

INTERNSHIP : As we know today’s scenario where there is lack of jobs, unemployment and much more issues. Internships provide a platform to an individual to enhance his skills and gain knowledge from an experienced organisation. Experience can only be achieved if we are willing to work. Internships are an easy way to develop these skills without any cost. Most of time people do internships to improve their CV and get their desired jobs in the desired organisation. Yes it helps an individual in achieving these targets. But internship is much more also. Sometimes we don’t know about the work but are interested in doing that and internships give that a chance.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT : Now coming towards another part that is skill development. It is becoming a trend to become more skilled so that a person can provide his services at his best to the organization. If a person is skilled with different type of work then it will help the organization in many ways. Skill means the ability to develop focus on the work in which a person is interested on. Suppose if two persons are skilled with same type then there will be good competition between them and new thoughts will be derived that can help the organization.

The government is also understanding the need and concept of these two. As a result a major change in the education policy will be developing this feeling among the students since childhood and they will be knowing the pros and cons of the outside world in which they will be able to compete. The world is focussing on the coming generations to be more skilled and innovative. It is a way to create your own path on which you don’t have to follow the tradition because these can’t be eliminated. It can only be experienced and achieved.

Hope that the article was helpful…. Thank you !!!

” Nature alone is antique, and the

oldest art a mushroom.

~ Thomas Carlyle

Edible mushroom

Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies  of several species of macrofungi(fungi  which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand.Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste  and aroma. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional  and culinary  value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake, are sources of umami flavor.Especially tasty and desired mushrooms are referred as “choice edible”

Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets, and those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the prized truffle, matsutake  and morel) may be collected on a smaller scale by private gatherers.

Non edible mushroom

There are certain fungi which are not consumed because of the production of toxins like amatoxins and phallotoxins. The fungi which produce these toxins are referred as poisonous fungi or the toadstools e.g., Fly agarics and Amanita pantherina.  The consumption of these fungi results in death due to the activity of the toxins.

Seven of the world’s most poisonous mushrooms are: death cap (Amanita phalloides), Conocy bettilaris, web caps (Cortinarius species), Autumn skullcap (Calerina marginata), destroyin angels (Amanita species), Podostron a cornu-damae and deadly dapperliry (Lepiota brunneoincarnata).

Food values of mushroom

mushrooms contain a modest amount of fiber and over a dozen minerals and vitamins, including copper, potassium, magnesium, zinc and a number of B vitamins such as folate. Mushrooms are also high in antioxidants like selenium and glutathione, or GSH, substances believed to protect cells from damage and reduce chronic disease and inflammation.

Some studies suggest mushrooms are the richest dietary source of another antioxidant called ergothioneine, or ERGO, which is also present in large amounts in red beans, oat bran and liver. ERGO and other antioxidants are primarily concentrated in the caps, not the stems.

Spawn and spawning

Spawn is the living fungal culture that is called mycelium, grown onto a substrate. It gives the backbone to any mushroom growing operation. … Unlike seeds, the mushroom spawn is grown from selected genetics and cloned for consistent production of a particular cultivar of mushroom.

Types of Mushroom spawn are;

• Woodchip spawn – Made from woodchips of different hardwoods.
• Straw spawn – Pasteurized straw inoculated with mycelium.
• Sawdust spawn plugs – Sawdust spawn in the shape of a plug with Styrofoam on the end.
• Liquid spawn – Water enriched with mushroom spores or mycelia slurry.

Techniques in mushroom cultivation

On Paddy Straw:

i. Preparation of Spawn

ii. Preparation of Mushroom Bed

iii. Spawning of Mushroom Bed

iv. Watering of Mushroom Bed

v. Mushroom Crop Production

vi. Picking of Mushrooms

vii. Precautions of Mushroom Cultivation

Disease of mushroom

There are many types of fungal disease in mushrooms, but there are three main kinds that cause the most damage to crops. These are Dry Bubble (Verticillium, new name: Lecanicillium), Wet Bubble (Mycogone) and Cobweb (Dactylium, new name: Cladobotryum).

Recipes of mushrooms

Mushroom recipes like kadai mushroom, mushroom biryani, mushroom manchurian and mushroom masala,cream of mushroom soup, methi mushroom, matar mushroom, mushroom pasta,mushroom omlette,mushroom fry……..

” Mushrooms grow in damp places. That’s why they are shaped like an umbrella “

~Alphonse Allais

The Formulation of Farm Bills

The rationale behind formulation of the recent Farm Bills is the need of the time outgrowing the APMC system of sale of agricultural produce. APMC, the Agricultural Produce Market Committee, is a system under the State Government. The mandatory system of APMC currently used in the distribution and sale of agricultural produce sets a chain of middlemen for transfer of the produce from farmers to the consumers in the market. Every State has their separate APMC and the State only divides the ‘mandis’ according to the area and each area has a specific ‘mandi’. Only those traders who have license for a particular ‘mandi’ can buy from them, who later supply them to the consumers. Even the farmer of a particular area can only sell their produce in the ‘mandi’ of their area. Auction is done by government to set prices for the produce in the market. Minimum Support Price (MSP) at which government buys agricultural produce are set for only 22 crops, the value for rest of the crop are decided throu price discovery (market demand and supply.  This model was prepared by Government of India back in 1938 and applied by the States during 1960s. The rationale behind introducing APMC ( and MSP was to safeguard the interest of the farmers against the exploitation by money lenders and zamindars. Also, since it was before the Green Revolution, it gave a great motivation to farmers to remain engaged in agriculture which was important at the time because self-sufficiency in food supply was yet to be achieved.

But in all these years, the current situation has outgrown this system and it is doing more harm than protection. It has monopolized the sale of agricultural produce and is resulting in explotation. During these stages, commission is charged at every stage, thereby increasing the price of the produce. So, the produce sold at Rs. 5-7 is sold to consumers at Rs.50-70 but the benefit does not reach the producers but rather the State in name of commission and taxes, given that we assume that there is no corruption at the bureaucratic level. Also, in cases, the traders form a cartel and decide to not buy produce at price more than MSP. Since MSP is set low so as to inculcate all taxes and keep the final price from inflating too much, this coerce the farmers to sell their produce of perishable nature at price far lower than they can get if they directly sell in the consumer market. Also, MSP is decided at country level inspite of the cost of produce being different at regional level. This leads to unequal profit for the same produce, which further leads to disparities between States.

During the 1991 reform, one of the critics has been that no heed was paid to the agricultural sector and the policies focused on secondary and tertiary sector. Through the recent farm bills, government is trying to reduce its control over farming and agricultural industry and allowing to access to free market so that farmers can take direct benefit from it.

One of the major causes of protest against farm bills by State governments has been the reduction in State revenues as the taxes and commission will be removed. The distress among farmers, particularly from areas like Punjab and Haryana, is because the farmers here produce mostly wheat and paddy, in huge surplus They expect the price to fall if MSP is removed. Also, only 6% of farmers actually sell their crops at MSP. If trade is allowed tax free outside ‘mandis’ the government support might be retracted and that will take away the stability from the few farmers actually using MSP.

The farm bills has surely cased a stretched unrest, has been one of the reasons of during the monsoon session of parliament. But it is not a rash decision neither is it first time implementation. Agriculture is a State List agenda and several States allow trade outside of APMC. These bills have the potential to help more percentage of the price paid by the final consumer to reach the farmers and financially and economically stabalise more farmers.

Human Resource and Rural development:

Rural economic development needs a wide range of human resource development. The promotion of economic reforms in rural areas will only be valid when the rural human resources are developed enough to adapt them. Otherwise this will be a waste of resources as there won’t be specific data driven results.

Economic development rationally provides financial and equipped background support to Human resources.

Rural Human resource development needs to reach out to 4 objectives:

 As rural development and progress human resource plays a very decisive role for economic growth.

Rural human resource development needs to reach the four objectives:

1.Control the population size through enhancing family planning. This contributes to sustainable development of human resource.

2. Achieve optimal allocation and fully employment of human resources through adjusting irrational distribution of human resources in regions, employment and knowledge structure.

3. Enhance cultural quality, moral quality, professional skills and management Skills of rural human resource, meet rural construction need and drive economic development through strengthening technical education, adult education and basic education.

4. More effectively carry out human resource development without any worry through establishing rural guarantee system.

Benefits of human resource development:-

1. Resources are utilized in an optimum manner.

2.  Makes people more competent, it develops new skills, knowledge and attitude of the people.

3.Increases the awareness of the importance of change management

4. Helps in developing a sense of belongingness among the employees

5. Human resources development policies promote openness in the overall growth of employees.

Human resource basically work to make the best out of the skills of a person.

Rural men women and even children are very efficient at manual labour and cam be used as a great asset in manual work in machinery sectors. The women can become a great asset to the cooking industry as well as home based works. They can also be made known about the internet and how they can use technology to get their best potential.

Imported products have replaced a lot of Made in India products since a lot of time. But these rural people who need more opportunities and better living can always be trusted with home made brands as well as good work when given the right information.

Even a farmer requires the knowledge of the crop to be a good farmer.

Accumulation of human resource capital will become an economic growth point of rural areas

Digitalization of rural areas

According to a survey with more than 600 million internets users ,india is one of the largets and fastest growing digital markets in the world for digital consumers. however most of the users are from urban area hence we can say that urban india is the reason behind this substantial growth.
But with government’s push towards financial inclusion rural india have also started embracing digital economy.

It is estimated that about 66% of India’s population is rural which contributes 46 percent of the total income of the nation.
As per the recent TRAI reports internet user account of rural india has increased from 32 percent in 2017 to 38 percent in 2020.
Despite the growing number of users ,there is still a wide Digital gap between urban and rural area.
This gap mainly stems from two factors –

1. Lack of infrastructure
2. Lack of awareness

To reduce the gap between urban and rural india and to improve digital infrastructure in country especially in rural india “Digital India” programme was launched by the indian government.
Under this programme many initiatives were taken to boost rural digital infrastructure.some of them are listed as follows :-

1.Bharatnet :-
Aims to provide broadband acces to iver 250,000 gram panchayat with help of a network of optical fibre

2.Common Service Centres :-
Centres through which e- governance and other related services will be made available in villages

3.Universal access to mobile :-
Aims to provide mobile coverage to more than 55600 villages which do not have network coverage

4. Digitization of post offices :-
   As the name suggests it aims to digitise poat office along with setting up of network centres, networking of all post offices and enabling digital payments

Steps taken to spread awareness :-

Under the ” digital india ” , ” Pradhan mantri gramin digital saksharta abhiyan ” was launced to spread digital awareness among the rural people.

The main aim of this abhiyan was to make 6 crores of people residing in rural villages digitally literate.These steps are supposed to have a positive impact on the society.

With digitization many sectors started developing and earning more profits.two of the sectors which were stated to benefit from digitization are
1.Agriculture sector
2.Financial sector

Agriculture sector :- Being one of the major sectors of this nation, agriculture accounts for almost 50 percent of the tital workforce and 18 percent of the GDP.Despite significant contribution ,indian agriculture is mostly dependent on human labour and rainfall unlike developed countries that rely on highly mechanized farming techniques.
Realising the need of the hour,Indian government has launched the ‘Kisan Suvidha’ app whichassists farmers with relevant information on the weather of the current day and next five days, market prices, dealers, agro advisories, and plant protection.
Start-ups like SatSure, CropIn, Niruthi, AgRisk etcetra aling with the digital government programmes help the farmers in sowing and crop monitoring, capturing and analyzing various data points, including crop, soil, and weather data which assist in decision making and easy acces to crop insurance other facilities.

Financial sector :-
Just like the agriculture sector ,the rural financial sector is also on the cusp of digital revolution.over last few years many financial initiatives have been rolled out.
Few of them are :-

1. Aadhaar :-
   A unique biometric identification
2. Jan dhan savings bank accounts

3.direct transfer of social benefit payments

4.BHIM :-
the digital payment infrastructure

These initiatives taken by the indian government has resulted in increase of banking penetration from 54 percent in 2014 to 80 percent in 2018.

Increase in banking penetration presents a significant opportunity for the start-ups , financial product space etc.
For Example,Start-ups like Jai Kisan and FIA technology are bridging the digital gap in rural India by offering financial products and services.
These initiatives by the government and the effort from the private sector l

Necessity of Communication :

“If at the time of purported acceptance , the offeror has changed his mind ,no meeting of the minds is possible and the formation of the contract cannot take place . This indeed was the theory of an english case of 1790 Cooke v Oxley in which D offered to sell some tobacco at a certain price should P accept the proposal before 4’o clock the same day. P gave D a notice of acceptance before the deadline but D having changed his mind regused to enter the transaction. It was therefore held that no contract was made .

Problems Of Revocation:

Formation of a contract lies within giving the power of acceptance to the offreerather than in a meeting of the minds, A different principle has been definitely established . Admittedly even today Freedom of contracting and making the offers permits the offeror to reserve for himself the possibility of revoking his offer without any notice. Thus in Tartoria v Mankoa real estate broker having a listing of Ds property was held to be entitled to his comissionwhen he procured a customer after the property had been sold since the seller had concealed the sale from the broker.”

Today revocation is generally so strictly connected with the offerees notice  about it has also been defined as the communication of change in the offererspurpose. Its justified that communication is essential for revocation purpose.

Revocation of Public Offers:

On this point the restatement lays down the following rule:

An offer made by advertisement in a newspaper or by a feneral notification to public or to a no. Of persons whole identity is known to the offerer, is revoked by an advertisement or general notice given publicity equal to that given to an offer before a contract has been created by acceptance of offer.

Direct notice of Revocation:

As revocation is ineffective soo long as the offeree does not know about it the best method of revoking is to dirr3ctly notify the offereethat the offerer has changed his mind in the course of dealings between the two parties. As to there are formal requirements as to making of certain types of contracts , there are no similar requirements as to the validity of a revocation. Any means of communicating with the offeree is acceptable. The rule is expressed in section 41 of  Restatement of contracts entitled “Revocation by commucationfrom offererrecieved by offree”.

Revocation of Acceptance:

According to english law an acceptance once made is irrevocable. In the words of Anson : “Acceptance is to offer what a lighted match is to a train obviously confined in its operation only to postal acceptance. It is suggested in Anson that in other cases “an acceptance can be revoked any time before acceptance is complete provided of the course that the revocation itself is communicated before the acceptance arrives. In india on the other hand acceptance is generally revocable. An acceptoe may cancel his acceptance by a speedier mode of communication which will reach earlier than the acceptance itself. Section 5 is the relant provisio

Revocation generally in terms mean to withdraw something. It can be anything of a good , offer, task, deal anything. It may also stand for cancellation. So revocation in the law of contracts can be defines as a remedy given to buyers if not satisfied with goods of the sellers. The buyers here are termed as offerers and revocation must be communicated to offree before acceptance. This is also the general common rule on revocation.

 Section 2(e) says that an agreement is defined as a set of promises. This happens when an offer is placed by the offererand accepted by the offree. Revocation can only be done before the acceptance of a particular agreement.According to section 2e All agreements are not contracts but all contracts are agreements.

What is Acceptance:“Section 2(b) defines accpetances as :When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent there to the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal when accepted becomes a promise.Thus acceptance is the assent given to a proposal and it has the effect of covering the proposal into promise. 

Communication of Acceptance: One of the good examples of actof acceptance is when the hammer falls in an auction. According to the words of Shah J  An agreement does not result from a mere state of mind :intent to accept an offer or even a mental ressolveto accept an offer does not give rise to a contract.

An illustration of acceptance by consuct is the decisionof the House of Lords in Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. Facts: B had been supplying coal to a railway company without any formal agreement. B suggested that a formal agreement should be drawn up. The agents of both the parties met and drew up a draft agreement. It had some blanks when it was sent to B for his approval. He filled up the blanks including the name of an arbitrator and then returned it to the company. The agent of the company put the draft in his drawer and it remained there without final approval having been signified. B kept up his supply of coals but on the new terms and also recieved payment on the new terms. A dispute having risen B refused to be bound by the agreement.”

Tehmina Durrani, born in Lahore, Pakistan, debuted with her autobiography, ‘My Feudal Lord’. Her mother was a light-skinned beauty and a dominant person who controlled everything and everyone in her household without even raising a hand. She faced a lot of discrimination from her mother during her childhood because she was darker than her other siblings. The stigma in society at that time regarding dark complexion and her mother’s behavior towards her rendered her with inferiority complex. She only received love from her father and maternal grandmother who loved her dearly and did not discriminate her from other siblings.

When she was in school, she fell in love with Anees Khan. Anees wrote letter to her which she found to be really affectionate. She tried to convince her mother for marriage as well as Anees’ mother came with a marriage proposal several times but her mother was reluctant to it because Anees did not come from an influencial or high class family. The reason behind her agreeing for the marriage was when she talked to her friend, got suggested that she should get Tehmina married because, of her dark complexion, it will be difficult to find a man for her and it is good if a man is ready to marry her, just do away with her before it’s late. Her family was finally convinced but few days before marriage, she got cold feet and tried to stop it saying that she was in love with the idea of love and didn’t really loved Anees. Her father and Anees, calling this a sign of stress due to preparation of marriage and grief of leaving her home, brushed away this argument of hers and she married Anees knowing she didn’t love him. Two and a half years later, her marriage reached a saturation point birth of her daughter, Tanya, was a breath of fresh air for her. She dearly loved and cared about her and devoted her life to her because the marriage she had with anees held nothing else for her. Inspite of this, she was bewildered and puzzled at having become a mother, understanding little of the woman into which she was developing. Initially, she was hopelessly immature.

Tehmina leaving Anees for Mustafa Khar inspite of having a child with him is a controversial and debatable topic.

We can argue that Tehmina was right in leaving her husband and kid for Mustafa because, initially, the image of Mustafa that she had in her mind was that of a misunderstood gentleman. She thought she can see the real Mustafa beneath the strong front he puts. She believed Anees to be a nice and kind man who trusted and loved her greatly but it wasn’t the case for her. She did not love him. When she saw Mustafa, she realized what was it that she was missing. She had legacy of her mother without even realizing it and Anees feel short of it. Anees was inconsequential and she did not hold any faith in his abilities or respect for his intellect. She did not wanted a marriage like his parents in which her mother dominated every decision of her father’s.She wanted a strong man. Not only for her personal self but she also thought that her mother’s eyes that screamed how inadequate she was would then be more acceptable of her or rather, not affect her because she was with a strong man like Mustafa.

But her leaving of her husband and child for another man, a married man, invite a lot of criticism on a lot of aspects. She claimed to be a loving mother, yet she was ready to let her child go through something as disturbing as divorce just because, as she claimed, she was falling into an abyss called Mustafa Khar. At a number of places, she even blames Anees for not being a vigilant husband and stop the advances of Mustafa and lead her back to a virtuous life and thoughts that did not point to her infidelity. She says at one part in the book that, “Common sense vanished along with caution, morality and decency: my emotions overwhelmed me”. She herself was very aware of her act being indecent and how immoral it was to pry and want a married man. She did not care for her child, she did not care for the emotions of a fellow woman and instead blamed her for not being understanding of Mustafa. She did not care for her loving husband and supportive in-laws who gave her a family environment that wasn’t toxic and dominating on her. She left the place she was respected at, cherished at, blinded by emotion, inflicting pain and hurt to numerous person in the wake of it. She was at that time young and immature, but the way she handled her situation is still too much too be covered up by that.

Vijay Tendulkar was a famous Indian playwright of contemporary times, during the third phase of threatre. He could be called a complete playwright in tradition of Shakespeare because how he reflected on the society in his plays and the way her brought the characters to life.

Not many playwrights can claim such an achievement. He took on themes that were not spoken on in those times, various taboo themes of sexuality, violence within the family and outside, treatment of women in the Indian society.

One such play he wrote that brought him to spotlight was ‘Silence! The Court Is In Session’. The play takes on the plight of a single Indian woman, the stigma attached to her in the society at that times and how she held more accountable for wanting to live her life her way, unlike a man ever would be. A play within a play, it centers around the mock trial aimed at showing the Samant what a court proceeding looks like and prosecuted the protagonist, Ms. Benare, for a fake crime that was turned into a contempt against her and her personal life and she felt as if she was on a real trial for her “crime” – Being an unwed mother.

Ms. Leela Benare, the protagonist, is written as a modern young woman in the middle class society today she is cheerful, lively and seeks to live life on her own terms. She is a dedicated and devoted teacher and believes that one should live their life to the fullest. He character suffers in the play because the way she lived her life defied the established social norms and her private life was dissected for the evil pleasure of the males of the group and to satisfy the jealous of the only woman present there apart from Ms. Benare.

The highlighted character represents a modern day free-minded women who are out there in the field doing what they love and living the life on their own terms. The times have changed since the play was first written but the plight of such women still exists and is in effect more than we would like it to be. A woman, even today is questioned for the clothes she wear, working late night, hanging out with male friends and having fun and living their life. The stigma still continues that a woman needs to be reserved, should marry as soon as possible and live her life as far as the permission of her husband allows. And this is the top most layer of it all. The things turn worse if a woman is romantically involved with a man she is not married. She becomes an object of scrutiny for the entire society n the pall-bearers of the “purity of society” treat them as an anomaly and possible threat to the “sancity” of the society. For some reason, the affair of a married man is not as big an issue for the people as a romantic involvement of a woman is. A man can follow his desires, even sexual, run away from his responsibility of upholding the sanctity of society and still live his life in peace. The private life of a man never comes in question when his professional competency is concerned unless it’s something as grave as committing a crime, which still form a crucial part for professional area, the background of an employee. A woman on the other hand, needs to maintain a “society-approved” speckless record of personal life to prove her professional competency.

All this gets far much worse if you are an unmarried single woman who’s pregnant or a divorcee. Male divorcees are still treated with more pity than a female divorcee. In the case of the play, how Miss Benare was treated for having a flirtatious nature and living a life full of fun and enthusiasm won’t come as big surprise for the readers. Also, how Prof. Damle was not at all held at contempt, neither was her maternal uncle, for getting involved with her. But Ms. Benare alone faced the blunt of it all, because she’s a woman who wanted nothing more than love from a man and was betrayed. In the game, skeletons tumbled out of the closet and her suicidal tendencies as well as seducing every male member in the troupe and proposal of marriage to everyone is revealed. The institution of a inquiry in her school for her moral conduct which will dismiss her from service (her sole means of sustenance) was also ordered. The hypocrite society calls motherhood divine, higher than heaven and infanticide a great sin will not take any kind of motherhood other than the what they suppose is correct, which is, a married woman. Other elements such as inter-caste marriage is not included in the play but that as well decides the level of divinity of one’s mother hood

She does not want to abandon his child as she has enjoyed some blissful moment. She talks about her genuine love for her maternal uncle and Prof. Damle and how she left her both the time. Even in the current time, a woman will be treated with quite a bit of harsh contempt for her romantic and , especially, sexual involvement with any person she is not married to. Whereas men and their love for only the flesh of a person, their lust, will always be justified or overlooked, or both. Society might have changed, women a more free than they ever were before, but shaking off of a long set stigma and the utter lack of respect for the personal life of a woman will take a long long time.

Government of India believes that the twin objectives of ‘accelerating industrial growth and creating additional productive employment potential in rural and backward areas’ can be fulfilled with the help of MSME and rural industrialisation. One of the best examples of the above strategy in action is the Great Leap Forward (GLP) campaign in China started in year 1958. It aimed at industrializing the country on a massive scale by encouraging people to set up industries in their backyards. In fact in rural areas, the Commune system was applied, covering almost all the farm population, and these units were divided into production brigade and production units.

Policies were made to facilitate with rural development and growth of MSME in rural areas. Spread in Rural Crediting and institutional structures such as NABARD, regional banks and micro-crediting by SHGs provides better lending options and fill the gap due to lack of the formal credit system. Few acts, policies and scheme to help MSMEs in rural area are:

• The Micro, Small and Meduim Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (MSMED, Act 2006)

It is single comprehensive act for development and regulation of small enterprises act and provide for facilitating the promotion and development and enhancing the competitiveness of micro, small and medium enterprises.

• The State Agricultural Credit Corporations Act, 1968

It is an Act to provide for the establishment in the States and Union territories of Agricultural Credit Corporation. Here, the meaning of agriculture activities means not only growing crops, but also animal husbandry, horticulture, pisciculture etc.. It aims at granting of loans and advances, repayable within a period, not exceeding five years, to agriculturists, agricultural marketing societies, agricultural processing societies, Central Co- operative Banks, co- operative farming societies or primary agricultural credit societies for agricultural operations or for such other operations connected therewith.

• Pradhan Mantri Credit Scheme

This scheme for Powerloom Weavers provides financial assistance (Margin Money Subsidy) and interest reimbursement to the decentralized powerloom units / weavers. Margin Money Subsidy as against the credit facilities (Term Loan) availed under Stand-up India Scheme by the SC, ST and Women Entrepreneur of the decentralized  powerloom units / weavers to meet their credit requirements such as for investment needs (Term Loan) and for working capital etc

• Rural India Skill

It is a scheme under the Skill India Campaign initiated in 2015 and is managed by the National Skills Development Corporation of India

• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (2016 – 2020)

It is a Skill Training Scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) which aims to train 10 million youths by 2020 pan India both in Rural and Urban areas.

• Start Up India

It is an initiative of the Government of India which was first announced by on 15 August 2015 and it focuses on three areas, i.e. Simplification and Handholding, Funding Support and Incentives, and Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubation.

To sum it up, we can see that MSME plays a very important role in the rural development. Government of India believes it to be a powerful instrument to facilitate rural development and employment. Small scale production units like Village Industries and Cottage industries can become the backbone of the process of financially and economically stabilizing rural areas.

Rural area of India accounts for almost 65.07 % in 2020, according to the World Bank. India’s economic development is dependent on economic and financial well-being of the Rural part of India which accounts for more than half of the total area of the country.

Rural parts of our country are largely involved in the agricultural activities. Even though 42.6 percent of total workforce is involved in agricultural sector (data from 2019), the agricultural activities only contributed 19.9 per cent of the total GDP (data of 2019-20). This is argued to be the result of inadequate infrastructure, lack of alternative employment opportunities, increasing casualisation of employment etc.. Even the Agarian reform that brought forth the Green Revolution in India was unevenly divided increasing the inter-state disparity and still leaving a large part of rural farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers with small plots of land, with an unfulfilled promise of surplus produce increasing the economic divide between the rich and poor farmers. Agricultural sector, which is the main source of livelihood in rural areas, contributes to disguised unemployment.

The major issues regarding and leading to lack of jobs, low earning opportunities and unemployment in rural areas can be solved by promoting the setting up and spread of Small Scale Industries (SSIs) and Micro, Small and Medium Industries (MSMEs).

As per the revised and updated definition by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises,

Micro Scale Enterprises has an investment not more than Rs.1 crore and Annual Turnover not more than Rs.5 crore.

Small Scale Enterprises has an investment not more than Rs.10 crore and Annual Turnover not more than Rs.50 crore.

Medium Scale Enterprises has an investment not more than Rs.50 crore and Annual Turnover not more than Rs.250 crore.

Small businesses play an important role in rural India as it provides multiple source of income, non-agricultural employment opportunities and supports people involved in traditional occupations, such as handicraft industry, and the weaker sections of society, such as widowed women. MSME also contributes to decreasing the rate of rural-urban migration, thereby avoiding overcrowding in urban areas. Vi

The merits of MSMEs are:

• Balanced regional development
• Labour-Intensive
• Use of Conventional and Simple equipments
• Locally available Resources
• Opportunity for generating employment and Entrepreneurship

Rashtriya Gram Swaraj AbhiyanRGSA( rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan) was launched in 2016-17 for strengthening the capacities of panchayati raj institutions for rural local governance to become more effective.this scheme focuses on sustainable development of rural areas with available resources and technologies as a way to find solution to local problems.Principles of SDGs sustainable development goals :-

1. Leaving no one behind

2.Reaching the farthest first and universal coverage

3.Gender equality in design of all capacity building interventionsObjectives :-

A.Promote social harmony

B.Spread awareness about pro poor initiatives of government

C. Reach out to poor households to enroll them as aslo to obtain their feedbacks on different welfare programmesAs a special endeavour during the Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, saturation of eligible households would be made under pro poor programmes. Schemes under Gram Swaraj Abhiyan are as follows :-

1. Pradhan mantri ujjwala yojna :-50 million lpg connections to women of below poverty line families

2. Saubhagya :-Provide energy access to all by last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining un electrified households

3.Ujala scheme :-Also known as DELP (Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme)aims to promote efficient usage if electricity for all4.pradhan mantri jan dhan yojna :-

Financial inclusion program of the government of india open to Indian citizens,that aims to expand affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts,credit,remittances etc.

5.Pradhan mantri jeewan bima yojna :-Government backed life insurance scheme launched in india in the year of 2015

6.Mission indradhanush :-Health Scheme launched by india government which seeks 90 percent immunisation coverage of indiaAn important aspect of campaign would also be disclosure of funds provided to panchayat for each scheme and activities to be taken in gram panchayat area.

Human rights and covid pandemicThe world is now confronting one of its most severe health crises,corona virus.

This pandemic has already affected hundreds of millions of lives.During this pandemic many countries took strong measures in order to stop people from roaming around without care.many countries forced an exacting imprisonment to restrict spreading of infection.International law accomodates conditions in which basic freedoms might be limited.Governments can disparage certain common freedom during a public crisis which compromises existence of the country.

Human rights are not something many refer to as extravagance that should be shielded; they are the essential privileges of residents that are given to them. Maintaining these rights could guarantee requirements and executes better compared to some other conditions by abusing their common liberties. Besides, issues with respect to sexual orientation based aggressive behavior at home have additionally expanded. We need to handle the circumstance by deciding on a more improved sort of system.

According to WHO director general,this lockdown has caused a circumstance where the security of society is least particularly for evacuees and the impaired. The outlining of common freedoms went about as a solid column that could fortify the adequacy of worldwide endeavours to address the pandemic of COVID-19.

Conclusions and suggestions :-

The current COVID-19 flare-up has been depicted as a pandemic.The reactions from everywhere the globe have introduced that COVID-19 have arisen unmistakably.States recognize approaches to deal with and address COVID-19, including protecting common liberties and guaranteeing individuals into reactions as it is critical to address such issues during this pandemic all throughout the planet.The World Health Organization announced a novel Covid, Covid-19, a subject of Public Health Emergency of Worldwide Concern on 30th January, 2020. Together we are encountering the most genuine and wellbeing crisis in living memory. The COVID-19 pandemic is the test to all of us, of governments, of networks and people including to our social orders and system.

Some certain rights might be restricted or suspended, the law never is; and a few rights are secured totally.Emergency powers should be utilized for authentic general wellbeing objectives, not utilized as premises to suppress dispute or quiet crafted by common freedoms safeguards or columnists.

Rebirth of talibanTaliban , terrorist organisation which was supposed to be dead suddenly emerged and took over an entire country.

How did they do this.for years taliban did not take any action because of which everyone thought that taliban has been wiped out.but this was not true . they were preparing themselves for a sudden attack.

Resources of taliban :-Taliban’s sudden surge across much of Afghanistan,may have stunned the world but it has been driven in part by extensive fundraising that has given this group access to millions of dollars.Intelligence agencies say its impossible to gauge the exact money taliban has been able to raise, it’s estimated to be around 300 million to 1.5 billion dollars a year.Their major source of income are opium production,drug trafficking, extortion, kidnapping etc.According to UN many non governmental foundations also donates huge amount to taliban.

How did taliban conquered Afghanistan :-

As foreign troops began their final withdrawal from the country in may,washington and kabul thought that afghan millitary will put up a strong fightagainst the Taliban.

Afghan millitary having multi billion dollars of arsenal was undefeated on paper.In reality they were plagued by corruption,poor leadership,lack of proper training.According to reports from The Times of India US government inspectors had long warned that the force was unstable.Faced with smaller but more determined opposition many soldiers even units deserted or surrendered leaving the insurgents to capture city after city.The seeds of collapse were soen last year when washington signed a deal with insurgents to withdraw its troop completely.

For Taliban it was their victory after more than two decades of war,but for many afghans this was betrayal and abandonment.With afghan forces unable to hold off the taliban advances,many of Afghanistan’s famed and notorious leaders rallied their millitia and promised a black eye to Taliban if they attack the cities.Cities fell without a fight.political leaders left the country.some warlords were captured some ran away.From individual soldiers and low level ministers to officials the insurgent pressed for deals with the taliban.Final march to kabul was not bloodshed ,it was government officials and terrorist capturing the city sitting in a couch.Earlier few reports estimated that ut would take around 90 days to capture kabul but once they entered it took less than two weeks.And thus a country was captured by a supposedly dead organisation which resulted in nothing else but destruction of lives of citizen as around 3 lakh people left the country on the ither hand thousand were killed.

Many adults function best with around 8 hours of sleep and this varies depending on many variablessuch as your environment, health, age, etc., youth today may be averaging only 6–6.9 hours of sleep as a result of all-nighters, cramming, parties, TV, the internet, and a general overload of activity. In fact, 8 hours of sleep may seem unreasonable for many college students; residence hall life is remarkably noisy, distractions are plentiful, and you may have a job or have a family to care for in addition to school.



■Sleep Deprivation: Symptoms and Consequence



Sleep is an important process which  helps you remember what you learn and prepares you for your next challenge. If you are experiencing any of the following for a period of a few weeks, commonly known as insomnia, you may want to consider asking for help.



▪difficulty falling asleep

▪wake up frequently during the night

▪fall asleep at inappropriate times even after a night of adequate sleep

▪sleeping too much (more than 9 hours)have sudden attacks of uncontrollable sleep or muscle weakness

▪have nightmares or night terrors (the experience of awakening in a terrified state without recollection of a dream) that interrupt your sleep

▪sleep-walking



■Sleep Loss and depression



 Depression is already two times more common in the general population, affecting the youth very badly and it is believed that lack of sleep contributes to this high rate. What people often fail to realize is that sleep problems that persist for more than two weeks can actually be a risk factor for developing depression. Moreover people who suffer from depression also have difficulty sleeping, and if sleep problems persist after depression has subsided, the risk of relapse increases.



■How to Improve Your Sleep?
While 8 hours of sleep may seem unreasonable, you should not underestimate the power of good quality sleep. If you are having trouble sleeping, here are some suggestions to help:



▪Develop sleep rituals or sleep-promoting bedtime routines. Do the same things in the same order before going to bed to cue your body to slow down and relax. Stop studying and don’t get into any stimulating discussions or activities a half hour or hour before bed. Just before going to bed, do something to relax yourself: read a book for leisure (not a text book or a journal article for class), play your guitar, listen to quiet music, write in a journal.

▪Exercise and/or keep physically active during the day. Strenuous exercise (brisk walking, swimming, jogging, squash, etc.) in late afternoon can promote more restful sleep. This is especially important the day after a bad night’s sleep. While regular physical activity is good, exercising just before bedtime may actually make it harder to go to sleep.

▪Create a “to do” list throughout the day and keep a pad and pencil near your bed. If your thoughts are racing as you are trying to sleep and if you think of something you want or need to remember, jot it down. Then let the thought(s) go. There will be no need to lie awake worrying about remembering it.

▪Cut down on alcohol. Alcohol might help you fall asleep, but it often results in shallow and disturbed sleep, abnormal dream periods, and frequent early morning awakening.

▪Avoid large meals three hours before bed. Limit yourself to light snacks when studying late at night.Avoid routine use of sleeping pills or other sleep aids, which reduce sleep quality.

▪Take a short nap (30 minutes or less), as early in the day as possible, if you are tired. While short daytime naps can be refreshing, longer naps can upset your internal clock.

▪Reduce your intake of caffeine and nicotine 4–6 hours before going to sleep. If coffee shops are a common late night study place, try decaffeinated coffee or tea if you crave something warm. Drink decaffeinated pop instead of regular pop. Stimulants interfere with your ability to fall asleep and progress into deep sleep.



 



■When to Seek Help?
If restless or sleepless nights continue for a period of several weeks, think about discussing with a therapist or  with your medical doctor. Sometimes you may have conflicts that you are unaware of which may be preventing you from sleeping peacefully. Treating insomnia often entails treating the condition causing the insomnia (e.g., stress, depression) and relearning healthy sleep habits, and Take a short nap (30 minutes or less), as early in the day as possible, if you are tired. While short daytime naps can be refreshing, longer naps can upset your internal clock. Reduce your intake of caffeine and nicotine 4–6 hours before going to sleep. If coffee shops are a common late night study place, try decaffeinated coffee or tea if you crave something warm. Drink decaffeinated pop instead of regular pop. Stimulants interfere with your ability to fall asleep and progress into deep sleep.



 



When to Seek Help?



If restless or sleepless nights continue for a period of several weeks, think about talking with a therapist or talking with your medical doctor. Sometimes you may have conflicts that you are unaware of which may be preventing you from sleeping peacefully. Treating insomnia often entails treating the condition causing the insomnia (e.g., stress, depression or anxiety) and relearning healthy sleep habits, and a therapist can help you with this. Sleeplessness may also be a result of a more severe medical problem (or may lead to increased health problems) and you may need to see a physician.

The word unemployment itself describes that the problem of giving job to those who are willing to work. It is mainly an economic problem. A problem that has been in tradition without a particular solution. The major rise in unemployment is because of the population crisis. This year we can say that the pandemic also played an important role and increased this problem at the highest level. The people who were employed and were at professional posts lost their jobs because of the pandemic situation for which they weren’t prepared.

Now coming to the second part that is the population crisis. We need proper family planning schemes so that the jobs could be created. Because it’s impossible to create the employment opportunities for all if we will not plan accordingly and prepare a structure for this problem. The trouble is not only this. In every field we have multiple candidates with qualified degrees for the same single post. People are going to the same sector as their parents had gone into that and think that they will get the better chance.

Mental makeup is also necessary for both boys and girls. We ate service minded since our childhood’s so that we are afraid of taking risk but it is not a good option to completely being dependent on the government for creating job opportunities. It’s the problem of both educated and uneducated people and we can find a solution together only. Even agriculture sector suffers disguised unemployment which can be job oriented if we think and focus on it.

When the person is unemployed it may be lead to many undesired results that may be competition, frustation, depression, drug addiction, and even suicides. Running a race without a goal is worthless. One must think twice before taking his steps about his studies and career. Every individual is not the same and has different way of thoughts and capabilities. We need to get to know about them so that we could be confident in our field and make necessary decisions.

At last I could conclude my article on a positive note that the one step should be taken by government and one step by ourselves because it’s our choice, our future and our life. Expectations are a part of life but don’t try to make it a habit. If the steps are taken from both the side then only the solution can be derived not only for ourselves but for our future generations too.

Keep reading, keep knowing…… Thank you!!

Trophy hunting is hunting of wild game that is characterized by the selective harvest of mature male animals. Sad to say that this ancient practice is still being carried out in the name of ‘providing incentive’ and ‘developing economies’.

Animal rights have been openly violated by some nations by allowing trophy hunting and are in great danger in countries considering to resort to such barbaric means to earn money.

Animal rights are not legal rights but moral rights which are often ignored in the name of utilitarianism. Animals are treated as property and, thus, enjoy little to know legal rights. As the saying goes, “Until the lion learns how to write every story will glorify the hunter”. Well, the hunters indeed are trying to glorify their scheme of easy money earned through their immoral and savage actions against innocent lives.As the government of countries allowing trophy hunting, such as Africa, US and some countries in North America, reasons that trophy hunting raise funds for the conservation of wildlife, when there is “no incentive” for conservation, might I say that this can be considered an irony, a hilarious one too.

The truth is that these governments think that investing a portion of their GDP on conservation of environment, moreover on conservation of wildlife, is nothing more than waste of money. Those arguing that this practice also serve as population control of the wild animals, which would otherwise exceed the carrying capacity of an area, must I remind them that it was our fault, fault of the human race, behind significant decrease in forest areas and green cover and now to cover up our mess we are going on mass killing of innocent animals.

It might sound extreme but, Sire, this would be called murder with corporate motives had the entity been human. The claims stating, directly or indirectly, that trophy hunting is the best method to make money out of wildlife and the local community benefits from this income have been false. Reports suggest that around 3% After revenue collected from trophy hunting reaches the communities that are affected by it.

As for money through wildlife conservation, wildlife tours and safaris and increasing fascination for trips to reconnect with nature can fairly boost economy. Not only it gives incentive to save wildlife but also a chance for connected sectors, such as tours and travels, aviation, hospitality, local handicraft etc., to grow and prosper.Considering ourselves to be the superior species though, why must we ponder upon the wellbeing of wildlife and concern ourselves with moral issue of innocent animals being killed in the name of big game, isn’t it?

Animals like lions, tigers, wild boar and others are the ones on the kill list of rich people in the name of ‘social service by killing dangerous animals’. Basically the idea is ‘killing the ones on the top of the food chain’. It’s unfortunate that human race never learns from its past mistake. I would like to tell the story of Sahara desert which apparently wasn’t a desert but a King, in his own noble perspective, killed all carnivores in order to protect the herbivores from ‘savage beings’. With no one to check the plant-eaters, they grazed the whole forest down to a desert. There is a reason nature came up with the food chain and the so-called ‘savage beasts’. Need of the time is sustainable development and protection of environment, not what is being done in the name of economy and GDPs, so that there remains an economy to be taken care of not just.If it’s really about utilitarian view then we should start killing all the people above the age of 65 or 70 who are dependent. It will give far more greater benefits than loses.

We can achieve control on population, decrease in number of dependent population, more disposable income more resources and increase in unit area per person, not to forget increase in availability hospital beds, decrease in waste generation and better waste management and economic development in sector dealing with cremations, funeral services etc. And at what cost?

Only the emotional unrest which will eventually fade with the realisation of the inevitable ad the burden of caring the economy. Sound barbaric, extreme, baseless. What about the greater good now?

Just because human beings, in their own false sense of superiority, fail to remember doesn’t mean that animals are not an entity and do not deserve right to live.To conclude, I would say animal rights are in dire need to be upheld legally and should be ore widespread otherwise the money-minded, greedy beings would wipe out the wildlife. It is not just important but necessary to ban trophy hunting not only to save wildlife and nature but to save our environment, our ecosystem within which the ‘economies’ exist. To assume environment to be unrelated to the issues of economy and politics and proceeding ahead like that is like breaking the roof of one’s own house to build oneself a fire. Not only is it illogical but also will not sustain economies in the long run. Also, I would like to add that giraffes don’t hurt people, they are plant eating and peaceful animals. So, Ms Sabrina Corgatelli should be ashamed of killing innocent, harmless animals and should have her facts straight next time or come up with better excuses.