The study of the sociological aspects of space and place, particularly in the context of human culture, is a rich and multidimensional field of inquiry. Understanding how individuals and societies interact with and shape their physical environments sheds light on the complex interplay between social structures, cultural values, and spatial contexts. When it comes to space, sociologists examine both physical spaces, such as urban areas, rural landscapes, and built environments, as well as conceptual spaces, such as virtual communities and social networks. Meanwhile, place refers to the subjective and socially constructed meanings attached to specific locations, which can influence identity, social relations, and behavior.
In the realm of space exploration and the culture of space, several key sociological aspects emerge:
Identity and Belonging: Human beings have an innate tendency to form attachments to particular places, which contribute to their sense of identity and belonging. In the context of space exploration, astronauts often experience a profound shift in their sense of place and belonging as they journey beyond Earth’s atmosphere. The experience of viewing Earth from space, often referred to as the “overview effect,” can lead to a heightened awareness of the interconnectedness of all life and a reevaluation of one’s place in the universe.
Social Organization and Community: The culture of space encompasses a diverse array of communities, including scientists, engineers, astronauts, policymakers, and enthusiasts, who are united by their interest in exploring and understanding the cosmos. These communities often develop unique norms, practices, and rituals that reflect their shared values and objectives. For example, mission control centers serve as hubs of activity and coordination during space missions, embodying principles of teamwork, precision, and collaboration.
Power and Inequality: As with any human endeavor, the exploration of space is shaped by power dynamics and inequalities. Historically, space exploration has been dominated by a handful of powerful nations and organizations, leading to questions of access, representation, and equity. Efforts to democratize access to space, such as the rise of commercial spaceflight and the growing interest in international collaboration, highlight ongoing debates about who gets to participate in shaping humanity’s future in space.
Cultural Representation and Imagery: The portrayal of space in popular culture, media, and art plays a crucial role in shaping public perceptions and attitudes towards space exploration. From science fiction novels and films to iconic images of astronauts walking on the moon, cultural representations of space often reflect broader social anxieties, aspirations, and imaginaries. These representations can influence public support for space exploration and shape the collective imagination of what lies beyond our planet.
Ethics and Responsibility: As humanity ventures further into space, questions of ethics and responsibility become increasingly salient. Issues such as environmental sustainability, planetary protection, and the potential impact of space activities on indigenous communities raise complex moral dilemmas that require careful consideration and dialogue. Sociologists play a crucial role in facilitating conversations about the ethical dimensions of space exploration and advocating for principles of social justice and environmental stewardship.
Overall, the culture of space offers a fascinating lens through which to explore the intersections of society, technology, and the cosmos. By examining the sociological aspects of space and place, we can gain deeper insights into the ways in which human beings navigate and shape their environments, both on Earth and beyond.
References
Artiles, A. (2003). Special education’s changing identity: Paradoxes and dilemmas in views of culture and space. Harvard educational review, 73(2), 164-202.
Agarwal, S., & Sharma, S. N. Universal Design to Ensure Equitable Society. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), 1.
Bonnemaison, J. (2005). Culture and space: Conceiving a new cultural geography. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Grossberg, L. (2002). The space of culture, the power of space. In The postcolonial question (pp. 169-186). Routledge.
Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (2008). Beyond ‘culture’: space, identity, and the politics of difference. In The cultural geography reader (pp. 72-79). Routledge.
Sharma, S. N. (2014). Urban forms in planning and design. International Journal of Research, 1(1), 7-16.
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. An entity that provides insurance is known as an insurer, an insurance company, an insurance carrier, or an underwriter. an arrangement with a company in which you pay them regular amounts of money and they agree to pay the costs if, for example, you die or are ill, or if you lose or damage something.
Insurance is a contract in which an insurer indemnifies another against losses from specific contingencies or perils. It helps to protect the insured person or their family against financial loss. There are many types of insurance policies. Life, health, homeowners, and auto are the most common forms of insurance. insurance is a contract, represented by a policy, in which a policyholder receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company. The company pools clients’ risks to make payments more affordable for the insured.
Insurance policies are used to hedge against the risk of financial losses, both big and small, that may result from damage to the insured or their property or liability for damage or injury caused to a third party.
Key Takeways :
1. Insurance is a contract (policy) in which an insurer indemnifies another against losses from specific contingencies or perils.
2. There are many types of insurance policies. Life, health, homeowners, and auto are the most common forms of insurance.
3. The core components that make up most insurance policies are the deductible, policy limit, and premium.
How Insurance Works :
A multitude of different types of insurance policies is available, and virtually any individual or business can find an insurance company willing to insure them—for a price. The most common types of personal insurance policies are auto, health, homeowners, and life. Most individuals in the United States have at least one of these types of insurance, and car insurance is required by law. Businesses require special types of insurance policies that insure against specific types of risks faced by a particular business. For example, a fast-food restaurant needs a policy that covers damage or injury that occurs as a result of cooking with a deep fryer. An auto dealer is not subject to this type of risk but does require coverage for damage or injury that could occur during test drives. There are also insurance policies available for very specific needs, such as kidnap and ransom (K&R), medical malpractice, and professional liability insurance, also known as errors and omissions insurance.
Insurance Policy Components:
A firm understanding of these concepts goes a long way in helping you choose the policy that best suits your needs. For instance, whole life insurance may or may not be the right type of life insurance for you. Three components of any type of insurance are crucial: premium, policy limit, and deductible.
1. Premium -: A policy’s premium is its price, typically expressed as a monthly cost. The premium is determined by the insurer based on your or your business’s risk profile, which may include creditworthiness.
2. Policy Limit -: The policy limit is the maximum amount that an insurer will pay under a policy for a covered loss. Maximums may be set per period (e.g., annual or policy term), per loss or injury, or over the life of the policy, also known as the lifetime maximum.
3. Deductible -: The deductible is a specific amount that the policyholder must pay out of pocket before the insurer pays a claim. Deductibles serve as deterrents to large volumes of small and insignificant claims.
Types of Insurance :
There are many different types of insurance. Let’s look at the most important.
1.Health Insurance -: Regarding health insurance, people who have chronic health issues or need regular medical attention should look for policies with lower deductibles. Though the annual premium is higher than a comparable policy with a higher deductible, less expensive access to medical care throughout the year may be worth the tradeoff.
2. Home Insurance -: Homeowners insurance (also known as home insurance) protects your home and possessions against damage or theft. Virtually all mortgage companies require borrowers to have insurance coverage for the full or fair value of a property (usually the purchase price) and won’t make a loan or finance a residential real estate transaction without proof of it.
3. Auto Insurance -: When you buy or lease a car, it’s important to protect that investment. Getting auto insurance can offer reassurance in case you’re involved in an accident or the vehicle is stolen, vandalized, or damaged by a natural disaster. Instead of paying out of pocket for auto accidents, people pay annual premiums to an auto insurance company; the company then pays all or most of the costs associated with an auto accident or other vehicle damage.
4. Life Insurance -: Life insurance is a contract between an insurer and a policy owner. A life insurance policy guarantees that the insurer pays a sum of money to named beneficiaries when the insured dies in exchange for the premiums paid by the policyholder during their lifetime. Life insurance. life insurance provides for your family if you unexpectedly die. This is especially important if your family is dependent on your salary. Industry experts suggest a policy that pays out 10 times your yearly income. But not everyone can afford the cost. When estimating the amount of life insurance you need, factor in funeral expenses. Then calculate your family’s daily living expenses. These may include mortgage payments, outstanding loans, credit card debt, taxes, child care, and future college costs.
5. Travel Insurance -: Travel insurance is a type of insurance that covers the costs and losses associated with traveling. It is useful protection for those traveling domestically or abroad.
6. Long-Term Disability Coverage -: Long-term disability insurance is the type of insurance most of us think we will never need. Yet, according to statistics from the Social Security Administration, one in four workers entering the workforce will become disabled and will be unable to work before they reach the age of retirement. Often, even workers who have great health insurance, a nice nest egg, and a good life insurance policy don’t prepare for the day when they might not be able to work for weeks, months, or ever again. While health insurance pays for hospitalization and medical bills, you’re still left with all of the expenses that your paycheck had covered.
Is insurance an asset?
Depending on the type of life insurance policy and how it is used, permanent life insurance can be considered a financial asset because of its ability to build cash value or be converted into cash. Simply put, most permanent life insurance policies can build cash value over time.
Conclusion:
Insurance plans will help you pay for medical emergencies, hospitalization, contraction of any illnesses and treatment, and medical care required in the future. The financial loss to the family due to the unfortunate death of the sole earner can be covered by insurance plans.
The history of the camera began even before the introduction of photography. Cameras evolved from the camera obscura through many generations of photographic technology – daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film – to the modern day with digital cameras and camera phones.
Camera obscura (Before the 17th century) -:
The forerunner to the photographic camera was the camera obscura. Camera obscura (Latin for “dark room”) is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene on the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen and forms an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The oldest known record of this principle is a description by the Han Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 to c. 391 BC). Mozi correctly asserted that the camera obscura image is inverted because light travels in straight lines from its source. In the 11th century, Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote very influential books about optics, including experiments with light through a small opening in a darkened room. It was wildly successful after debuting to the public in 1839 when both it and the calotype began introducing photography to the masses. Normally, having portraits taken was an activity exclusive to the upper classes. The cost and amount of time needed to produce such works were unreasonable for most working-class people. The speed of the camera, which only increased as time went on, made it possible for anybody to have quality portraits.
Early photographic camera (18th–19th centuries) -:
The development of the photographic camera, it had been known for hundreds of years that some substances, such as silver salts, darkened when exposed to sunlight.[9]: 4 In a series of experiments, published in 1727, the German scientist Johann Heinrich Schulze demonstrated that the darkening of the salts was due to light alone, and not influenced by heat or exposure to air.[10]: 7 The Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed in 1777 that silver chloride was especially susceptible to darkening from light exposure and that once darkened, it becomes insoluble in an ammonia solution.[10] The first person to use this chemistry to create images was Thomas Wedgwood.
The first permanent photograph of a camera image was made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris.[10]: 9–11 Niépce had been experimenting with ways to fix the images of a camera obscura since 1816. The first photographic camera developed for commercial manufacture was a daguerreotype camera, built by Alphonse Giroux in 1839. Giroux signed a contract with Daguerre and Isidore Niépce to produce the cameras in France,[9]: 8–9 with each device and accessories costing 400 francs.[13]: 38 The camera was a double-box design, with a landscape lens fitted to the outer box, and a holder for the ground glass focusing screen and image plate on the inner box. By sliding the inner box, objects at various distances could be brought to as sharp a focus as desired. After a satisfactory image had been focused on the screen, the screen was replaced with a sensitized plate. A knurled wheel controlled a copper flap in front of the lens, which functioned as a shutter. The early daguerreotype cameras required long exposure times, which in 1839 could be from 5 to 30 minutes.
Within a decade of being introduced in America, 3 general forms of the camera were in popular use: the American- or chamfered-box camera, the Robert’s-type camera or “Boston box”, and the Lewis-type camera. The American-box camera had beveled edges at the front and rear, and an opening in the rear where the formed image could be viewed on the ground glass. The top of the camera had hinged doors for placing photographic plates. Inside there was one available slot for distant objects, and another slot in the back for close-ups. The lens was focused either by sliding or with a rack and pinion mechanism. The Robert’s-type cameras were similar to the American box, except for having a knob-fronted worm gear on the front of the camera, which moved the back box for focusing.
Early fixed images -:
The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by Nicéphore Niépce,[18][19] using a very small camera of his own making and a piece of paper coated with silver chloride, which darkened where it was exposed to light. His unhardened bitumen was then dissolved away. One of those photographs has survived.
Daguerreotypes and calotypes -:
After Niépce died in 1833, his partner Louis Daguerre continued to experiment and by 1837 had created the first practical photographic process, which he named the daguerreotype and publicly unveiled in 1839.[21] Daguerre treated a silver-plated sheet of copper with iodine vapor to give it a coating of light-sensitive silver iodide. After exposure to the camera, the image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt (sodium chloride). Henry Fox Talbot perfected a different process, the calotype, in 1840. As commercialized, both processes used very simple cameras consisting of two nested boxes. The rear box had a removable ground glass screen and could slide in and out to adjust the focus. After focusing, the ground glass was replaced with a light-tight holder containing the sensitized plate or paper and the lens was capped.
Dry plates -:
Collodion dry plates had been available since 1857, thanks to the work of Désiré van Monckhoven, but it was not until the invention of the gelatin dry plate in 1871 by Richard Leach Maddox that the wet plate process could be rivaled in quality and speed. The 1878 discovery that heat-ripening a gelatin emulsion greatly increased its sensitivity finally made so-called “instantaneous” snapshot exposures practical.
The invention of photographic film -:
The use of photographic film was pioneered by George Eastman, who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching to celluloid in 1888–1889. His first camera, which he called the “Kodak”, was first offered for sale in 1888. It was a very simple box camera with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer.
35 mm -:
Some manufacturers started to use 35 mm film for still photography between 1905 and 1913. The first 35 mm cameras available to the public, and reaching significant numbers in sales were the Tourist Multiple, in 1913, and the Simplex, in 1914.
TLRs and SLRs -:
The first practical reflex camera was the Franke & Heidecke Rolleiflex medium format TLR of 1928. Though both single- and twin-lens reflex cameras had been available for decades, they were too bulky to achieve much popularity. The Rolleiflex, however, was sufficiently compact to achieve widespread popularity and the medium-format TLR design became popular for both high- and low-end cameras.
Instant cameras -:
Polaroid Model 430, 1971
While conventional cameras were becoming more refined and sophisticated, an entirely new type of camera appeared on the market in 1948. This was the Polaroid Model 95, the world’s first viable instant-picture camera. Known as a Land Camera after its inventor, Edwin Land, the Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce finished positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute.
Automation -:
The first camera to feature automatic exposure was the selenium light meter-equipped, fully automatic Super Kodak Six-20 pack of 1938, but its extremely high price (for the time) of $225 (equivalent to $4,331 in 2021)[23] kept it from achieving any degree of success.
Digital cameras -:
Digital cameras differ from their analog predecessors primarily in that they do not use film but capture and save photographs on digital memory cards or internal storage instead. Their low operating costs have relegated chemical cameras to niche markets.
Digital imaging technology -:
The first semiconductor image sensor was the CCD, invented by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs in 1969.[24] While researching MOS technology, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny MOS capacitor.
Early digital camera prototypes -:
The concept of digitizing images on scanners, and the concept of digitizing video signals, predate the concept of making still pictures by digitizing signals from an array of discrete sensor elements. Early spy satellites used the extremely complex and expensive method of de-orbit and airborne retrieval of film canisters. Technology was pushed to skip these steps through the use of in-satellite development and electronic scanning of the film for direct transmission to the ground. The amount of film was still a major limitation, and this was overcome and greatly simplified by the push to develop an electronic image-capturing array that could be used instead of film.
Analog electronic cameras -:
Handheld electronic cameras, in the sense of a device meant to be carried and used as a handheld film camera, appeared in 1981 with the demonstration of the Sony Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera). This is not to be confused with the later cameras by Sony that also bore the Mavica name.
Early true digital cameras -:
In the late 1980s, the technology required to produce truly commercial digital cameras existed. The first true portable digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which recorded to a 2 MB SRAM (static RAM) memory card that used a battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed to the public.
Digital SLRs (DSLRs) -:
Nikon was interested in digital photography since the mid-1980s. In 1986, while presenting to Photokina, Nikon introduced an operational prototype of the first SLR-type digital camera (Still Video Camera), manufactured by Panasonic.[48] The Nikon SVC was built around a sensor 2/3 ” charge-coupled device of 300,000 pixels. Storage media, a magnetic floppy inside the camera allows recording of 25 or 50 B&W images, depending on the definition.
Camera phones -:
The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.[54] It was called a “mobile videophone” at the time,[55] and had a 110,000-pixel front-facing camera.[54] It stored up to 20 JPEG digital images, which could be sent over e-mail, or the phone could send up to two images per second over Japan’s Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) cellular network.
Since childhood days we all have been told the stories of time and travel and magic through cartoons and storybooks. But is it really possible in the practical world? Yes, it is. Whether waiting for the favorite next episode to arrive or hoping to have more time to spend a day with a close one who resides in a different city, time always moves at a constant speed.
No one has ever actually accomplished exactly the sort of back-and-forth time travel seen in science fiction or proposed a way to send a person through a significant amount of time without killing them in the process, despite the fact that many people find the idea of altering the past or seeing the future before it happens to be fascinating.
But there is some evidence that supports some degree of temporal dilation. For instance, the special relativity theory of physicist Albert Einstein postulates that time is an illusion that shifts with respect to the observer. When compared to an observer at rest, an observer moving close to the speed of light will perceive time and all of its consequences like aging much slowly.
Other strange science ideas based on wormholes, black holes, and theoretical physics are among the scientific hypotheses concerning time travel. But for the most part, time travel continues to be the subject of a wide range of science fiction publications and media resources.
In 1905, Einstein created his special relativity theory. It has evolved into one of the pillars of modern physics together with his subsequent development, the theory of general relativity. According to special relativity, when an item is traveling in a straight line at a constant speed, space and time are related.The idea is deceptively straightforward in its condensed form. There is no “absolute” point of reference since everything is measured in respect to something else. Second, light travels at a constant pace. No matter what or where it is assessed from, it remains constant. Third, nothing travels at a quicker rate than light.
Poverty still rising all over the world, COVID-19 pandemic made it even worse. About 1.89 billion people, or nearly 36% of the world’s population, lived in extreme poverty. Nearly half the population in developing countries lived on less than $1.25 a day. Why should we spend money on space exploration when we already have so many problems here on Earth? Is it really that important? It’s like What if our ancestors thought that it would be a waste of time to figure out agriculture while we can do hunting? Or why should we spend so much time on exploring new lands while we have so many problems in our land? Each year, space exploration contributes to a lot of innovations on earth. It gave answers to many fundamental questions about our existence, and a lot of questions there to be answered if only we could increase our investment on space exploration.
Benefits of space exploration
Improves our day to day life
Since 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to ever set foot on moon, our interest in science and technology has improved a lot. In 22nd February 1978, US space agency launched the first satellite for its program of global positioning system (GPS). Currently there are 31 global positioning system (GPS) satellites orbiting the earth.Space exploration helped us to create many inventions like television, camera phones, internet, laptops, LED’s, wireless gadgets, purifying system of water and many more that we are using in our day to day life. There are nearly 3,372 active satellites providing information on navigation, business & finance, weather, climate and environmental monitoring, communication and safety.
Improving health care
The international space station plays a vital role in health and medical advancements. The Astronauts who works on the ISS able to do experiments that aren’t possible on earth due to the difference in the gravity. The project of Exomedicine – the study of medicine and microgravity, gravity has an effect on a molecular level so working in an environment where it can be eliminated from the equation allows discoveries that would otherwise be impossible. Medical advancements due to space exploration include,
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Treatment of chronic metabolic disorders
Better understanding of osteoporosis
Improvements in Breast cancer detection
Programmable pacemakers
Laser angioplasty
NASA’s device with Space technology for Asthma
ISS plays vital role in vaccine development
Early detection of immune changes prevents shingles
Development of MRIs and CT or CAT Scans
And invention of ear thermometers.
Need for space colonization
Overpopulation is one of the major crises in our planet. Currently we have 7.8 billion people alive on earth. Experts predict that there will be 9.7 billion people by 2050 and 11 billion by 2100, our earth can carry only 9 billion to 12 billion people with the limited food and freshwater resources. That means we have to find an exoplanet with suitable conditions soon. We already went to moon 6 times, we already sent a rover to Mars. Robotic missions are cost efficient, but if one is considering the future of human race we have to go there ourselves. Elon Musk announced that SpaceX is going to send people to Mars I 2022. NASA planned to make a colony on Mars by 2030. These missions are not something we need at this moment. But it may play an important role on our future. Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet which is 4.24 light years away from us. With our current technology, it is impossible to reach it in our lifetime. But we should make it as an aim for interstellar travel over the next 200 to 500 years. Stephen hawking said that the human race has existed as a separate species for about 2 million years. Civilization began about 10,000 years ago, and the rate of development has been steadily increasing. If the human race is to continue for another million years, we will have to boldly go where no one has gone before.
The day we stop exploring is the day we commit ourselves to live in a stagnant world, devoid of curiosity, empty of dreams. –Neil deGrasse Tyson
CHANDRAYAN-II is one of the successful satellite in CHANDRAYAN-II is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1. It consists of a lunar orbiter, and also included the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of which were developed in India. CHANDRAYAN-II launched in 22 July 2019 in GSLV Mark III M1 rocket launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad.
Isro chief K Sivan said that the spacecraft has completed 9,000 revolutions of the Moon during a workshop. Two years after its lander, rover combination crash-landed on the far side of the moon, the Chandrayaan-2 mission is still delivering critical observations to India as it completes 9,000 orbits around the Moon.06-Sept-2021.
Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter continues to orbit the Moon in an orbit of 96 km x 125 km and both the Orbiter and Lander are healthy. The first de-orbiting maneuver for Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft was performed successfully today (September 03, 2019) beginning at 0850 hrs IST as planned, using the onboard propulsion system.
Not so fast,Earthling ! Outer space is a big place, and one thing scientists have learnt from studying life on Earth is that organisms can thrive in all sorts of harsh environments. Meanwhile, astronomers have discovered nearly 4,000 Earth like planets beyond our solar system and are spotting more everyday. Some of these ” exoplanets ” orbit their stars in the “Goldilocks zone”, a distance that neither too hot nor too cold to support liquid water and possibly alien life. Who knows? Maybe an alien kid somewhere up there is wondering if you exist.
Why does Mars have a face on it?
When the Viking I aur picture pictures of Mars in 1976, one photo became a hit for its apparent portrayal of a mountainous Martian face resembling An Egyptian Pharaoh. Eager to set the record straight on this crowd- pleasing Mars anomaly, NASA used a satellite to re photograph the region in 1998 and 2001. The high resolution images revealed a natural geological feature rather than a monument to Martiankind.
How many exoplanets might support life?
After analysing the known exoplanets and comparing that data with what they know about the Milky Way, astronomers at Cornell University predict that as many as 100 million worlds in our galaxy could support complex life.
So why we haven’t met aliens yet?
Because space is big. The galaxy might be teeming with life, but the gulfs between stars make visiting our neighbours an impossible mission – at least for now. Remember, it would take thousands of years to travel to the closest star outside our solar system using modern spaceship technology.
What about the possibility of life closer to home?
Where? Like in London? Ah, you mean in our solar system! Mars was once considered a top candidate for alien life,but so far we haven’t found any Martians. ( Anything that lived on the red planet is most likely long dead). Astronomers seeking signs of life are now turning their attention to the solar system’s moons instead of its planets.
Why did people once think Martians lived on Mars?
Astronomers peering at mass in the 17th,18th, and 19th centuries saw signs of life everywhere. Seas ! Continents ! Canals that carried water to Martian farms ! But modern telescopes, probes, and NASA landers ruined the fun by revealing our planetary neighbor’s dry details:It’s just a lifeless ball of red rock. Early astronomers had confused Mars’s ancient seas and riverbeds for signs of civilisation.
Which of the solar system’s moons might have life?
The Frozen surface of jupiter’s moon Europa hides a liquid Ocean that might contain alien creatures. Enceladus, one of Saturn’s many moons, has a sea the size of Lake Superior under its icy surface. And Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, has vast lakes of liquid methane. If life existed here, it would be truly alien.
How are astronomers searching for alien life?
BY DIGGING: Robotic rovers are sampling Martian soils for science of ancient life.
BY VISITING: Probes are being dispatched to spots across the solar system that might harbor life today.
BY LOOKING: NASA’S Earth- and space -based telescopes have been scanning galaxy for earth like exoplanets outside our solar system capable of supporting life.
BY LISTENING: In 1960, scientists began scanning the universe with special telescope for radio signals from alien civilizations. The project is called SETI, for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. It hasn’t picked up any alien broadcast yet, but we haven’t stopped listening.
Why is the U.S government hiding evidence of alien life?
Ah, you must be thinking of the “Rosewell incident”, in which an unidentified craft crashed near the small town of Roswell, New Mexico, U.S.A., in 1947. Conspiracy theorist claim the craft was a flying saucer and that the U.S military whisked away the wreckage along with the bodies of its alien pilots. The U.S government released a report on Rosewell in the mid -1990s claiming the debris was actually a crashed balloon in its top-secret “Project Mogul,” which used high-altitude sensors to monitor for enemy nuclear-missile tests. “Likely story,” claim the conspiracy theorists.
China’s driven plans with respect to its missions to the Moon are not unused. In January 2019, China had as of now earned the refinement of being the primary nation to arrive a test on the distant side of the Moon, that’s the area of the characteristic adherent that faces absent from the Soil. Presently, after two a long time, it shows up that China is prepared to broaden its skyline when it comes to Moon travel and is taking dynamic steps to empower kept an eye on landing on the Moon. A brief news report distributed by the Xiamen College School of Flight and Astronautics on July 1 has pointed at the nation pointing to create a “human landing framework for lunar missions.
The report (by means of Space News) alludes to the lunar landing extend as a “national strategy” and has too named striking people heading the different united ventures. The initial news report was distributed within the scenery of an scholarly visit by the concerned parties. Several individuals at China Foundation of Space Innovation (CAST) — a wing of the state-owned space and defense temporary worker China Aviation Science and Innovation — are working on a modern dispatch vehicle for people, that’s one of the key and as of now lost compliments in China’s Moon mission plans.
As per the report, the assembly did not uncover what plans were in store for the advancement of the lander, but “current advance and future plans for human moon landings” were talked about. Whereas the nation has had a history of creating and testing dispatch vehicles, considering it a “national strategy” recommends the significance that’s being connected to the project. Earlier this year, in Walk, China had moreover reported that they were working on two variations of super-heavy dispatch vehicles that are appropriate for lunar ventures. Inside the following five a long time, the China Foundation of Dispatch Vehicle Innovation (CALT) said that it would create a modern era group dispatch vehicle as well as a overwhelming dispatch vehicle. China’s 14th Five-Year Arrange for 2021-2025, that was endorsed in Walk, did not highlight a particular kept an eye on lunar landing extend.
The fashionable age is the age of science, technology and knowledge in which all of these are interrelated and are different aspects of the same thing. Explosion of knowledge and data , supported breathtaking advancement within the world of science and technology, has bestowed on man powers enviable even for gods. it’s helped man conquer space and time. Now one has unraveled many mysteries of nature and life and is ready to face new challenges and move forward within the realm of the unknown and thus the undiscovered. In India there has been an extended and distinct tradition of scientific research and technological advancement since the past .
Since independence, India has accelerated it’s speed and efforts in this field and have established many research laboratories, institutions of upper learning and technical education. The results would make anybody’s heart swell with pride , confidence and fulfillment. The best, however, is yet to return . The central and state governments, various public and private sector establishments are engaged in scientific research and technological development to require the state on the trail of rapid development, growth and prosperity. There are about 200 research laboratories spread everywhere in the country. The institutions of upper learning, and universities, the fashionable temples of learning, are all committed to need the country forward. they’re well equipped and staffed to secure for the people of the state all the blessings and benefits which can accrue from the acquisition and application of knowledge and technology. But there is no room for complacency, for during this field only the sky’s the limit and that we are yet a developing country.
Our technology policy is comprehensive and well thought out. It aims at developing indigenous technology to ensure efficient absorption and adoption of imported technology suitable to national priorities and availability of resources. Its main objective is attainment of technical competence and self- reliance, leading to reduction in vulnerability in strategic and important areas.
With a view to strengthening our economy and industrial development, our government has introduced many structural reforms through adoption of a replacement industrial policy which features an important pertaining to the programmes of development concerning science and technology. Consequently, technology has become our mainstay enterprise and now we’ve built a robust and reliable infrastructure for research, training and development in science and technology. Within the field of agriculture, our scientific and technological researches have enabled us to be self-reliant and self-sufficient in food grains.
Today, India withstand droughts and natural calamities with much greater confidence than ever before. Now, we are at an edge to export food grains, etc. and are on the sting of white and blue revolutions. Our agricultural scientists and farmers, who are always ready to imbibe new technologies, our country has many kinds of hybrid seeds, crop- protection technologies, balanced farming practices and better water and irrigation management techniques. Similarly within the sector of economic research, we’ve achieved many milestones and India is emerging as a significant industrial power of the earth .
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which has its network of research laboratories and institutions, has been chiefly instrumental in our major achievements in scientific and industrial research. We’ve now joined the exclusive club of six advanced nations by developing our own supercomputer at the Centre for Development of Advance Computing (C- CAD) at Pune. Our Atomic Research Commission, acknowledged in 1948, is engaged in valuable nuclear research for peaceful purposes. The chief agency for implementing atomic energy programmes is the Department of atomic energy . The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, near Mumbai is the most important single scientific establishment within the country, directing nuclear research. Now, we’ve five research reactors, including Cyrus, Dhruua, Zerina and Purnima. We’ve administered two underground nuclear tests at Pokhran in Rajasthan.
This is often an interesting achievement by our nuclear scientists, which has enabled us to become one of the chosen few countries on earth to have done it. India is additionally the first developing country, and one of the seven countries of the earth to master fast breeding technology. Research in breeder technology is currently happening at Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research at Kalpakkam, Chennai. The successful launching of the Polar Space Launching Vehicle (PSLV- D-2), in October 1994, marked India’s entry into the league of the world’s major space powers. Within the INSAT-2 series of satellites, launched first in 1992, India has shown its ability to fabricate complex systems like anything made anywhere within the earth . Our previous launches of the SLV-3 and thus the SLV were merely stepping stones to what’s going to be the workhorses of the business, the PSLV, which can launch one tone satellite into orbit of up to 1000 km, and therefore the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, which can take 2.5 tonne satellite to orbits 36,000 km away. India’s space programme rocketed to greater heights with the successful launch of the second Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D2) in May, 2003. As has been rightly observed, the challenge before Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is to take care of the momentum of the programme by integrating it with other missions. The foremost obvious ones are related to military communication and reconnaissance.India’s first space mission to specialize in an extraterrestrial landing, Chandrayaan-2, would have commenced by the time you read this. It’s a symbol achievement for India’s technological capability, in areas ranging from propulsion , signals and communications, materials, robotics, remote guidance and even AI , to let the lunar lander navigate on its own on the far side of the moon. If successful on all targeted fronts, it’d also increase humankind’s understanding of cosmology and thus the origins of the planet , because the moon probably could also be a piece of this planet that got thrown out at a stage when it had been mostly molten matter. And, of course, it’d cause greater understanding of the moon itself, its chemistry and composition. America landed men on the moon essentially to demonstrate that it had overcome the Sputnik scare — the shock realisation that the Soviet Union was before it in space science and technology which its own education system had to repair for greater specialize in science and maths — and had beaten the Soviet Union therein lone area of human achievement during which the Communist nation had been ahead.
Achievements in space still have a component of demonstration of technological capability, apart from their intrinsic utility. So, becoming the fourth nation within the world, behind the US, the previous Soviet Union and China, to land a mobile explorer on the moon, tells the earth of India’s capability altogether the intricate technologies that are marshalled and harmonised to carry out Chandrayaan-2, its predecessor having orbited the moon with a proximity of 100km. The mission, conceived in 2008, has taken 11years to end . The mission director and thus the project director are both women, to boot. The Indian Space Research Organisation is standing testimony to the overall public sector’s capacity to deliver outstanding results, when given autonomy and resources. There’s a case for similar public sector initiatives in cyber security, telecom systems and AI . What it lacks is political vision and commitment. Our success on Antarctica speaks volumes of our scientific genius and technological wisdom within the world . So far, 13 scientific expeditions by our oceanographers,scientists and technicians are to Antarctica where we’ve two permanent stations on the icy continent. within the field of defence also our achievements are quite laudable.
The successful production of such missiles as Prithvi and Nag testify to the high capabilities and achievements of our scientists. we’ve also been successful in producing opt-electronic preparation and night-vision devices required for our indigenous tanks. The HAL at Bangalore has already produced the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH). Obviously, technology has been used effectively as a tool and instrument of national development and yet much remains to be achieved so that its benefits reach the masses. Scientists within the country will strive hard to bring technological developments to people’s doorsteps.
Therefore, they can not rest on their laurels, but should remember the famous and galvanizing lines of the poet Robert Frost: The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I even have promises to stay, And miles to travel before I sleep……
The space rock that wiped out dinosaurs hit the Soil close Mexico. Named Chicxulub impactor, the huge rough question had an assessed width of generally 6 miles (10km). It delivered a hole that covers an zone of around 90 miles (145km) and the affect is credited with not fair the termination of dinosaurs, but moreover around 75 percent of add up to creature species at the time.
This mass termination occasion happened 66 million a long time back and has come to be broadly acknowledged as the conclusion of the Mesozoic time. Presently, analysts have figured out where the pillaging space rock originated. Using computer models, analysts considered 130,000 demonstrate space rocks to conclude that this one circled the Sun with others within the fundamental space rock belt some time recently slamming into Earth. Researchers at the Texas-based Southwest Inquire about Founded (SwRI) said the impactor likely came from the outer half of the most space rock belt. The space rock belt is between Defaces and Jupiter.
The analysts moreover say that the forms that convey expansive space rocks to Soil from that locale happen at slightest 10 times more as often as possible than already thought. The SwRI group, counting lead analyst Dr. David Nesvorný and colleagues Dr. William Bottke and Dr. Simone Marchi, said a few considers have been conducted over the past decade on the mass termination that finished the rule of dinosaurs but each of them has driven to modern questions. Two basic questions remained unanswered, Bottke said. One of them was almost the source of the impactor and the other one almost the recurrence of these Earth-crashing occasions. So, the analysts begun with knowing more almost the space rock, that driven them to recognize the Chicxulub impactor as carbonaceous chondrite. Numerous objects encompassing Soil share comparative compositions to the impactor but these are much littler in measure. “We chosen to hunt for where the kin of the Chicxulub impactor could be hiding,” said Nesvorný.
The analysts at that point utilized NASA’s Pleaides Supercomputer. To their shock, they found that 6-mile-wide space rocks from the external half of the space rock belt strike the Soil at slightest 10 times more as often as possible than already found.
Blue origin, the space company claimed by Jeff Bezos, is suing the US government over its choice to grant a enormous Moon investigation contract to its competitor SpaceX, it said in a articulation Monday.The company has recorded a suit with the US Court of Government Claims “in an endeavor to cure the blemishes” in how the contract was granted, agreeing to the statement.The human landing framework (HLS) contract, worth $2.9 billion (generally Rs. 21,540 crores), was given to SpaceX, possessed by Bezos’ very rich person equal Elon Musk, in April
It was dissented by the other bidders, who contended NASA was required to form different grants which the assessment prepare was unfair. “We immovably accept that the issues recognized in this obtainment and its results must be tended to to reestablish decency, make competition, and guarantee a secure return to the Moon for America,” Blue Beginning said.Since losing the contract, Blue Root has unequivocally campaigned to have the choice turned around. It recorded a dissent with the Government Responsibility Office, but in July the guard dog maintained NASA’s choice
NASA said in a explanation Monday that it was informed of Blue Origin’s claim and it is investigating the case. “With our accomplices, we’ll go to the Moon and remain to empower science examinations, create unused innovation, and make tall paying occupations for the more noteworthy great and in arrangement to send space travelers to Damages,” the explanation said. Under the Artemis program, NASA is arranging to return people to the Moon within the center of this decade and construct a lunar orbital station, some time recently a manned mission is sent to Defaces within the 2030s. Musk’s company, established in 2002, is right now NASA’s driving private segment accomplice.
The IIRS captures data from the lunar surface’s electromagnetic spectrum, which is then utilised to determine mineral composition.
According to a new report published in Current Science, an instrument on the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Chandrayaan-2 has found the existence of hydroxyl (OH) and water molecules (H2O) on the Moon’s surface.
The data was acquired from the electromagnetic spectrum received from the lunar surface by the Imaging infrared spectrometer (IIRS), created by ISRO’s Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad, and then utilised to detect mineral composition. The lander and rover on Chandrayaan-2, which was launched in 2019, were entirely destroyed in a sad crash, but the orbiter remained operational and is now being used by scientists to make ground-breaking findings from the lunar surface.
The instrument has a wavelength range of 0.8 to 5 micrometres, allowing it to discriminate between OH (hydroxyl) and H2O (water) molecules with greater precision. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper or M3 was also used by Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. Its wavelength, however, was limited to 0.4 to 3 micrometres. Scientists questioned the instrument’s accuracy at the time, claiming that it was difficult to discern OH from H2O in this situation.
The paper, co-authored by scientists from the IIRS in Dehradun, the SAC in Ahmedabad, the UR Rao Satellite Centre, and the ISRO headquarters in Bengaluru, reveals that the formation of hydroxyl or water molecules occurs as a result of a process known as space weathering, which occurs when solar winds blow over the lunar surface. Another factor could be the interaction of small meteorites with the surface, which could cause chemical changes.
The discovery is also important for future planetary exploration and resource utilisation, according to the research. “The appropriate interpretation of hydration features using spectrum analysis is vital because it gives important inputs into the geology and geophysics of the mantle (of the moon) in terms of mineralogy, chemical composition, rheology, and solar–wind interaction.”
Stars are something we all know and see, glittering in the night sky above. Most people, however are content to just admire their beauty. These stars have their own fascinating physics and chemistry behind them. There are a lot of fascinating information which not many people are aware of. This article will attempt to give some basic information about stars to facilitate a greater interest in them.
What exactly are stars and how are they ‘born’
Stars are luminous spheroidal celestial objects made up of plasma. They are held together by their own gravity. They may be found singularly or in groups known as constellations. Stars are born in star nurseries called nebula. Nebula are nothings but clouds of gas and dust. Star formation begins due to instability in the gravity within molecular clouds. This gravitational instability soon causes the nebula cloud / clouds to collapse under its own gravitational force. The density of the region also increases. The gravitational energy gets converted into heat which causes a rise in temperature. After a certain period, the collapsed nebula cloud reaches the hydrostatic equilibrium condition. Hydrostatic equilibrium is the condition where and external force (like gravity) of an object either fluid or plastic in nature gets balanced by a pressure-gradient force. This gives rise to a protostar, which then evolves into a star.
Stars are comprised of gases, mainly hydrogen and helium. The structure of a star comprises of its core where various nuclear reactions take place, a conduction zone which carries energy outwards from the core, a convection zone which transfers gases of extremely high temperatures to the surface, and the surface of the star. The heat generated by these nuclear reactions is what makes the stars shine.
The types of stars
Red Giants
Red giants are stars which have run out of hydrogen from their core. As an alternative way, they start to use hydrogen present outside the core, which causes it to swell and puff up. After the hydrogen totally gets over, it starts burning up other gases which may cause it to grow into yellow or blue supergiants and hypergiants.
Betelguese, a red giant seen from a telescope
White Dwarfs
White Dwarfs are dying stars. They are formed from stars which has used up all of its available gas. It then collapses to form a small planet-sized star with only a white-hot and extremely dense core.
Sirius B, a white dwarf seen from a telescope
Neutron Stars
If a star roughly 5 times or more the size of our sun dies, it does not become a white dwarf. Instead, it undergoes a supernova explosion. Supernova explosions are very bright and powerful enough that it could be seen with the naked eye even on Earth despite the star being 168, 000 light years away (SN 1987A). The intense force of the gravity produced in the collapse causes the protons and electrons to merge forming a star made purely of neutrons, giving these stars the name ‘neutron stars’. However more massively sized stars, roughly 8 times the sun, instead collapse to form not neutron stars, but black holes, a region of space with gravity so extremely powerful that even light cannot escape it.
On 31st March 1961, A chimpanzee named Ham was sent to space. NASA was later planning to send a human into Earth’s orbit. With Ham’s help, the project to send a human into earth’s orbital became successful. The competition was getting ignited between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had previously sent a dog to space and thus proving that mammals can survive in space. And this was how the ‘chimp in space’ project was born. Ham’s space flight lasted 16 ½ minutes and he spent a total of 6 ½ minutes in gravity.
NASA used to call Ham ‘Number 65’ as they thought that media and viewers will cling to a cute name and thus he was never called Ham until he arrived safely from space. Ham was given hardcore training by NASA so that Ham would survive in space.
On 31st January 1961, he was strapped to his capsule called the bio pack, he was also attached with biosensors. He was monitored using computers by NASA officials. Ham’s capsule was cracked due to the high speed and there was a loss of air pressure. Also, Ham landed 132 miles away in the Atlantic ocean from the predicted landing spot it took the recruited USS donner hours to search for harm but at last, he was rescued it was reported that due to the crack Ham was at high risk and was saved only by his suit.
After the space mission, it was reported that Ham was reluctant to sit back in that space chair. The data collected from Ham’s mission was really helpful to send Alan Shepher Jr., the First American in space in May 1961.
After the mission, Ham was sent to a zoo in Washington DC where he lived 17 years in solitude and 3 years with other chimpanzees. Unfortunately, he died on 19 January 1983 at the age of 25 (which is too young for a chimpanzee) His body was buried at the International Space Hall of Fame, New Mexico. Also, his skull is preserved at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Maryland.
It was everyone’s dream to go to space once. The dream started when we aspired to become astronauts but this dream changed as we grew up. Earlier it was only possible for astronauts to go to space. But Elon Musk had other plans. Currently, the world’s richest man, Elon Musk is preparing to send 3 people in space. Yes, you read it right. 3 people who are not astronauts will soon go on a journey to outer space and live the dream we all had.
Axiom Space announced on January 26 that it has selected a crew for the first-ever private mission to the International Space station. It is a crew of four people. One is a NASA veteran and three private paying customers.
The proposed mission is set to launch a SpaceX Crew Dragon. But this mission will not happen before January 2022. The crew will stay at the International Space Station for a time period of eight days. The objective of this mission is to conduct extensive research and undertake “philanthropic projects”.
The crew members are:
Michael Lopez-Alegria, a former NASA astronaut. He will be the flight’s commander
Larry Connor will be the flight’s pilot.
Mark Pathy will serve as a mission specialist.
Eytan Stibbe will also serve as a mission specialist.
Michael Lopez has logged a total of 260 days in outer space in his previous missions and is also the vice president at Axiom. Lopez-Alegria will be the first former NASA astronaut to return to orbit and visit the ISS. He will also be 63 when he launches.
At the age of 71 years, Connor will become the second oldest person to fly to space. He is the head of the Connor Group, a luxury apartment investment firm with over $3 billion in assets.
Pathy, 50, will be the 11th Canadian to fly to space after nine Canadian Space Agency astronauts and the co-founder of Cirque du Soleil, who became Canada’s first so-called “space tourist” in 2009.
Patthy is the CEO and Chairman of Marvik, a privately owned investment and financing company.
Stibbe, who was born in Haifa, will be the second Israeli to launch into space, following his friend Ilan Ramon, who tragically died on the space shuttle Columbia in 2003. Stibbe founded the Vital Capital Fund, which is focused on business and financing ventures primarily in Africa. He is also one of the founders and is a board member of the Center for African Studies at Ben-Gurion University.
Although Axiom did not disclose the price the three commercial astronauts paid to be on the Ax-1 mission. But according to internal sources, an estimate of cost-per-person is priced around $55 million.
The mission now needs the approval from NASA. Axiom also proposed the potential of flying two per year. Axiom and NASA are currently working through a Basic Ordering Agreement that will enable private astronaut missions to the ISS.
The Axiom space station modules will initially be attached to the Harmony node of the ISS. After the ISS is retired, the modules will be separated. It will then become the first free-flying commercial space station in low Earth orbit.
Launched on September 5, 1977, sixteen days after Voyager 2 which lifted off on August 20, Voyager 1 is now the furthest manufactured object from Earth,From a distance of 140 AU away (as on September 22, 2017), Voyager 1 is still in regular contact with the Deep Space Network, and receiving control inputs and return data.
It is still going away from solar system and capture what are all it seeing in it’s path and it going in target to reach Intersteller place and deep place
TRAVEL TO JUPITER
It traveled from Earth and reach the next next planet of Earth called as “Jupiter” there it started to capture a lot of pictures, including Jupiter’s moons and we can seen the small ring of jupiter. Below image 👇taken by Voyager 1 of an erupting volcano on Jupiter’s moon came as a major surprise. Voyager also discovered that material ejected from volcanoes .since sulphur, oxygen, and sodium was detected by Voyager 1 right at the outer limits of Jupiter’s magnetosphere
On moving gradually the very next to Jupiter is Satern it has large ring around planet , the planet’s upper atmosphere contains only about 7% helium. its helium abundance was expected to be about 11%, or the value for both the Sun and Jupiter.
Investigators are surmising that the heavier helium is sinking downward through the less-dense hydrogen in the planets’ atmosphere creating heat, which might explain why Saturn radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun.
It only found Titan which is called as the Satern’s moon and it go away from solar system by crossed Uranus, Neptune and pluto .
SECRET CARRYING VOYAGER
In VOYAGER 1 they fixed a “Golden CD” and have a camera in VOYAGER which is used to take picture and store in that CD and also they have attached human normal activity like 55 languages shown in above image👆 , 115+ images in earth, beautiful place in earth, 95 songs ext.. Are stored in that Golden CD and put it to fly also capture as video rought to earth from flying place.
These are sent along with VOYAGER to any other species in universe like Aliens to know about our self and to come to earth,. If they found it they may come but till we didn’t get such image like from VOYAGER 1 .
END OF VOYAGER 1
When Voyager 1’s power supply gets too low, the probe’s handlers will switch back to the attitude-control thrusters, NASA officials said. (Voyager 1 is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator, or RTG.
Voyager 1 is expected to keep its current touch with science instruments on through 2021. Voyager 2 is expected to keep its current touch with science instruments on through 2020. … Even if science data won’t likely be collected after 2025, engineering data could continue to be returned for several more years.
CONCLUSION
Here, when crossing the solar system it take whole solar system as single photo. There to see we are live in single dot, 👇
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