“EFFECTS AND PREVENTION OF FALSIFIED MEDICINES ON HEALTH”

 

 

The supply of safe medicines ensures public health. The government has to take measures to for the prevention of falsified medicines. The consequences of falsified and substandard medicines are very dangerous as it leads to adverse effects. Falsified medicines are authorized medicines but unable to meet the standards of quality. All countries, especially low and middle-income countries are affecting by falsified medicines.

 

 

 

A strong relationship exists between drug failure and health as these are inverse proportional to each other. Falsified medicine will cause illness, mortality, early death, poisoning, untreatable disease, and treatment failure.

 

Various type of shady ingredients exists in substandard and falsified medicines that cause poisoning in the human body. Common types of shady ingredients are mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chrome, uranium, strontium, selenium, aluminum, and boric acid. These ingredients in medicines are a threat to health due to the occurrence of the poisoning.

 

According to a report from the World Health Organization (WHO), falsified medicines increase the antimicrobial resistance among the people, who can pass on the mutant infection while individuals traveling abroad. Later on, such virus resistant and bacteria become impossible to treat. Not only this, but falsified medicines also cause untreated diseases, early death and treatment failure.

 

Moreover, the International Council of Nurses has to address the problem of falsified products for the sake of public health. Falsified products are not only a threat to health but also decrease the trust of public confidence in health systems and healthcare professionals.

 

 

 

Nurses working in the area of healthcare departments have the experience to identify the falsified medicines to generate a report for the improvement of the national healthcare systems. Hence, falsified medicines can be removed from the healthcare institutes based on the generated report of falsified and substandard medicines.

 

The usage of falsified medicines should be prevented by providing public awareness and education. The threat to health can be prevented through effective campaigns to explore awareness among the general public.

 

Falsified medicines contain dangerous ingredients in the toxic form so strong national regulatory frameworks are necessary for safe medicines. Also, these regulatory frameworks will fight against falsified products. As per the current research, only 20% of WHO member states have a well-developed and effective drug regulatory plan. Proper drug regulatory plan ensures safe medicine and prevents falsified medicines.

 

Production of substandard and falsified medicines is a global and complex issue. Worldwide, it has a great impact on the health of adults and children in developed as well as underdeveloped countries. Prevention of falsified medicines is necessary and precautionary measures should be taken at the national and international levels to curb this practice. Also, the supply chain management of drugs should be handled with care. Additionally, the supply of falsified medicines through e-commerce should be controlled and regularized for public health and safety.

 

“BE SAFE ”

“STAY HEALTHY FOREVER ”

“FAKE DRUGS ARE MORE DEADLY THAN TERRORISM IT HAS KILLED 65000 PEOPLE’S GLOBALLY COMPARED WITH 200,000 IN ONE YEAR ALONE IN CHINA FROM COUNTERFEID MEDICINES”

– MEREZJA F

Supreme Court approves CBSE marking formula but asks boards to include dispute resolution system and provision of written exams for students wanting to improve their score.
The Central Board of Secondary Education has decided to go for a ’30:30:40 formula’ 30 per cent from Class 10 board, 30 per cent from Class 11 exam, and 40 per cent from Class 12 assessment to tabulate Class 12 results this year, the board informed the Supreme Court Thursday.

The Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations has also decided to go for a similar formula as CBSE, except they have decided to take the average of the last six years instead of three years. While this was orally communicated to the court, CISCE will now submit the written affidavit notifying their marking scheme.The apex court approved the marking scheme, and said there was no question of rolling back the decision of not holding exams.the heresults will be declared by 31 July, the CBSE told the court as it submitted a detailed evaluation criteria, which was decided after the board had to cancel exams last month because of the second Covid-19 wave.

According to the affidavit CBSE submitted in the court, the 40 per cent of marks from Class 12 will be based on unit test mid board exams, 30 per cent from Class 11 based on theory component of the final exam, and the remaining 30 per cent from Class 10 marks based on average theory component of best three performing subjects out of the main five.The new formula is to calculate theory marks for students, while practical and internal assessment components will be calculated according to the existing policies. The board had last week asked all schools to complete their practical assessment and submit the data to the board by 28 June.the marking policy will affect more than 14 lakh candidates who had registered for Class 12 exams in 2020-21 session.The board has asked schools to form a five member panel for computation of results.

Theory and practical marks
According to the board’s scheme, theory marks for Class 12 for computation of results will be based on performance in one or more unit test mid pre board theory examination, but the school committee may decide internally what should be given more weightage.To facilitate ease in entering the theory marks of class 10, the board will provide the marks for the students who have appeared in CBSE class 10 examinations. For students of other Boards, the schools will have to enter the information based on the class 10 marksheets of the students available with schools,” the affidavit added.The board also said since the Class 11 and Class 12 marks will be awarded at school level, “they will strictly not be comparable across schools due to the variations in the quality of question paper students who are not satisfied with the result calculated based on the policy will be given an opportunity to appear in examinations to be conducted by the board when conditions are conducive for it.

 

Neem leaf is used formerly ,eye disorders,bloody nose ,intesential worms ,stomach upset ,loss of appetite , skin ulcers , diseases of heart and blood vessels , fever , diabetes , gum disease and liver problems .

Neem seed extract contains an active compound that affect hair and skin such as live .Azadirachtun works by disrupting parasite growth and other cellular processes.

Chewing Neem bark to promote oral hygiene is a common practice in India.

Neem’s antiseptic , anti – inflammatory , antioxidant and immune -boosting properties may promote oral health . Although more research is needed studies indicate that Neem may relieve pain and help treat gingivitis ,periodontitis and tooth decay .

    Although Neem appears to have numerous therapeutic effect , results are inconclusive sine they’re based on test -tube and animal research with very few human studies.

Proper nutrition and hydration are vital. People who eat a well-balanced diet tend to be healthier with stronger immune systems and lower risk of chronic illnesses and infectious diseases. So you should eat a variety of fresh and unprocessed foods every day to get the vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, protein and antioxidants your body needs. Drink enough water. Avoid sugar, fat and salt to significantly lower your risk of overweight, obesity, heart disease, stroke, diabetes and certain types of cancer.

Eat fresh and unprocessed foods every day 

* Eat fruits, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils, beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat, brown rice or starchy tubers or roots such as potato, yam, taro or cassava), and foods from animal sources (e.g. meat, fish, eggs and milk).

*Daily, eat: 2 cups of fruit (4 servings), 2.5 cups of vegetables (5 servings), 180 g of grains, and 160 g of meat and beans (red meat can be eaten 1−2 times per week, and poultry 2−3 times per week).

*For snacks, choose raw vegetables and fresh fruit rather than foods that are high in sugar, fat or salt.

*Do not overcook vegetables and fruit as this can lead to the loss of important vitamins.

*When using canned or dried vegetables and fruit, choose varieties without added salt or sugar.

Drink enough water every day

*Water is essential for life. It transports nutrients and compounds in blood, regulates your body temperature, gets rid of waste, and lubricates and cushions joints.

*Drink 8–10 cups of water every day.

*Water is the best choice, but you can also consume other drinks, fruits and vegetables that contain water, for example lemon juice (diluted in water and unsweetened), tea and coffee. But be careful not to consume too much caffeine, and avoid sweetened fruit juices, syrups, fruit juice concentrates, fizzy and still drinks as they all contain sugar.

Eat moderate amounts of fat and oil

*Consume unsaturated fats (e.g. found in fish, avocado, nuts, olive oil, soy, canola, sunflower and corn oils) rather than saturated fats (e.g. found in fatty meat, butter, coconut oil, cream, cheese, ghee and lard).

*Choose white meat (e.g. poultry) and fish, which are generally low in fat, rather than red meat.

*Avoid processed meats because they are high in fat and salt.

*Where possible, opt for low-fat or reduced-fat versions of milk and dairy products.

*Avoid industrially produced trans fats. These are often found in processed food, fast food, snack food, fried food, frozen pizza, pies, cookies, margarines and spreads.

Eat less salt and sugar 

*When cooking and preparing food, limit the amount of salt and high-sodium condiments (e.g. soy sauce and fish sauce).

*Limit your daily salt intake to less than 5 g (approximately 1 teaspoon), and use iodized salt.

*Avoid foods (e.g. snacks) that are high in salt and sugar.

*Limit your intake of soft drinks or sodas and other drinks that are high in sugar (e.g. fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates and syrups, flavoured milks and yogurt drinks).

*Choose fresh fruits instead of sweet snacks such as cookies, cakes and chocolate.

 Avoid eating out 

Eat at home to reduce your rate of contact with other people and lower your chance of being exposed to COVID-19. We recommend maintaining a distance of at least 1 metre between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing. That is not always possible in crowded social settings like restaurants and cafes. Droplets from infected people may land on surfaces and people’s hands (e.g. customers and staff), and with lots of people coming and going, you cannot tell if hands are being washed regularly enough, and surfaces are being cleaned and disinfected fast enough.

Counselling and psychosocial support

While proper nutrition and hydration improve health and immunity, they are not magic bullets. People living with chronic illnesses who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19 may need support with their mental health and diet to ensure they keep in good health. Seek counselling and psychosocial support from appropriately trained health care professionals and also community-based lay and peer counsellors.

 

 

 

Women’s empowerment (or female empowerment) is the process of Empowerment women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoints or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training.Women’s empowerment equips and allows women to make life-determining decisions through the different problems in society.They may have the opportunity to redefine roles or other such roles, which in turn may allow them more freedom to pursue desired goals.Women’s empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. Economic empowerment allows women to control and benefit from resources, assets, and income. It also aids the ability to manage risk and improve women’s well-being.It can result in approaches to support trivialized genders in a particular political or social context.While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment concerns people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role. Women empowerment helps in boosting the status of women through literacy, education, training and awareness creation.Furthermore, women’s empowerment refers to women’s ability to make strategic life choices which had been previously denied them.Nations, businesses, communities and groups may benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of female empowerment.empowerment of women enhances the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development.Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human empowerment.role of education People engage in public debate and make demands on government for health care, social security and other entitlements In particular, education empowers women to make choices that improve their children’s health, their well-being, and chances of acquiring survival skills Education informs others of preventing and containing a disease. Such education empowers women to make choices that can improve their welfare, including marrying beyond childhood and having fewer children. Education can increase women’s awareness of their rights, boost their self-esteem, and provide them the opportunity to assert their rights.Education is not universally available and gender inequalities persist. A major concern in many countries is not only the limited numbers of girls going to school, but also the number of educational pathways for those that step into the classroom. There are efforts to address the lower participation and learning achievement of girls in science, technology, engineering and mathematics  education.some parts of the world, girls and women are attacked for attending school,and societal efforts to stop this may be lacking. Woman ‘s gods gift of all woman.

It was versatile material with many uses ,inculding printing ,packaging decording ,writing ,claning ,filter,paper ,wallpaperbook ,end paperconverstation paper ,laminated worktops ,toilet tissue ,currency and security  paper and a number of industrial and construction process

 

The invetion of paper  was of highimportance for the social develpoment ofthe  human kind .keeping information especially for contractual  obligation was vital forthe development of trade

 

paper is an indispensable part of everyday  life .Beyond its  use as the basic material for written and printed communication .paperin its  various forms are used forhundered of other purpose .

Let us talk about the startups that entered the club of Unicorns this year (2021)
1.Digital Insurance
This was the first startup to have entered the unicorn club in the year 2021. It is a Bangalore-based insurtech startup.

2.Innovaccer
It is India’s first health tech unicorn.

3. Meesho
It belongs to the Indian social commerce sector, the startup is an online reseller network. The startup is still at its nascent stage but is expected to grow at an exponential rate.

4. Infra.Market
The startup is a B2B online procurement marketplace for real estate and construction material.

5. Pharmeasy
The startup offers services such as a collection of samples for diagnostics, deliveries of medicines, and teleconsultation.

6. Cred
Based in Bangalore, India, Cred is an Indian startup belonging to the fintech sector, allowing customers to make credit card payments through the app.

7. Groww
It is India’s second wealth management unicorn startup.

8. ShareChat
It is an Indian social networking service, based in Bangalore, India.

9. Gupshup
It is a messaging platform, whose headquarters are in San Fransisco.

10. Chargebee
It is based in Chennai and is a subscription management platform.

11. Urban Company
Based in Gurugram, the company provides local services.

Here are some tips on how to stop worrying:

➢ Take a problem-solving approach (as opposed to a worrying approach). Worrying and problem solving are two different things. Problem solving entails assessing a situation as objectively as possible and then coming up with tangible solutions for dealing with it.

Worrying, on the other hand, rarely leads to a solution. Instead, it generally involves obsessing with the problem and doing nothing, which leads to greater anxiety and stress.

In other words, no matter how much time you spend dwelling on the worst that can happen, you are no further ahead in being able to deal with it should it actually happen.

➢ Differentiate between solvable and unsolvable problems (worries). If you begin to worry about a problem ask yourself these questions:

Is this a present and real problem or a potential one?
If it is a potential one, how likely is it to happen?
If it is a likely one, what can I do to prepare for it?
Is it within my control?

Predictable and solvable problems and worries are those upon which you can take preemptive or immediate action.

For example; if you are worried about your bills you can make sure you’ve put enough money aside for any emergencies. If you have not, then you can contact the bank and make flexible payment arrangements accordingly.

If you are worried about your health, make sure you are eating properly, resting enough and exercising regularly. If you have a worrisome ailment, get it attended to as soon as possible. If need be, do some brainstorming to come up with possible solutions or preventative measures for solvable and probable problems.

Unsolvable problems, however, are those you have no control over. If you worry over a future circumstance that may, or may not, take place then there is nothing you can do about it in the present.

It would be unproductive to spend time ruminating over whether an earthquake, flood, war, or other catastrophe is going to take place. While it may happen, worrying about it will not help in the everyday living of your life. Focus on the things you do have control over and let go of those you do not.

➢ Plan ahead. This relates to the above point. Take preventative measures to avoid unpleasant circumstances and situations. You won’t worry about debts if you take care of your finances on a daily basis.

If you take care of yourself physically, mentally and emotionally, poor health will not be an ongoing worry for you.;

If you worry about getting good grades and passing your exams, make sure you prepare adequately by studying enough and completing all assignments. Don’t let something become a worry. Prepare yourself in every way possible.

➢ Understand that there are many things we have no control over. While it is important to be prepared, know and understand that there are circumstances totally beyond our control. Acceptance of this fact can prevent much worry and heartache.

Chronic worriers tend to have difficulty with unpredictability and the unknown. They believe if they worry about everything that can go wrong it will make life more predictable. On the contrary, their inability to tolerate doubt and uncertainty significantly increases their propensity for anxiety and worry.

They fail to realize that worrying about everything does not make life more predictable, it merely prevents them from enjoying it in the present. To really learn to stop worrying, begin by letting go of your need for certainty and immediate answers.

➢ Challenge worrisome thinking cognitively. As you probably realize at this point, worrisome thinking is unproductive and unnecessary. To challenge such thinking ask yourself the following questions:

What is the evidence that supports this thought as being accurate?
What is the probability of it happening?
If it does happen, what can I do about it?
Is this thought helpful?
Does worrying about it help or hurt me?
Is there a more positive and productive way of looking at this situation?

Be aware of and avoid distorted thinking that can generate worry. For example:

Catastrophic thinking: Expecting the worst to happen; such as, if the person you are meeting for lunch is late and you begin to worry that they had a terrible car accident and may be seriously injured, or dead.

Over-generalization: Generalizing from a single negative experience expecting it will always hold true; such as, breaking up with someone and thinking you will never have a relationship again.

Jumping to conclusions: Interpreting situations negatively without any evidence; such as, someone looking at you questioningly and believing that they hate you, or are saying bad things about you.

All-or-nothing thinking: Looking at things as being either black or white with no middle ground; for example, thinking that if you don’t do something perfectly, you are a total failure.

Labeling: Avoid the notion of labeling yourself as a total failure, or loser, based on previous mistakes or perceived flaws.

➢ Practice Mindfulness or similar relaxation techniques. Since worrying generally entails the future events, practicing mindfulness or meditation can alleviate it by focusing your attention on the present. In contrast to changing or challenging your worrisome thoughts, mindfulness entails observing and then releasing them. This also helps pinpoint the thinking and feelings that cause you to worry and send you into a tailspin.

So, rather than ignoring, fighting, or trying to control your worrisome thoughts and feelings, simply observe them without reaction or judgment. Consequently, when you don’t try to control them, your thoughts will slowly drift away and soon dissipate.

It’s only when you focus on your worries that they take on a life of their own and you lose perspective. Of course, it takes practice and continued application to become adept at practicing mindfulness, however, it’s well worth the effort to overcome the habit of worrying.

Enjoy the article on how to ‘The Benefits of Practicing Mindfulness’ for further tips and strategies.

Ultimately, chronic worrying puts our mental and physical health in jeopardy. In order to prevent the detrimental effects of worrying, such as, weakening of the immune system, stomach ulcers, irritable bowel, skin irritations, depression and the like, make it a point to practice the various strategies the can help stop the worry habit.

With a proven medication in hand, it was now time for human trials. Unfortunately, there were no centers in China performing trials for new drugs at the time. And due to the secrecy of the project, going to a facility outside of the country was out of the question.

They had reached a dead end.

That’s when Tu volunteered to be the first human subject to try the medication. In one of the boldest moves in the history of medical science, she and two other members of Project 523 infected themselves with malaria and received the first doses of their new drug.

It worked.

However, despite her discovery of a breakthrough medication and her willingness to put her own life on the line, Tu was prevented from sharing her findings with the outside world. The Chinese government had strict rules that blocked the publishing of any scientific information.

She was undeterred. Tu continued her research, eventually learning the chemical structure of the drug—a compound officially known as artemisinin—and going on to develop a second antimalarial medication as well.

It was not until 1978, almost a decade after she began and three years after the Vietnam War had ended, that Tu’s work was finally released to the outside world. She would have to wait until the year 2000 before the World Health Organization would recommend the treatment as a defense against malaria.

Today, the artemisinin treatment has been administered over 1 billion times to malaria patients. It is believed to have saved millions of lives. Tu Youyou is the first female Chinese citizen to receive a Nobel Prize, and the first Chinese person to receive the Lasker Award for major contributions to medical science.

I’ve spent a fair bit of time thinking about how to make journaling easy over the past year. In fact, I thought so much about it that I partnered with the premium notebook maker Baron Fig to create the Clear Habit Journal—a combination dot grid notebook, daily journal, and habit tracker that not only makes it easier to journal, but also easier to build any habit.

But before I start hawking my wares, let’s get something straight.

Here’s the truth: There’s no one “right” way to journal. You can do it wherever you want and in whatever way you want. All you need is a piece of paper or a blank document. However, although there is no right way to journal, there is an easy way to journal…

Write one sentence per day.

The primary advantage of journaling one sentence each day is that it makes journaling fun. It’s easy to do. It’s easy to feel successful. And if you feel good each time you finish journaling, then you’ll keep coming back to it.

A habit does not have to be impressive for it to be useful.

Nearly anyone can benefit from getting their thoughts out of their head and onto paper. There are more benefits to journaling than I have time to cover here, but allow me to point out a few of my favorites.

Journaling provides the opportunity to learn new lessons from old experiences. When looking back on her previous journal entries, Virginia Woolf remarked that she often “found the significance to lie where I never saw it at the time.”

Reading your old journal entries is a bit like reading a great book for a second time. You pick up on new sentences and see the past in a different way. Only this time, you are re-reading the story of your life.

Journaling sharpens your memory. When Cheryl Strayed wrote her hit book, Wild, she relied heavily on her journal. She recalled, “My journal provided the who, what, how, when, and why with a specificity that memory might have blurred, but it also did something more: it offered me a frank and unvarnished portrait of myself at 26 that I couldn’t have found anywhere else.”

Time will change your face without you noticing, but it will also change your thoughts without you realizing it. Our beliefs shift slowly as we gain experience and journal entries have the ability to freeze your thoughts in time. Seeing an old picture of yourself can be interesting because it reminds you of what you looked like, but reading an old journal entry can be even more surprising because it reminds you of how you thought.

Journaling motivates you to make the most of each day. There is something about knowing that your day will be recorded that makes you want to make at least one good choice before the sun sets. I will sometimes find myself thinking, “I want to have something good to write down tonight.”

Journaling provides proof of your progress. Writing down one sentence about what went well today gives you something powerful to look at when you’re feeling down. When you have a bad day, it can be easy to forget how much progress you have made. But with a journal, it’s easier to keep a sense of perspective. One glance at your previous entries and you have proof of how much you have grown over the months and years.

Of course, despite the numerous benefits of journaling, there is one problem.

Many people like the idea of journaling, but few people stick with the act of journaling. It sounds great in theory, but making it a habit is another matter.

Life u can never imagine without any smart mobile or android phone as it became a part of our daily life we give much important to internet than our health or any other necessity people are becoming addicted and even cooperate companies made to mandatory to their to have a mobile with an unlimited internet access from children to adults to old people get easily irritated or bored if they don’t have an mobile or internet along with increase of modern technology, we do forget that there was a time when this was all not there but life was easy and much more tension free but now people life revolves around a pocket full of handphone which has harmful radiation that is injurious to health and human memory

Ignorance is a bit tricky word but it is actually one kind of punishment we receive for something which we shouldn’t be done. the Ignorance like self destruction which cause a great loss to some extent. Our lives can be pretty normal sometimes we can be sure some times unsure but an promise or a battle also can be lost due to ignorance so it will lead to mistake

Traditionally, interviewing is how companies select employees and it has been like this since a long time. Many people believe in the methodology of taking interviews from potential employees before selecting them for a particular job. This is because interviewing someone gives you a clear idea of the person’s social skills and confidence which is a major requirement in many jobs, it also gives an idea about the personality and nature of the person and wether or not he/ she will be able to follow orders without hesitation, if there will be ego clashes or not, if the person is disciplined or not and many other things that one can make out only by speaking to a person face to face. There are many people who are great speakers and are very convincing even if they’re not that skilled , they find the current employee selection method to be in their favour. One of my friends who knows nothing much about marketing and it’s principles and how to deal with customers got a marketing internship just because he is a very confident and convincing person.

On the other hand, many people believe that there are many other ways for selecting employees other than interviewing them. The alternative ways could be by getting forms filled by people where they could write their answers without any fear or hesitation. This  is because many highly skilled, smart people have low confidence or are shy and find themselves to be at a loss of words when asked questions face to face. This is a huge disadvantage as they lose many jobs just because of one of their  personality traits even if they are very intelligent and have a lot of experience. I have found myself in many situations during vivas or interviews for internships where  no matter how well I’ve prepared myself I always end up saying something wrong  or forget things that I know very well other wise.

According to me , only in jobs where a persons social skills are very important and are the main requirement like marketing for example, the companies should conduct interviews but other than this for all other jobs where all that is required is a persons intelligence level, skill level and experience , companies should select employees by alternative selection methods like seeing their resume or  by giving them forms in which they can write their answers. This would be a great help for people like me who are shy and would prefer this method of selection of employees.

Yes. During the recovery process, people with COVID-19 might experience recurring symptoms alternating with periods of feeling better. Varying degrees of fever, fatigue and breathing problems can occur, on and off, for days or even weeks.

Is Coronavirus Airborne?

When should I contact a doctor about my symptoms?

If you feel ill, call your doctor’s office or health care center and explain your symptoms over the phone. They will discuss next steps, including whether you should have a COVID-19 test. If it turns out that you have COVID-19, mild cases can be managed at home with rest and self-isolation. If you become severely ill, you may need hospital care.

If I’m exposed to the coronavirus, how long before I develop symptoms?

Symptoms can begin between two and 14 days after you have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. A study led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health shows that the median time for symptoms to show up is about five days. That is why the CDC uses the 14-day quarantine period for people following exposure to the coronavirus.

Can you have coronavirus without a fever?

Yes, you can be infected with the coronavirus and have a cough or other symptoms with no fever, or a very low-grade one, especially in the first few days. Keep in mind that it is also possible to have COVID-19 with minimal or even no symptoms at all. People infected with the coronavirus who have no symptoms can still spread COVID-19 to others.

What are the first symptoms of coronavirus?

Early symptoms reported by some people include fatigue, headache, sore throat or fever. Others experience a loss of smell or taste. COVID-19 can cause symptoms that are mild at first, but then become more intense over five to seven days, with worsening cough and shortness of breath. Some people develop pneumonia with COVID-19.The type and severity of first symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and that is why it is very important to call your doctor if you have symptoms, even mild ones.

Can you have COVID-19 without symptoms?

Yes. Symptoms of COVID-19 usually show up from two to 14 days after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, but some people who are infected do not develop symptoms or feel ill. This is why it is so important to wear a face mask and practice physical distancing and hand hygiene. People can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and not realize it, but still be able to transmit it to other people.

What are COVID-19 symptoms in children?

Like adults, babies and children with COVID-19 can have fever, cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing and diarrhea. Children with COVID-19 generally have milder illness than adults and rarely require treatment at a hospital. But in a few reported cases, very young babies have become seriously ill with pneumonia due to infection with the coronavirus.

Children may also be at risk for a very rare complication of the coronavirus called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, or MIS-C. Parents should be on guard for signs of MIS-C and call their child’s doctor immediately if they appear.

Le Morte d’Arthur :

Le Morte d’Arthur is a 15th-century Middle English prose transforming via way of means of Sir Thomas Malory of stories approximately the mythical King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table—together with their respective folklore. Today, that is one of the best-regarded works of Arthurian literature. Many authors for the reason that 19th-century revival of the legend have used Malory as their primary source.

 

About the Author Sir Thomas Malory :

Sir Thomas Malory (c. 1415 – 14 March 1471) become an English writer, the writer or compiler of Le Morte d’Arthur, the conventional English-language chronicle of the Arthurian legend, posted through William Caxton in 1485. Malory’s identification has by no means been confirmed, however the likeliest candidate is Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. He become as knight, politician, and a writer. Much of his existence records is obscure, however Caxton classifies him as a ‘knight prisoner’, reputedly reflecting a crook career, for which there’s adequate evidence, though he become additionally a prisoner-of-war all through the Wars of the Roses, wherein he supported both sides different times.

CHENNAI: As per a notification issued by the University grants commission,Anna University and 10 other institutions in have been allowed to offer fullfledged online degree programmes. Students will get a chance to enrol in nearly 80 online courses, including MCA,MBA, BBA, BCom, BCA, MA and MSc, from July this year.

 

Thirty-eight institutes from across the country, including Bharathidasan University, Alagappa University and Madurai Kamaraj University, now don’t require

UGC’s prior approval to start these programmes. At least six deemed universities in TN that are within the top 100 in NIRF ranking have also been allowed to offer these programmes. The institutions are gearing up with facilities such as studios and are hiring experts to prepare content for these online programmes.

BCA to MBA: Many online options on offer

 

S RM Institute of Science and Technology had applied for eight online degree programmes including BBA in digital marketing, MBA in business analytics, and MBA in marketing management. We launched an MBA online programme in February as we got the approval in January. The remaining programmes will be launched in July,” said Manoranjan Pon Ram, director, online education, SRM Institute of Science and Technology .From 2020 we started building technology infrastructure like hi-tech lab and academic preparation. The institute also prepared the SRM Online Learning Platform which can provide complete learning for students,” he said. Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science (HITS) has started the Centre for Open and Digital Education to start online degree programmes from 2021-22. “We have been preparing for the last one year and hiring experts to offer online degree programmes. We will include as many programmes as possible focusing on working professionals and homemakers,” said RW Alexander Jesudasan, pro-vice-chancellor, HITS. Sastra has got the permission to offer eight online degree programmes and started online degrees like BCom and BCA. “Our online degree programmes are AAA focusing on the demands of diverse working professionals,” said , vice-chancellor of Sastra.

By ;G Gnana Priya dharshini

Sir Thomas Malory (c. 1415 – 14 March 1471) become an English writer, the writer or compiler of Le Morte d’Arthur, the conventional English-language chronicle of the Arthurian legend, posted through William Caxton in 1485. Malory’s identification has by no means been confirmed, however the likeliest candidate is Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. He become as knight, politician, and a writer. Much of his existence records is obscure, however Caxton classifies him as a ‘knight prisoner’, reputedly reflecting a crook career, for which there’s adequate evidence, though he become additionally a prisoner-of-war all through the Wars of the Roses, wherein he supported both sides different times.

Idylls of the King, published among 1859 andd 1885, could be a cycle of twelve narrative poems via means of means of the English poet Alfred, Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809–1892; Poet Laureate from 1850) that retells the legend of King Arthur, his knights, his love for Guenevere and her tragic betrayal of him, and therefore the rise and fall of Arthur’s kingdom. The Idylls are written in clean verse. Tennyson’s descriptions of nature are derived from observations of his terribly own surroundings, gathered over the direction of the many years. The dramatic narratives aren’t an epic each in form or tone, but derive elegiac unhappiness withinside the style of the idylls of Theocritus. Idylls of the King is frequently study as AN allegory of the social group conflicts in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at some purpose of the mid-Victorian era. Alfred Tennyson altogether, totally his retelling primarily on Sir Thomas Malory’ LE Morte d’Arthur and therefore the Mabinogion.

1. Tennyson amended the traditional spellings of several names to fit the metre but Malory did not use traditional spellings in his prose.
2. In Malory’s version, Arthur is accompanied by two friends, Lucan and Bedivere, while Tennyson mentions only Bedivere.
3. In Malory’s work Le Morte d’Arthur, Guinevere is sentenced to be burnt at the stake but is rescued by Lancelot, But In the Idylls of King, Guinevere flees to a convent, is forgiven by Arthur, repents, and serves in the convent until she dies.
4.  Both authors recount the dream that Arthur sees shortly before his final clash with the enemy. However, according to Malory, the prediction that the king hears is not fixed. He should avoid fighting Mordred in order to live. Tennyson, on the other hand, makes the prediction of the dream final. Arthur will surely die.
5. Malory prefaces the final battle with the scene of peace negotiations, Launcelot’s kinsmen requests the peace negotiations to king Arthur but Gawain rejects it which upsets Launcelot. But there is no such scene is found in Tennyson’s work Idylls of the King.
6. In Le Morte d’Arthur, King Arthur was warned to not fight until Launcelot could rejoin Arthur, but in the fatal truce ceremony, a snake accidentally crosses a knight’s foot. Instinctively, he draws his sword to kill the snake, but this is misread as a sign of aggression and a betrayal of the peace terms. War breaks out at this point. This seemingly meaningless accident leads to the brutal battle that leaves only a handful of Camelot’s knights standing. Tennyson does not introduce this incident in his portrayal of the battle.
7. In Le Morte d’Arthur, Arthur kills Mordred but is fatally wounded by him and dies, as Merlin has prophesied. But in Idylls of the King Arthur kills Mordred, but he is left ‘all but slain himself’ in line 169. So, the ending is doubt full.
8. In Le Morte d’Arthur, Launcelot dies of illness. But in Idylls of the King Launcelot’s ending was not given. The poem ended as if Launcelot had disappeared.

water  is one of the most important substance on earth.All plants and animal must have water to survive .If there was no water there would be no life on earth  Apart from drinkiing it to survive ,people have many other uses of water

water delivers important nutrients to all of our cells,especially muscle cells ,postponing muscle fatigue .water helps weight loss .watee helps you feel full longer without adding additional calories

 

water is important to our everyday life and key to iur survival water plays many important roles to the body .requlating body temperature ,transpoting nutrients ,
Continue reading “Water” →

The significance of myth is immeasurable—in literature, philosophy, records and lots of different components of human life. They were a massive a part of oral, written, and visible tale telling for actually hundreds of years; in fact, they were part of mankind’s whole records. Humans have constantly used myths to provide an explanation for herbal phenomena and life’s mysteries; for instance, Greek and Roman mythology served as each technology and faith in each cultures for centuries. To nowadays myths have a totally big and applicable region in cultural research and scholarship, and are represented throughout research in literature, faith, philosophy, and lots of different disciplines. Part of the appeal of myths is that the precise technique and cause in their improvement is unclear. For instance, a few pupils trust that myths are misguided debts of actual ancient events, even as others argue that the gods and goddesses have been personifications of items and matters in nature that historical guys worshiped.

This poem the Coromandel fishers become written via way of means of Sarojini Naidu. She become a freedom fighter, and accompanied Mahatma Gandhi. Later she went directly to turn out to be the primary female president of the Indian National Congress. The poetess Sarojini Naidu become a prominent poet, famend freedom fighter and one of the best creators of her time. In the poem ‘The Coromandel Fishers’, she addresses the fishermen as brothers. She considers herself one among them. The poem is a call to the fishermen to collect their nets and set to stated to trap fish. Addressing them as their comrade, she calls them to enroll in her at the fishing expedition. She expresses her problem for them and asks them to upward push and at the spoil of sunrise to trap the jumping wealth of the tide. This facilitates in constructing a rapport with the fishermen. She considers them as her very own kith and kin. The poetess Sarojini Naidu possesses a pointy aesthetic sensibility and is an admirer of the various shades of nature. She has fantastically stated that the fishermen set out for the ocean at sunrise whilst the wind is still sound asleep as quietly as a infant that sleeps after crying the whole night. Everything round is quiet and calm.

This is an suitable time for the fishermen to set out their fishing task for the ocean amassing their nets and putting their catamarans unfastened and he or she additionally says the fishermen to now no longer be afraid because the God, who controls the Strom will defend them. The poetess calls all poets to head on a fishing excursion on the time of dawn and go back secure and sound through dusk. The fishermen who name themselves because the kings of the ocean love the beauty of the coconut glade, the heady fragrance of the mango grove, the golden sand on a complete moon night time and the voices of the birds on the destroy of day and the sound of the waves. But past these kind of they find the kiss of the spray and dance of untamed foam in pleasure some distance sweeter.

This poem, Coromandel Fishers, seems to be describing thefishermen and their day by day habitual however while study deeply understanding who Sarojini Naidu turned into (freedom fighter) and focusing on the socio-political fame of the time the poem turned into written, you may understand that it’s miles a name to rouse the human beings of India to come, combat for the liberty in their kingdom from the Britishers.

The word ‘essay’ is derived from a Latin word ‘exagium’, which roughly interprets to offering one’s case? So essays are a quick piece of writing epresenting one’s facet of the argument or one’s rexperiences, stories, etc. Essays are very personalized. An essay is commonly a quick piece of writing outlining the author’s attitude or tale. It is regularly considered synonymous with a tale or a paper or an article. Essay may be formal as properly as casual.Formal essays are commonly instructional in nature and address critical topics, at the same time as casual essays are greater private and regularly have funny elements.Format of Essay incorporates Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. The sort of essay will depend upon what the author wants to bring to his reader. There are extensively 4 kinds of essays. They are,Narrative Essay,Descriptive Essay,Expository Essay,Persuasive Essay. An best essay has 300 – 500 words.

The writer could choose peace and non – violence. He is at a loss for words and couldn’t apprehend why others aren’t following Gandhi’s advice, even as on this estimate he’s positive that the historical Indian know-how is correct. Contrastively the present day technology takes it to something is western and elegant and are neglecting too much. Like different Indians, he too has to enhance his English language so he reads “Times of India” newspaper daily. The scholar hobby and petty agitations make him experience sickening line Antony’s enchantment to the Roman mob, he’s going to name upon the guy residents to think about the beyond masters. Still the effective factors like regeneration, remuneration and birth control might be concept of as a manner out of the prevailing muddle. One can truely desire for the higher destiny however ought to be patient. In order to break out from that that’s disgusting, he desires to have a cup of lassi that’s superb for digestion. It may be taken as equal to the western wine if simplest a touch salt is delivered to make it a adorable drink. The poet confesses that he’s the whole abstainer from beverages or is a complete teetotaler and tells us that wine is taken with the aid of using addicts to gunch themselves. The poet attempts to get hold of the antique Gandhian days. The gift situations all around the global talk of a horrific fashion that deliver an area to the manufacturing of risky guns and attempt to be advanced to others. The poet asks what we think about potentialities of globalwide peace and wonders whether or not the arena is actually in peace because the nations of the arena regularly tie with every different in maintaining themselves beforehand of others on this mad aggressive global. This retrace regularly ends in conflicts ensuing in lack of valuable human lives. If simplest one considers the opposite because the brother and tolerate one another, the fashion might be changed. India is a land wherein the precept of ‘harmony in Diversity’ is practiced. Here many groups stay collectively despite the fact that there are a few problems. This best scenario wherein one Co-exists with the opposite is defined as Ram Rajya with the aid of using the poet and is positive that Ram Rajya could come. He offers the hand of friendliness to the tourist and expects him to return back again. The poet is positive while he says that he enjoys each second of precise company. So, he ends the poem with the aid of using announcing that he does now no longer experience the need of celebrating ceremonies.

Frail, Rosy, confinements… Somehow these words have become synonymous with women. What if I tell you that it’s merely a mindset or perspective, Will you agree with me ?

Have you ever wondered why great legend like Wordsworth wanted the reaper to be a women instead of a men in his poem ‘The Solitary Reaper’ ?

The question that pierced me most was, Don’t guys or the so called menfolk like and use pink, don’t they cry, mourn,… if so then why not ? Why is a girl indicated by pink and not any other color she likes ? Why does jungle have a king Lion but not a Queen lioness ??

I heard my grandmother saying to my 5 year old cousin brother that neither can he get a pink bicycle nor can he cry when he gets hurt just because he is a boy… How can emotions and fondness differ based on gender ??

Crying does not mean you’re feminine, frail and Not crying does not mean you’re manly. Charlotte Bronte beautifully quotes about this, “Crying does not indicate that you are weak. Since birth it has always been a sign that you are alive”.

Let’s understand that real men or women are the ones that treat everyone equally without any gender bias, it does not depend upon the color they favor and the emotions they use.

 

“ This is not men vs. women issue. It’s about people vs. prejudice ”.

 

 

 

“3 ADVANTAGES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR HEALTH”

Everyone is busy in their lives and dealing with lots of stress and tension. In the busy time span, one has to keep a balance between work and recreational activities. Recreational activities enable the human body to utilize the mind and body in a positive and healthy way to keep the body active and engaged. Indeed, most of us forgotten about the fruitfulness of recreational activities.

Recreational activities empower people to utilize leisure time effectively. People can play indoor games, indulge in gossips with friends, walk in the playgrounds or walking areas, go to the gym, play with children, play with pets, listen to music, go on a date with bae or can organize a get together with friends. Hence, these recreational activities keep the body healthy and engaged. Here are some recreational activities to go for.

STRENGTHEN THE BOND WITH FAMILY
Spending time with family is the best way to get rid of the stress of the daily routine. People do not consider spending time with family members but it is not a good approach. Spending quality time with family members keeps the mind and body healthy and fresh. One can do many activities with their family member to avoid the stress and exertion of the whole day. Many indoor and outdoor activities can be performed. In the indoor activity, an amazing movie can be watched together. In outdoor activity badminton or volleyball can be played with family members.

FUN TIMES WITH FRIENDS
Life is incomplete without good friends. Bond of friends should be retained throughout life to make life happier. But in normal days of life, due to the busy schedule, we are unable to communicate with our friends frequently. So, meetings and kitty parties should be arranged to keep in touch with friends. Communication with friends at regular intervals assists the people to share their problems and get relaxed by avoiding stress. Therefore, gossiping with friends is a good recreational activity to maintain the best relationship with friends.

INCORPORATE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Physical fitness is important to live a happier and healthier life. So, the involvement of the body in recreational activities like yoga, walk, and aerobics is compulsory. Physical activities control the heart rate of the body and prevent the body from various diseases so one will be able to live happily.

Positive mind incorporates the happiness in life. A healthy mind will stay away from the stress and anxiety through the incorporation of the recreational activities in daily routine. Plus, one will be able to stay focused on their work just because of the recreational activities. Even, it builds confidence in one’s personality to a large extent. Hence, people will be able to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

Success in life is the dream of every individual. But due to continuous and hectic working schedule in daily routine without the incorporation of the recreational activities make the life robotic. So, to achieve the level of success in life, one has to plan recreational activities in daily routine. Henceforth, standards of life should be maintained to live healthier, happier, and stronger.

– JERISHA. S

A cancer diagnosis can have a substantial impact on mental health and wellbeing. Depression and anxiety may hinder cancer treatment and recovery, as well as quality of life and survival. We argue that more research is needed to prevent and treat co-morbid depression and anxiety among people with cancer and that it requires greater clinical priority. For background and to support our argument, we synthesise existing systematic reviews relating to cancer and common mental disorders, focusing on depression and anxiety.

We searched several electronic databases for relevant reviews on cancer, depression and anxiety from 2012 to 2019. Several areas are covered: factors that may contribute to the development of common mental disorders among people with cancer; the prevalence of depression and anxiety; and potential care and treatment options. We also make several recommendations for future research. Numerous individual, psychological, social and contextual factors potentially contribute to the development of depression and anxiety among people with cancer, as well as characteristics related to the cancer and treatment received. Compared to the general population, the prevalence of depression and anxiety is often found to be higher among people with cancer, but estimates vary due to several factors, such as the treatment setting, type of cancer and time since diagnosis. Overall, there are a lack of high-quality studies into the mental health of people with cancer following treatment and among long-term survivors, particularly for the less prevalent cancer types and younger people. Studies that focus on prevention are minimal and research covering low- and middle-income populations is limited.

Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of  freedom fighters.People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one’s country. They are considered the epitome of patriotic people.

Freedom fighters made sacrifices which one cannot even imagine of doing for their loved ones, leave alone the country. The amount of pain, hardships, and opposite they have endured cannot be put into words. The generations after them will always be indebted to them for their selfless sacrifices and hard work.

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of freedom fighters. After all, they are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day. No matter how small a role they played, they are very much significant today as they were in those times. Moreover, they revolted against the colonizers so as to stand up for the country and its people.

Furthermore, most of the freedom fighters even went to war to safeguard the freedom of their people. It did not matter that they had no training; they did it for the pure intention of making their country free. Most of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives in the war for independence.

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power. It is all because of the freedom fighters that we prospered into a free country free from any kind of colonizers or injustice.

“CAUSES, TYPES, AND SYMPTOMS OF AN EATING DISORDER”

An eating disorder is directly associated with the eating habits of an individual. Due to the disturbance in eating habits, one can have a negative impact on health. Eating habits not only affect health but also affects all functions of the body to work properly. Even it affects the emotions of an individual. Eating disorders may affect the digestive system, bones, or may cause other diseases in the body.

Most of the time eating disorders will occur when one is starting a diet to lose weight or gain weight. Consequently, it will lead to a dangerous eating habit which in result causes an eating disorder. Eating disorders mostly develop in teens and youngsters. The eating disorder occurs due to a number of reasons. It also has some types and symptoms that will also be highlighted here.

TYPES
The most common types of eating disorders are Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. People who come in the category of Anorexia nervosa have fear to gain weight. Therefore, they avoid consuming an adequate amount of food. They always perceive that they are overweight but in the actual condition, they are underweight. So Anorexia causes weakness, infertility, heart rate problems or brain damage.

People who are suffering from Bulimia nervosa eating disorder may also assume that they are overweight. They involve their bodies in excessive exercise and the use of laxatives. They use laxatives medicines excessively because they remain unhappy with their body size and shape. As a result, they have to face the problem of dehydration.

It is observed that individuals who are suffering from Binge eating disorder may lose control over their eating habits. They have an intense feeling of distress and guilt. It may occur due to a heartbreak or nervous breakdown. Also, they do not follow the regular patterns of exercises from their daily routine habit.

CAUSES
Normally emotional people and people with sensitive digestive systems suffer from an eating disorder. It is because they have psychological problems. People with a lack of confidence and low self-esteem suffer from an eating disorder. Depressed and people who are facing problems in managing their relationships are also victims of an eating disorder.

The disorder is also a genetic issue that will transfer from generation to generation. Furthermore, people who remain in tension, stress, and depression may also face an eating disorder.

SYMPTOMS
Several symptoms have been observed in people who are suffering from eating disorders. Weight fluctuations in the body occur on a large scale. Further, people remain underweight due to the habit of vomiting after every meal. People suffering from eating disorders, preferably avoid having friends to socialize, avoid get-togethers and family functions.

An eating disorder should be not neglected as it has a disastrous impact on the overall health of the human body. If a person you are close to shows such symptoms of the eating disorder, then the person must be advised to visit the doctor for the proper medication because it is not curable at home. Medical help in this matter enables the individual to move on from his current depressed state of mind with proper medication and treatment.

– JERISHA.S

“SALE OF ADULTERATED MILK CAUSING HEALTH ISSUES”

 

Only 10 percent of people are provided with pure natural milk and other 90 percent of people’s inability to have fresh and unadulterated milk is the reason that leads to many health issues. The unchecked sale of adulterated milk is causing serious health problems to the masses.

 

 

 

Milk is one of the most important natural food consumed by humans. It contains vitamins, enzymes, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Milk is an ideal food for people of all ages. It strengthens the bones, teeth, muscles. Moreover, it lowers the risk of heart diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis. All these milk benefits can be obtained by consuming pure milk. Unfortunately, more than 50 percent of milk dealers and more than 80 percent of companies are selling unhealthy milk and dairy products.

 

The main reasons behind the delivery of contaminated milk are that it is stored in barrels that are used to transport chemicals. Preservatives and chemicals are added to keep it good for a longer period. Contaminated water is added to increase the milk quantity. Adulterants like urea, formalin, detergents, ammonium sulphate, acids, hydrogen peroxide, sugars, and melamine are added to the milk that has some serious adverse health effects.

 

Recently, the Punjab Health Authority tested around 52 samples of milk collected from all parts of the province and only 27 of them were good enough to be consumed. In KPK, the situation was even deplorable and the majority of the consumption was of unhealthy milk. According to another survey, 12 most famous packaged milk brands were involved in adulteration of milk. The official report stated that only two milk brands were found safe to be consumed out of 200 brands tested.

 

We buy packaged milk from shops by trusting the milk brands. Although its packaging is ISO certified and the color of milk looks pure, but the reality is that highly harmful chemicals are added to give its good natural look. Toddlers and kids are given such milk by their mothers which leads to many deadly diseases later in their life like hepatitis, bone diseases, skin problems, and prostate cancer.

 

 

 

It is nothing new to add water to pure milk to increase its quantity. In can be noticed by the lightness of milk, but the milk providers have now started to add new chemicals like soap, formalin, and washing powder and urea to make the milk thick again and therefore these adulteration goes unnoticed. The causes are diarrhea, typhoid, allergies, cancer, and brucellosis.

 

Milk is the most consumed natural product and it is used to make many other dairy products. Therefore, contaminated milk will only make other contaminated dairy products. Companies and local milk dealers do all these criminal activities to make more profit from selling less pure milk. Poverty stricken society of Pakistan have no other option but to continue buying them. Food authorities are least concerned with these criminal activities done by milk sellers and famous companies. The government needs to devise a plan to crack down on the unchecked sale of adulterated milk, bring all these companies and milk sellers under the law and heavily fine them for noncompliance.

 

 

– MEREZJA F

“HEPATITIS A, B AND C CAUSE, SYMPTOMS AND, TREATMENT”

 

The liver is the largest organ of the body. It serves many functions such as detoxification and metabolism of many drugs and chemicals. The liver’s main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract before it circulates throughout the body.

 

 

 

The liver produces bile, which helps to digest and break down fats, cholesterol, and vitamins. The liver has certain cells called the Kupffer cells that are involved in the destruction of disease-causing agents to help the immune system that might enter the gut through the liver.

 

Inflammation of the liver, a condition known as hepatitis occurs due to certain viruses, drugs or alcohol abuse and due to autoimmune diseases.

 

In Pakistan, there are about 15 million cases of hepatitis, which makes the country have the highest number of cases in the world. The disease does not occur and disappear, but it may last and cause several complications. It can be proven fatal if not treated.

 

HEPATITIS A:

Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). The mode of transmission is through the fecal-oral route. It can also spread through direct and indirect contact with the infected person, close relation with the infected person or sexual relation with the infected person.

 

 

 

Ingesting the contaminated water and food can also be the reason for hepatitis. Initially in the infection viremia occurs, but the bloodborne transmission of HAV is uncommon.

 

The symptoms in all types of hepatitis are the same that include jaundice, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine and diarrhea which is specific to Hepatitis A.

 

Children of less than 6 years of age and older adults are more prone to it. It usually does not cause any chronic complications after acute infection. There is no specific treatment. Vaccination is available and effective under the age of one.

 

HEPATITIS B:

Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Percutaneous or exposed skin if you get in contact with infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids can cause HBV.

 

It is transferred from one infected person to another through sexual contact when an infected mother gives birth and by sharing needles and drug equipment. HBV is less likely to occur through organ transplants and or using other personal equipment like razors, toothbrushes or contact with open sores of an infected person.

 

The symptoms are the same as HAV excluding diarrhea. A few percentages of the people get a chronic infection following HBV like cirrhosis or liver failure. The only treatment is to get vaccinated and take preventive measures.

 

HEPATITIS C:

Hepatitis C is caused by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The mode of transmission is through direct or indirect contact. Sexual contact with an infected person, exposure to body fluids transfer the disease in a healthy person.

 

The indirect mode of transfer is through infected needles and surgical instruments. The signs and symptoms are fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, and related pains and complications. The treatment of acute HCV is considered, but there is no vaccine for it.

 

– MEREZJA F

Education is a constitutional right of every citizen that prepares an individual to play their role as a sophisticated member of society. The importance of Education can be implied by habituating the lack of its existence.

The importance of education and its significance can be understood through the life of an ignorant and illiterate person, who has never had the chance to visit the school and is experiencing the bane of illiteracy could value the answer to the question-‘ Why is Education an essential factor in our life?’ He/she knows the prominence and importance of Education and its changes in an individual’s life.

 

Education is a powerful weapon that aids an individual to face the adversities of life and overcome societal stigmas such as poverty, fear, status to achieve success. Education is the hope of development and success for most third-world countries and the world’s dominion countries. Mandatory education builds the scope of better growth and development.

Role of Education in India

Education has the potential to revolutionize the course of a nation – with skilled and educated youths. A nation comprises a higher rate to achieve its targeted economic growth and sit among the league known as the developed nation. A well-educated nation discards any obstacles that hinder its growth and strives hard to attain sustainable development.

Education in India refers to the process of learning, training, and teaching human capital in schools and universities. The Indian government reflects specific economic policies that emphasize the importance of education in India.

Birds are essential components of forest ecosystems. Small fruit-eating and insectivorous birds disseminate seeds and help regulate insect populations. Large predatory birds control small-mammal populations, and birds serve as food for other species, including humans. Some birds, such as woodpeckers, construct nest cavities that later serve as shelter for other animals. Scavenging birds help decompose animal and plant material on the forest floor. And, the beauty of bird song and flight provides incomparable aesthetic value.

 

Forest attributes of composition and structure are important to forest bird species to varying degrees and during different seasons. These attributes include: species of trees and understory vegetation, tree diameter, canopy and understory height and density, and abundance of standing dead trees and downed dead wood. The arrangement of forest and non-forest habitat on the landscape also plays an integral role in the ability of forests to meet bird life cycle needs.

All types of forests are important for birds, and each bird species is adapted to the forest in which it resides. Suitable bird habitat provides food, water, shelter, nest sites, song posts, and perching sites. Some species, such as mockingbirds and crows, are habitat generalists: they occupy a wide range of habitats and are not dependent on any one type. Others, such as the red-cockaded woodpecker and Kirtland’s warbler, are habitat specialists and require a specific habitat type or feature for all or a critical part of their life cycle. The red-cockaded woodpecker, for example, makes its nest only in living pine trees.

Forest breeding bird species diversity in the United States generally increases from southwest to northeast following gradients of moisture, topography, and vegetation. US oak-pine and oak-hickory forest types support around 150 to 200 species of breeding birds, while coniferous forests support about 150 species. Bird species diversity increases with forest succession in deciduous forests. Up to 75 percent of bird species in deciduous forests are neotropical migratory songbirds, which actually spend most of each year in other habitats, from the southern United States to Central or South America.

In general, diverse landscapes support more species than do uniform ones with little variation in topography or vegetation. For example, mountainous regions tend to support numerous avian species because of the habitat diversity associated with topographical changes. Forest management techniques such as thinning or prescribed burning are sometimes used to manipulate forest communities to target a specific species or to support overall avian diversity in a stand or on the landscape.

The flammulated owl (Otus flammeolus) is an example of a species that has specific habitat requirements for breeding. Like many owl species, the flammulated owl nests in cavities of live trees or in large standing dead trees, or snags.

flammulated owl
Throughout most of their breeding range of western North America, flammulated owls inhabit mid-elevation montane forests of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). This map shows the extent of those pine species and associated flammulated owl range. Potential flammulated owl breeding habitat is present on about half of this forest acreage, where there are trees of a large size and open cover.

WATER Wood ducks, kingfishers
CANOPY Thrashers, orioles
MID-STORY Hawks, warblers
SHRUB Cardinals, jays,sparrows
TRUNK Chickadees,woodpeckers, nuthatches
FLOOR Thrushes, grouse, turkey
FOREST BIRD HABITAT. Each bird species may be characterized by a general habitat type. But many species use different features of a forest during different life stages, requiring a diverse set of characteristics even for an individual species. Species may be generalists during part of the year, such as in winter, but specialists during other life stages, such as during breeding season. Thus, depending on the life stage, a given species may occupy differing locations in the forest. This graphic provides examples of types of birds most likely to be encountered in a given forest vegetation layer for at least some portions of the bird’s life cycle.

 

Madurai, formerly (until 1949) Madura, city, south-central Tamil Nadu state, southern India. It is located on the Vaigai River, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Dindigul. Madurai is the third most populous, and probably the oldest, city in the state.
The ancient history of the region is associated with the Pandya kings, and Madurai was the site of the Pandya capital (4th–11th century CE). Later it was conquered by Chola, Vijayanagar, Muslim, Maratha, and British rulers. In the 1940s it became known as the centre of the civil disobedience movement against the British raj, and it remained an important seat of political leadership.

The compact old part of the city—enclosed by the Anai, Naga, and Pasu (Elephant, Snake, and Cow) hills—is centred on Meenakshi Amman (Minakshi-Sundareshwara) Temple. The temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1,000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th–17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310. The city walls were removed by the British in 1837 to enable Madurai to expand, and administrative and residential quarters were established north of the river.
Madurai is a major transportation hub for southern India, with road and rail lines radiating from the city. There is also an airport just south of the city, providing both domestic and international passenger and freight services. Large-scale industry has developed in the suburbs. Predominant are cotton spinning and weaving and the manufacture of transport equipment, tobacco, and sugar. Small-scale hand-loom weaving of silks and cottons, which have made Madurai famous throughout history, remains important.
Lying southeast of the Eastern Ghats, the region surrounding Madurai occupies part of the plain of southern India and contains several mountain spurs, including the Palni and Sirumalai hills (north), the Cardamom Hills (west), and the Varushanad and Andipatti hills (south). Between those hills in the west lies the high Kambam Valley. Eastward, the plains drop to 300 feet (90 metres) above sea level but contain isolated hills. The chief river, the Vaigai, flows northeast through the Kambam Valley and then east across the centre of the state.

The region has never been self-sufficient in rice, despite the completion of irrigation projects on the Periyar (1895) and Vaigai (1960) rivers. Its chief cash crops are peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, sugarcane, coffee, cardamom, potatoes, and pears. The area is also renowned for its jasmine-flower plantations. Pop. (2001) city, 928,869; urban agglom., 1,203,095; (2011) city, 1,017,865; urban agglom., 1,465,625.

Trees are vital. As the biggest plants on the planet, they give us oxygen, store carbon, stabilise the soil and give life to the world’s wildlife. They also provide us with the materials for tools and shelter.

Not only are trees essential for life, but as the longest living species on earth, they give us a link between the past, present and future.

It’s critical that woodlands, rainforests and trees in urban settings, such as parks, are preserved and sustainably managed across the world.

Play your part and donate to The Royal Parks today to help us manage these vital trees in London’s Royal Parks.

Trees benefit health

The canopies of trees act as a physical filter, trapping dust and absorbing pollutants from the air. Each individual tree removes up to 1.7 kilos every year. They also provide shade from solar radiation and reduce noise.

Over 20 species of British trees and shrubs are known to have medicinal properties. The oil from birch bark, for example, has antiseptic properties.

Research shows that within minutes of being surrounded by trees and green space, your blood pressure drops, your heart rate slows and your stress levels come down.

Trees benefit the environment

Trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow and the carbon that they store in their wood helps slow the rate of global warming.

They reduce wind speeds and cool the air as they lose moisture and reflect heat upwards from their leaves. It’s estimated that trees can reduce the temperature in a city by up to 7°C.

Trees also help prevent flooding and soil erosion, absorbing thousands of litres of stormwater.

Trees boost wildlife

Trees host complex microhabitats. When young, they offer habitation and food to amazing communities of birds, insects, lichen and fungi. When ancient, their trunks also provide the hollow cover needed by species such as bats, woodboring beetles, tawny owls and woodpeckers.

One mature oak can be home to as many as 500 different species. Richmond Park is full of such trees, which is one of the reasons it has been designated a National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Trees strengthen communities

Trees strengthen the distinctive character of a place and encourage local pride. Urban woodland can be used as an educational resource and to bring groups together for activities like walking and bird-watching. Trees are also invaluable for children to play in and discover their sense of adventure.

Trees grow the economy

People are attracted to live, work and invest in green surroundings. Research shows that average house prices are 5-18% higher when properties are close to mature trees. Companies benefit from a healthier, happier workforce if there are parks and trees nearby.

Trees protect the future

Soon, for the first time in history, the number of people with homes in cities will outstrip those living in the countryside. Parks and trees will become an even more vital component of urban life. We must respect them and protect them for the future.