Children’s Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. In 1925, International Children’s Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on 1 June in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children’s Day is celebrated on 20th of November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children’s Week and not Children’s Day.World Children’s Day

Our world is filled with the most unique structures that are both man-made and natural. Some of the man-made creations include churches, tombs, temples, monuments, mosques, buildings and even cities. These structures have withstood the test of time and they continue to leave many awestruck with their brilliance. There are many in the world, but only seven are selected, which are deemed to be the best.

The 7 wonders of the world are:

• Taj Mahal – India
• Colosseum – Italy
• Chichen Itza – Mexico
• Machu Picchu – Peru
• Christ the Redeemer – Brazil
• Petra – Jordan
• Great Wall of China – China

TAJ MAHAL – INDIA

The Taj Mahal is well known across the world for its historical value, its tale of love, and its stunning beauty. The Taj Mahal is located in the historic Indian city of Agra. It houses the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. It is said that the Emperor loved his wife dearly and was prompted to build the Taj Mahal after her death as a testament to his love.The construction of the Taj Mahal was completed by 1632. It took 17 years, 22,000 laborers, stonecutters, painters, and embroidery artists, and 1000 elephants to complete the Taj Mahal. The construction of the temple cost the equivalent of US$827 million today. 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones were used to decorate the Taj Mahal. The monument changes color depending on the time of the day and the moon. In 1983, the Taj Mahal was inscribed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Today, it attracts 7 to 8 million annual visitors each year.

COLOSSEUM – ITALY

Rome, Italy, hosts the Colosseum, which is one of the world’s seven wonders. Sometimes called the Flavian Amphitheatre, the Colosseum is an oval-shaped amphitheater in the center of the city. Constructed from concrete and sand, it is the largest amphitheater in the world. The Colosseum’s construction was initiated in AD 72 by Emperor Vespasian and was finished by AD 80 by his successor, Titus. Domitian, another emperor of the Flavian dynasty later made certain modifications to the amphitheater. The labor of tens of thousands of slaves were used to build this magnificent structure. The Colosseum had the capacity to host about 80,000 spectators and 80 entrances at the time of its construction.Mock sea battles, animal hunts, famous battle re-enactments, executions, and mythological dramas were just some of the public spectacles held at the Colosseum. Entry to events in the Colosseum were free and paid from the Emperor’s treasury. However, the Colosseum bore witness to a lot of brutality. Often over 10,000 animals were killed in a day. Today, this wonder of the world is a popular tourist attraction and serves as the iconic symbol of Imperial Rome.

CHICHEN ITZA – MEXICO

Chichen Itza is an archaeological site located in Mexico’s Yucatán State. It is a pre-Columbian city that was built during the Terminal Classic period by the Maya people. Chichen Itza’s structures like the temples, arcades, and pyramids were sacred to the ancient Maya people. Chichen Itza is believed to have been one of the major cities of the ancient Mayan world and constructions in the city exhibit a variety of architectural styles.

The Temple of Kukulkan in Chichen Itza is an archeological marvel based on Maya astronomy. It has 365 steps for each day of the year. There are 91 steps on each of the four sides and the platform at the top serves as the 365th step. The site even houses a sophisticated ancient observatory that exhibits the excellent advanced astronomical knowledge possessed by the Maya people. Chichen Itza was abandoned in the 1400s. However, it is still not known why people left their homes in the city. The historical value of the site contributes to its status as a wonder of the world.

7

Distance learning can truly be defined as the way of getting an education without visiting a school or attending a class physically.

Adaptability and Freedom:

One of the main advantages of distance learning can be the personalized approach to getting an education regardless of the channels or mediums you are using for this purpose. Whether you are getting study materials online or through posts you can learn only when a connection is developed between the material of the course and you. You get the freedom to deal with the study material in the distance learning process. You can plan your learning process at your convenience instead of sticking with a fixed schedule.

Self-inspiration:

Distance learning encourages you to motivate yourself to learn due to the absence of a traditional teacher to guide you. You will have to create a learning environment and control it effectively so that a band of self-motivation develops in you to inspire you to learn for your personal growth. You can cultivate this band in you by engaging yourself in distance learning methods.

Flexibility to Choose:

You will have to follow a set schedule of learning as per the curriculum of the school if you are following traditional ways of learning. But different types of distance learning allows you to set your learning schedule as per your convenience without following a regular schedule of learning. Even if you are out of touch with the learning process, a distance learning program offers you the flexibility to choose your course of learning.

Easy to Access:

If you cannot attend regular classes due to various reasons like time constraints and distance etc. then distance learning can be the best option for you to access the benefits of your education. If you opt for a correspondence course for distance learning then you will have to make postal delivery as a connection between you and your distance learning centre. But if you have a computer and internet connection then you can opt for an online learning method by using some video conferencing software like ezTalks Cloud Meeting etc. It will allow you to interact with your teachers face-to-face to resolve your problems. Moreover, you can continue learning even without taking leave from your job.

Earn While You Learn:

For those who want to improve their resume by getting a higher education and without breaking their existing job then distance learning can be the best option for them. You can go on earning your livelihood along with improving your qualification as distance learning will accommodate both, learning as well as earning.

Saves Money and Time Both:

By joining a distance learning course you can save money and time spent travelling to a nearby educational institution. Distance learning allows you to access your learning centre online without any additional cost. Moreover, the course offered at distance learning centres is cheaper than the courses provided at traditional education centres.

Easy Access to the Experts:

The students in traditional classes have limited options to guide them but distance learning by video conferencing will provide you expanded opportunities to access the experts in your course even if they are not located in your town or country. They can easily get connected with you from any part of the world to share their expertise and experiences with you. Such a facility is not possible in traditional classrooms.

Communicate with Other Educational Institutions:

You can also be in touch with several other e-schools by getting distance learning through video conferencing software. You can also connect with the students located at far locations from you, anywhere in the world, to mutually share the experiences and problems along with solving problems of each other. Distance learning through video conferencing also allows you to hone your interactive skills by collaborating with others from different work environments and cultures. Such facilities will not be available in the traditional classroom education system.

Virtual Trips:

Another important advantage for distance learning is to plan virtual trips if your budget does not allow you to go on trips from an actual school. Video conferencing allows the students of distance learning courses to visit the location important for them and experience the enjoyment even better than an actual trip. These virtual trips allow you to visit locations that you might have never thought of. Moreover, such trips can enable your teachers or lecturers to make your ordinary lessons more interesting than ever.

Thus, distance learning through video conferencing software tools like ezTalks Cloud Meeting or Skype etc. offers some benefits for those who want to improve their qualification even without disturbing their daily routine.

A love different than any, Me before you by Jojo Moyes is going the hug, twist, and crush your hearts. It is cruelly beautiful. Introducing us to the story of two strangers, who were never supposed to meet if wreckage had not greeted them if they hadn’t been completely flipped over again and again in the hands of their wicked lives, Will Traynor and Louisa Clark. Two souls, perfectly carved out for each other, like two jigsaw pieces fit together, and yet, all the while, poles apart.

The story starts with a small yet life-altering chronicle in the world of Will. We can see he is a dapper guy, with impossible fears, and a great liking for adventure and travel. But before we start hoping the rising scene starts, the climax greets upon our doors. Will has an accident. This is where we start our bewitching tale. Funny right? I thought so too at first. The fact that how an almost-fatal thing can start a love story is beyond my mental capability. But this happened, not only in this fictional tale but also in real life. I have seen numerous examples of how, when one type of living ends, the other starts, but the person inside stays constant. It is magnificent.

You will cry, OH, you will cry, at the sweetness, the unfairness, the predictable unpredictability, you will wholly devour this book with your soul. Or whatever sane part’s left of it, though I doubt there’ll be any after you read it. It is that good. I am not even trying to oversell this book, but it is hands-down beguiling. No matter how foreseeable the ending is, this book is all worth it. It is worth the time, the effort and the constant search of a dictionary on every page.

Though we can predict what happens on the next page, this dazzling book certainly doesn’t prove to be dull. Instructions for dancing by a very talented Nicola Yoon gives us the hypes for love, lust, and well…dance!. It starts with an obvious scenario Of almost every romance novel. The girl gives up her past life and self because of something tragic and life-changing which forced her not to believe in love and happily-ever-afters anymore. But, she knows, deep-down, the silent and loneliest place of her, That romance-novel reading girl with a pair of dreamy eyes containing unwavering fire still hopes for something magical to happen in her dreary life, and before she knows it, it does.

Yvette Antoinette Thomas, better known as Evie wakes up a simple morning, hoping for a normal day. Little does she know that she will not be the same anymore, ever again, and nor will her world. After she packs her old books with hopeless eyes and a forgone excitement for anything, she plans to give them away to the library. As soon as she paddles out with her unique but absolutely fabulous bicycle, it strikes her that it is a Sunday, and the library is shut on Sundays. With an even soulless, even more cynical sense of life(even she didn’t know it was possible) she paddled her way back to home, when, out of nowhere, she passed upon a little blue junction with a big board showing “open library”. The rest is history.

“We act as though comfort and luxury were the chief requirements of life when all that we need to make us happy is something to be enthusiastic about.” – Albert Einstein

The Dip

Across language learning, company building, and any kind of creative project, there is a dip. The Dip is the long stretch between beginner’s luck and real accomplishment.
Extraordinary benefits accrue to the tiny minority of people who can push just a tiny bit longer than most.

The Start before the Dip

In any goal that has to be accomplished, there is a Start. It usually gets overlooked, as it’s always there. 
The Start is a much bigger problem since you can’t reach The Dip if you don’t get through The Start, and many more people fantasize about doing something than do it and give up.

Motivation management

The biggest problem we face with completing our projects isn’t productivity or time management, but motivation management. When you’re sufficiently motivated to accomplish something, you’ll move heaven and earth to do it.

Motivation Defined

Motivation is “the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way,” or rephrased, “the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.”

“When you quit something that you had initially wanted to do, it’s because the reasons to stop eventually came to outweigh the reasons to continue. Thus, to maintain your motivation you can either strengthen the reasons to keep going or weaken the reasons to quit. Successful motivation efforts generally include both.”

• Ericsson & Poole

Getting Motivated to Start a Project

• Increase your reason to start a project, by increasing the value of starting it.
• Increase your expectancy of succeeding at that project.
• Decrease your reasons to delay, by increasing urgency, using a deadline.

Parkinson’s Law

It states that “work expands to fill the time available for its completion.”

A commitment Device

Many people use a commitment device or game their surroundings to get and stay motivated.
You can physically help your goal by things like throwing away your junk food, only showering at the gym so that you go there, and similar activities aimed at focussing on your goal. People also use public commitments in social media to stay motivated by peer pressure.

Stay Motivated 

Set small, incremental goals that are sufficiently exciting to be motivating and for which you have a reasonable expectation of completing.

How To Keep Going

• Maintain your sense of Expectancy in the project using small wins and accomplishments.
• Reward yourself.
• Maintain a sense of value by finding a way to remind yourself of the bigger picture of the small, everyday bouts of effort.
• Build positive habits.
• Find flow.
• Set clear follow-on goals.
• Maintain energy.

Description of the budget

The word ‘budget’ is derived from the French word, Bougette, which means a leather wallet or purse. Therefore, the term modern budget refers to a document that contains estimates of revenue and expenditure of a country, usually for one year.

Types of Budget
Budgets can be categorized based on the following principles:

(i) Combined time.
(ii) Number of budgets tabled in the legislature.
(iii) The overall finance budgets position is presented in the budget.
(iv) An approved policy on the takeover of revenue and expenditure in the budget.
(v) Division of receipts and expenses in the budget.

Based on these principles budgets can be:

(i) Annual budgets or long-term budgets.
(ii) One or more budgets.
(iii) Excess budgets, deficits or estimates.
(iv) Budget or revenue budget.
(v) Departmental budget or operating budget.

A brief description of the different types is as follows:

Annual or long-term budgets:
Generally, Government budgets are for one year, that is, for one year. In India, England and many other commonwealth countries the financial year starts on April 1 and ends on March 31, but in the U.S.A., Australia, Sweden and Italy the dates are 1st July and 30th June.
Some countries adopt a planned economic policy and meet the requirements for long-term planning, using a long-term budget, that is, preparing a budget for three years or more. Such a budget is a long-term plan rather than a long-term budget because what is offered is a financial plan over the years to fund the program.
These countries spread the use of program costs over many years. The legislature approves the plan and estimates its costs, but that does not equal the actual voting of all-time shares. Every year the national budget will include expenditure on a plan for that year to be approved by the legislature.

One or more budgets:
When the estimates of all Government functions are allocated to a single budget, it is known as a single budget. The advantage of a single budget is that it reflects the financpractisetion of the Government as a whole.
But if there are separate budget-related budgets passed by the legislature, it is called a mass budget. In India, we have two budgets — one for the railway line and one for the rest of the departments. The practise of having a separate train budget began in 1921. In England, there is one budget.

Extra income, deficit or limited budget:
A budget is a surplus if the estimated income exceeds the estimated cost/expense But if the expected revenue falls below the expected cost, it becomes a budget deficit. According to economists, a deficit budget is a sign of global development. A limited budget is when the expected revenue is equal to the expected cost/expense. Budgets are often in short supply.

Income or budget of income:
A budget is one in which the estimates of various items of income and expenditure include amounts to be acquired or used in one year.
In revenue and expenditure budgets, accumulated in one financial year, are planned for that financial year regardless of whether the revenue is available or expenses incurred in that financial year. In India, Britain and the U.S.A., counts are calculated, in France and other continents, counting income.

Departmental or operational budget:
The current practice is to have a departmental budget, that is, the revenue and expenses of one department are organized under it. It does not provide any information about the work or activity that has been budgeted for. The operating budget is another where the total cost of a particular project is compiled under the head of a specific program.
It is organized into activities, programs, activities and projects, for example, in the case of collaboration (employment), it will be divided into programs such as higher education, Secondary and Higher Education. Each program will be divided into activities, for example, teacher training is a task. The project is the final unit of division of labour.
It symbolizes work as a major project, such as the construction of a school building. The A.R.C. proposed the adoption of a budget for all the departments and agencies of the Central and provincial governments that have managed development programs.

Introduction

The first thirty years of the 19th century is termed as the period of the Romantic Revival in English literature. The Elizabethans were the first romantics. The romantic spirit suffered a decline during the subsequent ages and it was left to the writers, especially the poets of the early 19th century, to bring back that spirit once again to literature. The Romantic Revival is a broad term used to indicate the change that came over literary sensibility and expression during this period.

The Romantic Revival was a revlot against the neo-classical spirit. The classical mode had outlived its utility and a change was universally felt. The signs of revolt became evident when James Thompson published his ‘The Season’, a poem totally new in matter and manner. Collins and Gray enlarged the spirit of the movement in their odes and elegies. Burns, Crabbe and Cowper also contributed to the incipient revolt against the neo-classical traditions. Among the early romantics William Blake was the most revolutionary and his two publications ‘Songs of Innocence’ (1789) and ‘Songs of Experiences’ (1794) were landmarks in the evolution of the romantic spirit in English poetry. These poets are called ‘the transition poets’ because they represented a period just before the great romantics.

Impact on French Revolution

The ideas of the French Revolution such as liberty, equality, and franternity encouraged the growth of the romantic spirit. The literature and arts of ancient Greece and Rome and the writngs of philosophers like Rousseau also had an impact on the Romantic Revival. Victor Hugo defined romanticism as liberalism in literature. The roamntic outlook emphasised spontaneity of expression and encouraged man’s right to utter his thoughts without restrictions.

Romanticism in poetry

Romanticism is the expression of sharpened sensibilities and heightened imaginative feeling. It found solace in going back to the ancients both in mythology and history. It was also a return to nature. Romanticism was not only concerned with beauty and inner life but also it added strangeness to beauty. Other aspects of romanticisim are a subtle sense of mystery, an exuberant intellectual curiosity and instinct for the elemental simplicities of life. Thus the Romantic Revival brought back many of the characteristics of the Renaissance and the Reformation. The diginity and importance of man was recognised and the emotions and feelings of even the humblest human being were recognised as worthy of artistic and literary expression. The spirit of the Romantic Revival was best expressed in the poetry of the great romantics Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron and in the novels of Walter Scott. Even the prose writings of Charles Lamb were coloured by romantic sentiments.

The Lyrical Ballads published by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 inaugurated the romantic era. It is called the period of Romantic Revival because the glorious productions of the nineteenth century had a close kinship with those of the spacious age of Elizabeth. Unbridled imagination, the first joy of a new found power – the inevitable consequence of the Renaissance and Reformation characterised the Elizabethan and Caroline literature in the seventeenth century. But this spirit of imaginative enthusiasm was subjected to deep scrutiny and close criticism by the growing self-consciousness of the nation in the next age – the age of Pope and Johnson. During the eighteenth century, in society, in politics, in life and literature which is but a reflection of life, it stood for order, dignity, clarity and for a certain standard of grace and beauty of ‘correctness’ and decorum in expression, and for the smothering of all passions and emotions which came to be regarded as barbaric and genteel. Against this spirit the natural reaction was the second Romantic movement which was actually founded by William Blake and strengthened by William Wordsworth.

Victor Hugo describes romanticism as ‘liberalism in literature’. Wordsworth in his preface to the Lyrical Ballads boldly asserts “Those who have been accustomed to the guadiness and inane phraseology of modern writers, if they persist in reading this book to its conclusion will no doubt, frequently have to struggle with feelings of strangeness and awkwardness.”

Sir Andrew Motion, known for his narrative poetry is an English poet novelist and a biographer. He served as the Poet Laureate of England from 1999 to 2009. The “Last Call” is a short poem about the thoughts of a person who is at the edge of death. In a humourous way he thinks about his situation. Usually death is presented in a dark or melancholic manner. But here the narrator accepts death in a more positive light.

As the title implies, death, the last call comes to the narrator. Death is personified as “he” and the narrator,l says that he calls him to “come near”. Here, the narrator decides to answer the call of death with pity. But later the poet finds that death loves him. So then the poet reciprocates the love and he loves death back. Thud there is a constant love for each other and he embraces death.

The omnipresence of death is represented by the poet. Everyone knows that death is inevitable. Death is a companion for everyone from birth itself. Every living being are gradually moving towards death in their life. So this awareness about the omnipresence and inevitability of death is the reason for the poet’s acceptance of death. The transformation from pity to genuine love is the result of this belief that death is one’s constant companion. Thus in the short, humoristic way poet represents the notion of death. Death is presented in a more light, positive way by Andrew Motion.

Ted Hughes popularly known as animal poet portrays animal as better than humans. He has love and devotion for nature as well as animals. He believes that animals do not live under the fear of morality. Even though the themes of Hughes’ poetry is nature and animals, he do not romanticize them. But for Hughes poetry is a “journey into the inner universe” and “an exploration of the genuine self”.

In this 1959 poem “View of a Pig”, Hughes represents the pig through which he implies human characteristics. The pig mentioned in the poem is not just dead, but “too dead”, “less than lifeless”. The pig is referred to as’it’ in a cold way. The vast sized pig lie its “eyes closed” , and “it was like a sack of wheat”. Even though the narrator observes pig for a long time, he doesn’t feel pity for dead pig. He is frustrated, by thinking that how this pig could be moved. In the lines “the gadh in its throat was shocking”, is the first indication of the cause of its death. But that was shocking, not pathetic. The eating habit of the pig is mentioned as “they eat cinders, dead cats”. For a long time the narrator stared at the pig without feeling any remorse.

While analysing in a postmodern context, the themes of passivity, alienation and the lack of humanity of the post war era can be found in the observer’s behaviour. The poem can be also analysed in the finality of death. Hughes merely depicts the weight of the pig like “sack of wheat” to show that there is no life, only the body is left. The animal slaughter and industrial farming and also the cruelty of human beings can also be found in the poem.

As we all are aware, coronavirus affects different people in different ways. Some people suffer from serious symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain while some people suffer from mild symptoms like loss of taste or smell, sore throat, headache etc.

Even after COVID recovery, people are getting infected by new fungal infections like Black fungus and White fungus. As the immunity of the body takes some time to recover, COVID patients are becoming easy targets for these fungal infections.

The only way to be safe from this coronavirus and its after harms, is to get VACCINATED.

Now, coming to the point of vaccination, people are having various misconceptions. Like,

• Which vaccine should be preferred?
• What will be the side-effects of taking vaccine?
• Can vaccination guarantee protection against COVID?
• Can anyone get corona after vaccination?

And so on.

All the vaccines , COVISHIELD, COVAXIN, SPUTNIK V have passed the standard approval of WHO(WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION). All are efficient and preventive against corona. These vaccines are made available free of cost at government institutions and hospitals.

Side effects:

Any side effects after taking vaccine are an indication of the working of vaccine inside the body. People can have side-effects like headache, body pain, low grade fever and fatigue. However, these side-effects will resolve in a matter of 2-3 days.

Lastly, vaccination does help in protection against COVID, but it can be ensured only after taking both vaccine doses.(1 & 2). People who have taken only 1st dose of vaccine, should follow the same guidelines of wearing masks, maintaining social distances in public, frequently sanitizing your hands.

Gender,the social constuction related to one’s behaviour and attributes is one of the major factors in our society.Gender identity is different from sex.While sex is the biological aspect of an individual,gender identity is personal,internal perception of oneself,which may not the sex,which was assigned at birth.In gender perspective an individual an individual can see himself/herself as a man, women or having no gender. One’s gender role may influence wide range of factors like behaviour, clothing and personal relationships.

While talking about the evolution of gender, It is important to look in to the past.Historically the gender was attributed to an individual by birth,with reference to biological differences. The word ‘Gender’ was also used synonymous with ‘sex’ in the last centuries. By the last decades of the 20 th century th use of ‘gender’ is increased.This can be attributed to the feministic movement of the second half of 20 th century. According to those theories,the social distictions based on sex was arbitary.As said earlier,One’s biological sex was directly tied to their gender roles.Judith Bulter considered that being a woman it has more challeges,owing to society’s social category and sense of self, a culturally conditioned or constructed identity. This categorization of people into social role creates a great problem.ecause they have to be at one end of a liner spectrum and must identify themselves as man or woman and act respectively. So, these dueties mostly are in favour of men and it creates an imbalance in power and gender inequalities.These roles vary from to culture.But there is no universal standard to these roles across all cultures.Earlier being a female, characterizes one as weak,emotional,submissive and incapable of doing certain tasks attributed only to ” mam”. The gender role attributed to an individual from birth and it is included in simpler the colour of the baby’s outfit. However a person’s gender does not always allign with what has been assigned by birth.Females were always subjugated as part of these gender roles and they faced a lot of inequality.

Feminism was the major movement contributed to the equality of all genders.It included issues
on reproductive rights, political rights, equal pay for equal work, suffrage right and sexual
harassment.First wave has on the suffrage and political equality.The second wave attempted to abolish more social and cultural inequalities. The first wave was oriented mainly on white upper class woman.But the second wave of feminism included more women from all social class. Third wave of feminism was against financial inequalities and fourth wave was against system of power.So, feminism contributed immensely to the empowerment of women in all fields and ensured equality in many sectors of society including political and financial.

LGBTQIA is a umberlla term related to gender.Transgender are opposite to cis-gender, whose gender identity is different from the sex assigned at birth. They reassigned their sex by changing physiological or other attributes of sex.Transgender people were considered as ‘ third-gender’. Transgenders were also faced a lot of discrimination from the society as well as their homes. They were not accepted as equal to cis-genders.From the second half of 20 th century many transgenders movements and activists worked for ensuring equality for the community and fighted for their rights, to eliminate discrimination and violence against transgenders.This, similar to faminism included demanded for equality in all sectors of society. Many people from transgender communities are holding high position in our society as a result of this movement and the government also ensures their equality through laws. Many people are coming forward nowadays declaring their gender,confidently and undergoing organ transition surgeries.

Gay and lesbian are other two terms related to sexual orientation.Gay is the term used to represent men who attracted to men in romantic/sexual behaviour.Lesbian refers to a woman who has sexual orientation towards woman similarly.Bisexual is a person who experiences sexual attraction to more than one gender,not necessarily at the same time and same degree.So, LGBTQ community was considered as backword and they were not equally accepted in the society.As a result in this patriarchal society, they were forced to suppress their sexuality. But as a result of 2000s movement for same marrige, gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s they ensured equality. In India on 2018 court decriminalized section 377 as it was unconstitutional.Eventhough legal protection is ensured for LGBTQIA communities they even face inequality in our society.

These are the various steps in the evolution of gender.Eventhough legally all genders are considered as equal, many still faces a lot of insecurities and inequalities.These inequalities starts from homes,to work places, educational institutions to all public sectors. But as part of the evolution of genders ,the condition of woman and LGBTQIA are improving.

WHAT DOES ELIOT MEAN BY “TRADITION” ?
HOW CAN WE TELL WHAT IS TRADITIONAL ?
WHAT RELATION SHOULD THE WRITER HAVE TO THE WRITINGS OF THE PAST?

T S Eliot in his 1919 essay Tradition and the Individual Talent elucidates his concept on tradition and it’s importance on individuality of poet. He begins the essay by pointing out that “tradition” is generally regarded as a word of censure. Eliot says that English people praise poet’s for wrong reasons. But he says, the most individual part of a poet’s mind shows the influence of past writers. According to Eliot “… if we approach a poet without this prejudice, we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual part of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their
immortality most vigorously”.

To elucidate upon literary tradition Eliot brings the significance of past writers. He says that tradition does not mean blind adherence to the ways of previous generations. He also says that tradition in the sense of passive repetition is to be discouraged. He says “novelty is better than repetition”. By “tradition” eliot means the recognition of the continuity of past literature. The sense of tradition instills the fact in the mind of poets that, writers of the past continue to be significant in the present. According to T S Eliot, tradition involves a historical sense. This historical sense involves the perception of not only the pastness of the past, but also it’s presence. In other words, Eliot means that the historical sense in tradition, enables the poet to realise that past is not something isolated from the present. So, the poet perceives the essence of the past through this sense. A man of historical sense have the knowledge and understanding of the whole literature of Europe from Homer to his present day and it’s significance. The writer realises that past exist in the present and both are simultaneous. This ” historical sense which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional”. By this Eliot means that the writer is conscious of his own generation, it’s significance and he is also conscious about his relationship with past writers.

Next argument from Eliot is the relation of a poet with tradition and how can a poet acquire the sense of tradition. In his words “tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want if you must obtain it by great labour”. This is knowing the past writers, not blind adherence and knowing what is good and useful. The sense of tradition not only implies recognition of continuity of literature, but the critical judgement of pastness and it’s significance. As Eliot said this knowledge and judgement demands great effort. This judgement is for principle of aesthetic and not for merely historical criticism. The present writers should compare and contrast the writings of the past. This is the relation of present writers to past writings. Such comparison and contrast is essential for forming a significant idea for a new writer. According to Eliot tradition is dynamic, which is not fixed and static. It keeps changing. A writer seeks guidance from the past and a new work modifies the past. In his own words he says ” past should be altered by the present and present is directed by the past”. So when a new literary work is created, the whole literary tradition is modified. So, the relation of past and present is reciprocal. To quote Eliot ” the existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them.” The past writings will not become insignificant. Every great writer like Virgil, Dante and Shakespeare never gets insignificant and they contribute to literary tradition. In this relation of the present writers to the past, the comparison and contrast is not to determine which is good or bad. It is to know facts, for the purpose of analysis and for the better understanding of the new work. The past writers should be examined critically.

Another important factor about the relation of present writers to the past is that, a poet should not be content with the poet of any particular age or major writers. The poet must know the main trends and he must also know main litrary trends and he must also know main literary trends are not determined by great poets, ordinary poet’s are also significant. So this surrender to tradition is more valuable than individuality. By a sense of tradition, poet allows his poetic sensibility to be moulded and modified by the past and it is fundamental for poetic creation.

Mental health is the most important factor in the lives office t everyone unfortunately neglected by many. Since the pandemic the mental health’s importance became gained more prominence. People understood that mental health is as equal as the physical health of an individual. In maintaining good mental health one needs to follow certain practices or steps. Journaling is the most common and import one among these practices. Even though journaling is common, it’s effect are not really understood by people.

In simpler terms journaling is putting writing down one’s thoughts and feelings. There are traditional as well as modern tools for journaling. The traditional tool is paper and book method. But today, many applications are available in the internet for the purpose for journalists. There are no rules to journaling and they are done according to person’s interest.

Journaling is just writing the flow of thoughts and it can also be used as a daily routine, or weekly routine according to one. Journaling is writing our feelings without any filters, because it is the part of the life, which is a judgement free free flow of emotions.

There are various effects of journaling. One gets immediately feel better because it is a process of decluttering the mind. Thus it is good for your mind. While journaling one can also write the solutions to our problems. We can speak with ourselves in journaling. And it gives a conclusion and clears our mind. They are part of our life. Also by answering questions it gives a self awareness.

Gratitude journaling is writing is writing the things that one is grateful for. It’s very effective and each and every action depends on gratitude journaling, even grateful for smaller things. So, writing a genuine, specific grateful thing is important for building this as a routine and makes our life better.

Scripting is a journal method which is scripting a life one wants or visualisation on a piece of paper. This should not include needs but passion. Art journaling includes painting, stickers. Bullet journaling can be used as planner or organizer of life.

‘A youth full of fire and genius, a very whirlwind in battle, who crushes all rebels, cuts his enemies into pieces, marches over inaccessible mountains, and neve loses an engagement’ – Inscriptional evidence, William James Durant

WHO IS HAMMURABI ?

Hammurabi (Khammurabi/Ammurapi) was the 6th king of the Amorite first dynasty of Babylon, reigning from 1792 – 1750 BCE. He conquered all of Mesopotamia, from Babylon by 1750 BCE. The Sources that give us information about his life and achievements are inscriptions, letters and administrative records. He is famously known for his ‘Law code’.

HAMMURABI’S ACHIEVEMENTS

• He centralized and streamlined the administration and heightened the fortifications
• He issued a proclamation – cancelling all debts
• He improvised Irrigation of fields and maintenance of infrastructure of the cities under his control.
• A popular title – ‘BANI MATIM’ (builder of the land) was given to him, as he issued building projects like granaries, palaces, canals and a bridge across the Euphrates River that allowed city to expand on both banks
• He built temples to the gods, as well as, renovated the sanctuaries of gods, especially Marduk (Babylon’s patron deity)

POLITICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF HAMMURABI

• Hammurabi – Hammu (family in Amorite) and Rapi (great in Akkadian) came from the Amorites, who were nomadic people coming from the coastal region of Eber Nari to Mesopotamia around c. 2 – 3rd millennium BCE. They were ruling the Babylonian region by 1984 BCE.
• Hammurabi is credited with expanding the city of Babylon to unite all of Southern Mesopotamia.

HAMMURABI’S ‘CODE OF LAW’ (C. 1772 B.C.)

• Jacques de Morgan, found the stele on 1902. He was a French mining engineer, who led the archaeological expedition to excavate the Elamite capital of Susa, located at a distance of 250 miles from Hammurabi’s kingdom.
• The black diorite block, nearly 8 feet high, was broken into three pieces, probably by the Elamites who brought it to Susa as spoils of war in mid 12^th century B.C.
• It is the longest inscription of early Mesopotamian History, containing almost 51 columns of text, housed in the Louvre museum of Paris.
• Code of Law covers the following aspects: False accusations, Sorcery, kidnapping, burglary and robbery, duties and privileges of officer’s and constable, Land Laws, Debts deposit, Family and Marriage, and the economic matters like penalties for crimes and slaves.

HOW DOES THE CODE OF LAW STAND OUT?

• It is one of the earliest examples of the doctrine – ‘lex talionis’/laws of retribution i.e. an eye for an eye
• It provides the provision of ‘one crime, one punishment’
• Even though the code does not include harsh punishments like removing the tongue, hands, breasts, eye or ear of the guilty, it sets an example for the principle of accused person being considered innocent until proven guilty.
• The code shows a shift from communal to individual ownership, family or clan revenge to individual responsibility and marriage laws safeguards the legal status of a woman, despite the society being patriarchal.

PARALLELS TO THE CODE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES

• There are similarities between the English law back then and the code – in terms of the provision sales before witnesses being legal
• There are similarities between the American law and the code – in terms of the provision penalties for aiding the escape of slaves
• There are similarities between the Hindu law and the code – with the provision of paying the owner of the land the value of the crop that should have grown and infidelity of wife.
• There are similarities between the European law and the code – with the provision of gradation of fines and damages for injuries to members of different social classes and divorce.
• Similarities with other societies include, Berbers in the case of ill – treatment of wife and a Japanese fiction matching the provisions for children of a concubine and wife.

CONCLUSION

As Gwendolyn Leick said, Hammurabi was an ‘outstanding diplomat’ and ‘negotiator’, who waited for the right moment to fulfill his aims, with the right amount of resources and ruthlessness. He managed to create a civilized society, uniting the multi – ethnic, multi – lingual empire through his laws, so this is a classic example of ‘learning from the past’, not only in terms of the Mesopotamian region, but also for the political leaders all over the world.

REFERENCES

‘Laws of Hammurabi’ – George E. Vincent (American Journal of Sociology, 1904)

‘Review: The Code of Hammurabi’ – J. Dyneley Prince (American Journal of Theology,1904)

https://www.ancient.eu/hammurabi/

https://www.history.com/news/hammurabi-babylon-mesopotamia-city-state

https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi

https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/northandsouthwalls.pdf

The second book in the series, Throne of Glass, is chaotic but beautiful. It tells the story of the gorgeously vicious assassin Celaena Sardothien, whom we have already been familiar with in the previous book. But this tale is nothing like its former, a fresh world if you ask me. Not like the next page of a book, which is new but familiar, this book mirrors a whole new story, though a few points are mentioned from the past in the second half, don’t expect anything from me, I don’t like the idea of me giving you readers any significant spoilers. After all the drama and catastrophes and tragedies in the past book, two things about our protagonist stay the same, her charming sarcasm and her intoxicating personality, which somehow catches up on every character in the book. Literally.

It is usual for Sarah to stop our hearts once or twice as we flip the pages, for this book does exactly that, and every other in the series as well. Nevertheless the tension, drama, and riot of climaxes, this whole book is perfect for a vacay-read, at least for me. If you are just beginning to enter the world of fantasy, or even books as well, this series is perfect for you. It will, somehow, amidst all the suspense, give you purpose. It gave me, I enjoyed my days more, especially during a time like the quarantine, It helped me cope through the days where I felt most lonely and almost on the verge of falling apart. Celaena’s courage, her iridescent confidence, made me a greater person. I started to see beauty in things usually undermined, things considered fallacious. Before reading this series, if anyone told me that an assassin could be the kindest person you’ll ever see, I’d have laughed straight in their face. But, I don’t know-how, this cruel vicious assassin is kind, loving, and almost frustratingly emotional.

Lastly, It’s not a tome with arid, bland, dreary text spit all over the pages, but a heart-throbbing story, of which you’ll surely savor every word.

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

A contented sigh. That’s it. That is what this beautifully woven book is. And so so much more at the same time. A warm, cozy, funny, bright, and snug tale, Let It Snow by Maureen Johnson, John Green, and Lauren Myracle will spread the Christmas magic whenever you’re reading it. And I am NOT kidding about the warmness, it’s extreme. I mean, I couldn’t hide a smile away from my face while reading this beautiful tale, or tales may I add (there are 3, each by one author)

Set in the frosty ground of Gracetown, This story is about not just one but many interesting persons. Though the fun begins when we discover that these stories are interrelated, deeply. After all, what is it but a small tiny town, lumped with snow, and ice streams?

The first story, The Jubilee Express by Maureen Johnson is impeccably warm and sets the tone for the book ahead. It is a story about a girl named Jubilee. Yeah. Let that sink in. So, Jubilee is, like her name, unique, quirky, and fun. For the most part at least. As Christmas approaches, she faces a series of chronicles and perils that completely change her life. Mind it, in just one day. It is super adventurous and crazy. You would love it as soon as you read it. Also, the thing about Johnson is that she writes with relativity to her readers, so that they feel connected to the character and grow more interested in the book as the story goes. I have to say, she has done a significant job at that. I could totally relate to her, the sarcasm, the unique interpretations of things we see in everyday life(like where you can read about wherever the cat sits, we’ll build a house(understood only when the book is read)).

The next story is A Cheertastic Christmas Miracle by John Green. It lets us in Tobin’s life. A simple guy with a clever mind and succint but explanatory way of speech. He has two friends, the duke(who is actually a girl) and a Korean mate who is obsessed with the word “asshat” , JP. There monotonous life watching james bond movies gets a turning point with a call, It’s Kuen, another of the only 2 Korean guys in Gracetown. Who also works at the nearby waffle house. There is some engrossing news which makes them scurry into a frenzy. And then, as any other mushy, happy and warm holiday book, there life changes. John Green, as always, puts his charm into the book, with his use of everyday lingo, he makes the story light, fun and merry, just like a Christmas should be.

The last one is The Patron Saint Of Pigs by Lauren Myracle. In this story, we witness the life of Addie, a girl with serious emotional problems, but still cheery and fun. A barista, Her aura is full of drama and chaos, but she gets through it sailing. Though we see her a lot on the verge of emotional and mental breakdowns, her friends, Tegan and Dorrie are always by her side. Not throwing any major spoilers, I can’t resist to say that this story is touching, hilarious and absolutely breathtaking. Lauren Myracle has moulded a marvellous creation by writing this.

Christmas is a state of mind.

-Mayzie

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328X241262562

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

THANKYOU!

By – Supriya

THANKYOU!

By – Supriya

THANKYOU !

By – Supriya

Political and bureaucratic corruption in India is the cause of major concern today. From brides to political maneuvering to misuse of authority to scandals – the average Indian daily finds himself struggling in the cobweb of political graft. The in – charge of the system, the so – called sarkari Babus, with whom the power lays, are spreading the venom of corruption , and abusing their political power at all levels. The 2G scandal scam worth ₹1.76 – lakh crore tops the list. At the heart of this scam is the former Telecom minister A Raja who evaded norms at every level as he dubiously, issued 2G licences to private telecom players in 2008 at throwaway prices of 2001. While issuing licences, rules and procedures were flouted for bribes and personal gains.

THANKYOU !

L

Like Roosevelt before him, Woodrow Wilson regarded himself as the personal representative of the people. “No one but the President,” he said, “seems to be expected … to look out for the general interests of the country.” He developed a program of progressive reform and asserted international leadership in building a new world order. In 1917 he proclaimed American entrance into World War I a crusade to make the world “safe for democracy.”

Wilson had seen the frightfulness of war. He was born in Virginia in 1856, the son of a Presbyterian minister who during the Civil War was a pastor in Augusta, Georgia, and during Reconstruction a professor in the charred city of Columbia, South Carolina.

After graduation from Princeton (then the College of New Jersey) and the University of Virginia Law School, Wilson earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University and entered upon an academic career. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson.

Wilson advanced rapidly as a conservative young professor of political science and became president of Princeton in 1902.

His growing national reputation led some conservative Democrats to consider him Presidential timber. First they persuaded him to run for Governor of New Jersey in 1910. In the campaign he asserted his independence of the conservatives and of the machine that had nominated him, endorsing a progressive platform, which he pursued as governor.

He was nominated for President at the 1912 Democratic Convention and campaigned on a program called the New Freedom, which stressed individualism and states’ rights. In the three-way election he received only 42 percent of the popular vote but an overwhelming electoral vote.

Wilson maneuvered through Congress three major pieces of legislation. The first was a lower tariff, the Underwood Act; attached to the measure was a graduated Federal income tax. The passage of the Federal Reserve Act provided the Nation with the more elastic money supply it badly needed. In 1914 antitrust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices.

Another burst of legislation followed in 1916. One new law prohibited child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. By virtue of this legislation and the slogan “he kept us out of war,” Wilson narrowly won re-election.

But after the election Wilson concluded that America could not remain neutral in the World War. On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.

Massive American effort slowly tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. Wilson went before Congress in January 1918, to enunciate American war aims–the Fourteen Points, the last of which would establish “A general association of nations…affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”

After the Germans signed the Armistice in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris to try to build an enduring peace. He later presented to the Senate the Versailles Treaty, containing the Covenant of the League of Nations, and asked, “Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?”

Wilson never doubted the outcome. He mobilized a nation – its manpower, its industry, its commerce, its agriculture. He was himself the chief mover in the propaganda war. His speech to Congress on January 8, 1918, on the «Fourteen Points» was a decisive stroke in winning that war, for people everywhere saw in his peace aims the vision of a world in which freedom, justice, and peace could flourish.

Although at the apogee of his fame when the 1919 Peace Conference assembled in Versailles, Wilson failed to carry his total conception of an ideal peace, but he did secure the adoption of the Covenant of the League of Nations. His major failure, however, was suffered at home when the Senate declined to approve American acceptance of the League of Nations. This stunning defeat resulted from his losing control of Congress after he had made the congressional election of 1918 virtually a vote of confidence, from his failure to appoint to the American peace delegation those who could speak for the Republican Party or for the Senate, from his unwillingness to compromise when some minor compromises might well have carried the day, from his physical incapacity in the days just prior to the vote.

REFERENCES : The White House, NobelPrize.org

Who Was Karl Marx?
Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, author, social theorist, and economist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Marx, in conjunction with Friedrich Engels, published The Communist Manifesto in 1848; later in life, he wrote Das Kapital (the first volume was published in Berlin in 1867; the second and third volumes were published posthumously in 1885 and 1894, respectively), which discussed the labour theory of value.

Marx’s early writings are dominated by an understanding of alienation, a distinct type of social ill whose diagnosis looks to rest on a controversial account of human nature and its flourishing. He subsequently developed an influential theory of history—often called historical materialism—centred around the idea that forms of society rise and fall as they further and then impede the development of human productive power. Marx increasingly became preoccupied with an attempt to understand the contemporary capitalist mode of production, as driven by a remorseless pursuit of profit, whose origins are found in the extraction of surplus value from the exploited proletariat. The precise role of morality and moral criticism in Marx’s critique of contemporary capitalist society is much discussed, and there is no settled scholarly consensus on these issues. His understanding of morality may be related to his account of ideology, and his reflection on the extent to which certain widely-shared misunderstandings might help explain the stability of class-divided societies. In the context of his radical journalism, Marx also developed his controversial account of the character and role of the modern state, and more generally of the relation between political and economic life. Marx sees the historical process as proceeding through a series of modes of production, characterised by (more or less explicit) class struggle, and driving humankind towards communism.

However, Marx is famously reluctant to say much about the detailed arrangements of the communist alternative that he sought to bring into being, arguing that it would arise through historical processes, and was not the realisation of a pre-determined plan or blueprint.

Between late 1843 and early 1845, Marx lived in Paris, a cosmopolitan city full of émigrés and radical artisans. He was subsequently expelled by the French government following Prussian pressure. In his last months in Germany and during this Paris exile, Marx produced a series of “early writings”, many not intended for publication, which significantly altered interpretations of his thought when they were published collectively in the twentieth century. Papers that actually saw publication during this period include: “On the Jewish Question” (1843) in which Marx defends Jewish Emancipation against Bruno Bauer (1809–1882), but also emphasises the limitations of “political” as against “human” emancipation; and the “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction” (1844) which contains a critical account of religion, together with some prescient remarks about the emancipatory potential of the proletariat. The most significant works that Marx wrote for self-clarification rather than publication in his Paris years are the so-called “1844 Manuscripts” (1844) which provide a suggestive account of alienation, especially of alienation in work; and the “Theses on Feuerbach” (1845), a set of epigrammatic but rich remarks including reflections on the nature of philosophy.

The importance of Public Administration in the modern state can hardly be overemphasised. Its importance and role has been steadily increasing with the expansion of state activity in the modern states. Public Administration is now on all-encompassing factor of the daily life of individual as well as the community, an integral part of the society, which has seen the emergence of what has aptly been called the Administrative State.

Public Administration is the field of service that maintains a civil society and provides for the needs of the public. It is the activities undertaken by the government to look after its people and manage its affairs.

One of the ways people working in public administration use their problem-solving skills is by helping during a crisis. Crisis management is necessary during a crisis and it’s important to limit the way that it impacts people.

Some elements of public administration include planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.

As an activity, it can be traceable to the Almighty God who planned the existence of man as a being. As an academic field of study, it can be largely traceable to Woodrow Wilson.

Woodrow Wilson, the father of Public Administration first recognised it in an article titled “The Study of Administration”. This he published in 1887.

Public administration has a very important place in the life of people. It is that branch of government which concerns more directly and more striking than any other with the lives of the human beings. The individual in the modern society is concerned with Public Administration at every turn of his life from cradle to the grave. It is the part of the social, cultural and economic life of a nation and is a part and parcel of its life.

Public Administration is the basis of government for monarchy, democracy, communist country like China, or in capitalist country. It is the instrument for executing the laws, policies and programmes formulated by the state. It is also an instrument of national integration particularly in the developing countries which are facing the challenges of sub nationalism, secessionism, class wars, and so on. It is a great stabilising force in the society as it provides continuity when government changes either due to revolution or by election or coups.