The invasion of Ukraine by Russia, as well as the flurry of punitive measures put on it by the US and European nations, has the potential to have two effects on India Inc. One, if not passed on, the resulting jump in commodity prices might raise input costs and pressure downstream sector margins.

Two, trade and banking restrictions may limit India’s export-import operations in the targeted region unless workarounds are discovered.

However, according to a CRISIL analysis, a few industries, such as steel and aluminium, may profit from increased prices. Overall, the impact of the continuing battle will differ depending on the industry.

. However, as the geopolitical situation improves, a clearer picture, including the credit quality of affected enterprises, will emerge.

Brent crude prices have soared beyond US$130/barrel, up from US$97/barrel before the Russian incursion. Oil marketing corporations are already losing money without a corresponding increase in retail fuel costs. Chemicals and paints industries that use crude oil-linked derivatives as their principal feedstock are feeling the effects of this. As inventory purchased at reduced prices run out, these industries may face a margin compression that might go far into the first quarter of the following fiscal year.

Other commodities will witness increased cost inflation as well. Steel and aluminium prices, which have recently risen from already high levels (Russia provides nearly 6% of world primary aluminium output), will continue to rise. While this would assist local primary steelmakers and aluminium smelters by increasing realisations, it would have a detrimental impact on the construction, real estate, and car industries.

Natural gas spot prices, which are similarly related to petroleum, may continue to rise. However, the downstream industries would be less affected. The higher pricing can be passed on to urea producers who utilise it as a feedstock. However, if the conflict continues, domestic urea supply might become a problem for the agricultural industry, as about 8% of the demand is met domestically.

City gas operators have favourable cost economics compared to competing fuels, according to the credit rating agency, which might allow them to pass on gas price rises downstream – at least to some extent.

Sanctions tied to trade and banking might affect industries that get critical raw materials like crude sunflower oil and rough diamonds, according to CRISIL. Sunflower oil accounts for over 10% of India’s edible oil consumption, with 90% of it coming from Russia and Ukraine.

An protracted battle might disrupt supply to domestic oil mills, which normally keep 30-45 days’ worth of inventories on hand and have few alternatives for changing their source on short notice.

For diamond polishers, persistent trade interruption can raise the cost of raw diamonds, putting a strain on their profit margins. Alrosa, Russia’s largest diamond miner, produces approximately 30% of the world’s rough diamonds, which saw a 21 percent increase in price in 2021.

The persistent semiconductor shortfall is unlikely to provide relief to the automotive industry. This is due to the fact that Russia and Ukraine supply over 75% of the neon gas required in semiconductor manufacturing operations such as etching circuit patterns into silicon wafers to build chips. A lengthy conflict, as well as sanctions against Russia, would stifle semiconductor output even further. According to the rating agency, import dependency on palladium and platinum, which are used in catalytic converters, and nickel, which is used as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries, is low and so may have only a minor impact on the vehicle sector.

The pharmaceuticals industry may only see a minor impact because its shipments to Russia and Ukraine are now free from sanctions, and Indian drugmakers’ exposure to these regions is modest, accounting for less than 3% of overall exports, according to CRISIL. To be sure, the government and the impacted enterprises are expected to take efforts to mitigate the situation, and CRISIL is keeping a close eye on the situation and will analyse its impact on credit quality on a case-by-case basis.

Consumers could also expect a significant increase in the price of animal protein, such as chicken, dairy products, and seafood. Amul, the world’s largest dairy company, hiked retail milk prices by 4% in all Indian markets on March 1st. “Due to growing energy, packaging, transportation, and cow feeding expenses, this price increase is necessary. As a result, the overall cost of operation and milk production has increased “Amul stated in a press statement. Mother Dairy, a milk brand, has also announced a price increase of Rs 2 effective March 6th.

The ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine are expected to have an influence on local wheat and sunflower oil prices. Both nations produce considerable amounts of wheat, and Ukraine is one of the world’s leading exporters of sunflower seeds. Analysts say that while India is self-sufficient in wheat, it does import some high-quality grain. Furthermore, the drop in Russian and Ukrainian wheat prices on the international market would provide an appealing opportunity for Indian exporters, raising local prices significantly. In the last 8-10 days, the price of sunflower oil has risen by around 5% to 10% on the worldwide market. For customers who have been paying historically high prices for over two years, the Russia-Ukraine conflict has dashed any thoughts of relief from high cooking oil costs.

Chicken prices have risen by 25% since January, and industry insiders predict a further increase of 10% to 50% in March in various regions of the nation owing to a severe feed scarcity.

Tea exports, which are referred to as chai in both Russian and Ukrainian, may also meet difficulties. Russia is one of India’s largest tea buyers, accounting for 18% of the country’s tea exports. Given the importance of the Russian market for Indian tea exports, Given that Iran shipments continue to be plagued by payment troubles, which has resulted in a sharp drop in export volumes, the Russian market is critical for Indian tea exports.

Hostilities between Russia and Ukraine are projected to put pressure on India’s agriculture industry, raising costs and limiting availability of potash, a vital component used in fertiliser production.

Belarus and Russia are now the world’s leading suppliers of potash. India, on the other hand, is a large importer of potash, which is utilised in fertiliser production. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus account for ten percent to twelve percent of India’s total fertiliser imports. . With already-high prices, the government’s subsidy expenditure, which would be necessary to maintain an acceptable retail price for farmers, will skyrocket.

If Russia and Ukraine do not reach an agreement quickly, there is a risk that the war may spread beyond the area. This would be disastrous for businesses. Regardless of whether the battle continues or ends soon, it is likely to result in soaring inflation, which will affect a variety of industries.

A conflict of interest arises when a party’s interests or loyalties are divided as a result of their obligations to more than one person or organization. A person with a conflict of interest cannot fairly represent both parties’ real or projected conflicting interests.

What Does It Mean to Have a Conflict of Interest?

A person or entity having two relationships contending for the individual’s loyalty is said to be in a conflict of interest. For example, the person may be devoted to both his or her employment and a family company. Each of these companies expects the individual to put the company’s best interests first

As a result, there is a disagreement. Personal and professional conflicts of interest might occur.

What is a Conflict of Interest?

In many different scenarios involving personal allegiance and loyalty to a private employer, government employer, or professional connection, a conflict of interest might arise. A public official whose personal interests conflict with their expected loyalty to the organisation, a person of authority in one company or organisation who conflicts with their interests in another company or organisation, or an attorney who tries to represent both parties in a divorce are all examples of conflicts of interest.

Conflicts of Interest: What They Are and What They Aren’t

There are a variety of activities that might lead to a conflict of interest, including:

Nepotism

Self-dealing

excessive remuneration

In situations of employment, promotion, transfer, or termination, nepotism is the practise of offering favours to family and close friends. It was customary practise in ancient times, and the phrase originates from the word “nephew.” Because the relative may not be the best person for the position, nepotism is regarded a conflict of interest.

Self-dealing is when a corporate fiduciary acts for his or her own personal gain rather than the company’s profit. Using business cash as a personal loan is one example, as is buying company shares based on insider information, which is also an insider trading offence. 3 Setting salary or perks for officials, directors, or trustees in a non-profit organisation can lead to a conflict of interest. Paying an employee in a position of significant power exorbitant salary, for example, serves a private purpose. 4

Workplace conflicts of interest may take many different shapes.

There are business-related issues, such as an employee running a side business that competes with the employer, and personal issues, such as a manager having a romantic involvement with an employee. The latter creates a problem since the manager has the authority to grant the employee increases or promotions, and communications between the two persons concerning the firm may also violate confidentiality agreements.

Conflicts of interest are more likely to occur in organizations that rely on a supply chain. An employee’s acquaintance with a supplier, for example, may allow them to bypass the bidding procedure and secure contracts with little or no competition.

Many organizations have laws and processes in place that prohibit conflicts of interest, such as hiring family in specific circumstances.

After-Employer Conflict of Interest

A conflict of interest can arise even after someone has left a post, despite the fact that many institutions prohibit this type of conflict. Executives and business owners are frequently obliged to sign non-compete agreements to avoid scenarios such as someone obtaining their former company’s client list and immediately competing with them.

Former federal workers in the executive branch are prohibited from testifying on behalf of other individuals or organizations before the federal government. This includes limits on “switching sides” after leaving the government and working for a corporation where the official previously worked.

The Massachusetts conflict of interest statute, like those of other government and commercial institutions, prohibits a person from working for anyone other than the government entity on an issue that they worked for the entity on. Business partners and intimate family members may be subject to these post-employment limitations.

Is it Illegal to Have a Conflict of Interest?

Conflict of interest actions, like other sorts of unlawful or immoral behaviour, pose the possibility of negative repercussions. Conflicts of interest in the public sector are illegal under federal and state law, and they can lead to punishment in certain instances.

Government personnel are prohibited from acting personally and materially in official activities in which they have a financial interest under the federal government’s criminal conflict of interest legislation. This limitation also applies to the spouse, minor child, general partner, and a few others. Conflicts of interest can develop from a variety of sources, including:

Investments and assets

• Liabilities
• Funds for private investment
• Ownership of a business or a farm
• Working for a company
• Working for a legal company or as a consultant
• Work with higher education institutions, as well as associated research, speaking, and writing activities

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to a variety of methods for resolving disagreements without going to court. Mediation, arbitration, and neutral evaluation are examples of ADR methods. Unlike typical court sessions, these procedures are often more private, less official, and less stressful.

ADR frequently saves money and expedites the settlement process. Parties have a vital role in settling their own conflicts through mediation. This frequently leads to innovative ideas, long-term results, increased satisfaction, and enhanced relationships.
In family law, general civil, and commercial law issues, the New York State Unified Court System provides free or reduced-fee mediation and other ADR services. These services are offered in virtually all of New York State’s 62 counties, as well as numerous courthouses and Community Dispute Resolution Centers.
Arbitration: a neutral person known as a “arbitrator” hears both sides’ arguments and evidence before making a decision. The rules of evidence are typically modified in arbitration, making it less formal than a trial. Parties agree to accept the arbitrator’s judgement as final in binding arbitration, and there is usually no right of appeal. If the parties do not accept the arbitrator’s ruling in nonbinding arbitration, they may request a trial.

Collaborative Law is a problem-solving technique that allows divorcing couples and their lawyers to dissolve marriages and reconstruct families without the stress, delay, and expense of traditional litigation. Three elements underpin collaborative law:

1. A promise not to fight issues in court;
2. an honest, voluntary, quick, and good-faith exchange of pertinent facts without formal discovery; and
3. a commitment to seek solutions that include both parties’ and their children’s greatest objectives. Despite their shared dedication to collaborative law concepts, each lawyer has a professional responsibility to zealously represent his or her own client and is not the counsel for the other party.

Mediation: In mediation, a neutral third party known as a “mediator” assists the parties in attempting to obtain a mutually agreeable resolution of the conflict. The mediator does not make a decision in the case; instead, he or she assists the parties in communicating so that they can try to resolve the conflict on their own. Mediation can be especially beneficial when family members are involved. If one side has a major advantage in power or influence over the other, mediation may not be acceptable. To learn more about mediation, click here.

In order to facilitate settlement, a neutral person with subject-matter experience hears abridged arguments, assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each side’s case, and provides an assessment of potential court outcomes. With the parties’ permission, the neutral evaluator may also give case planning advice and settlement aid.

PC stands for Parenting Coordination, which is a child-centered procedure in which a qualified and experienced mental health or legal expert known as a “parenting coordinator” aids high-conflict parents in carrying out their parenting plan. The parenting coordinator may make decisions within the scope of the court order with the parties’ and the court’s previous consent.
Parent Coordination’s goal is to assist parents in resolving child-related problems in a timely manner while also attempting to create safe, healthy, and meaningful parent-child interactions.

Restorative Justice is a process in which stakeholders identify and address the effects, needs, and duties of an incidence of damage or other conflict, and form an action plan to move forward.

Settlement Conferencing: Before going to trial, a court or a judge’s representative meets with the parties and their lawyers to try to resolve some or all of the points in dispute. The parties’ involvement is restricted, and the emphasis is on limiting the issues at hand.
A court appoints a Special Master to carry out some form of action on its behalf. This might entail managing discovery concerns, conferencing cases, or post-judgment action.

Summary Jury Trials (SJT): In this adversarial dispute resolution method, each party presents their case to the jury in a condensed manner. The jury then offers a recommendation, which is simply advisory unless the parties want a binding ruling. A summary jury trial provides parties a sneak peek at what they could get if the matter goes to trial. SJTs are only accessible in a few states.
Advantage and disadvantages of ADR[
• Suitable for multi-party disputes
• Lower costs, in many cases it’s free when involving consumers
• Likelihood and speed of settlements
• Flexibility of process
• Parties’ control of process
• Parties’ choice of forum
• Practical solutions
• Wider range of issues can be considered
• Shared future interests may be protected
• Confidentiality
• Risk management
• Generally no need for lawyers
• Can be a less confrontational alternative to the court system
However, ADR is less suitable than litigation when there is:
• A need for precedent
• A need for court orders
• A need for interim orders
• A need for evidential rules
• A need for enforcement
• Power imbalance between parties
• Quasi-criminal allegations
• Complexity in the case
• The need for live evidence or analysis of complex evidence
• The need for expert evidence

Being a student of Simandhar education has been a valuable experience and has contributed to my personal growth.

Some reasons which make Simandhar stand out when it comes to CPA/CMA preparation are :

• Faculty: Simandhar has highly qualified top faculties which simplify the concepts for you through real-world examples and make the learning experience fun. The mentorship of Sripal Jain sir gives the right direction to your preparation.
• Mock tests and study material:  Simandhar ensures regular revision of topics and helps brush up your concepts via quizzes, mock tests and up to date study material. 
• Placement assistance: The telegram group of Simandhar education regularly keeps the aspirants posted about the latest job opportunities and provide placement assistance. They have corporate tie-ups with some of the Big Four and fortune 500 companies.
• Personality Development: Besides academics, webinars and sessions from the industry leaders provide valuable insights into the corporate world. They also offer soft skills training through initiatives such as the Toastmasters club, which helps build your overall personality.

I can personally vouch for simandhar education. It is definitely worth the investment for your bright future.

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Typically steel does not corrode easily. Perhaps that was the reason why the civil services won the epithet of the steel frame of India but the recent turmoil in Lakshadweep and the episode in West Bengal tells a different story. The former is linked to the loopholes that exist in the administration itself while the latter exemplifies the influence of politics on administration.
The island which was known till yesterday for its natural beauty and booming tourism industry is now under the limelight for all the wrong reasons. The trending #savelakshadweep is the new slogan aimed at drawing the attention of commoners to the threat posed by the controversial policy changes to the local culture of the island. Lakshadweep administrator Praful Khoda Patel has been accused of ‘imposing saffron agenda and corporate interests’.
The administration is being indicted for destroying people’s livelihood, eliminating their staple food (beef), and closing down dairy farms. These alleged religious colored actions have given rise to widespread opposition from the native inhabitants and civil society. The administrator has been given the powers of the district panchayat compounding the argument that administration is the new Goonda-raj. Health, education, fisheries, animal husbandry and agriculture now fall under the jurisdiction of the administrator. An administrator is an agent of the centre, therefore all fingers are pointing to the union government. The protestors are demanding a recall of the administrator. The Kerala assembly even passed a resolution to this effect.
In the second story, West Bengal chief secretary Alapan Bandopadhyay was suddenly recalled to Delhi. The whole tussle started when Bengal CM and Bandyopadhyay left a meeting being chaired by Prime Minister to review damage and mitigation caused by cyclone Yaas. According to the service rules an officer has to report to the prime minister in such an event. The centre has accused the chief secretary of breaching the service rules. However, CM stated that the rules were abided but the centre is of a different opinion.
These two instances show the Dark side of the Indian administration. Ideally, an officer should maintain political, ideological and religious neutrality and work under democratically elected representatives. When neutrality is compromised then the system fails to work for the common good of the country. The case of Lakshadweep is quintessentially a testament to this fact. The voice raised against the administration not only creates mistrust among people but also taints the name of the entire organisation.
The Supreme Court of India described a civil servant as a person who serves a master that is; the state. There is a difference between the state and the political party governing that state. Failure to see this difference by either of the two, the party in power or the officer, is detrimental to a functional democracy. In West Bengal, an officer is on a tight rope because of the animosity between the parties in power in state and centre.
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world needs a strong steel frame to rely on. The corrosive elements like political biases or unabated political pressure, should be kept far away or it won’t be long when we see the beautiful monument of democracy we built from blood and sweat, crumble to dust.

Central Bord of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) have been cancelled.

There will be no Class 12 board exams this year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on Tuesday, ending weeks of anxiety among students and parents over the Covid situation in the country. The decision was taken because of “uncertain conditions” due to COVID-19 and based on feedback from different stakeholders, said his office.

Students should not be forced to appear for exams in such a stressful situation,” a statement from the Prime Minister’s Office The health and safety of our students is of utmost importance and there will be no compromise on this aspect,” said the statement, quoting PM Modi.Both CBSE and CISCE Class 12 exams have been cancelled.

Government of India has decided to cancel the Class XII CBSE Board Exams. After extensive consultations, we have taken a decision that is student-friendly, one that safeguards the health as well as future of our youth,” PM Modi tweeted.

The CBSE will now take steps to compile the results of Class 12 students according to “well-defined objective criteria in a time-bound manner”, the PMO release said. Like last year, students who still want to take the exams will be given a chance when the situation improves, said the government.

The decision was announced shortly after PM Modi’s meeting with key ministers and officials from various related ministries and stakeholders.

COVID-19 has affected the academic calendar and the subject of board exams was causing immense anxiety among students, parents and teachers, which had to be put to an end,” said the PMO statement.

The decision comes two days ahead of a Supreme Court hearing in which the Centre is expected to file its reply on a petition seeking exactly this. The court had posted the hearing to June 3 after the Centre requested time.

At a meeting  on May 23, the CBSE had recommended that the exams be held between July 15 and August 26. It also suggested two options: regular exams in 19 major subjects at notified centers and shorter-duration exams at schools where the students are enrolled

A majority of states had favored holding the exam, Union Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal had said after that meeting. Mr. Pokhriyal was on Tuesday admitted to AIIMS hospital in Delhi with post covid  complications

The Prime Minister asserted that the decision has been taken in the interest of students and that the anxiety among students, parents and teachers must be put to an end.The CICSE had last week asked its affiliated schools to submit data, including average of marks obtained by Class 12 students in Class 11 and during this session.The board had postponed Class 12 exams which were scheduled from May 4 in light of the devastating second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

The 12 Board exam cancelled . In the prime Minister “said” to the students safety and security it’s very important for the students.

By : G Gnana Priya dharshini

Firstly St Paul’s college is where I am studying in bangalore north most beautiful campus with such a massive interior and exterior of the building is amazing with all four sides covered with trees,plants and birds there is beautiful ecosystem which inside a village like area that college is beautiful and massive colorful with very big campus which greenery when it comes to winter season it will be so cold chilling weather and rain drops falling along plant which is beautiful in nature fresh air chilling during summer you can experience the beauty of college nature is astonishing during raining the college reflects on water like a mirror the college is best known for media studies mostly we have to actually part of college has a massive studio for film and recording everything will happen in that studio in black and red coloured with apple computers best sounding and editing material and studio voiceless chamber no sound can hear from outside it has two level door lock that no one will get to known whatis happening inside and inside people don’t understand what’s happening outside Pinetop silence no voice can be heard from outside if a flood at all happen no one will get to known what is happening that college name is ST PAUL’S COLLEGE which in bangalore that college main head in Italy Rome city main headquarters that college has many branches in india that st Paul’s college bangalore had three head to run the college in smooth surface firstly has a principal DR.FATHER THOMAS M.J principal of the college very kind hearted person in college Seconly FATHER Arockia swami administrative of college thirdly Xaviour Susan sir coordinator of the college and admissions department is taken take by SPC Nagarjuna and Uma mam in college office and fees,receptionist by Mr. Nisha taking outside visitors visit father or any other from outside Nisha reports to father immediately then Shelly sir our technical expert take care of entire college technical support and media support is done by him neatly cleaner who cleans our college neat and clean day and night next we have three department and one spice department

INTRODUCTION:

Sleep is a vital, often neglected, component of every person’s overall health and well-being. Sleep is important because it enables the body to repair and be fit and ready for another day. Getting adequate rest may also help prevent excess weight gain, heart disease, and increased illness duration.The poet is affected when the wind has brought the rain again as it is now splashing into the house through the broken windows.

CONTENT:

“To Sleep” is a poem by William Wordsworth. Here, the speaker is someone who suffers from insomnia. He lies sleepless all night, wanting to be able to sleep, but he cannot. He imagines a flock of sheep leisurely passing by, one after one.The poet sees all of the above while he lay awake in his bed, unable to sleep. b. The poet is trying to fall sleep by imagining all the different sounds that nature enriches the world with .

THEME:

The poem is about the power of sleep to restore the sleeper. The speaker clearly feels that human beings cannot tolerate too much consciousness and need periods of ‘forgetfulness divine’ when the soul can be protected from the troubling thoughts which lurk beneath the surface of conscious thought. The poet William Wordsworth addressed Sleep as a mother in his poem ‘To Sleep’ because he was suffering from insomnia, he was unable to take the blessing of the morning. In our life mother is like our positive vibes, as well as morning comes in our life as fresh thoughts and joyous health.The poet couldn’t sleep for three nights because sleep was running away from him. … Many of us can identify with Wordsworth’s experience of being sleepless the whole night as they are stressed out by the pressures of life and so they cannot fall asleep until the birds twitter their dawn chorus.In Macbeth, sleep symbolizes clear conscience, peace, and innocence. Sleep is vital when it comes to good health and well-being of characters. Sleep is a significant symbol in the play because it tells us more about the inner state of characters.

SLEEP IMPORTANT:

This sonnet by one of the leading second-generation Romantic poets addresses sleep as a ‘soft embalmer of the still midnight’. Sleep allows us to escape from what A. E. Housman referred to as the sour taste of ‘all I ever did’, when one’s conscience begins to prick us, keeping us awake.

BENEFITS OF SLEEP:

The Benefits of Getting a Full Night’s Sleep. Sleep Can Boost Your Immune System. … Gaining Zzz’s Can Help Prevent Weight Gain. … Sleep Can Strengthen Your Heart. … Better Sleep = Better Mood. … Sleeping Can Increase Productivity. … Lack of Sleep Can Be Dangerous. … Sleep Can Increase Exercise Performance. … Sleep Improves Memory.

CONCLUSION:

However, symbolically the word “sleep” suggests death and darkness. Hence, this line refers to a long journey ahead before the speaker could go to eternal sleep of death, or it simply proposes that the speaker has many responsibilities to fulfill before sleeping or dying.

How ever know you’re in love when you can’t fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams.” –

” I want to be like a caterpillar: eat a lot, sleep for a while, wake up beautiful.” –

“What hath night to do with sleep?” – …

Abbreviation:

Symbols-Moral Themes-Contribution-Conclusion Literary history-Character analysis-Two versions of this epic-Similarities between this epic and the bible-Symbols-Moral Themes-Contribution-Conclusion

History of literature:

The Epic of Gilgamesh () is an ancient Mesopotamian epic poem that is considered the oldest extant noteworthy literature and the second oldest religious document after the Pyramid Texts. Gilgamesh’s literary history begins with five Sumerian poems about Uruk’s king, Bilgamesh (Sumerian for “Gilgamesh”). The “Old Babylonian” form, which originates from the 18th century BCE and is named after its incipit, is the first surviving version of this composite epic. The Standard Babylonian version was afterwards created.

Character Evaluation:

In this epic, the main characters are…

Gilgamesh Enkidu Humbaba shamath Ishtar Gilgamesh Enkidu Humbaba shamath Ishtar Gilgamesh Enkidu


GILGAMESH

Uruk’s King, the most powerful of mankind, two-thirds deity and one-third mortal, and the ideal embodiment of all human virtues. He is a valiant warrior, a just judge, and a visionary builder.

ENKIDU

Gilgamesh’s companion and friend. Enkidu was reared by animals and has a hairy and muscular body. Enkidu resembles Gilgamesh in appearance and is physically comparable to him. He wishes to be Gilgamesh’s adversary, but instead finds himself to be his soul partner. Gilgamesh and Enkidu are punished by the gods, who give Enkidu a lengthy, painful, and ignominious death for murdering the monster Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven.

HUMBABA

The terrifying demon who defends the Cedar Forest, which is off-limits to mortals. He is the epitome of awe-inspiring natural power and danger. Like an exploding volcano, his mouth is fire, he roars like a flood, and he breaths death.

ISHTAR

She is the goddess of love and fertility, as well as war. Ishtar is known as the “Queen of Heaven.” She is a caring mother figure at times and a bitter and vicious mother figure at other times, despite her unpredictability. She is the patroness of Uruk, which has a temple dedicated to her.

THE SHAMHAT

Shamhat works as a prostitute at a temple. She begins the process of bringing Enkidu into civilization by sleeping with him.

 

There are two variants available.

Two main versions of the epic have been largely reconstructed from the many sources discovered: the Standard Babylonian version, or He who saw the depths, and the Old Babylonian version, or Surpassing all other kings.

Version in Babylonian standard

The opening lines, or incipit, of the Standard Babylonian version differ from the older form. The earlier version begins with the lines “Surpassing all previous kings,” whereas the Standard Babylonian version begins with the lines “He who saw the deep” (“deep” alluding to the mysteries of Gilgamesh’s information brought back from his meeting with Utnapishtim) regarding Ea, the spring of learning.Gilgamesh was taught how to worship the gods, why human beings must die, what qualities make a good monarch, and how to live a decent life. The Babylonian epic contains the account of Utnapishtim, the hero of the flood myth.

 

Versions from Babylonian times

This version of the epic, known as surpassing all other monarchs in certain pieces, is made up of tablets and fragments from various sources and degrees of preservation. It is mostly incomplete, with several tablets missing and large gaps in those that have been discovered. They are given names based on their current location or the site where they were discovered.

 

There are some parallels between this epic and the Bible:

As a companion for Gilgamesh, the gods create Enkidu, who runs wild with the animals in the open plains. The Garden of Eden account in Genesis and the myth of Enkidu’s transition from nature to culture and civilization have some striking parallels. In both cases, a woman is blamed for causing a man who had previously eaten and drunk with the animals to become estranged from nature. When Enkidu is rejected by the animal world, Shamhat clothe him and teaches him to drink beer and eat bread, both of which are technological advancements that distinguish humans from animals.

 

Symbols include:

Religious symbolism abounds in Gilgamesh. Sacrifices, festivals, sex, dream interpretation, and shamanic magic were all part of Mesopotamian religious ceremonies, and they all feature in the storey. The hirsuteness of Enkidu represents the natural, uncivilised state.

Themes of morality:

The Epic of Gilgamesh has a number of moral themes, the most important of which is that love is a motivating force. The inevitability of death and the dangers of engaging with the gods are two more moral themes in this epic. Enkidu and Gilgamesh’s friendship motivates both of them to become better men in different ways.

Why career mentorship is very important for students to start at the age of 13?

Do you have a mentor, a career mentor in your life?
If not, don’t you think it’s late. Well not really nothing is too late when you are alive. When I passed 12th was fully confused regarding my career and future, I was thinking about what should I do next for building my career. At that time, I didn’t have any mentor but now have found my mentor.
What’s the role of a mentor and the importance of mentorship at the age of 13?

A mentor is a person who identifies your strength, weakness, talents recognize your ability. A good mentor inspires you to learn, to work towards your goals, and make sure you achieve success. A good mentor teaches you the art of thinking, enhances your thought process like the Chanakya did, and makes Chandragupta Maurya ” Great Samraat ” and helps in making Mauryan Empire.
Chanakya was the best mentor of all time. And mentorship is a relationship between a mentor and his mentee. It’s a process in which the mentor first identifies the strength, ability of his mentee finds out in which he is good, and at what he is lacking, and then gives advice and suggestions and reflects the mentee’s strength and capacity.
Most of the students face difficulty and problems in choosing a career, they don’t know what would be the best career options amongst all and in what subject they can do well.
Students don’t have self-knowledge that students need to explore themselves and a mentor could help him/them in that.
Career mentorship should start at the age of 13 because the study shows
Children aged from 12 to 18 (adolescence) start thinking.
They can do abstract and complex thinking they start raising questions on important issues. And they can think about the consequences of their action.
So we can start mentoring them about their career and help them to explore their strength and weakness.
Career, not a particular job or work we do, it’s a long-term process and journey, where you work, learn, improve your skills and get experience.
There is a beautiful quote about a  career.
” it’s a beautiful thing when a career and passion come together.”
So, to find out your passion for choosing the best career options and achieve success in life career mentorship is required at a very young age.

Who doesn’t like to play games? Nowadays, everybody plays online video games and If you play, you must have heard about twitch, or maybe you are a streamer or gamer on Twitch. It’s a free online gaming platform for all. It provides live streaming services, eSports broadcast, music broadcast, and much other entertainment-related stuff. Twitch is an American company founded by Justin Kin in 2011 and later in 2014 acquired by Amazon for $970 million. After that acquisition, it became famous amongst teenagers to aged people. On average, 15 million views come on Twitch daily and there are approx 8.5k channels. And you know the “Just chatting” category is dominating over Twitch where, users stream anything related to music, dancing, cooking anything that that hat means anything so it’s a little bit dangerous for children because people can do anything for popularity and a lot of trolls, irrelevant comments, etc. Like YouTube, Facebook, and several other apps it’s also earning money only by advertising, subscriptions, and bits, it’s a currency by Twitch. Buyers buy bits to support and to cheer up their favorite streamer, games, and eSports player.
Views and followers play a very crucial role in the growth of any channel not only over Twitch but also every social media platform whether it’s YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter. Most of the gamers, streamers, YouTubers buy views, and followers.
So, what’s the need to buy views and followers?
Buying views and followers it’s not a new concept it’s quite old and common it’s called botting. Research propound that million of users buying views and followers regularly.
More the views more the followers and businesses and companies choose you to promote their products and you get paid. More advertisements more popularity, more money.
More views and followers create your brand image.
It will enlarge your profit through subscription and advertisement.
Get you up in the search results in all the Categorises.
You will have a large fan base.
The popularity of Twitch increasing day by day therefore, competition is high.
But there are lots of other ways to increase views and followers on Twitch buying is not the only option other too. For instance, using social media, streaming a lot, watching other popular streamers networking, connecting with others. Most of the well-known and famous streamers suggest earning views by effort instead add of buying. And still, you are buying views and followers it should be real, not fake.

Now the most important question is that, Does buying views and followers violate the terms and conditions of Twitch?
While buying views and followers make sure you buy real views and followers, each follower’s account should be authentic and active. This type of engagement doesn’t violate the terms and conditions of Twitch. But if your views and followers are artificially created or duplicated it called views botting and follower botting and it does violate the terms and conditions of Twitch and for this high chance of getting banned. So for the growth of your channels, you can buy views and followers but make sure it should be real.

The practice of attracting new clients or consumers to your products and services is known as marketing. “Process” is the important word in this definition. Marketing entails conducting market research, advertising, selling, and disseminating your goods or services.

This field examines the commercial management of firms in order to attract, gain, and keep consumers by meeting their desires and requirements and creating brand loyalty.

Do you want to know what the most important digital marketing trends will be in 2022? Discover our top 222 trends and forecasts in our free booklet!
Click to view the video player – what-is-mkt

Marketing Definition Index

The Marketing 4 Ps

What Does Marketing Mean to Your Company?

Various Marketing Techniques

The Evolution of Marketing

The action or business of promoting and selling items or services, including market research and advertising, is defined as marketing. Today, marketing is an important part of every company’s or organization’s growth plan. As they attempt to advertise themselves and improve sales of their product or service, many businesses adopt marketing strategies without even recognising it. Marketing is one of the most important components of company nowadays.

When questioned, most people have no idea what marketing is and interpret it as selling or promoting. While these responses are not incorrect, they are merely a component of the marketing process.

The greatest thing to do is build your product or service on the requirements and motivations of customers, as well as how the product will benefit them, rather than the object’s physical traits or attributes.

Place. Strategic merchandising sites might range from an internet store to a network of physical outlets spread over several cities or nations. The purpose of the distribution strategy is to give potential customers easy access to your products/services while also providing a pleasant shopping experience.

What type of customer do you want to appeal to, and how much money do they have? Do you want to go for the high-end or the mainstream market?

The financial objectives of the firm.

What is the pricing of the competition’s items, and are there any suitable product substitutes?

Fashions and fads.

Increasing your pricing to offer the impression of higher quality.

What Does Marketing Mean to Your Company?

Marketing may benefit your company in a variety of ways, but let’s look at a few of the most important.

1. Raising Brand Awareness

This is important because it gets people acquainted with your brand and the products or services you provide. It also makes you memorable to customers who can begin to trust your brand, become loyal clients, and tell their network about you.

2. Generating Traffic

Growing the number of visitors to your site means getting more qualified leads (lead scoring can help determine this) and ultimately increasing your sales. An effective marketing strategy will help you through this process.

3. Increasing Revenue

Every business want to increase their sales and marketing can help achieve this goal through a variety of strategies like optimizing your website and SEO, creating email campaigns, performing A/B tests to pinpoint the best strategy for you, and much more.

4. Building Trust in Your Brand

Creating a high level of trust in your brand leads to customer loyalty and repeat purchases. This not only increases revenue but also leads to great reviews both online and by word of mouth, which is still one of the most effective types of promotion.

5. Tracking Your Metrics

Metric are incredibly helpful when it comes to creating your marketing strategy. They not only drive the strategy and help track its progress, but also inform what can be adapted or adjusted to continually optimize your campaigns.

Different Marketing Strategies

Marketing is not just one single strategy, but rather a combination of many different techniques and tactics. Below we’ve listed some essential marketing strategies that you should know about. Click on the red links to learn more about each of these strategies.

Marketing Plan: Discover what a marketing plan is, why you need to design one, and the keys to creating a strong plan. Without a marketing plan, a company or brand can’t reach its goals.

Digital Marketing: Digital marketing is the discipline of marketing which focuses on developing a strategy solely within the digital environment.

Direct Marketing: Direct marketing is a type of campaign based on direct, two-way communication that seeks to trigger a result from a specific audience.

Email Marketing: Email Marketing is one of the most profitable and effective techniques in terms of return. Naturally, it consists of sending emails to your audience, but make sure to define your segments well in order to be effective.

Mobile Marketing: Mobile Marketing is a broad concept which brings together all marketing campaigns and actions focused exclusively on mobile platforms and applications (i.e. smartphones and tablets).

Viral Marketing: Having something go viral is every company’s dream. Viral Marketing spreads from one person to the next and is capable of going incredibly far incredibly fast.

Performance Marketing: Performance Marketing is a methodology which applies various marketing methods and techniques and guarantees advertisers that they only have to pay for achieved results.

Inbound Marketing: This methodology focuses on creating valuable content to attract qualified web traffic and work towards the final sale.

Don’t forget that the most important step which is starting your own marketing strategy! If you’re looking to launch (or relaunch) a product or service, we would be happy to offer our expertise. We would be thrilled to be your partner and help you attract visits, fully optimize your campaigns, and get the best ROI!

The History of Marketing

Do you know how marketing has evolved over time?

Not too long ago, marketing mostly consisted of outbound marketing, which meant chasing potential customers with promotions without really knowing if that person was interested in purchasing. Thanks to the digital transformation and the rise of new communication channels, marketing has drastically changed over the years.

To understand how marketing has changed, let’s take a look at this timeline HubSpot has assembled showcasing the innovations of this industry.

1450-1900: Printed Advertising

1450, Gutenberg invents the printing press. The world of books and mass copies is revolutionized.

1730, the magazine emerges as a means of communication.

1741, the first American magazine is published in Philadelphia.

1839, posters become so popular that it becomes prohibited to put them in London properties.

1920-1949: New Media

1922, radio advertising begins.

1933, more than half of the population in the United States (55.2%) has a radio in their home.

1941, television advertising begins. The first advertisement was for Bulova watches and reached 4,000 homes that had television.

1946, more than 50% of the homes in the United States already had a telephone.

1950-1972: Marketing is Born and Grows

1954, for the first time revenue from television advertising surpasses revenue from radio and magazine ads.

Telemarketing grows as a means of contacting buyers directly.

1972, print media suffers an exhaustion of the outbound marketing formula.

1973-1994: The Digital Era Flourishes

1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher, makes the first call through a cell phone.

1981, IBM launches its first personal computer.

1984, Apple introduces the new Macintosh.

1990-1994, major advances in 2G technology, which would lay the foundation for the future explosion of mobile TV.

1994, the first case of commercial spam through e-commerce is produced.

1995-2020: The Era of Search Engines and Social Media

1995, the Yahoo! and Altavista search engines are born.

1995-1997, the concept of SEO is born.

1998, Google and MSN launch new search engines.

1998, the concept of blogging arises. By mid-2006, there are already 50 million blogs worldwide.

2003-2012, the era of inbound marketing begins.

2003-2004, three social networks are launched: LinkedIn, MySpace and Facebook.

2005, the first video is posted on YouTube

2006, Twitter is born.

2009, Google launches real time searches.

2010, 90% of all American households have a cell phone. Instagram is created in October 10.

Young people between the ages of 13 and 24 spend 13.7 hours on the Internet, compared to 13.6 hours watching television.

2011, Snapchat is created, driving even more young users to their phones and fueling the social media app craze.

2012, there are already 54.8 million tablet users.

2014, the rise of influencer marketing begins. Users and brands alike begin to realize the power of social media users with large followings. Marketing tools for Instagram and other platforms abound

2014, for the first time ever mobile usage outweighs desktop usage. More users are checking social media, reading emails, and making purchases on their phones.

2015-2016, big data and marketing automation are explored and used more robustly to advertise to users.

2018, video marketing continues to grow, especially with Instagram’s launch of IGTV. Video content is no longer just limited to YouTube and Facebook.

2019-2020, Move over millennials! Gen Z is the new focus and they have a hot new app: TikTok.

It will be interesting to see where marketing continues to grow. With new world events, like the COVID-19 crisis of 2020 causing millions of people to stay in doors, social media and marketing trends are sure to change, and we’ll be right here to track them.

Cyberclick’s View on Marketing

Marketing is any strategy or action which can help a company achieve their goals, increase their sales and profits, and/or have improved brand perception.

Here at Cyberclick, we live and breathe marketing and advertising; it’s in our DNA!

We are experts in attracting users to our clients’ websites or landing pages through marketing acquisition.

Cyberclick is a performance marketing agency. We analyze each new project we get and, if we see it as viable, we can ensure certain results according to a client’s goals. You might be thinking, “what’s so special about performance marketing?” The special thing is that a client only pays when results are achieved!

How Can We Help You?

We will assess how to best optimize your digital marketing strategy and how to best distribute your budget across all channels.

We keep track of everything and exceed expectations.

We have an analytic vision and react in the shortest possible time.

We are always testing. We guarantee the best impact by thoroughly studying each campaign and/or ad, carrying out multiple tests in order to find which factors work best, and continually optimizing your digital marketing plan.

We will increase the number of users who are happy with both your company and the experience they have had with you.

Thanks to technology and artificial intelligence, we continually analyze results in real time.

Communication is defined as the interchange of information or the transfer of information, ideas, or thinking from one person to another or from one end to the other. Communication, according to McFarland, is “a process of meaningful contact among human beings.” It is, more particularly, the process through which human beings sense meanings and come to understandings.” “An interchange of information, ideas, views, or emotions by two or more individuals,” Newman and Summer defined communication.

The process of conveying information from one person to another is known as communication. The goal of communication is to convey information. Whatever one wishes to communicate with another person must be properly understood by him, otherwise the communication’s objective will be thwarted.

Communication in an organisation enables the flow of information and understanding across various individuals and departments by utilising a variety of mediums and networks. This flow of information is critical for management effectiveness and decision-making in general, and for the human resource manager in particular, since he must communicate with department managers, employees and workers, and trade union leaders.

As a result, communication aids in better understanding others, reducing misunderstandings and promoting clarity in thinking and speech. People are also educated as a result of it. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, interdepartmental, and intra-organizational communication can be written or spoken, formal or informal, upward, downward, horizontal, diagonal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, interdepartmental, and intra-organizational.

People become more connected as a result of communication. Communication is a crucial management function that is intertwined with all other management responsibilities. It closes the gap between people and groups by facilitating the exchange of information and understanding. The most important part of communication is information. It is the data that is sent, received, investigated, analysed, interpreted, and saved. As a result, the manager must set out time to gather, evaluate, and retain data for decision-making and day-to-day operations.

The goal of communication is for management to get things done via others. People in the organisation should be educated on how to complete the tasks entrusted to them in the most efficient manner feasible. In any organisation, communication is critical.

1. Information Flow: Important data must flow continually from top to bottom and vice versa. Employees at all levels must be kept informed on the organization’s goals and other happenings. It is important to ensure that no one gets mislead. The information should be delivered to the employee in a language that he or she can comprehend. It is best to avoid using complex terms. Through the appropriate person, the correct information should reach the right person at the right time.

2. Collaboration: The actions of all employees in the organisation may be coordinated through communication in order to achieve the organization’s objectives. The core of teamwork is the synchronisation of all personnel’s activities.

3. Learning Management Skills: Communication promotes the flow of information, ideas, beliefs, perceptions, advice, opinion, commands, and instructions, among other things, in both directions, allowing managers and other supervisory employees to acquire managing skills from others’ experience. The sender’s experience is represented in the communication, and the person on the receiving end can learn from it by studying and interpreting it.

4. Preparing People to Accept Change: Proper and effective communication is a vital instrument in the hands of any organization’s management to bring about general change in the policies, methods, and work culture of the organisation, as well as to get employees to accept and respond favourably.

5. Fostering Positive Human Relations: Managers, workers, and other employees communicate with one another to share their ideas, opinions, and impressions. This allows them to better comprehend one other. They are aware of the hardships that their coworkers experience at work. As a result, the organization’s human interactions are improved.

6. Encouragement of subordinates’ ideas: On particular moments on any work, communication allows inviting and encouraging suggestions from subordinates. This will help you think more creatively. Honoring subordinates’ ideas will drive them to work harder and establish a sense of belonging to the organisation. It will give them the confidence to share information with their bosses without reluctance. It will give them the confidence to share information with their bosses without reluctance. Managers must be aware of their subordinates’ ideas, thoughts, remarks, responses, and attitudes, and subordinates should be aware of the same from their departments’ lowest level workers. Communication is Crucial: Effective communication is essential for effective management and improved labour relations. In today’s world, the rise of telecommunications and information technology, as well as increased competitiveness and complexity in production, have raised the importance of communication in large and small businesses of all sizes and types. A business CEO must be able to successfully interact with his superiors, departmental colleagues, and subordinates.

Principles of Communication:

Lack of effective communication renders an organisation handicapped. So to have effective communication certain principles are to be followed.

They are as follows:

1. Clarity: The principle of clarity means the communicator should use such a language which is easy to understand. The message must be understood by the receiver. The words used should be simple and unambiguous. The language should not create any confusion or misunderstanding. Language is the medium of communication; hence it should be clear and understandable.

2. Adequacy and Consistency: The communicator must carefully take into account that the information to be communicated should be complete and adequate in all respect. Inadequate and incomplete message creates confusion and delays the action to be taken The appropriate data must be in line with the organization’s goals, strategies, rules, and processes. The inconsistency of the message may cause mayhem and distort business objectives.

3. Integration: The concept of integration states that the efforts of the organization’s human resources should be merged toward the attainment of corporate objectives through communication. The goal of communication is to achieve a certain goal. The purpose of communication should be to coordinate the activities of employees at work in order to achieve corporate objectives.

4. Cost: Unnecessary communication system utilisation will increase costs. The communication system must be used effectively and in a timely manner, that is, when it is required. It is possible to achieve economy in the usage of communication systems in this way.

5. Feedback: If the recipient does not provide feedback, the objective of communication is destroyed. The purpose of communication is fulfilled when the receiver confirms receipt of the message in its proper perspective. Only in the event of written correspondence and communications sent over messengers is feedback required. In the event of spoken communication, the feedback is available right away.

6. Communication Network: A communication network is the path via which information travels from a sender or communicative to a receiver or communicate. This network is necessary for effective communication. The availability of a suitable network will also affect management performance.

7. Attention: The message conveyed must capture the receiver’s attention and motivate him to take appropriate action. The effective, truthful, and timely manager is successful in bringing his employees’ attention to what he is saying

The HR department of a company ensures that everything runs smoothly and properly. This department is in charge of recruiting appropriate job candidates, retaining employees, and resolving a variety of workplace difficulties. Successful human resource managers guarantee that the HR department serves the demands of the firm in cost-effective and creative ways. In this essay, we will define an HR manager and analyze the characteristics of an effective HR manager.

What Is Human Resource Management?

A human resource (HR) manager is a human resources (HR) professional who oversees the day-to-day activities of a human resources department. They are in charge of topics such as talent acquisition, payroll, benefits, employee happiness, and compliance. HR managers are normally in charge of the following responsibilities:
• Creating and supervising the recruitment of new employees
• Interviewing job seekers and distributing their evaluations to other managers
• Orientation of new workers
• Managing any staff training that may be required
• Assisting stakeholders and workers by acting as a liaison
• Employee benefit packages are researched, compiled, implemented, and maintained.
• Organizing unique occasions and outings
• Creating and implementing company policies and procedures
• On human resource challenges, I consult with other leaders.
• Organizing and organizing vendors, specialists, and support personnel
• Conflict Resolution in the Workplace
• Employee hiring and dismissal
• ensuring an organization’s compliance
• Payroll process management
• Making suggestions on how to properly use team members
• Creating measures to boost employee job satisfaction

knowledgeable

Effective human resource managers should be well-versed in human resource terminology, methodologies, and best practises. Consider pursuing a human resource management associate, bachelor’s, or master’s degree. There are many firms that provide HR credentials via online courses. Look for programmes that have been accredited by the Society for Human Resource Management.

Ethical

HR departments are frequently in charge of implementing business policies. This means that human resource managers must be trustworthy and honest in all situations. HR managers are also in charge of handling personal and sensitive employee information, which must be kept discreet and safe. An business must rely on the HR personnel to be truthful and discrete.

Approachable

Employees frequently share sensitive issues with HR supervisors. Successful human resource managers are personable, enabling workers to discuss any professional or personal issues that may be affecting their employment. Consider implementing an open door policy in your organisation to encourage open channels of communication. Being accessible entails the following characteristics:
• Empathetic
• Understanding
• Receptive
• Organized
HR managers are in charge of a wide range of tasks, from payroll and benefits to community service programmes. The most effective human resource managers are organised, capable of tracking deadlines, managing several tasks, and swiftly locating critical information.

Capable of communicating effectively

An HR manager must have excellent communication abilities. They collaborate with people at various levels of a company to exchange information, make suggestions, and clarify policies, as well as communicate with vendors and other third parties. Human resource managers are frequently the first person’s job seekers meet, forming their initial impression of the organisation. HR managers must be able to listen well, express ideas properly, and determine the culture of the firm.
HR managers should be able to communicate effectively in the following ways:
• Direct
• Excellent writer
• Presentations to big groups should be given with ease.
• Capable of explaining technical or difficult things in layman’s terms
• Composed
HR managers may be confronted with emotionally sensitive circumstances at work. They may be required to give unfavourable news, impose disciplinary action, terminate employees, or arbitrate employee disputes. It is critical for HR professionals to remain cool in heated circumstances and to employ tactics for promptly resolving issues.
Willing to take the lead
HR managers must be capable, self-assured leaders. They oversee and supervise the HR department and are frequently in charge of special initiatives, such as service projects and team-building activities, which need them to lead other workers and function as the expert on a variety of issues. HR managers should be at ease in assuming leadership roles and acting as the primary point of contact for workers, stakeholders, and vendors.

Creative

HR managers must think of fresh methods to lead their teams, engage employees, and maintain the business desirable to job prospects. They must be willing to try new ideas and activities to determine what works best for their firm. Among the innovative HR efforts are:
• Allowing employees to use paid service days to volunteer at a place of their choice.
• Once a week, we host trivia during lunch.
• Making changes to a company’s physical environment
• Allowing pets on the job

Progressive

Effective human resource managers are forward-thinking and receptive to new ideas. They are curious in HR trends and where the industry is headed. Being progressive entails being adaptable, able to modify policies and tactics as the industry or firm develops. You are eager to learn about HR practises and initiate discussions regarding workplace reforms. Making arrangements for the unexpected is another aspect of planning for the future.

capable of problem solving

Many workplace concerns may be traced back to HR management. They must be able to think rapidly, troubleshoot problems, and propose efficient solutions while adhering to the organization’s schedule and financial policies.

technologically savvy

HR managers can be more effective when they use cutting-edge technologies. Implementing programmes and systems may aid in the streamlining of operations, increasing efficiency, and improving the security of HR data. Follow HR accounts on social media, subscribe to industry magazines, and stay up with announcements from big IT businesses to learn about available programmers.

capable of project management

Project management is an important aspect of an HR manager’s job from start to finish. You should be able to do the following:
• Communicate project concepts
• Delegate responsibilities.
• Create schedules.
• Keep track of progress.
• Updates to the report
• Respond to problems
• Meet all deadlines
• Keep a budget.
• Financially capable
HR managers should have a basic understanding of corporate finances in order to assist their firm in meeting its financial objectives. They should be familiar with budgeting, cost analysis, calculating returns on investments, and doing risk assessments.

Collaborative

Management positions are frequently the most effective when they are open to new ideas and input from a wide range of people. HR managers must be able to collaborate effectively with the HR staff, department directors, executives, and other workers, as well as be receptive to recommendations and
inquiries. HR managers may design policies and activities that are fair, inclusive, and helpful by embracing several views.

conclusion

Find the vision, which includes not just individual growth as an HR manager, but also the growth of the business as a whole as a consequence of all the  efforts. Continue to propose new ideas, learn new skills, and experiment with new techniques. It is not simple to become an exceptional human resources manager. It requires a great deal of effort, experience, and continual experimentation with new ways.

Domestic violence is a long-standing issue in India, and it has only become worse in recent years. Domestic abuse affects over 70% of women in India, according to the National Crime Records Bureau’s (NCRB) ‘Crime in India’ 2019 report. Marital rape is one symptom of domestic abuse. Marital rape, or forcing your spouse to have sex without their consent, is an unethical but widespread technique to demean and disempower women. Marital rape has already been condemned in over 100 nations, but India remains one of just 36 countries where it is still not criminalized. Despite the fact that numerous legislative changes have been made in criminal law to safeguard women, the non-criminalization of marital rape in India damages women’s dignity and human rights.

In India, what is the legal status of marital rape?

Rape is defined in Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) as any type of sexual assault that involves non-consensual contact with a woman. Exception 2 to Section 375 is responsible for the non-criminalization of marital rape in India. Exception 2 to Section 375, on the other hand, exempts unwilling sexual intercourse between a husband and a wife above the age of fifteen from Section 375’s definition of “rape,” and so protects such actions from prosecution. After entering into marital intercourse, a woman is believed to give her husband eternal agreement to have sex with her.
In India, the notion of marital rape is the pinnacle of what we term “implied consent.” Marriage between a man and a woman in this context indicates that both parties have consented to sexual intercourse, and it cannot be otherwise. Marital rape is a violation of both legal and constitutional rights. The doctrine of coverture: the non-criminalization of marital rape dates back to the British era. The ideology of blending the woman’s identity with that of her husband greatly impacted and stemmed from marital rape. A married woman was not regarded a separate legal person when the IPC was created in the 1860s. The marital exemption to the IPC’s definition of rape was designed on the basis of Victorian patriarchal traditions that did not acknowledge men and women as equals, did not allow married women to hold property, and blended husband and wife identities under the “Doctrine of Coverture. “Article 14 violation: Marital rape breaches the right to equality guaranteed by Article 14 of the Indian constitution. The Exception divides women into two classes based on their marital status and protects males from offences committed against their spouses. As a result, the Exception allows married women to be victimised for no reason other than their marital status while shielding unmarried women from the same offences. efeats the Spirit of IPC Section 375: The goal of IPC Section 375 is to protect women and punish those who indulge in the horrible act of rape.Exempting spouses from punishment, on the other hand, is diametrically opposed to that goal, because the penalties of rape are the same whether a woman is married or single. Furthermore, because they are legally and financially bound to their spouses, married women may find it more difficult to flee violent situations at home. Violation of Article 21: According to the Supreme Court’s imaginative interpretation, the rights inherent in Article 21 include, among other things, the rights to health, privacy, dignity, safe living circumstances, and a safe environment. The Supreme Court ruled in State of Karnataka v. Krishnappa that Sexual assault, in addition to being a demeaning act, is an illegal invasion of a female’s right to privacy and sanctity. In the same decision, it was determined that non-consensual sexual intercourse constitutes bodily and sexual violence.
The Supreme Court associated the freedom to make sexual activity choices with the rights to personal liberty, privacy, dignity, and physical integrity under Article 21 of the Constitution in the case of Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration.
The Supreme Court acknowledged the right to privacy as a basic right of all people in Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India. The right to privacy includes “decisional privacy indicated by the freedom to make personal decisions principally involving one’s sexual or procreative nature and decisions about intimate interactions.” In all of these decisions, the Supreme Court has recognised the right of all women, regardless of marital status, to refrain from sexual activity as a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution.
As a result, forced sexual cohabitation is a breach of article 21’s basic right.

The Way Forward

Violence against women is defined as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, bodily, sexual, or mental injury or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary loss of liberty, whether happening in public or private life.”

The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) recommended to the Indian government in 2013 that marital rape be criminalised. The same was proposed by the JS Verma committee, which was formed in the aftermath of widespread demonstrations over the December 16, 2012 gang rape case. Women will be protected from violent spouses if this legislation is repealed, and they will be able to receive the support they need to recover from marital rape.
Violence against women is defined as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, bodily, sexual, or mental injury or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary loss of liberty, whether happening in public or private life.”

Conclusion

Indian law now affords husbands and wives separate and independent legal identities, and much jurisprudence in the modern era is explicitly concerned with the protection of women.Therefore, it is high time that the legislature should take cognisance of this legal infirmity and bring marital rape within the purview of rape laws by eliminating Section 375 (Exception 2) of IPC..

Don’t portray each and every man in the category of a culprit as they all the not same. I have seen many man who help and care the woman who do not distinguish between the man and woman motivate them. And also stood by their side. And understand their discomfort and gave them the way. I have seen many men’s who don’t attach by physical appearance but they see the beauty of the person. The inner nature of the person cannot fade and people love them even you think they preferred outer. Because it all in our mind if you feel they think like that they automatically think that but if you see others way you realise that you were wrong.

Two sides and two preference is normal but what we want to see is all in our hands. So try to focus on you rather than other. Because you cannot change people around you. But you can change yourself. Not in a bad way but in a good way. Improving yourself is not wrong even it helps you to grow up and higher than you becoming something which you don’t want. your mistakes make you stronger and gave strength to build a great future. Similarly relationship are also same they are also depends on your level of understanding only that how you see everything around you and learn from your previous all mistakes which you have done. By blaming people rather than changing yourself a bit to see the brighter side of the person.

What you see and feel you will get the same.It is true to be confident and see beauty around you be it nature or people you will definitely find the positive side. And than everyone will look very natural and pure soul. But it doesn’t mean that you blindly trust everyone. Just don’t stick to only negative. Analyse both the way and than see the situation. You will get to know that man are more understanding and trust worthy person you can ever get be it your brother, friends or partner even a stranger. They all will care for you and love the way you are and help you out with the things. Where you are facing any trouble. So everything around you is all depends on you.

I believe in equality and I know womans can do anything own their own without any help and support and woman has proved us in Today time that they are not less than any man. But still this male dominated society has always made woman weak and helpless because of their soft Nature and crying often. Which they usually does but that doesn’t mean that woman are weak. They are much stronger than a man. And this has scientifically proven by scientists. And woman lives more than a man. And only the woman has the ability to gave birth to the young ones.

We always have to proof us even we have done lot of things. Still we get few benifits like seprate woman couch, reservation, less money in bus etc. There are lot many other things which a woman got so easily. Just they think they are weak so they are not in the competition world. But they are completely wrong.In history woman are the symbol of Durga and Lakshmi as they depict both very efficiently that is why they were superior and they are ruling the empire. But today woman are treated as a useless piece. Which they only want to uplift. But we don’t know we already have that power to achieve anything own our own. The problem is male want the woman to be in his feet that is why they portrayed the woman in the similar ways.

But I don’t think there is any need of such things. Because if woman get to know her powers than all the male have to suffer for their deeds. But as the society always make them quite. That is why woman never ever faught against their right to equality act. Where it is specified that all of them are same than why they don’t treated similar to the law. Why they got so liberty and this make male to say things. Which are not atall true about us. We have only gave them the chance to speak. If we don’t gave them chance to say it than they could not able to put a finger on us.

We have seen many picture which depict so much from a single frame. We can analyse so much from a single picture can you image. It is just because of the moment which is captured in a single frame is not fake it’s real and showing the emotions of that thing in that situation and activities they are performing at that time. Every picture has a different story and in every story their is different elements but one thing is same. Which is the beauty and craft. And also the variation is very much similar in some cases. But one thing which differ the story that is the concept of the picture. For you the story could be sad but for other it can be source of regaining their old memories.

Similarly the story can be portrayed in the manner we want not actually happened in reality. Reality is far beyond than we see,so always vary both the side and than only come to any conclusion. We always pictured everything from one side but the problem is we do not picture the other. Firstly we always see the negative side because it impacts us more than positive. In negative there can be something positive but we forget that and continue to believe in the negative one only. Because our eyes are seeing something and our heart is completely opposite to the negative. It can be true but it cannot be. But if you want to be sure about it you have to find the other part as well.

In a jiksaw puzzle we see that the picture is not complete without a single piece. Similarly our life is also incomplete without every element which we miss in the span of life make our pictures incomplete in that phase. You have seen the two sides. It can be positive and negative as well. But if we see both the side than we can make out a good solution from that and it will be the best decision for you. If you really want to make your life less complicated than you should follow the middle part where you can play safe and secure and you will never regret your decision.

NGOs are the helping hand they are actually helping out those who need them. And this process is not a give and take but they really want to do something for them. And I am also the part of it. And I feel blessed and happy when I work for them. The Basic life process is helping others and also becoming a personality we want to be in life. Your satisfaction are not in big gifts or expensive things all you need is love and satisfaction and that you will get when you do something for others more than for yourself.

As your happiness is all around you and in other people than you yourself . Because all you need to do something for others either you get or not get anything out of it. But you will still do it as it gave you happiness which you will find no where and for that you can do anything. This is the reason why people want to be around people irrespective of their choices are very much different expectations are not same. Their still a bound which we cannot find out after so much haterate and ignorance. Our moral is down everyday with the fact that we are useless and never can achieve our goals.

But one thing always in our minds that we can do it because we believe in us. And that believe only comes from people who demotivate us to do better in our life. We are here just because of them. As your failures are the reason of your success and those who criticised you for your failures will make you more strong and Independent and make you realise the importance of your love ones and your own people. You will understand who is your own or who are just fake. So helping make you connect to them as you know you were also there at one time and there was noone except your family. That the motivation and dedication that encourage you do something for others.

Several investigations have revealed a deterioration of mental health concerns among people of all ages since the commencement of the Covid-19 epidemic. Michele Mary Bernadine investigates the situation of mental health in India, the economic burden of the mental health problem, and the extent to which legislation and current State capability are ready to manage this issue in this post.
In 2017, India’s President, Ram Nath Kovind, declared that the country was “on the verge of a mental health crisis.” According to one research, 14 percent of India’s population suffered from mental health problems in the same year, with 45.7 million suffering from depressive disorders and 49 million suffering from anxiety disorders.
The Covid-19 epidemic has exacerbated this mental health catastrophe, with reports from throughout the world indicating that the Virus and accompanying lockdowns were having a severe impact on the populace — particularly on young people.

LEGISLATION AND CONSTRUCTION CAPABILITY OF THE STATE

The Mental Healthcare Act of 2017 has numerous clauses aimed at improving India’s mental health. The Mental Healthcare Act of 1987 is repealed by this Act, which was criticised for failing to recognise the rights and agency of persons suffering from mental illness (Mishra and Galhotra 2018). This involves establishing Central and State Mental Health Authorities (SMHA), which would focus on constructing solid infrastructure, including the registration of mental health practitioners and the implementation of service-delivery guidelines. Although the Act requires states to establish an SMHA within nine months of the Act’s passage, only 19 of the 28 states had done so as of 2019.
In accordance with WHO recommendations, the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)2 was established in 1982 to provide mental health treatments as part of the general healthcare system. Although the initiative has been effective in increasing community access to mental health treatment, resource restrictions and a lack of infrastructure have restricted its impact (Gupta and Sagar 2018).
Only a few states had a specific line item in their budgets for mental health infrastructure as of 2021. 3 Budget projections for the NMHP increased from Rs. 3.5 million in 2017-18 to Rs. 5 million in 2018-19 after the Act was passed in 2017. This number, however, was cut to Rs. 4 million in 2019-20 and has stayed at the same level in succeeding years – even in 2021-22, when various studies have suggested a worsening of mental health difficulties amid the Covid-19 epidemic. Emerging evidence suggests that during the Covid-19 pandemic, women have higher levels of psychological stress than the urban poor (Afridi et al. 2020), and households with migrant workers in rural areas – who were particularly hard hit by the lockdown restrictions – have a higher incidence of mental health issues than those without migrants (Sarin et al. 2021). The lockdowns also had a significant impact on students, who had to adjust to a new learning medium and setting, as well as raised fears about their future prospects. During the epidemic, the government launched ‘Manodarpan,’ an online portal featuring an interactive online chat option, a list of mental health practitioners, and a hotline number to give psychological assistance to students.
Developed nations spend 5-18% of their yearly healthcare expenditure on mental health, while India spends just 0.05%. (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014). The yearly budget for 2018 and 2019 included funding for the National Institute of Mental Health Rehabilitation. The institution was established in 2018 with the goal of increasing human resource capacity and doing research in the field of mental health. Furthermore, the government yearly sponsors the Lokopriya Gopinath Borolo Regional Institute of Mental Health and NIMHANS, all of which are under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Although NIMHANS claims to offer inexpensive and accessible mental healthcare to all individuals in need, these efforts remain regionally isolated because the organisation is based in a single city (Bengaluru). Initiatives like the NIMHANS Centre for Well Being, which offers low-cost therapy sessions from experienced experts, would be a big help if they were spread to additional regions around the country, but their influence is now restricted to an urban metropolis.

CLOSING REMARKS

After the implementation of the Act, the Economic Survey of India has yet to address mental health in a substantive manner, with the only mention of mental health in this period being a cursory reference in the context of information asymmetry in healthcare and changes in the approach to medicine during the Covid-19 pandemic (Economic Survey 2020-21). In contrast to the President’s remark in 2017, the administration has recently refused to accept the severity of mental health illnesses in India as approaching a “pandemic.” Questions in parliament about efforts to improve mental health for specific demographic groups (for example, the elderly) elicit a standard response – referring to NIMHANS initiatives to improve general mental health and the NMHP/DMHP – with no mention of any targeted interventions or plans to do so. Recognizing the scope of the problem would be the first step in addressing the country’s mental health crisis. According to an Indian Psychiatry Society poll, 20 percent more individuals have suffered from poor mental health since the start of the Covid-19 epidemic.

Cancer is a collection of diseases that may never be totally cured, but scientists are confident that vaccinations, personalized treatment, and wise lifestyle choices can help prevent and treat a considerably larger proportion of instances than is presently the case. We questioned three cancer experts for their ideas on treating cancer: Nobel winner Professor Harald Zur Hausen, Professor Walter Ricciardi, and Dr Elisabete Weiderpass. They are all members of the EU’s Horizon Europe cancer mission board, where they will assist create a clear aim for Europe in this field over the next decade. ‘Evidence of infections linked to cancer provides promise for avoiding up to half of all malignancies,’ says one researcher. If we will ever be able to cure cancer entirely, that is a question I cannot answer. We have a strong probability of dramatically lowering cancer incidence. However, the incidence, or occurrence, of cancer is now growing internationally. Cancer patients’ mortality is marginally reducing; however the increase in incidence is not compensating for the death drop. There are still many instances reported each year, and if we truly want to do something about cancer in the future, we must halt the trend. We know that several cancer risk factors are avoidable. At the time, we also know that infections have a role in around 20% of malignancies. We can effectively immunise patients against these types of cancer and virtually eradicate it, particularly in cases where vaccines are currently available, such as Hepatitis B (a cause of liver cancer) and Human Papillomavirus (which Prof. zur Hausen discovered is linked to cervical cancer).

We think we have evidence that infectious episodes cause at least 30% of all human malignancies. This at least gives optimism that new approaches will be discovered in the near future that will lead to long-term protection from those illnesses – notably colon cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, where evidence is emerging that specific viral episodes have a role. We just found a whole new class of infectious pathogens produced from plasmids. Plasmids are bacterial mini-chromosomes that are found in a substantial majority of colon cancer patients. These are infections that can last for decades, generating chronic inflammations, and these inflammations are the source of oxygen radicals and mutation events in cells that can lead to cancer formation. We have sequenced all of the (plasmid) genomes that we have uncovered so far, and what we discovered surprised us since it did not reflect viral or bacterial sequences. They are slightly altered bacterial plasmids that originated in certain bacteria but have learned to reproduce independently in bovine and human cells. So, in my perspective, this will hopefully allow for new methods to prevent and, in the long run, therapy of these extremely frequent malignancies. The most challenging issue is to do more fundamental research and emphasize preventative efforts to reduce the frequency of cancer occurrence by preventing cancer precursor lesions with surgical procedures. To cure cancer, we need to enhance the therapy regimen. And we need to develop some mechanism to provide long-term, lifelong patient protection. Because cancer is a broad term for various diseases, we cannot take a comprehensive approach – a cure for every form of cancer – but we may devise a broad strategy. It requires collaboration among several stakeholders, not just in the health sector, but also in the social sector, because many of the behaviours that contribute to the start of cancer are changeable via lifestyle and preventive. We must also take advantage of technological advancements. I’m optimistic we’ll find a better way to combat this sickness. We now have the ability to collect a large amount of data that, in theory, maybe tied to genome sequencing, because, as far as we know, some malignancies are genetically determined. We know that the majority are caused by five variables, four of which are behaviors – alcohol and cigarette use, eating too much and not getting enough physical activity, and pollution. Digital technology may include a large amount of data, ranging from the most general to the most detailed features of a single person.

Understanding a person’s unique traits allows us to create a more personalized and precision-targeted strategy, avoiding what happens presently, when we supply a single medicine, for example, for every type of breast cancer. We know that causes adverse effects in some women who do not benefit from the medicine. So, taking a look at a subset of women with breast cancer is the route we need to take.

Immunotherapy (in which the patient’s immune system is stimulated to target the cancer) has also shown astounding outcomes. Some malignancies, such as lung cancer and metastatic melanoma, were formerly untreatable; however, we now have the ability to treat them and, in some circumstances, provide a major cure for the disease. I believe we may be positive on this front as well. Cancer is a disease family. There are over a hundred distinct forms of cancer. Some varieties are treatable and cured, particularly when diagnosed early and in wealthier nations, while others do not know how to cure.

We already know how to identify and treat certain cancers, such as early-stage breast cancer, testicular cancer, and some forms of leukemia, and we also know how to treat them exceedingly well. There are numerous cancer forms where significant progress has been achieved, yet there are several cancer types where we don’t know what to do. . Prostate cancer is a reasonably prevalent cancer type for which we still don’t know the best approaches to identify it early or whether it’s even helpful to detect it early. We don’t have effective screening methods, and we don’t know how to tell the difference between slow-growing varieties that don’t require much intervention and fast-growing ones that do. So prostate cancer is undoubtedly one cancer that poses a significant public health problem since it affects a huge number of men. With a large rise in the number of cancer patients projected over the coming decades owing to increased life expectancy, governments are being urged to establish cancer prevention and control programmers more swiftly and rigorously, as 30-40% of malignancies are avoidable (in European countries; for other countries, the proportion of preventable cancers is even higher). What regular Europeans can do is learn the European Cancer Code. These are 12 evidence-based methods for lowering your cancer risk and detecting certain tumours early. Smoking, for example, is still responsible for half of all avoidable cancers in Europe. Other examples include an unsuitable diet that lacks fruits and vegetables and a diet that leads to obesity.

recent breakthroughs in cancer research

CAR-T TREATMENT FOR LEAUKIMIA

CAR-T treatment uses gene therapy techniques not to fix disease-causing genes but to turbocharge T cells, immune system soldiers that cancer too often can evade. Researchers filter those cells from a patient’s blood, reprogram them to harbor a “chimeric antigen receptor” or CAR that zeroes in on cancer, and grow hundreds of millions of copies. Returned to the patient, the revved-up cells can continue multiplying to fight disease for months or years.

It’s a completely different way to harness the immune system than popular immunotherapy drugs called “checkpoint inhibitors” that treat a variety of cancers by helping the body’s natural T cells better spot tumors. CAR-T cell therapy gives patients stronger T cells to do that job.

Love can be expressed in different forms and our love for each and every person is different. As we our different personalities and our bond with others do not depends on the physical attraction or physical relationship. It’s all depends on happiness and joy we get from the person. This is not just about only being with them but lot more than that we just need them around. Give us their time and support which we need. The love they feel for us. Giving them that space and trusting each other.

Our family and friends are very much important for us. And without them we cannot imagined our life. So making them realise the importance of them in your life. You should know that how they are special for you. Than only you can make them realise what you feel for them. I know this is tough task to express feeling and making people realise how they are important for you. If you cannot express in words than try to express through the heart and you will connect with that person more easily and quickly than you take time and try to express in words. There are no boundaries we have to be open and gave chance to your heart to think for sometimes. Always being practical will not make you happy for long periods of time. You have to feel cared and protected in the arms of your love one. Who deserves your time and space.

Love cannot be divided into two people they can be different but the quality and the uniqueness of it is all upon the person you are inside out. Because at last people will love you as a person not for the game, name or Money these things are needed for few days but at last they do not want these things. Everyone wants to be happy and relaxed because they don’t need only fun and excitement. But also need the person in their bad times who will more with you when you are in trouble. Good morning will always there and people will be around. But who will there for you in bad times at last they are the real ones.who will stay with us forever even we are in any situation.

I thought we celebrate Holi day before or on l the day it celebrated usually but it is celebrated many days before the date. And kids enjoyed it. As they gets the pleasure in throwing balloons this make others irritating and the kids feel joy. I have gone through this many a times. When I was going out. I have seen that’s kids take a balloon and target the person crossing by them. At if insist that please don’t throw they firstly convince but when they a chance they do the same. So it is very much dangerous to cross your path in Holi times

This not only ended here. There are kids who actually good at throwing balloons that they put a great shot on others. Even in the moving vehicle and this gave us water effect without rain. I like Holi but with my family and friends. Because celebration the festival with our Love ones make the occasion more happy and joyful. Rikshawalas are not spared on the occasion of Holi. I remember one incident when I was traveling through E- Rikshaw than someone throw a balloon on us and we were all splash with water. And all our clothes and face got wet due to water. Even dikhwa was also pouring droplets with the rest of the water left. That moments I realise I am not safe in two wheelers also.

Happy holi in advance I hope you enjoyed your day with water and colour but do not harm animal or people who are not liking it. Understand their feelings. And you have to spread happiness with other not spoil mood of yours as well as others. So be safe be happy and enjoy every bit as this type of chances comes after a year of time of make Holi memorable and joyful.

What is UNESCO?
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences and culture. UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. UNESCO’s Headquarters are located in Paris and the Organization has more than 50 field offices around the world. It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members (As of April 2020) and is governed by the General Conference and the Executive Board. Three UNESCO member states are not UN members: Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestine. While three UN member states (Israel, Liechtenstein, United States) are not UNESCO members.

UNESCO’s History

As early as 1942, in wartime, the governments of the European countries, which were confronting Nazi Germany and its allies, met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). World War II was far from over, yet those countries were looking for ways and means to rebuild their education systems once peace was restored. The project quickly gained momentum and soon acquired a universal character. New governments, including that of the United States, decided to join in. Upon the proposal of CAME, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945. Scarcely had the war ended when the conference opened. It gathered together representatives of forty-four countries who decided to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. In their eyes, the new organization was to establish the “intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind” and thereby prevent the outbreak of another world war.

Objectives

UNESCO focuses on a number of goals, including:

• Providing a high-quality education to all students and promoting lifelong learning
• Mobilizing scientific knowledge and policy for long-term development
• Taking up new social and ethical concerns
• Promoting cultural variety, intercultural communication, and a peace culture
• Through information and communication, we can create inclusive knowledge societies.
• The emphasis is on global priority topics such as “Africa” and “Gender Equality.”
UNESCO’s Areas of Specialization Education Transforms Lives
Education transforms lives and is important to UNESCO’s objective of promoting peace, eradicating poverty, and promoting sustainable development.
The Organization is the only United Nations institution tasked with overseeing all sectors of education.
It has been entrusted with the leadership of the Global Education 2030 Agenda via Sustainable Development Goal – 4.
The ‘Education 2030 Framework for Action’ (Incheon Declaration) serves as a road map for achieving the global education 2030 objective. Its work ranges from early childhood education to university education and beyond Global citizenship and sustainable development, human rights and gender equality, health and HIV/AIDS, and technical and vocational skill development are among the topics covered. It is becoming increasingly clear that no progress can be long-term without a substantial cultural component. UNESCO has taken a three-pronged strategy to ensure that culture is given its proper position in development policies and processes: Leads global advocacy for culture and development. Engages the international community in order to establish clear policy and legal frameworks. On the ground, works with governments and local partners to protect heritage, boost creative enterprises, and promote cultural pluralism.
Some of UNESCO’s most important agreements and international treaties for protecting and safeguarding the world’s cultural and natural heritage:
• The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is a treaty that aims to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions (2005)
• The Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
• The Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity is an international treaty that aims to promote cultural diversity (2001)
• The Convention for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Sea (2001)
• The Convention for the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (the Convention) (1972)
• The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property (Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property) (1970)
Science for a Better Future
Science empowers us to solve today’s urgent economic, social, and environmental concerns, as well as to achieve sustainable development and greener society.UNESCO aims to support nations in investing in Scientific, Technology, and Innovation (STI), developing national science policies, reforming science institutions, and developing ability to monitor and assess performance using STI indicators. UNESCO also collaborates with its member countries to promote informed judgments on the use of science and technology, particularly in the subject of bioethics.Humanities and Social Sciences UNESCO assists individuals in creating and using knowledge for just and inclusive communities, as well as in understanding one another and working together to establish enduring peace. It promotes mutual understanding among member states through intergovernmental programmes such as the Management of Social Transformations (MOST), the Youth Programme, and the Culture of Peace and Nonviolence Program, which include initiatives for democracy and global citizenship, intercultural dialogue, and peace-building.

Information and communication
UNESCO promotes freedom of expression and journalist safety, combats online hate speech, and disinformation and misinformation through public awareness campaigns. It also promotes open solutions, such as open educational resources, access for disadvantaged people, and multilingualism in cyberspace, to facilitate universal access to information and knowledge.
UNESCO’s Global Priorities – ‘Africa’ and ‘Gender Equality’
With a bolder and more targeted strategy, UNESCO is paying attention to 54 African nations.Adoption of the African Union Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which pave the way for the African Economic Community and the African Renaissance.
Equality of Gender
As equal citizens, women and men, according to UNESCO, must have equal chances, choices, capacities, power, and knowledge. Equipping girls and boys, as well as women and men, with the information, beliefs, attitudes, and skills needed to address gender inequities is a prerequisite for creating a sustainable future for all.
The 2019 report is the first version of the annual report released in India by UNESCO.
It emphasized the triumphs and issues related to children with disabilities’ right to an education (CWDs). The 2019 State of School Report from UNESCO is designed to assist the education system in better responding to the learning requirements of CWDs. This will allow us to make considerable progress toward our united goal of leaving no one behind and providing fair opportunities for excellent learning to all children and youth.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) created an international environmental convention to address “dangerous human interference with the climate system,” which includes reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [1] It was signed by 154 governments during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), sometimes known colloquially as the Earth Summit, which took place in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992. It created a Secretariat in Bonn and went into effect on March 21, 1994. [2] The pact called for continuous scientific study as well as frequent meetings, talks, and future policy agreements to allow ecosystems to naturally adapt to climate change, guarantee food supply is not jeopardised, and allow economic development to occur in a sustainable way.

THE COP 26

There was a huge ambition gap heading into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26). According to the Climate Action Tracker, pre-COP26 commitments and objectives were insufficient to avoid global average temperatures from increasing by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius.

The annual Conference of the Parties is a technical procedure that cannot reduce emissions on its own; only national governments and corporations can do so.

Countries have been working for many years under the UNFCCC process to develop an international rule-based framework for regulating climate change. Now that we have it in the Paris Agreement, the character of the COP is shifting from one of rulemaking to one of implementation.

1. Green financing for a net-zero economy

$130 trillion towards net zero A noteworthy milestone at COP26 was the announcement of $130 trillion in private funding from the newly founded Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero to expedite the transition to a net-zero economy. Green financing supplied by banks, markets, insurers, and active climate-aware institutional investors will continue to play an increasingly important role in pushing climate action. It strengthens the emphasis on climate change for both public and private enterprises.

2. Private-sector disclosure and transparency

Greater transparency about climate change in the corporate sector Not only are governments’ climate promises being questioned for their veracity. The private sector is now being scrutinised by both clients and institutional investors to ensure that its net-zero pledges are similarly strong and credible. As a result, the new criteria proposed at COP26 for all listed firms in the UK to develop net-zero transition plans by 2023 are very welcome. The new regulations will improve openness and scrutiny of corporations’ net-zero initiatives. It’s also possible that this will be the start of a global movement toward net-zero target transparency. Clearer rules for assessing private-sector net-zero pledges António Guterres, the UN Secretary-General, has announced the formation of a “group of specialists” to develop clear rules for monitoring and analysing net-zero pledges by non-state entities. This will result in: set worldwide net zero criteria for all firms (which do not presently exist under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)) identify greenwashing and praise those who have implemented solid and legal net-zero plans.

3. Accelerating the implementation of the Paris Agreement

One of the major achievements of COP26 was the agreement “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions…by the end of 2022,” as well as the establishment of a new annual high-level ministerial meeting beginning in 2022 and a leader’s summit beginning in 2023. This will put pressure on nations to maintain their desire to meet the Paris Agreement’s temperature target at a quicker rate than specified in the Paris Agreement. The ‘rulebook’ of the Paris Agreement Furthermore, significant work was made on the Paris Agreement’s ‘rulebook’ for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which deals with carbon markets and accounting. . The now-approved rules will open the door to market and non-market methods to climate change mitigation and adaptation by ensuring operational transparency and certainty.

COP26’s Shortcomings

• Failure to reach the 1.5°C goal
• Perhaps most importantly, the UK COP26 leadership failed to reach its stated objective of “consigning coal to history” by obtaining an agreement in the closing Glasgow Climate Pact that phases coal “down” rather than “out.” Furthermore, the phrase “phasing out fossil fuel subsidies” was changed to “inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.” This puts the Paris Agreement’s temperature objective of much below 2°C in jeopardy. However, we are on course for a 2.4°C rise. According to the International Energy Agency, new national commitments to zero net emissions might be sufficient to keep global warming to 1.8°C. However, Climate Action Tracker discovered that we are still on course for 2.4°C warming due to a “huge credibility, action, and commitment gap,” since many of the promises have minimal specifics on near-term issues. Despite being exceedingly concerning, this represents improvement in comparison to COP21 (2015) in Paris, when the world was on course for 3–4°C warming. Although the revised objectives fall short of earlier forecasts, they show that states can reduce global warming through aggressive collective action supported by the COPs.
• Not securing $100 billion climate finance
• Further, COP26 did not manage to secure the $100 billion per year in climate finance by 2020 as promised at COP15 (2009) in Copenhagen, instead delaying the finance to 2023.
• This not only fails to urgently provide resources to countries most vulnerable to climate change, but also logically raises the question as to whether similar long-term commitments made at COP26 will be delivered on time

Important goals from cop26

• According to the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), more than $130 trillion (£95 trillion) in private money has already been “committed to reforming the economy” toward the Paris climate goal of 1.5°C by using a science-based strategy with near-term and long-term ambitions. However, there are still concerns about how this enormous sum will be used in actuality.
• The First Movers group brings together multinational firms with supply networks in carbon-intensive industries. They would pool their purchasing power to create market conditions for new solutions in the heavy carbon industry.
• Major international banks have pledged to halt all international public financing of new unabated coal power plants by the end of 2021.
• multilateral development banks: Nature, People, Planet formed a commitment to connect their portfolios with the Paris Agreement aims as well as nature.
• Nearly 100 nations have agreed to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. Methane is responsible for around 0.5°C of the world’s current warming of 1.1°C–1.2°C.
• Six world leaders from 110 countries have signed a statement pledging to cease and reverse deforestation and land degradation by 2030.
• There is a new need for listed firms in the UK to have net zero transition strategies in place by 2023.
• A new International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) has been established which will increase the global focus on climate risk disclosure and reporting.
• The Glasgow Breakthroughs are The Breakthrough Agenda’s first set of global leader-led objectives. By 2030, the Breakthrough Agenda promises to reduce the cost of sustainable solutions such as clean energy, electric cars, green steel, sustainable agriculture, and hydrogen manufacturing.
• At least 23 countries have pledged to phase out coal power in the 2030s for leading nations and the 2040s for the rest of the globe, including five of the world’s top 20 coal-using countries.

We can see as our society is becoming nuclear more old age homes are increasing you parents and family members are very much important you are also their life. And if you do such things like leaving them alone. And gaving them a life they do not accepted. I feel very sorry for those parents. We as a child is very brutal if we think so. Even you are busy that doesn’t gave you right to leave them your other family is also living than why not them. And from a childhood we have seen everyone around than why are children do not have right to live with their grandparents. And why they do not have right to live with their grandchildren.

I always wanted to do something for my family only. Because they are giving me immense love and making me strong and independent. So that I can fight for myself and achieve something which is more important and valuable in my life. All you need is love and support and encouragement. And these all are not given by anyone expect parents. When they are with you when you needed them most than why they you can’t be there part when they needed you the most. It is not give and take process but it is the love for each other which make your bond and build a connection between you both. When you realise each other pain and also be part of it. Than you definitely got to know what you are doing to them. Time can heal everything this quote is true’ but you will definitely suffer alot when you realise the importance of family and when you needed them the most they will be gone very far.

Do not make such mistakes as you are the future and we know the life is tough but we can solve it together than leaving each other in the middle and continue. In that case if we win also than also you will be not happy and complete because you other members are not there with you to celebrate the joy and happiness with you. Unity has always been a drawback in our country but why we all are same but still we do not trust each other but we can trust those whom we don’t know and believe what they said but it is actually right that we loose someone special just because of a misunderstanding. And who are not important giving them more importance.

This is true you cannot forgive someone so easily it’s difficult for anyone to forget things and move on. Your relation with that person is not same as we have earlier. Because cheating is very painful and forgiving them is not that easy. We think we can do it but we can’t is just that time heals that part and your heart take times to forgive someone. But the special word of this is that when we forgive someone with our heart our all anger and grunge or haterate come to end. Because know you genuinely forgive them.

I know it took time to forgive someone but if you have that patience and time than you will definitely get that person back. They will understand you and try to make out what was wrong. And they will try to solve and forgive you for your deeds. Misunderstanding can be their so don’t have to clear them all the time. When their is a right time you will get the chance to speak. If you are true than other person will value you. Be it today or tomorrow that’s the case your patience only decides how you will shine as a worrier in front of people. Who always have problems. But one thing they also know they could not able to down you if you have that power to shut others mouth up.

Your heart can be big enough but if you don’t clear ,confused or in a doubt don’t forget untill you get sure about it. Because you will not get peace and never justify your actions towards the forgiveness you want to gave them. It will give you peace for few time but you will never get over by this because you still have something inside you which is eating you daily. This is because you don’t take time to solve and think about it and than take a decision. So your heart should be clear with the fact than only you can give peace to others as well as yourself.

I have seen that people are talking about mental health but not following the same. We have to take steps as it is high time to Stop people. From the things which are making them disturb or depressed. I don’t know why people don’t talk about all these things. If they try to talk. why others do not want to understand them. Your small efforts can make their life better. Things could be solved but we don’t want to do it. We just want to focus on society and how they are approaching us. But in that case. We forget what a child wants. We cannot ignore such things. Understand and try to talk about all the things which you feel that they are comfortable to share and make them come out of all this before it is too late.

I have seen a news were a 16 year old boy has suicide. Just because of the mental stress caused by people as their thinking is so backward that the child has to take a major step like this. Please be mature and sensible know the LGBTQ is legal know also you are not accepting them. How can you be so harsh on people just because their preferences don’t match. Why can’t you motivate them and be the reason of their smile. And you can also make them strong and independent. so that they can easily fight for themselves. Everyone has the right to live their life as they want to live. Other do not have right to interfere even though you like or don’t like the same.

But I feel we have that quality that we can accept others as they are. We have also gone through much similar things previously. Your small efforts really matters if you really do something for others. If they don’t know your value still you will be happy because your soul will definitely be happy. I think we should gave chance to our goodness and always appreciated others talent as they are equally same as you are. Who has some different qualities in them. I have seen many people who always gave me motivation and there are people who demotivated and said very bad about me. But today the fact is that I have come a long way and accept the things around me. And gave myself time to live as I want to live. Because all we need is we as worriers. Who can fight from any situation.

The real problem is I can never break out of this paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don’t have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won’t be able to pursue a career as an economist.

This paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don’t have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won’t be able to pursue a career as an economist.

“You have to take care of your family one day” are the words of every parent if their child wants to pursue a career that has, in their opinion, no viability or popularity in society. Boys, in particular, are supposed to choose a career that can support their families one day. My passion and my happiness do not matter more than what society thinks about my career. For society, boys should not try for teaching, fashion designing and cooking because they are ‘feminine jobs’ and not meant for boys. Ever heard of male nurses? I am sure ‘No’.

t of this paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don’t have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won’t be able to pursue a career as an economist.

“You have to take care of your family one day” are the words of every parent if their child wants to pursue a career that has, in their opinion, no viability or popularity in society. Boys, in particular, are supposed to choose a career that can support their families one day. My passion and my happiness do not matter more than what society thinks about my career. For society, boys should not try for teaching, fashion designing and cooking because they are ‘feminine jobs’ and not meant for boys. Ever heard of male nurses? I am sure ‘No’.

As a school student, I am afraid to choose such professions because of the stereotypes and repercussions I’d have to face. Even though we are heading towards an egalitarian society, such discriminations prevail in our society. The colour of ‘pay scale’ affects the choice of career. Women are still paid less and the gender pay gap continues to widen. The career-palette is filled only with the most basic of colours, even though millions of colours exist.



As a school student, I am afraid to choose such professions because of the stereotypes and repercussions I’d have to face. Even though we are heading towards an egalitarian society, such discriminations prevail in our society. The colour of ‘pay scale’ affects the choice of career. Women are still paid less and the gender pay gap continues to widen. The career-palette is filled only with the most basic of colours, even though millions of colours exist.



“You have to take care of your family one day” are the words of every parent if their child wants to pursue a career that has, in their opinion, no viability or popularity in society. Boys, in particular, are supposed to choose a career that can support their families one day. My passion and my happiness do not matter more than what society thinks about my career. For society, boys should not try for teaching, fashion designing and cooking because they are ‘feminine jobs’ and not meant for boys. Ever heard of male nurses? I am sure ‘No’.

t of this paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don’t have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won’t be able to pursue a career as an economist.

“You have to take care of your family one day” are the words of every parent if their child wants to pursue a career that has, in their opinion, no viability or popularity in society. Boys, in particular, are supposed to choose a career that can support their families one day. My passion and my happiness do not matter more than what society thinks about my career. For society, boys should not try for teaching, fashion designing and cooking because they are ‘feminine jobs’ and not meant for boys. Ever heard of male nurses? I am sure ‘No’.

As a school student, I am afraid to choose such professions because of the stereotypes and repercussions I’d have to face. Even though we are heading towards an egalitarian society, such discriminations prevail in our society. The colour of ‘pay scale’ affects the choice of career. Women are still paid less and the gender pay gap continues to widen. The career-palette is filled only with the most basic of colours, even though millions of colours exist.



As a school student, I am afraid to choose such professions because of the stereotypes and repercussions I’d have to face. Even though we are heading towards an egalitarian society, such discriminations prevail in our society. The colour of ‘pay scale’ affects the choice of career. Women are still paid less and the gender pay gap continues to widen. The career-palette is filled only with the most basic of colours, even though millions of colours exist.

We all require hard work at some point in our lives. It is difficult to reach greatness without putting in the necessary effort. In other words, if an idle individual wishes to sit and wait for something else, they will get nothing. About the other side, someone who works hard all the time will undoubtedly succeed in life, and this is precisely what the essay on hard effort will discuss.

Hard labour pays off, as history has often demonstrated. Edison used to work for many hours each day and would fall asleep on his laboratory table with only his books as a pillow.

Similarly, India’s late Prime Minister Pt. Nehru used to labour 17 hours a day, seven days a week. He didn’t take any vacations. Mahatma Gandhi, our great leader, laboured tirelessly to bring our country freedom.

As a result, we can see that all of these people’s hard work paid off. It is necessary to maintain a constant vigilance to work hard in order to achieve one’s goals. Man was created to work, as the saying goes. He sparkles in use and rusts in storage, much like steel.

We can achieve anything and overcome any difficulty in life if we work hard enough. Furthermore, knowing that we have given our all and given our best to whatever work we are doing might help us live a happier life.

Hard work is unquestionably the most important factor in achieving success. What we gain by sweating our brow brings us more enjoyment than what we obtain by chance. As humans, we aspire to accomplish a variety of goals.

To become a reality, these things require a lot of effort. Poverty isn’t the problem; ideality is. When we squander our time, time squanders us as well. Anyone can attain success with hard work. Great people were born in little houses and died in palaces.

As a result, it demonstrates how outstanding labour may lead to success. You will notice improvements in your life once you begin working hard. You’ll become more focused and disciplined in your task.

Furthermore, you will witness benefits in a short period of time. It’s proof that when you work hard, qualities like drive, focus, and concentration come naturally. As a result, nothing will be able to stop you from succeeding.

Success is more than just being well-known and wealthy. It is also a success if you work hard and live a nice life filled with love. Hard work should not be limited to the workplace, but should also be applied to your personal life. Life will prosper if you work hard at your job and in your relationships.

What Exactly Is a Blockchain?

A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain, like a database, saves information electronically in digital format. Blockchains are well recognised for their critical function in cryptocurrency systems such as Bitcoin in keeping a secure and decentralised record of transactions. The blockchain’s novelty is that it ensures the accuracy and security of a data record and produces trust without the requirement for a trusted third party.

The way data is organised differs significantly between a traditional database and a blockchain. A blockchain accumulates information in groupings known as blocks, which store sets of data.

Blocks have specific storage capabilities and, when full, are closed and connected to the previously filled block, producing the blockchain, a data chain. All new information that follows that newly added block is assembled into a newly formed block, which is then added to the chain once it is complete. A database typically organises its data into tables, but a blockchain, as the name suggests, organises its data into pieces (blocks) that are connected together. When implemented decentralizedly, this data structure creates an irreversible temporal line of data. When a block is completed, it is set in stone and becomes a part of this timeline. When a block is added to the chain, it is given a specific time stamp.

IMPORTANT TAKEAWAYS

Blockchain is a sort of shared database that differs from traditional databases in the way data is stored; blockchains store data in blocks that are then connected together using encryption. As new data arrives, it is added to a new block. Once the block has been filled with data, it is chained onto the preceding block, resulting in the data being chained together in chronological sequence. A blockchain may hold several sorts of data, but its most popular application to date has been as a transaction ledger. In the case of Bitcoin, blockchain is employed in a decentralised manner, such that no single person or organisation has power—rather, all users keep control collectively. Because decentralised blockchains are unchangeable, the data entered is irreversible. In the case of Bitcoin, this implies that all transactions are permanently recorded and accessible to anybody.

How Does a Blockchain Function?

Blockchain’s purpose is to enable digital information to be recorded and disseminated, but not modified. A blockchain, in this sense, serves as the foundation for immutable ledgers, or records of transactions that cannot be changed, erased, or destroyed. As a result, blockchains are often referred to as distributed ledger technology (DLT). The blockchain idea, initially suggested as a research project in 1991, before its first broad use in use: Bitcoin 

Since then, the usage of blockchains has grown exponentially, thanks to the development of multiple cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi) apps, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and smart contracts.

Assume a corporation runs a server farm with 10,000 machines that are utilized to manage a database that contains all of its clients’ account information. This corporation owns a warehouse facility that houses all of these computers under one roof and has complete control over each of these systems and all of the information they hold. However, this creates a single point of failure. What happens if the power goes out at that location? What happens if its Internet connection is lost? What if it catches fire and burns to the ground? What if a malicious actor deletes everything with a single keystroke? The data is either lost or damaged in either situation.

A blockchain allows the data in that database to be distributed across several network nodes in different places. This not only adds redundancy but also ensures the integrity of the data contained in the database—if someone tries to change a record in one instance of the database, the other nodes are not affected, preventing a bad actor from doing so. If a single user tampers with Bitcoin’s transaction record, the other nodes will cross-reference each other and readily identify the node with inaccurate information. This approach aids in the establishment of a precise and visible order of occurrences. As a result, no one node in the network may modify the information contained inside it. As a result, information and history (such as cryptocurrency transactions) are irreversible. Such a record might be a list of transactions (like with cryptocurrencies), but it is also feasible for a blockchain to store additional information such as legal contracts, state identifications, or a company’s goods inventory. To validate new entries or records to a block, a majority of the processing power in the decentralised network must agree. Blockchains are protected by a consensus method such as proof of work (PoW) or proof of stake to prevent bad actors from confirming bogus transactions or duplicate spending (PoS). These techniques allow for consensus even when there is no one node in command.

Transparency

Because of the decentralised structure of Bitcoin’s blockchain, all transactions can be transparently watched by owning a personal node or utilising blockchain explorers, which allow anybody to witness transactions taking place in real time. Every node maintains its own copy of the chain, which is updated as new blocks are confirmed and added. This means that you could follow Bitcoin wherever it went if you wanted to. Exchanges, for example, have been hacked in the past, and customers who stored Bitcoin on the exchange lost everything. While the hacker may be completely anonymous, the Bitcoins they obtained are easily traceable. It would be known if the Bitcoins stolen in some of these attacks were relocated or spent someplace.

Of course, the Bitcoin blockchain (as well as the majority of others) stores records that are encrypted. This implies that only the record’s owner may decode it and disclose their identity (using a public-private key pair). As a consequence, blockchain users may stay anonymous while maintaining transparency.

Is Blockchain Trustworthy?

In numerous ways, blockchain technology delivers decentralised security and trust. To begin, new blocks are always kept in a linear and chronological order. That is, they are always added to the blockchain’s “end.” It is exceedingly difficult to go back and change the contents of a block once it has been added to the end of the blockchain unless a majority of the network has achieved a consensus to do so. This is due to the fact that each block has its own hash, as well as the hash of the block before it and the previously mentioned time stamp. A mathematical function converts digital information into a string of numbers and letters to generate hash codes. If that information is changed in any manner, the hash code will change as well. Assume a hacker, who also operates a node on a blockchain network, wishes to change a blockchain and steal bitcoin from everyone else. If they changed their single copy, it would no longer be in sync with everyone else’s copy. When everyone else compares their copies to each other, this one copy will stand out, and the hacker’s version of the chain will be discarded as invalid.

To be successful in such a hack, the hacker must simultaneously possess and change 51 percent or more of the copies of the blockchain, so that their new copy becomes the majority copy and, thus, the agreed-upon chain. . Such an assault would also need a massive amount of money and resources, since they would have to repeat all of the blocks due to the varied time stamps and hash codes. Because of the scale of many cryptocurrency networks and how quickly they are developing, the expense of accomplishing such a feat would very certainly be unattainable. This would be not only exceedingly costly, but also likely futile. Such an action would not go unnoticed by network members, who would detect such substantial changes to the blockchain. Members of the network would then hard fork off to a new version of the chain that was not impacted. This would lead the value of the attacked version of the token to collapse, rendering the attack ultimately futile because the bad actor now controls a worthless asset. The same thing would happen if a bad actor attacked the next Bitcoin fork. It is designed in this manner so that participating in the network is significantly more economically encouraged than attacking it.

Blockchain vs. Bitcoin

Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta, two researchers who aimed to develop a system where document time stamps could not be manipulated with, proposed blockchain technology in 1991. But it wasn’t until nearly two decades later, with the introduction of Bitcoin in January 2009, that blockchain saw its first real-world implementation. A blockchain serves as the foundation for the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin’s pseudonymous developer, Satoshi Nakamoto, described the digital currency in a research paper as “a new electronic cash system that’s totally peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party.” 2

The crucial point to remember here is that while Bitcoin utilises blockchain to transparently record a ledger of payments, blockchain may theoretically be used to immutably store any amount of data items. As previously said, this might take the shape of transactions, election votes, goods inventories, state identifications, deeds to residences, and much more. Currently, tens of thousands of initiatives are attempting to use blockchains in ways other than transaction recording to benefit society—for example, as a secure means of voting in democratic elections. Because of the immutability of blockchain, fraudulent voting would become much more difficult. A voting system, for example, may be designed such that each citizen of a country receives a separate coin or token. Each candidate would then be assigned a unique wallet address, and voters would transmit their token or cryptocurrency to the address of the candidate for whom they wanted to vote.