Gutted is a very small word to express the sadness that crept through every Real Madrid and Cristiano Ronaldo’s fan yesterday night. Two seasons running Cristiano Ronaldo’s Juventus team couldn’t make it to the later stages of the elite Champions League tournament. The reason isn’t Ronaldo, but the mindset of the whole Juventus team. Whenever Juventus play, it seems like its 11v1 match going on. It seems as if Ronaldo is the only man motivated to do something for the team, and rest of the players are just playing for the sake of playing. Look at the match played yesterday between Lyon and Juventus. It was the Round of 16 tie of the Champions League. Lyon were leading Juventus 1-0 by the end of the 1^st leg. The match started with Lyon getting awarded a controversial penalty, which in my honest opinion wasn’t a penalty at all, giving Lyon a crucial goal, that too an away goal. That meant that now Juventus had to score 3 goals in the stipulated 90 minutes to go into the quarter finals of the elite tournament. And then came the Cristiano Ronaldo show.

The Portuguese talisman scored a brace, including a belter of a left footer shot to level the score on aggregate but still Juventus needed 1 more goal to win the game as Lyon had an away goal. Cristiano tried very hard but couldn’t find the back of the net for the 3^rd time. He also missed various opportunities, two massive headers but after all he is also human. The problem is why only he was trying, why not the other nine outfield players? The other players never created any chances, be it the likes of Higuaín, Pjanic, Bentancur or Ramsey. That’s the passion Juventus lacked and that’s why for the 1^st time in nearly a decade, Cristiano Ronaldo couldn’t make it to the Quarter Finals of the Champions League. I’m not saying this about the Juventus team based on one match, its been the same old story for this whole season. I even wonder if they wouldn’t have had the services of Cristiano Ronaldo, they might have lost the Italian domestic title to any other team. They played really badly, after football returned after lockdown. They won the Seriea title by just 1 point. They lost 4 out of their last 6 games in the Seriea tournament, and just won the title by a whisker because of the amazing performances of the 35 year old talisman Cristiano Ronaldo.

Now what lies ahead is the real fact that Cristiano doesn’t have many years left in his professional footballing career and at the end of his career, he should not let his career be going in a downward direction by playing in a team which doesn’t show that kind of enthusiasm needed to win a tournament like the Champions League.

Yesterday, another slump was on the cards for the 2019/20 La Liga champions Real Madrid who were beaten comprehensively by former English champions Manchester City, 4-2 on aggregate to go or should we say storm into the Quarter finals of the Champions League 2019/20 season. With their talismanic captain Sergio Ramos suspended for the 2^nd leg, the match was already titled in the favour of Manchester City. And then the slump happened, with their main defender Varane gifting City two goals with his mistakes in such a high profile match. Benzema scored a goal for Real Madrid but that wasn’t enough to keep the 13 time European champions in the Champions League this season.

In the end, I would like to say that there was a time 2 years back when Real Madrid won their 3^rd Champions League title in a row, but times have changed. With Cristiano leaving Real Madrid after that, it was for certain that the slump has to come. This shows that Nor Real Madrid helped Cristiano Ronaldo win the Champions League or vice versa. They both did it together.

In the 1600s, the Dutch East India Company employed hundreds of ships to trade goods around the globe. In order to fund their voyages, the company turned to private citizens to invest money to support trips in exchange for a share of the profits. In doing so, they unknowingly invented the world’s first stock market.

 So how do companies and investors use the market today? 

Since than the companies have been collecting funds from willing investors to support all kinds of business, and today the stock market is so huge that it has school careers and separate TV channels, stock market is a whole different economic sector where people earn and lose money. It provides bread and butter to number of people.

The modern stock market is significantly more complicated than its original incarnation. If a new company wants to come into the market than the company will advertise its product or services to the new investors, if any of the investors think it is a good idea than they get the first crack at investing. Then the investors sponsor the company’s Initial Public Offering (IPO). This launches the company into the official public market where any company or individual can invest (buying stocks) in the company. Buying stocks in the company makes the stock holder becomes partial owner in the business. If the companies is profitable there will be more and more investment in the company as there is more investment the price of stock also shoots up (demand increases, price increases), it is also called increasing the cost for perspective buyers and raising the value of the stock people already own, this increase in investment helps the company to boosts its overall market value. By showing how many people are willing to invest in their idea. If a company seems less profitable the reverse can also happen. If investors think that their stock value is declining they sell their shares with hopes of making their profits before the value falls down more (demand for the stock declines the price of the stock declines) with the falling price the market value of the company all comes down, this can leave investors with big losses unless the company looks profitable again.

This see-saw of supply and demand is influenced by many factors’ companies are under the unavoidable influence of market forces such as fluctuating price of raw-materials, changes in production technology and the labour cost. Investors are worried about bad leadership, bad publicity or large factors as new laws and trade policies, all these variables which are day to day hurdles for the company which can make the company appear more or less successful, which may get the company more or less investment.

Human confidence in the market has the power to trigger everything from economic boom to financial crises.

TikTok, a Chinese application found in 2012 with the purpose of video-sharing social 

networking service where short dance, comedy videos, lip sync videos, and talent videos are 

posted by the users. Being a populous country, our youth is attracted to this application. More 

than 119 Million people used TikTok in India, the application was downloaded 277.6 million 

times in India in the year of 2019.² However, the application was banned in India in late June 

2020, when the government banned 59 other Chinese applications including TikTok, which 

have bought several inconsistencies and issues regarding the intermediary liability regime. 

There are many types of internet intermediaries which are divided into two categories- 

“Conduits” and “hosts”. Conduits do not interfere in the content which the app provides, they 

work for the automatic, transient or intermediate and storage for transmission. While hosts 

provide the content services. 

As defined under section 2(1)(w) and Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000 TikTok is an intermediary. 

The content is not generated by the app but it is posted by its users. Intermediaries are defined 

according to the functions it does for the electronic records. As per section 2(w) intermediaries 

are defined as- “intermediary”, with respect to any particular electronic records, means any 

person who on behalf of another person receives, stores or transmits that record or provides 

any service with respect to that record and includes telecom service providers, network service 

providers, internet service providers, web-hosting service providers, search engines, online 

payment sites, online-auction sites, online-market places, and cyber cafes.³ While section 79 

of the IT act provides immunity to intermediaries for any illegal content posted by third parties. 

Under this section and the Information Technology 2011, if an intermediary receives ‘actual 

knowledge’ of any illegal content posted on it, it is obligated to remove such content within 36 

hours. On failing to do so, the intermediary will lose its immunity from being sued. Illegal 

content under 79 of the IT Act is stricter than 69A. It can include, for example, content that is 

We all are aware of email marketing which fills up our email inbox every day with a bunch of
emails about the marketing of different apps which shows you updates on sales, up-gradation
of stocks, new arrivals, job opportunities, food delivery apps, travel apps, etc and whatnot.
This is a type of marketing through which companies reach out to their customers through
which the customers get to know about the schemes, discounts, opportunities, etc. These are
sometimes very helpful and sometimes annoying at the same time. The interesting fact is that
many people do not know that this is also an official medium for marketing and that it can
also be illegal. Here we will talk in-depth about email marketing, how it works, hoe can it get
illegal, and many other things you need to know while you are doing this.
 Many of us have experienced that whatever we see online, doesn’t seem as it looks when it
arrives. Often customers get attracted by different types deals and discounts offered by these
websites but sometimes we do not get what we expect and to exchange that particular product
you again have to go through a long process that sometimes gets tiring. You might have also
observed that once you visit a website, even to take a glance you start getting lots of emails,
you request the particular site to stop emailing but it doesn’t and then you finally need to
report. This often makes the important emails you have unseen and creates such a mess in the
inbox. Hence there are certain marketing laws established by the US government to restrict
and to control illegal email marketing.
Laws regarding email marketing:
The CAN-SPAM ACT (The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And
Marketing Act), 2003 is a law that sets rules for commercial emails, establishes requirements
for commercial messages, gives recipients the right to have you stop emailing them and also
spelling out tough penalties for violation. Further, the law makes no exception for business to
business emails. For example, emails like- emailing the former customer about the launch of
a new product, should also comply with the law.
Each separate email that violates CAN-SPAM laws can be subjected to pay fines up to
$48,280. Hence, instead of not complying, it’s better to simply pay heed to the laws and carry
on your marketing on that basis. Following the law isn’t that difficult here, as you know not
complying is much costlier than not abiding by the law.

With the GDP of approximately $20.513 trillion, the United States is the world’s 

highest economy today.¹ The reason for which is high average incomes, capital 

investments, highly technical industries, less unemployment, etc. Which definitely 

makes it a better place for a business start-up. 

In the United States, corporate laws are differentiated in different levels as 

federal, state and local levels. Every state has their own local laws. The standards 

of which are described in securities act of 1933 and securities and exchange act 

1934.² Henceforth, federal laws possess the minimum standard in company 

shares, trade, etc. 

Corporation are allowed to incorporate in whichever state it like and is suitable 

for them, it’s also open for different branches no matter where the headquarter 

are located. Further talking about entities the United States has many different 

forms of business entities but there are mainly four types. 

1. Sole Proprietorship 

2. Partnership 

3. Limited Liability Company 

4. Business Corporation 

As the word itself suggests that Sole Proprietorship runs by a single individual, 

he is the only one who is managing the business assets, liabilities and profits. 

Nearly 72% of all the US business is running through this. ³Among 4 main entities, 

it is the cheapest forms of start up for business there is limited personal liabilities 

for loss Incurred by business or of any legal actions. Profit earned are taxed as 

personal income. 

2. Partnership 

1 _{GDP of USAhttps://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/} 2 _{Acts https://www.ilpabogados.com/en/the-essential-corporate-law-in-the-united-states-usa/} 3 _{Sole proprietorshiphttps://www.thebalancesmb.com/sole-proprietorship-398896 }

A partnership is comprised of two or more person to run a business. The word 

“persons” include individuals or a group of individuals, comprises or corporations. 

The partners share their profits and controls business operations. Here the 

partners are jointly or separately liable for debts incurred. As the federal system 

states govern the different laws but most of the states of US have adopted Uniform 

partnership Act for the partnership to exist following factors are determined. 

– Intensions of parties 

– Joint administration 

– Joint control over the business 

– Capital investment of the partner 

– Common ownership of the property 

Partnership is not a taxable entity. The income is taxable to partners according to 

the number of shares they hold from the company. 

(Source – U.S code 26.USc international revenue code) 

There are extensive laws in India that supported the basic entitlements’ in India yet the execution for the equivalent is less or isn’t perceived or not recognized by its residents. The cold-bloodedness of animals is expanding step by step and furthermore certain activities are additionally taken by certain associations for the security of animals since they are similarly cognizant living creatures as we may be. The University of Cambridge likewise proclaims animals as cognizant living creatures as we may be. The legitimate security of animals has likewise observed a few achievements over the previous decade, which I talk about underneath in more prominent detail. From contemplating these turns of events, unmistakably while the basic entitlements development has far to go, one can see it is out of its earliest stages and well into puberty. Nonetheless, for the development to accomplish its objectives, fundamental establishment building and the enactment of more grounded assurance laws, is the route forward. 

Lawful Scenario in India- 

India has the biggest constitution. Here a few laws are referenced against animal brutality and animal protection. Article 51A(g) of the constitution of India puts an obligation on each resident to ” protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to also have compassion for other living creatures too.” The primary demonstration to secure these valuable lives against brutality was passed in 1990. The Prevention of Cruelty of Animals Act was passed in 1990. Enormous bunched of rules under the PCA have been passed over the most recent twenty years. The main clump was passed in 2001 and the subsequent bunch was spent in the year 2017-2018. Creatures are dealt with cold-bloodedly in the circus while preparing and some of them are not taken care of appropriately and some are beaten to act in the bazaar and to engage individuals. The bunch of 2001, administered about playing out the animals in the circus, movies, slaughterhouse, animal birth control, and the setting up of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty of Animals (SPCA) were passed. In the subsequent group, rules with respect to the guideline of shops that sell animals as pets, dog breeders, and domesticated animal markets were passed. The demonstration is totally broad yet its execution isn’t abundantly perceived; the explanation behind which is open numbness and aloofness this additionally incorporates absence of literacy and education and commercial interests in the business. According to the standard went in 2001 about each state having SPCA, there are not really any states which execute it. Just Maharashtra is perceived for executing of sending notice with respect to a similar that too implementing after seven years. Likewise, the standards of 2018 have not been executed by any of the states completely.

The fundamental consistence is additionally an issue here. There are numerous organizations, ranch crops and even urbanization in certain regions violates these laws this is going on the nation over and they don’t conform to these laws and in the long run are a risk to natural life. Taking the case of the poultry ranches, the greater part of the hens spends their whole lives remaining on the wire pounds, where space is lesser than an A4 size paper. The whole arrangement of concentrated animal cultivating is drilled in complete dismissal for the way that animals are living. Additionally, the greater part of the practices is in direct infringement of the specified laws. The pay laws in regards to these very unnoticed in PCA, 1960. The compensation for the first offence is greatest to INR 50 and compensation for the subsequent offense is INR 100. 

The 2014 Jalikattu Judgment, which is also called the Magna Carta for basic entitlements in India, was passed by the Supreme Court of India and precluded the unmistakable cruel bull subduing sport. It is a milestone judgment not least since it expanded the ambit of Article 21, which gives the key right to life and freedom, to incorporate creatures also. Courts from over the world have referred to the judgment as a way changing decision that has modified the way the world sees its non-human residents. Indeed, even still, in 2017 the administration of Tamil Nadu acquired a correction to the PCA Act, to allow Jallikattu. Activists have since tested this, and it is presently pending a meeting in the Supreme Court. A valid example is that of Jalikattu, where the administration of Tamil Nadu corrected a demonstration regardless of a court request. 

2011 started really brightly for India, winning the ICC Cricket World Cup after 28 years was a dream come true for not only the Indian team, but for the whole nation. But that was when the transformation was needed. The next two away series in 2011 saw India been thumped down by England and Australia both in test and ODI series. That was the time when MS Dhoni brought the point of axing the seniors and bringing in the youth, knowing that in two years time they had to travel to England again for the Champions Trophy before the 2015 World Cup in Australia began. So, now we will see what prompted MS Dhoni to take these decisions and were these decisions correct or not?

According to me, the decision to axe the seniors was a good one and for the benefit and long term future of the Indian cricket team. During the away tours in England and Australia, the Indian team were hammered both in tests and in ODIs. The test series defeats were acceptable because of the fact that the Indian batting lacked technique to play in tough English conditions and couldn’t handle the swinging ball from James Anderson and Stuart Broad. But the main problem were the ODI defeats. With the seniors not too good in fielding and with the bowlers not having enough pace on offer, the system had to change. With the likes of Rohit Sharma and Virat Kohli given more opportunities and them performing well and with their amazing fielding skills were big assets for the team as a whole. Not to forget the role played by Suresh Raina, with both his batting and bowling and also with his amazing fielding skills. The time had arrived for a change.

Not to forget that the bowlers also had to be changed. For a long period of time India had seen only medium pace bowlers emerging and spinners were to be depended upon even when travelling abroad. That had to change and that’s what MS Dhoni did with the emergence of new fast bowlers in the domestic circuit and also in the Indian team. That’s why we now see a pace battery consisting of Ishant Sharma, Shami, Bhuvi, Umesh Yadav and Bumrah reeling down batsman all around the world. So, the change was for the betterment of the Indian cricket.

With the changes made, the result was their to see for everyone. India won the 2013 Champions Trophy is emphatic style with the youngsters coming to the helm. The change to make Rohit Sharma open the innings was a master stroke by Dhoni not only for Indian cricket but also for Rohit Sharma himself, making or should I say turning him into a world class opener. The emergence of all the fast bowlers mentioned above is because they were given due chances and now they are performing their best for the country, under Virat Kohli also. So, in the end I would like to say that what MS Dhoni has done for Indian cricket is tremendous, be it with his bat or captaincy or thinking of the future, taking such difficult decisions and making sure that Indian cricket is at the top.

With the Indian administration slowly and steadily opening up the Indian economy, the question that arises is the fact that has the threat really gone away? The answer is a big NO. With many reports and studies suggesting that the peak in India still hasn’t arrived, the threat is very much there. What I feel is that government of India have to make sure that people don’t put their guard off against the fight with Covid19 virus. People should not venture out unnecessarily and should stay safe at home and the employer should make sure that if not too important, work from home should be encouraged.

The fact of the matter is that the government will slowly open up everything because the government needs to make the economy run. But the people need to understand and follow the SOP’s laid by the government for protecting the lives of everybody. The people first need to understand that the virus is still there, so avoid going to relatives houses for whatever occasion it be, be it some festival or some casual get together. The people of the country need to understand that India is a country where festivals are celebrated throughout the year and people celebrate festivals with their family members and relatives, but this year isn’t the same as previous so many years. With the pandemic still not reached its peak, its better for the people to understand that if they celebrate the festivals at their home, it will be safe and better not only for them, but for others also. One year not celebrating with others and gathering around would make a huge difference in terms of the safety of the people. The first priority of people should be safety of themselves and others rather than celebrating. Celebrations should be done at home, not by going out for a party.

With the educational institutes closed, its pretty sure that the kids will be safe at home, but what about the adults? This needs to be taken into consideration while employers open up offices and call their staff members, making them risk the lives of their employees. So, in my view the employers need to make sure that their employees are given the option of working from home while the pandemic is going on. Also, the people of the country need to understand that going out for long drives at this time when the whole world is battling a pandemic, isn’t the right option. Even if you wear a mask, various studies have termed that just wearing a mask can’t help you be safe from the virus. We have seen many political personalities getting coronavirus positive eve when they are out doing their duties wearing masks, so to have an argument saying you are going out while wearing a mask is totally baseless according to me.

In the end, I would like to say that the virus as stated by WHO is here to stay, so make sure that you are following all the guidelines and SOP’s laid down by the government, making sure that going out of your home unnecessarily would mean making yourself and others around you in a place of danger of carrying the virus. That’s why STAY HOME, STAY SAFE.

A life for a life, water is a very essential part of our life, without it there is
no survival of any humans. Drowned Out is a 2002 documentary by Franny Armstrong about
family’s standing against a government dam project which is set to destroy their home and their
village.
The villages of Jalsindhi, in Madhya Pradesh on the banks of the
Narmada River, lived a fulfilling life. With the holy water of Narmada they enjoyed fertile
agriculture and fruitful meditational herbs. The place not only provided them employment but
was a bearing home for many. This utopian was only short lived, with the introduction of Sardar
Sarovar Project laid out by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 5 April 1961. Their dreams
shattered and they were remained stranded.

The Sardar Sarovar Project is one of the largest dams in the world. It is a
gravity dam on the Narmada River near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Four Indian states, receive
water and electricity supplied from the dam. The project took form in 1979 as part of a
development scheme funded by the World Bank through their International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity,
The construction of the dam was a very ambiguous matter it was
simply a communication gap of ideas among government and the common people. Government
provides them no viable alternatives – they offered unusable unfertile land a hundred miles away
or a small sum of money in compensation for their river-side land. They lost their livelihoods
and way of living. Some people were just left on the banks of the river without any shelter to
cover. This angered the people, they started hunger strikes, rallies, and a six-year Supreme Court
case got issued. Arundhati Roy became an active spokesperson behind this people.
In May 2002, the Narmada Construction Authority gave clearance
for the dam to be built up to a height of 95 meters. At this height, there are 8,000 families who
will be submerged and not yet have been resettled. Humans are just killing humans not because
they don’t have a voice but simply because they are poor. It’s costing their lives. People are
getting drowned out to save other families, but who will think about their own family?

It is said that the Narmada River is sacred to the people of India; legend has it that while one
must bathe in the Ganges River to purify the soul, and one need only look at the Narmada River
to get the same healing. The same Narmada cannot be so cruel to mercilessly kill people.
Governments should have been more careful while they had implemented a project; they would
not have been so much of lost of life if a clear framework was prepared beforehand. The life of a
human is precious and no one has the right to take it!
As monsoon season approaches, we do not know whether it is the ending of the last civilization
of the bank, we don’t know the story yet? Will the houses survive or will Narmada gulp them
with the water?
Whatever the ending be, we won’t run away from our home, we will drown, but we will not
move.

Throughout the entire existence of humanity social structures, customs, generalizations and frames of mind about ladies and their job in the public arena, they become especially defenceless against specific wrongdoings. Fundamentalist bunches frequently focus on controlling ladies, utilizing social contentions against ladies’ privileges. Also, most ladies in creating nations are ignorant of their fundamental human rights. It is this condition of numbness which guarantees their acknowledgment and, thus, the propagation of unsafe conventional works on influencing their prosperity.

This subject has not been thoroughly examined yet we realize that from the beginning of time, ladies in different landmasses of the world have been considered as the physically flimsier sex. Wrongdoing against ladies is affirmation of predominance over them and originate from the baser impulses of society. It not just speaks to the more noteworthy physical quality of men over ladies yet additionally appears as the attestation of strength of influence and of wealth over the ladies of the less fortunate classes. In current situation some humiliation includes Female genital mutilation and son preference (Female Infanticide and Foeticide).

Female genital mutilation involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical purposes. It interferes with the natural functioning of the body and has no known health benefits. FGM is regularly done on little youngsters, from new born children to teenagers as old as 15 years old. Every so often it is done on grown-up ladies. It is hard to acquire precise data on the greatness of FGM, yet as indicated by the WHO, somewhere in the range of 100 and 140 million young ladies and ladies around the globe have just experienced some type of the training. As indicated by the WHO, female genital mutilation is rehearsed in at any rate 28 nations in Africa and is generally broad in the Sahel and the Horn. It is polished for a wide range of socio-social reasons. Regularly the individuals who practice it call attention to that it is established in neighbourhood culture and has been passed starting with one age then onto the next. In reality, inquire about recommends that ethnicity and the act of FGM are firmly connected. In other communities, the practice is seen as necessary to ensure marital fidelity and to prevent “deviant” sexual behaviour. The most immediate consequences include death and the risk of death from haemorrhaging, and shock from the pain and level of trauma that may accompany the procedure. Heavy bleeding can be particularly life-threatening in a context of limited access to emergency health care. All types of FGM have numerous acute and chronic physical health consequences, including implications for reproductive health.

Moreover, female feticide is “a training that includes the recognition and premature birth of female hatchling because of the inclination for male children and from the low worth related with the introduction of females.” This should be possible at the command of the mother, father, or under family pressure. the selective abortion of female foetuses- and infanticide are largely responsible for this disparity. This marked gap between males and females has nationwide implications.  It is basically more costly to raise a female than a male, as the female youngster should be given an endowment upon marriage. It is broadly realized that expanded share instalments prompted the further decrease of the status of ladies. Ensuing upon the advances in therapeutic science, the end of undesirable kids, particularly female hatchlings through premature birth, has become basic in families to fulfil their inclination for children. Certain people group need to dispose of female kids as a result of dehumanizing neediness, joblessness, superstition, and lack of education. The inclination against females is additionally identified with the way that “Children are called upon to give the pay; they are the ones who do the greater part of the work in the fields. Along these lines’ children are looked to as a sort of protection.

Most women in creating nations are uninformed of their fundamental human rights. It is this condition of numbness which guarantees their acknowledgment and, therefore, the propagation of hurtful customary works on influencing their prosperity and that of their kids. In any event, when ladies obtain a level of financial and political mindfulness, they frequently feel feeble to realize the change important to take out sexual orientation imbalance. Enabling ladies is essential to any procedure of progress and to the end of these destructive conventional practices.

                                    According to Wikipedia Dalit means “broken/scattered” in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term mostly used for the ethnic groups in India and Nepal that been kept depressed (often termed backward castes). Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth Varma, also known by the name of Panchama.

If was popularise by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891-1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits.

In the 1900s Untouchable was considered so impure that any contact with them by a cast member would contaminate the member. The polluted person would have to bathe and wash his or her clothing immediately. The untouchables historically did work that no one else would do, like scavenging animals’ carcasses, leather-work, or killing rats and another pest. Untouchable could not eat in the same room as caste members and could not be cremated when they died. Dalits were segregated in housing, schools, and access to public services. The condition of untouchables was so bad that they were denied access to land, forced to work in degrading conditions, and routinely abused by the police and upper-caste members. As human being they have no legal or social right to protect themselves. Outcasts suffer caste-motivated killings, rape, and other kinds of psychological and physical abuse on a daily basis. At the time of Dr. Ambedkar Dalits were agonize discrimination in education, health care, housing, property, freedom of religion, free choice of employment, and equal treatment before the law.

In today’s date untouchability still exist in our community. As per the facts in 2001-2002 there was 58000 registered egregious abuse against Dalits and tribal. In the modern caste system, people born in specific castes were given more benefits, education was 100% reserved for them as backward classes were not allowed to gain an education, and also specific posts like priests, kings, ministers were reserved for the upper castes. These castes were rigid so that once a person is born in a specific caste he is given all the benefits that people of other castes do not get. Whereas, today seats are reserved for SC, ST, and OBC.  As the person born in a reserved community will enjoy the quota even if becomes prosperous and does not deserve it. Also, people from the general cast cannot get the favors of reserved category even if they are very poor. The people of lower caste are exploiting the government, as even they have basic necessities because of their caste, they take all the reservations and benefits which the economically backward people should get. Most of the minority people are rich and fortunate. High-class poor people do not have any right to ask the government any necessity, and the government would not even provide one as they belong to the so-called high class.

We know that untouchability still is a basic practice that exits in India, but many people are misusing the facilities. So many needy people are unable to get anything because of this practice. Humans should be treated equally and no blood relation will define how we should treat a human being in a social and legal manner Everyone should be accepted in society and no other human has the right to judge the other being. As per the reservation norms, they need to be relooked and reformed as per the current economic and social condition, otherwise, it will create some serious riot in the near future.

The day India burned is a documentary by BBC published on 14^th August, 2007. It basically deals with the partition of India and Pakistan.

Partition of India provides a good overview of the fateful events leading to that cataclysmic decision by the British and the catastrophic suffering of ordinary people caught in the crossfire of communal hatred.

 It described in detail British motivation for leaving India after world war 2 in a quick and face-saving number; the underlying distrust of Hindus and Muslims of each other despite centuries of living together; Muslim educational and economic backwardness relative to Hindus and their fear of Hindu domination in a united India; the failure of the march 1946 Cabinet Mission in Shimla on account of Nehru’s refusal to a agree to a decentralized subcontinent.

The beginning of the Hindu-Muslim communal riots with Jinnah’s call for direct action in Calcutta in August 1946; the desperate attempts made by Gandhi to effect Hindu-Muslim unity via appeal to their humanity; and the pressure exerted on most Princely States to agree to ascension to India.

It also describes: the manipulation of people by political leaders in the name of religion; the slaughter looting, raping and mayhem among different communities from forcible ethnic and religious cleansing; the horrific price paid by human for defending their honor.

The utter lack of governmental preparation for a mass migration of people; the needless human carnage caused by Mountbatten’s decision to expedite the planned partition; and the decline of hitherto culturally rich and cosmopolitan cities like Lahore by loss of other communities

According to my opinion this documentary is based on the story of those bloody months of 1947 through various testimonies of people who were forced to leave their ancestral homes after living together for centuries, despite all the religious disparities. The documentary also has some dramatized reconstructions which are sure going to surprise the youth who might not be knowing or have read much on the most unfortunate happening in the history of India.

To give an idea, it tells you how the British officials hurriedly took many major decisions disregarding the possible dangerous outcome in various regions of the country, especially Punjab. the well-directed film clearly shows cases that how it was earlier decided that the split will be there in the summer of 1948 after long negotiations between Lord Mountbatten, Mohammed Ali Jinhua and Jawaharlal Nehru. But then it was suddenly announced that the British empire would actually be granting the freedom a year ahead than planned in August 1947. It further reveals how the border line of this partition was drawn by a person, who had never been to India and knew nothing about the religious and cultural diversification existing in the country. Moreover, it also tells the fact that how numerous Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were being slaughtered all over, since the British army was too small in numbers in front of the huge mobs and therefore couldn’t stop it well in time

The plague to humanity has killed many and has targeted rages in many minds which will take years to endanger and distortion.

Civil law is practised to uphold the individual’s private right and find suitable remedies for the violated rights. Civil law is classified into Contract, Tort, and Family Law. Criminal law is laws or rules created for the protection of the public against potentially serious crimes. Criminal offences are considered offences against the public. Criminal cases are punished by ordering fines, imprisonments or rehabilitation of the guilty or even death sentences. Criminal cases are always filed by the government as it is a crime against the public as a whole. 

 A tort is when a person defers from the conventional conduct and causes a disturbance or harms another person which leads to a civil action against the person causing the nuisance filed by the person who has been harmed.  There is a clear difference between tort and contract. The contract is understood as a legally binding document between two or more parties that consent and are obliged to follow the terms of the agreement.

 Contract law is rules are applied when two or more parties agree to enter into an agreement or contract; all parties in the agreement are required to respect the terms of the agreement. Any parties found to have broken the terms of the contract then they have committed a civil wrong and broken the contract. Whereas a tort is committed with or without the consent of the person. A tort is a duty that is imposed on the citizens. Thus it is a private right of an individual right of a person. A tort is a violation of a right in rem of a person which means that the right is available for the whole world. A contract is where two or more parties voluntarily sign a contract and are obliged to follow the terms of the contract. Any party who breaks any terms of the contract will be held guilty. A contract is the violation of a right in personam; the right is only available against a particular person or body. 

1. The first area of differentiation between tort and contract is seen in the consideration of consent. A contract is signed willfully by the parties and the parties mutually consent to respect the terms of the case. An act of tort is committed with or without the consent of the other person or party. 

• Tort arises from the rules and duties vested in man by law whereas contract occurs when the parties form rules created out of the contract. 

• A tort is a violation of a right in rem of a person which means that the right is available for the whole world. A contract is the violation of a right in personam; the right is only available against a particular person or body

• A contract cannot be signed by a minor and any contract signed by a minor is considered as invalid. A minority in age is considered as a good defence against the contract. In tort, a minor can be held responsible for the tort and can be made to pay for damages.

• In tort, the motive for breach of duty is considered as immaterial and cannot be used as a defence. In contract, the motive is considered. If the person violates the contract in good faith, then the plaintiff is not liable.

• The damages in tort are unliquidated and fixed after seeing the facts and situations of the case. The compensation in the contract is already determined by the terms and conditions of the contract.

• The damages in a contract are compensatory in nature whereas in tort they are compensatory as well as punishing in nature 

• The period of limitation in case of torts usually runs from the date when the damage is suffered and in the contract, the limitation starts from the breach of the contract 

                                                                                                  -SHUBHANKAR

Cricket is back and with the pandemic still going on, the new normal needs to be adopted and adopted well so that players play in a safe environment. With cricket played with the new norms, lets look at what the new changes would be and what affect would it have on the gentleman’s game. According to the new norms, the most affected format would be the test format, and this is the main format which has to make itself bloom again in this darkness. Why I’m saying darkness is because of the fact that test cricket needed a rejuvenation but with the pandemic hitting the world, test cricket could be again on the fringes.

Test cricket as all cricket lovers know is the best format and the most testing formats of all. This is the ultimate test for all players. But with the introduction of twenty twenty cricket and ODI format, most people have forgotten test cricket. They find it boring to play for 5 days. That’s why we in the last many years never saw too much of crowds in stadiums for test matches. With the players finding it not interesting, they came up and spoke about this issue openly in the media to encourage spectators to watch test cricket in stadiums, giving a natural lift to the players to give their 200% on the field. The change was starting to happen, with many spectators now going to watch test matches in the recent years. Especially when talking about the Indian crowds, they have lived upto the expectation of the current Indian Men’s cricket team captain Virat Kohli and come to watch test cricket in huge numbers whenever India plays, be it away or at home.

But now with the Covid19 restrictions in place, what it holds for test cricket is the fact that with restrictions on entry of people into the stadiums, will test cricket get the same reception back by the spectators? This question arises because according to the WHO this Covid19 virus is here to stay and with people not looking to risk their life at all, will cricket boards be able to bring back spectators for watching test cricket again in stadiums? The answer to this question could be instrumental in saving test cricket from fading away. The next thing which could harm test cricket and in particular the bowlers is the fact that saliva can’t be used to shine the ball. Those of who have played test cricket or are cricket enthusiasts know that saliva is one of the main weapons for a fast bowler to swing the ball as it helps in shining the ball. If the use of saliva is banned, which off course is now, the bowlers will face a lot of problem while they bowl in test cricket. The saliva ban will affect test cricket of all the 3 formats because of the fact that the red ball needs to be shinned more as test cricket is played for 5 days whereas in T20 or ODI cricket, its just a day’s game where swing doesn’t really have that much impact on the game and also with these two formats really fast paced and played with a white ball, the saliva ban would certainly not impact the shorter formats of the game.

In the end, I would want to say that whatever happens, I feel that test cricket is well and up and running and the people need to make sure that it stays there. Because cricket is nothing without a format of it, known as TEST CRICKET.

                                                                                                  -SHUBHANKAR

With the domestic seasons of Europe’s top 5 leagues over, the focus now shifts on the later stages of one of the most elite competitions in football, the UEFA Champions League. With the tournament in its later stages and with top teams in action, these will be one of the best matches to cover for the broadcasters as well as for the spectators. With the 1^st leg of the Round of 16 already played, the 2^nd leg will be a feast to watch on, with the quarterfinals at stake. So, here’s a brief look at what can be expected in the upcoming days in the premier tournament known as the UEFA Champions League.

The first day will say 3 heavyweights of the game in action in the 2^nd leg of the Round of 16. The Italian champions Juventus will take on Lyon, with surprisingly Lyon going with the lead into the 2^nd leg as they defeated Juventus 1-0 earlier in the 1^st leg between the two teams. Talking about the other fixture that day, it will be a spicy contest as two of the favourites to lift the trophy would lock horns, meaning one of the title contenders will surely be eliminated in the Round of 16. It is the game between Spanish Champions Real Madrid and English giants Manchester City. City go into the match with a 2-1 lead in the 1^st leg. This will surely be the match to look out in the Round of 16 remaining matches. The next day will see 4 top teams from different leagues around Europe clash among themselves for a place in the quarterfinals. The match will be played between German champions Bayern Munich and former English champions Chelsea. The other match will be played between Spanish giants Barcelona and the Italian underdogs Napoli.

Now let us discuss who have the best chance of being crowned the UEFA Champions League winner. The race is very tight and the top contenders for me looking at the recent form and the team composition, I feel Real Madrid and PSG are the top contenders for the Champions League crown this season, given their form and the team composition. Looking at Real Madrid, they will face a sergeant Manchester City in the Round of 16, with them trailing the former English champions 1-2, they would I feel overcome this match. After the lockdown, the Spanish champions haven’t lost any of the games, and with no major injury concerns and with their whole team in top form, including striker Karim Benzema, Real Madrid are certain to be in the final for sure, that’s how I see it. Talking about the other contender, that is the French champions PSG. PSG will come into the tournament on the back of winning a domestic treble already. The only little concern for PSG could be the injury to Kylian Mbaape, their main man and this could be a major blow to their hopes of lifting the Champions League this season.

In the end, I want to say that the 2019/20 season is still not over and the fireworks haven’t started yet. Once the Champions League starts, its all to play for.    

The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 grants the liberty to the parties to appoint an arbitrator mutually.

The Act provides that the parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even number. However, if the parties fail to do so, the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator.1

The procedure in relation to appointment of arbitrator(s) is provided under Section 11 of the Act. A person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The aforesaid section also deals with the contingency wherein the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator mutually. In such a situation, the appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the Supreme Court or any person or institution designated by such Court, in the case of an International Commercial arbitration or by High Court or any person or institution designated by such Court, in case of a domestic arbitration.

Before the appointment of arbitrator is made, the concerned Court or the person or institution designated by such Court is required to seek a disclosure in writing from the prospective arbitrator in terms of Section 12(1) of the Act and also give due regard to any qualifications required for the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and the contents of the disclosure and other considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator.

It may be noted that under Section 12(1) of the Act, an obligation has been cast upon the prospective arbitrator to make an express disclosure on (a) circumstances which are likely to give rise to justifiable doubts regarding his independence or impartiality; or (b) grounds which may affect his ability to complete the arbitration within 12 (twelve) months.

The purpose of this provision is to secure the appointment of an unbiased and impartial arbitrator.

Fifth Schedule to the Act (Annexure-A) contains a list of grounds giving rise to justifiable doubts as to the independence or impartiality of an arbitrator. The Seventh Schedule (Annexure-B) lays the grounds which make a person ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator.

The Act provides that in an International Commercial Arbitration, an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties may be appointed where the parties belong to different nationalities.

Expeditious disposal of application for appointment of an arbitrator(s) is emphasized by the Act and an endeavour shall be made to dispose of the matter within a period of sixty days from the date of service of notice on the opposite party.

Choice of arbitrators:

Unlike court proceedings, in which generally parties have no input into the choice of judge for their case, the parties to an arbitration usually appoint, nominate, or at least have some input into the selection of the arbitrator(s). Most developed arbitration laws require that all of the arbitrators be impartial. However, a party can use its choice or input into the selection process to help ensure that, as far as possible, the tribunal will understand the commercial context, the relevant issues, and the party’s procedural preferences. The parties may agree upon certain criteria for the arbitrators, or for the presiding arbitrator, although they should take care not to narrow the field so far that there are difficulties in identifying potential candidates. In arbitrations with more than one party on either side, or where other parties might be joined in to the proceedings, maintaining the parties’ right to choose the arbitrators (rather than simply delegating the choice to an institution) can be particularly challenging. For example, if one party has the right to select an arbitrator but two parties on the other side cannot agree upon a joint selection, the latter could claim that they were not being treated equally. Careful consideration as to the means of appointing the arbitrators is therefore required in such multi-party scenarios.

Section 11 Appointment of Arbitrators:

(9) In the case of appointment of sole or third arbitrator in an international commercial arbitration, 2[the Supreme Court or the person or institution designated by that Court] may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties where the parties belong to different nationalities.

Timetable V to the Act records the sort of relations between a mediator and a gathering/advocate/topic of the question, which may offer ascent to reasonable questions in regards to a referee’s freedom. Timetable VII to the Act records the sorts of relations between an authority and a gathering/advocate/topic of the contest, which would, despite any earlier understanding between the gatherings, disentitle an individual from going about as a judge, except if post emerging of questions, parties explicitly postpone such clash. Calendar V and VII (embedded vide the 2015 Amendment) can be supposed to be along the lines of the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest. A mediator can be tested just if conditions exist that offer ascent to legitimate questions with regards to his autonomy or fairness or in the event that he doesn’t have the capabilities consented to by the gatherings. Subject to any understanding, any test will be made inside 15 days of a gathering getting mindful of the constitution of the council or getting mindful of the conditions prompting the test. The arbitral court will settle on the test. The court has no job at that stage and if a test is dismissed, the arbitral council will proceed with the procedures and render its honor. It is available to the gathering provoking the mediator to take any unfair dismissal of challenge as a ground for putting aside the honor.

 So far, the courts were involved if parties were unable to agree upon a sole arbitrator or if the parties appointed arbitrators failed to agree on a third arbitrator (and there was no party agreed mechanism in place to make the appointment). After the 2019 amendment to the Act, the courts are left with no role in the aforesaid situations. Instead, the Supreme Court is to designate an arbitral institution to make appointments in relation to international arbitrations and likewise, the High Courts are to designate arbitral institutions to make appointments in relation to domestic arbitrations. The appointments thus are to be made by the designated institutions (and not by the courts). The Act clarifies that there is no delegation of judicial power by the Supreme Court or High Courts to the arbitral institutions and hence (any challenge to an appointment would remain subject to any final order by the courts).

 Criminal – Further investigation – Filing of charge sheet – Sections 156(3) and 173(8) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – First Information Report was registered against Appellants – Pursuant to filing of FIR, investigation was conducted, which resulted in filing of charge-sheet – Magistrate took cognizance and issued summons to Accused regarding offences under Sections 420, 465, 467, 468, 471, 384 and 511 of Code – Application was filed by Accused No. 1 for further investigation under Section 173(8) of Code and for discharge, which stand rejected – Meanwhile, Application was moved by accused persons to register FIR, or for Magistrate to order investigation under Section 156(3) of Code – Revision applications were filed before Sessions Court, whereby Sessions Judge found that case had been made out for further investigation – Revisional application filed before High Court against said order, High Court held that Magistrate did not possess any power to order further investigation after charge-sheet was filed and cognizance was taken – Hence, present appeal – Whether, after charge-sheet was filed by police, Magistrate had power to order further investigation, and if so, up to what stage of criminal proceeding. Facts: An First Information Report was registered against the Appellants. Pursuant to the filing of the FIR, investigation was conducted by the police, which resulted in a charge-sheet being submitted to the Judicial Magistrate (First Class). The said Magistrate took cognizance and issued summons to the Accused regarding offences under Sections 420, 465, 467, 468, 471, 384 and 511 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. An application was filed by Accused No. 1 for further investigation under Section 173(8) of the Code and another application for discharge. The Magistrate dismissed the applications that were filed for further investigation and discharge. Revision applications were filed before the Sessions Court, whereby Additional Sessions Judge went into details of facts that were alleged in the application Under Section 173(8) of Code and found that a case had been made out for further investigation. The Criminal Revision Application was filed before the High Court against said order. The High Court held that Magistrate did not possess any power to order further investigation after a charge-sheet was filed and cognizance was taken. The High Court further found that the two interim investigation reports virtually acquitted the Accused persons, and therefore, the High Court set aside the judgment of the Second Additional Sessions Judge. Held, while disposing off the appeal: (i) It was clear that the Magistrate’s power under Section 156(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure was very wide, for it was this judicial authority that must be satisfied that a proper investigation by the police takes place. To ensure that a proper investigation takes place in the sense of a fair and just investigation by the police-which such Magistrate is to supervise-Article 21 of the Constitution of India mandates that all powers necessary, which may also be incidental or implied, were available to the Magistrate to ensure a proper investigation which, without doubt, would include the ordering of further investigation after a report was received by him under Section 173(2) of Act and which power would continue to enure in such Magistrate at all stages of the criminal proceedings until the trial itself commences. Indeed, even textually, the investigation referred to in Section 156(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure would, as per the definition of investigation under Section 2(h) of Act, include all proceedings for collection of evidence conducted by a police officer which would undoubtedly include proceedings by way of further investigation under Section 173(8) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. [23] (ii) There was no good reason given by the Court in various decisions as to why a Magistrate’s powers to order further investigation would suddenly cease upon process being issued, and an Accused appearing before the Magistrate, while concomitantly, the power of the police to further investigate the offence continues right till the stage the trial commences. Such a view would not accord with the earlier judgments of this Court, in particular, Sakiri, Samaj Parivartan Samudaya, Vinay Tyagi, and Hardeep Singh, Hardeep Singh having clearly held that a criminal trial does not begin after cognizance is taken, but only after charges are framed. What was not given any importance at all in the recent judgments of this Court was Article 21 of the Constitution and the fact that the Article demands no less than a fair and just investigation. To say that a fair and just investigation would lead to the conclusion that the police retain the power, subject, of course, to the Magistrate’s nod under Section 173(8) of Act to further investigate an offence till charges were framed, but that the supervisory jurisdiction of the Magistrate suddenly ceases midway through the pre-trial proceedings, would amount to a travesty of justice, as certain cases may cry out for further investigation so that an innocent person was not wrongly arraigned as an Accused or that a prima facie guilty person is not so left out. There was no warrant for such a narrow and restrictive view of the powers of the Magistrate, particularly when such powers were traceable to Section 156(3) read with Section 156(1), Section 2(h), and Section 173(8) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and would be available at all stages of the progress of a criminal case before the trial actually commences. It would also be in the interest of justice that this power be exercised suo motu by the Magistrate himself, depending on the facts of each case. Whether further investigation should or should not be ordered was within the discretion of the Magistrate who would exercise such discretion on the facts of each case and in accordance with law. [38] (iii) Given the allegations in the communication made by the Commissioner of Revenue, to the Collector, it was found that this was not a case which calls for any further investigation into the facts alleged in the FIR lodged. Yet, having regard to what was stated by the Commissioner in the said letter, the police be directed to register an FIR qua these facts, which needs to be investigated by a senior police officer nominated by the concerned Commissioner of Police. [42] (iv) Therefore, set aside the impugned High Court judgment insofar as it states that post-cognizance the Magistrate was denuded of power to order further investigation. However, given that the facts stated in the application for further investigation had no direct bearing on the investigation conducted pursuant to the FIR, upheld the impugned High Court judgment insofar as it had set aside the judgment of the Second Additional Sessions Judge which had ordered further investigation, and also the consequential order setting aside the two additional interim reports. [43]

                                                                                                  -SHUBHANKAR

Be it batting, bowling, fielding or celebrating others success, when it comes to giving 100%, there’s none better than Suresh Raina. Yes, the left-handed master piece Indian cricket has produced. He was the 1^st Indian to score hundreds in all three formats of the game. His classy hundred on his test debut was a very special knock in the conditions the Indian team were in that match against Sri Lanka. He was also a part of the Indian team which won the 2011 World Cup as well as the 2013 Champions Trophy. He has been an instrumental part of the team, be it the Indian team or the Chennai Super Kings. The left-handed dasher from Uttar Pradesh is still one of the best fielders around the world, let alone in India.

A journey which started in 2005, it has been a journey of ups and downs. The contribution what Raina has made to the Indian team has been immense. But not all credit has been given to the man who in true terms is a selfless player. Some of his knocks have been very crucial to the Indian team victories. Be it those cameos in the semifinal against Pakistan in the 2011 World Cup or the all important cameo against the mighty Aussies in the Quarter Finals of the 2011 World Cup. If these knocks weren’t played, might have been possible that India could have not won the 2011 World Cup. But these knocks are never appreciated. Sometimes we look into records so much that we forget certain important knocks played at a very crucial time. The number at which Suresh Raina batted through out his career so far in the Indian cricket team is at number 5,6 or 7. At this number with a strong Indian batting lineup, rarely he would get a chance in the first 35 overs. Playing in the death overs, the only requirement is playing aggressively and in that players tend to get out quickly sometimes when trying to clear the boundary. But when the top order on certain days failed, he was the one with MS Dhoni who helped India get out of trouble and win the games. In the 2013 Champions Trophy, Suresh Raina didn’t had much to do with the bat but with his fielding he helped India reach the finals and in fact win the tournament. Those blinders at slip against Sri Lanka were very few of the many blinders taken by him throughout his career till now.

Not only for India, his role for Chennai Super Kings has been massive, in helping them win 3 titles so far. He is the 2^nd highest run getter so far in IPL. That’s why he has been given the title of MR.IPL. His batting has been very much criticized for the way he takes on the bowlers from the word go, but that’s the batting style which has resulted in his success. So, why would he change it? I think the criticizers must know that he has been performing his best for the team, be it while batting or bowling or even when fielding. In the end, I just want to say that with his performances in the domestic circuit and IPL, he would certainly make a comeback into the Indian team and perform his level best to make sure that the team gains and wins, not for his individual gains.

Is adding artificial Fluoride in drinking water necessary? There is no clear evidence that
Fluoride is an essential nutrient for the human body. However, it is necessary to have an adequate
amount of Fluoride in the body to prevent tooth related problems. Research has found out that
Fluoride is found in all water sources, so adding chemical Fluoride leads to health problems.
According to the article “Fluoride in drinking water” by the WHO (World Health Organization)
points out that the concentration of artificial Fluoride above its value can cause an increased risk
of dental fluorosis, and much higher concentrations will lead to skeletal fluorosis. The
recommended value for artificial fluoridation of water supplies is usually 0.5–1.0 mg/litre. Many
cities add artificial Fluoride into their ground drinking water. The top cities are China and India.
With numerous research by Zhang, Zhao, et al., they analyzed and put forward their finding in
their article “Spatial distribution of fluoride in drinking water and health risk assessment of
children in typical fluorosis areas in north China” which stated that in places with endemic
fluorosis. However, water fluoride level is maintained, health education and health promotion
strategies are still necessary, and their importance must be highly valued. Many surveys and
research have been conducted regarding Fluoride in water and its harmful cause to human health.
All the article supports that adding an excess amount of Fluoride in the drinking water is harmful
to human health. The article is supported by numerous reach and surveys that were participated
in various parts of the world.

Vaccination is known to strengthen our immune system that will help prevent diseases.
According to the article (Against vaccination), taking a vaccine in most cases leads to deaths. It
states that taking the vaccine is highly noxious than a disease. However, I argue that although
there is a possible danger at the initial stage of taking the vaccine, it is an excellent solution to
prevent oneself from subsequent danger from assimilating diseases.

Vaccine causing several deaths. The article “against vaccination” states that VAERS has received
several reports about dangerous reactions to vaccination. The report was taken into
considerations from doctors ( “The U.S. FDA’s VAERS”. n.d). This claim does not support
evidence that gives us the correct report about the leading cause of the people dying of the
vaccine. The vaccine can cause reactions to some individuals and also death. However, a small
number of cases can not be concluded that the vaccine is dangerous.

What works better vaccine or homeopathy?. The claim that the article makes that vaccine does
not assure the prevention of diseases and that homeopathy works better. This statement is taken
into account because of the historical fact that the death rate was less in homeopathic hospitals.
( “death rate of only 3%”, n.d). However, this statement is biased, and we cannot verify that
homeopathy works better by taking the statistic of the death rate of one hospital.
The advance of technology medication has improved, and we also cannot prove that homeopathy
works best to prevent deceases.

Some specific vaccines can have side effects on individuals, especially with infants, but we
cannot generalize or consider that it is harmful and does not help prevent disease. The vaccine is
a stimulant of antibodies that, in rare cases, does not suit an individual’s body and may lead to
death, but that does not authenticate the vaccine as a harmful agent.

Indian Gorkhas or the Bhartiya Gorkhas are Nepali language speaking Indian citizens. Indian
Gorkhas are the citizens of India as per the broadsheet notification of the Government of
India, on the publication of citizenship of the Gorkhas of India. However, the Indian Gorkhas
are faced with a unique identity crises and vilifications with regard to their Indian
citizenship.
The history it traces back to the British times when there was a mass labour movement for the
flourishing resources in the area and they were dragged into this segment. Little did they
know that the impact of this action would be so outrageous for the coming generations. This
account has led to issues such as racial discrimination, ethnic plight, cultural dilemma in the
present scenario. A common identity for identification in a big country like India without
being fraudulent as an outsider is the major obstacle. Individuals presently are simply
judged, remarked on the grounds that they appear to be different. They fail to see the plight of
the citizens as humans, thus sharing the glimpses of the biased account of history making the
lives of these citizens unsparing by their own motherland.
The fight still continues an is never ending, therefore as in democracy, we decide our future.
We should likewise decide how our coming generation remember Nepalese as a community
of India in between all its differences.

Castes seem to have originated more than 2,000 years ago. Under this
system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations.
Although originally caste depended upon a person’s work, it soon became hereditary. Each
person was born into an unalterable social status. The four primary castes are Brahmin, the
priests; Kshatriya, warriors and nobility; Vaisya, farmers, traders and artisans; and Shudra,
tenant farmers, and servants. Some people were born outside of (and below) the caste system.
They were called “untouchables” or Dalits—”the crushed ones.”
During the 1900’s Marriage across caste lines was strictly forbidden. Most
people even married within their own sub-caste or jati. At mealtimes, anyone could accept
food from the hands of a Brahmin, but a Brahmin would be polluted if he or she took certain
types of food from a lower caste person. At the other extreme, if an untouchable dared to
draw water from a public well, he or she polluted the water, and nobody else could use it. In
religious worship, Brahmins, as the priestly class, presided over rituals and services including
preparation for festivals and holidays, as well as marriages and funerals. The Kshatriya and
Vaisya castes had full rights to worship, but in some places, Shudras (the servant caste) were
not allowed to offer sacrifices to The Gods. Untouchables were barred entirely from temples,
and sometimes they were not even allowed to set foot on temple grounds. If the shadow of an
untouchable touched a Brahmin, the Brahmin would be polluted, so untouchables had to lay
face-down at a distance when a Brahmin passed.
They were not allowed to sit in school with their counterparts if they were of lower caste,
they were told to sit in a gunny cloth and the servant would not touch the gunny bag touched by the Dalits. They could not drink water from one tank, as they would pollute the whole
water, they could not even quench their thirst before the touchable person opened that tap. No
waterman washed their clothes not because they didn’t have money but they were of so-
called lower caste.
According to 2011 census the Dalits comprise of 16.6 per cent of India’s
population. 2014 report to the Ministry of Minority Affairs, over 44.8 per cent of Scheduled
Tribe (ST) and 33.8 per cent of Scheduled Caste (SC) populations in rural India were
living below the poverty line in 2011–12. In urban areas, 27.3 per cent of ST and 21.8 per
cent of SC populations were below the poverty line. Caste is something like blood which
flown into the bodies from grandparents to parents and from them to us. No matter how much
people deny it, it’s somewhere alive in the body. According to a 2007 report by Human
Rights Watch (HRW), the treatment of Dalits has been like a “hidden apartheid” and that they
“endure segregation in housing, schools, and access to public services”. Whereas, A general
category category of poor family is denied admission to a government college even if he
scores twice the marks scored by a reserved category so called backward candidate. Even if
the so-called backward candidate has a lavish life style. So many people justify themselves as
a lower caste but has a better economic status than most of the people but still take all the
benefits from the government. They have exploited the whole economy of the government
that way. Many people therefore have lost their desired right because of it.
Differences between human beings are never going to end as long as human
race exists. We as humans, if see someone as lower to you, you should still regard them as
fellow human beings and help them in need. Caste should not be based upon surname or
where we are born from, no human should be treated unfair. Everyone is equal and if
reservation is followed it should be solely based of economic status, so that we can really be
with the needy.

K-POP is a short form used for Korean music, it is a musical genera originated in South
Korea. Its musical roots is spreading all over the world, but why is K-POP (Korean music)
gaining so much popularity in the western world, despite the music being in a foreign language?
I argue that the growing popularity of K-POP (Korean music) as a global phenomenon,
especially in the western part of the world, is due to factors like social media, the influence of
western culture, and the idols multilingual skills that plays a crucial role in the success of Korean
music.
The impact of social media in circulating and facilitating the rapid growth of Korean
music, making it a global phenomenon. Social media has played a crucial role in the growth of
Korean music. Social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Reddit and specially YouTube is the
leading social networking site that is constantly helping in the growth of K-POP. For example the
article by Dal Young Jin, he point out how young adults instead of buying CDs and DVDs and
watching famous culture on theatres or television are now using social media such as YouTube
and Facebook to relish poplar music. (Jin & Yoon as cited in Dal Yong Jin, 2018). The Korean
music industries does not confine itself or are reluctant on popular networking sites. They have
mastered the business of globally promoting individual K-POP group. They have developed
online games with animated K-POP idols characters, sites where global fans can communicate
with they admired idols irrespective from where they are and online merchandise that represent
particular groups. The Seattle Times had published an article by Sohee Kim and Pei Yi Mak focusing on how “mastermind mind producer”( Sohee Kim & Pei Yi Mak, 2019, p1)has built a
strong fortune.“In addition to Big Hit’s proprietary merchandise such as games and cushions to
pajamas featuring characters created by BTS, there’s even a line of Barbie dolls.Bang is a low-
key figure not known for the ostentatious displays of wealth often seen in K-pop.” (p1) this
statement indicates that not only social networking site but social website like games and online
shopping has also played a vital role in the growth of Korean music.
K-POP idols have robust multilingual skills, which act as a catalyst in the growing
popularity of Korean music. The idols not only vigorously learn how to perform their music in
front of the audience but also train for several years to master different languages. The idols are
taught to communicate with different ethnicity in different ways. which not only helps them
connect with their fans in and around Asia but globally. It is said that “Having a multilingual
skill not only appeals to the fans in Asia, but it makes it more accessible to fans in the western
world.” (Alicia Prince, 2013, p5). Having a multilingual skill helps them understand and
communicate with fans and most importantly they can attend interviews and award shows held in
the western world without a translator. According to billboard news, the fluent English speaker
among the idols translate the things that are difficult for other members to catch up (Caitlin
Kelley, 2017). This also goes for other languages such as French, Japanese, Spanish and Chinese
that are popular language among the idols.(Koreaboo 2018). We can take an example of a
Korean idol Henry who can speak six different languages “ Korean, English, Cantonese, French,
Thai and mandarin.”( Hannahlex 2018, p 8). The process does not end here due to the growing
popularity of K-POP, the western fan is taking a major part in learning Korean language to have
a better understanding of what the idols is telling. According to an article by BBC News The
latest “statistics show 14,000 students are learning Korean in the US, compared to only 163 two decades earlier.” (Matt Pickles, 2018, p2). We cam estimate that not only the idols but also the
fans are taking part in learning languages to cut the language barriers between them.
The western music culture having a huge influence on K-POP, which is also one of the
factor that leads to the popularity of Korean music. Nevertheless an article about the influence of
western music on K-POP states that “American music culture has the most significant impact on
the evolution of the Korean music regarding the style of the music and the preference of the
domestic audience and these influence are still apparent even in the contemporary K-pop musical
products” (Stephen, 2018, p1). The agencies send their idols to different parts in the west to
promote them self as well as learn and adapt western music culture. Many K-pop idols have done
covers of western music artist in many of their concerts or have posted it on YouTube which
grabbed most Westerners attention. According Zheng , Korean music has incorporated elements
of American pop, hip-hop, and R&B along with their synchronized dances. ( Hua Zheng, 2018).
Over the past few years there has been a rapid collaboration between American musician and K-
POP groups. Many famous American artists have collaborated with the Korean idols and
produced songs that has made it to the top ten billboard charts.K-pop group like BTS and
western musician Steve Aoki are know for their outstanding works, and are taking advantage of
it. “Waste It On Me” one of their best hit is the third collaboration between the Korean boy band
and the American DJ and producer, following their collaborative hits “Mic Drop” and “The Truth
Untold.” “Waste It On Me” is BTS’ first all-English song, connecting the language gap between
them and their English-speaking fans.(Jean Natividad, 2018)

The growing popularity of Korean music is phenomenal, and factors like social media, western music culture and idols multilingual skills play a vital role in helping it grow in
the western part of the world. However, we cannot deny the fact that the idol’s hard work, talent,
and, most importantly, dedication played a significant role in the growth of Korean music K-POP
in the western world.

We often think that rationality and intelligence are technically similar; however, it is not. It is
said that a person can be a rational thinker with very little intelligence. People who are rational
use logic and reason to solve everyday problems or situations. The article states that rationality
differs between person to person and are three types: “automatic mind,” “algorithmic mind,” and
“ reflective mind.” which is, however, interesting and can be taken into consideration because it
somehow explains how minds can work.
It is said that rationality can be learned and taught, which means that the knowledge of
reasoning can be acquired thought-out life. Statical and scientific thinking is considered as the
primary source that helps in gaining the technique of reasoning. The fundamental strategy to
learn to reason is to think the opposite. Taking many deliberations to analyze things is the best
way to fall prey.
However, if an individual solves a tricky question in his/her examination, will it be considered,
will it be regarded as solving the problem using rational thinking or intelligence?

Is knowledge internally certifiable? According to Descartes, if there is a proposition (that is a
statement or a judgement), then there is an argument that shows that the proposition is true. The
premise is “true or introspection” by introspection or examination or observation of own mental
processes. Descartes gives weightage in introspection he says that the given premise can be
considered valid because of introspection and priori reasoning.
According to Descartes, if a subject is confident that a conclusion is true, then the subject should
also know that all the premises related to it are accurate and that he knows that is true because
through the experience. The main element is that introspection gives us knowledge about the
connection between inside and outside of our minds.
How do we know Descartes’s theory is reliable? According to the article, the author agrees to
Descartes’s view, but his approach differs. It supports that knowledge need connection as to what
is going inside the mind is what is going outside. However, he does not acknowledge the theory
of a premise to be true does not need introspection and priori reasoning because the subject does
not have to know that the premises related to being right.

The miracle happens not because of a supernatural entity. However, instead, because it is a rare
occurrence that makes us think of it as a miracle. Once something happens too much, we no
longer see it as a miracle, and it becomes part of the natural order of things. The interpretation of
a positive outcome of situations is often considered as a miracle. I argue that the belief in
miracles is due to the rare occurrence of situations that cause individuals to believe that a
supernatural force is a subject for its outcome.
The lack of evidence to support the occurrence of miracles. The article (A drop in the sea) does
a marvellous job in emphasizing the fact that the occurrence of miracles lacks evidence to
support the claim. The infrequent occurrence of any event may lead the people to believe that
miracles occur. For example, seeing a shooting star, which is not a common phenomenon that we
see every day, maybe interpreted as a miracle by some people who say it for the first time.
However, if there is enough evidence for an unusual situation, do we consider it a miracle or an
unfrequent or rare situation?
There is no proper evidence that miracles may or may not occur. Nevertheless, the lack of
evidence to support the occurrence of that miracle lacks, which loses its creditability.

Is God an evil genius? According to Descartes, God is excellent; however, there is an oil genius
who is as powerful as God. The evil has deceived Descartes, and he thinks that the universe,
heaven and all the things around the bus are just dreams and illusion that the evil has taken up
himself. He falsely believes that he has posses no physical attributes. He states that evil can
deprive us of all the attributes that surround us. There is a good line in the article stating that evil
follows and does according to his direction and words.
A good example can be taken from the article about Tom, who has an illusion of a bowl of
flower, which he thought was there and now it was not present. He has an illusion of touching
the flower petal and sniffing the flower; however, there was no flower but was paper. Another
encounter of strangeness is when his friend enters the room. However, her physical appearance
looked strange. Everything around him is unusual than he is acquaintance off. This example
concludes that the evil deceives tom, the evil tries to mislead Tom to think about what is not
valid. According to the article, the illusion is something that looks and sounds like a thing that
we are likely to mistake with the thing we are looking for. Nevertheless, in the end, the article
concludes that evil is not deceiving us, but he was posting that he could deceive us.