By – Supriya

Superstition may be defined as an illogical or unreasonable belief, or acceptance of a certain phenomenon as it is without trying to know it’s cause. It also involves belief in omens, charms ,demons,witches,useless ceremonies and in the existence of supernatural beings.Superstitions mostly are the outcome of ignorance , outdated and unwarranted beliefs and backwardness. In this age of scientific reasoning ,logic and progress , superstitions still cloud the mind of a common man. Although western influence- to an extent has been successful in erasing out superstitious beliefs through the spread of education and public awareness ,yet superstitions have great hold on the all developing countries including the Orient.Somehow the Orient i.e., the East has always been equated to exotic settings , remote places and strange happenings. The forests of Africa were believed to have a hypnotizing and mesmerizing quality and it was suspected that people changed and got transformed in Africa. Even India, for long, was considered a land of snake – charmers , magicians ,witches and strange sights ,by the westerners.

Generally, women are found more susceptible to Superstitions, may be because it was the female sections of the society that remained uneducated and ignorant for years. Now, women are trying to break free from the unprogressive shackles of superstitions. The only effective weapon against the cobwebs of superstitions is education, awareness and development of scientific attitude as well as aptitude. Firstly, there is a need to educate women who are responsible for educating the entire family. Besides, nothing should be accepted without any scientific reasoning. Then only can we shake off the deep and age-old roots of superstitions which have now become a part of our tradition ,ritual, culture and religion. With advancement in science and technology, although we have been successful in evaluating superstitions to an extent, yet a little more effort is needed to completely remove these from our daily lives.

THANKYOU

A woman of India, a woman of our hearts. Amrita Pritam was a poet and author, primarily adept in writing Punjabi and Hindi poems. She was born in the year of 1919, on the 31st day of August, in a village named Gujranwala, Punjab(British Raj) to Raj Bibi, a school teacher, and Kartar Singh Hitkari, a writer and poet, as Amrit Kaur. With the grief of her mother passing away when she was just 11, she felt her inside hollow and dark. And to express that utter emptiness, she started writing, and she never stopped. Gradually, along with expressing that sorrow, writing filled her hollow, thriving her into publishing her first anthology at 16 named Amrit Lehran (immortal waves), the same year, she got married to a guy named Pritam Singh. and hence, she was now called as Amrita Pritam. No one knew then, that in a few years, this name was going to be in everyone’s hearts.

After a few years of anguish, pain and numbness, her marriage fell apart. To have a living of her own, Amrita started working in the radio. she worked their till 1961, a year after her marriage ended. the partition of 1947 started to scar her thoughts, a Punjabi refugee, she shifted from Lahore to Delhi while having her son in her womb. In those devastating days, she wrote a poem called ‘aaj aakhaan waris shah nu‘ meaning ‘I ask Waris Shah today’, to enlighten her on how the world was falling apart and if he could help from the grave he was in. How could w=one know that this poem itself would be the infinite reminder of how depressive the world had gotten during the partition and how Amrita was rendered a legend the minute she rested her pen down when finishing this beautiful work of art.

Her novel Pinjar, published in 1950, described where the riots of 1947 left the women of the countries, and how badly they suffered the wrath of the communities, of the religions. this novel, which was then made into a film, was one of the greatest works of Amritaji.

She edited nagmani, a Punjabi literary magazine which she ran with Imroz for 33 years, though after the partition, she started writing in Hindi as well. she was the first recipient of the Punjabi Rattan Award. She also started writing spiritual themed books, like kaal chetna, agyat ka nimantran etc. her autobiographies included, Rasidi Ticket, Kala Gulab etc. The list of her works is almost endless, this phenomenon wrote more that 100 books containing poems, novels, autobiographies, and what not. These were then published in over 50 languages all over the world.

One of the most highly controversial women in India, she had an indefinite affection for the known, Sahir Ludhianvi, who found comfort in singer Sudha Malhotra, rather than the lovestruck Amrita. In a matter of time, she found her solace in painter Imroz. After many years of illness and disease, she left in peace, in her sleep at the of 85. Though her body died, her legacy lived on. she is still an asset to the world and its poets, and loved dearly on both sides of the India-Pakistan border. this is called a life well lived.

China–India relations, also called Sino-Indian relations or Indo–Chinese relations, refers to the bilateral relationship between China and India. China and India had historically peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history. But the tone of the relationship has varied in modern time, especially after the rule of Communist Party in China; the two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and economic nationalism in both countries are a major point of contention. The modern relationship began in 1950 when India was among the first countries to end formal ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) and recognize the People’s Republic of China as the legitimate government of Mainland China. China and India are two of the major regional powers in Asia, and are the two most populous countries and among the fastest growing major economies in the world. Growth in diplomatic and economic influence has increased the significance of their bilateral relationship.

Cultural and economic relations between China and India date back to ancient times. The Silk Road not only served as a major trade route between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of Buddhism from India to East Asia. During the 19th century, China was involved in a growing opium trade with the East India Company, which exported opium grown in India. During World War II, both British India and Republic of China played a crucial role in halting the progress of Imperial Japan.

Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterized by border disputes, resulting in three military conflicts – the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Sino-Indian war of 1967, and the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish. In early 2017, the two countries clashed at the Doklam plateau along the disputed Sino-Bhutanese border. However, since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. In 2008, China became India’s largest trading partner and the two countries have also extended their strategic and military relations.

Despite growing economic and strategic ties, there are a lot of hurdles for India and the PRC to overcome. India faces trade imbalance heavily in favor of China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory. Both countries have steadily established military infrastructure along border areas including amidst the 2020 China–India skirmishes. Additionally, India remains wary about China’s strong strategic bilateral relations with Pakistan, and China’s funding to the separatist groups in Northeast India, while China has expressed concerns about Indian military and economic activities in the disputed South China Sea.

One of the major social issues in India is unemployment. As the Indian labour laws are inflexible and restrictive, and its infrastructure is poor, which is actually the main reason for India’s unemployment situation, according to The Economist. As of September 2018, according to the Indian Government, India had 31 million jobless people. The scenario of Assam, in the case of unemployment, is also worst. As per statistics made available by the state Skill Employment and Entrepreneurship department, the total numbers of registered employed in the state is 19,63,376; of them, 16,65,866 are educated or skilled ones and  2,97,510 unskilled ones. Further, as per statistics, the state has 942 unemployed medical graduates, 7,804 jobless engineering graduates, 327 jobless veterinary graduates, 832 jobless Agri graduates, 16575 postgraduates, 3,97,824 general graduates, 6,82,796 H.S.- passed candidates, 5,67,340 HSLC passed candidates and 46,137 others. The highest number of unemployed have their names registered in Guwahati which is almost 3 lakh. The lack of skill-based education in schools and colleges is the main reason for unemployment. Our education system is primarily concerned with the quality and knowledge and written examination more than practical based tasks. For these reasons, after completion of graduation, while facing interviews, students find themselves lacking in confidence and skills. The rapid growth of population also being the burden on cultivation, low productivity in the agriculture sector, defective economic planning, lack of capital etc are also some of the foremost reason for unemployment. The overall result of the unemployment is rate is already not so good; while now due to the coronavirus effect, it has left a devastating impact on the economy of India. The world has changed in the last few months, because of the rare disaster coronavirus pandemic has resulted in a tragically large number of human lives being lost. As the countries already implemented necessary quarantine and social distancing practices to prevent a pandemic, the whole world has been put in a Great Lockdown. There is uncertainty about its impact on people’s live and livelihoods. In addition, many countries are now facing multiple problems -a health crisis, a financial crisis, and a collapse in commodity prices which interact in complex ways. The COVID-19 crisis has led to a severe economic loss of the country. Within a month, unemployment rose from 6.7% on 15 March to 26% on 19th April. During the lockdown, an estimated 14 crore ( 140 million) people lost employment. It is reported that, compared to the previous year, more than 45% of households across the nation’s income is dropped. The Indian economy was expected to lose over 32,000 crore every day during the first 21 days of complete lockdown. The country’s unemployment rate rose to 27.11 % for the week ended May 3, up from the under 7% level before the start of the pandemic in mid-March, the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) has said. The Mumbai-based think tank said the rate of unemployment was the highest in the urban areas, which constitute the most number of red zones due to the coronavirus cases, at 29.22%, as against 26.69% for the rural areas. When it was announced on March 25 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to put the country under lockdown to arrest the spread of coronavirus infections; analysts had warned about the unemployment issue ever since then.  The government has so far announced income and food support to the vulnerable people as part of an Rs. 1.70 lakh crore fiscal stimulus to the economic -financial- and possibly humanitarian crisis. But it is a worst-case scenario, that 100 million and more Indian jobs will be at risk during and after the Covid-19 lockdown stage. From the end of March, most companies have come up with the three main decisions – dismissing the people, asking employees to go on indefinite leave without pay and slashing salaries by as much as 85%. During May-July, 2018, the beginning of the year of Narendra Modi’s government said the lack of employment opportunities and rising prices are India’s most pressing challenges. The lockdown has left tens of millions of migrant workers unemployed. They are often from rural areas but live most of the year in India’s megacities serving as day laborer’s, construction workers, or domestic help. Advocates for the poor say that while they support the lockdown to save lives, the way it has been rolled out with apparently little guidance for the poorest of India’s poor- may mean the lockdown itself endangers more lives than the coronavirus. India’s finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced more than 22 billion in coronavirus relief money. Sitharaman told reporters  “ to reach food to the poorest of the poor, to reach money in the hands of those who need it immediately.” But according to many economists, that’s not enough, “ we need a much, much larger stimulus- at least two or three times that amount”, says Jayati Ghosh, professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. Migrant workers fled India’s cities after Narendra Modi’s lockdown left them suddenly unemployed. Now the employers that let them go may need to offer big incentives to lure them back, “ the country has seen two lockdowns till now, both different in certain aspects, and now we have to think of the way ahead. Prime Minister Narendra Modi noted on Monday that the country will have to give importance to the economy as well, because the lockdown, has severely affected the economy.

In this ongoing crisis where coronavirus has spread the entire world, the economic condition of India, as well as  Assam too has seen a massive downfall. Assam’s educated unemployment rate stands at 17 lakh, as per data provided in the assembly on December 2019. In Assam too, the economic slowdown unfolded across the state, due to lockdown. Migrant workers and students from Assam stuck on different places of India have returned already. State Government has arranged food and lodging for them. The migrants who have returned to Assam say they won’t go back outside of Assam. They feel that it was a lack of opportunities that took them away, but now they will create opportunities locally. Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal ordered to create jobs for the migrants who returned from the different parts of the country. He also mentioned prioritizing the skills of the migrant workers. “The Chief Minister directed the panchayat and rural development department to allot jobs under MGNREGA at the earliest.” An official release said. There is no clear indication as to when the country as a whole might emerge from the lockdown. So, it is also high time for the Government to look into the matter of unemployment seriously along with tackling the rare corona pandemic.

In the 20th century entire world considered USA, Russia, Japan and some of the European countries As the global leaders. But in the 21st century two more countries from Asia emerged as the global leader that is India and China. Now the question is who is a global leader? Though there is no clear cut definition, a global leader is one who can a play major role in world affairs, work for maintaining peace and tranquillity and can extend all type of help in preventing global crisis such as climate change, food insecurity, hunger, poverty etc.

As mentioned above India emerged as a global leader in the 21th century due to it’s all round development. She got freedom from British government in 1947.From there on she never looked back and made rapid progress in the growth trajectory. First of all entire credit goes to her founding fathers and constitution writers. They did not left any loophole in the constitution .They established a responsible legislative body to make law and new policy, an executive body to execute various policy enacted by legislation and an independent judiciary to safe guard the constitution and the fundamental rights of each citizens. No individual or politician in India can take the power and law into his own hand at will, like what is happening in African countries, even in Pakistan .Pakistan is a country got freedom with India but the military power there has the power to topple the civilian government creating instability. But this is not the case with India, her founding father made a system by amalgamating the best features of other democratic countries. That is why India is known as one of the stable country of the world.

Since independence India became part of all important international organisations and plays a significant rule in creation of non-aligned movement during the Russian USA cold war period. Now India is member of major international organisation such as UNO, WORLD BANK, IMF, UNESCO, UNICEF, ILO, WTO, FATF etc. Currently India is a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for two years for which the election was held this year. In that election she got a record 189 votes, only four countries voted against its membership. This shows her popularity throughout the world.

In the first three to four decade after independence India could not play any major role in international affairs due to her fragile economic condition and involvement in three major wars, two with Pakistan and one with China, she was mostly dependent on foreign aid for it’s socio economic and infrastructure development, but after 1991 economic liberalisation she has become a major contributor of aid to the third world countries. In 2008 India achieved a remarkable feat by becoming a trillion dollar economy. Currently India is at the cynosure of the world leader for it’s contribution to each and every continent of the globe.

Currently India is engaged with various countries for their infrastructure development, capacity building, and socio economic development. Being a part of south Asia India always take the leading role in promoting peace, financial stability, and facilitating free trade among the south Asian countries under the SAARC umbrella. She is helping Srilanka by providing financial and technical assistance in the construction of railway line, road, housing for displaced Tamils during LTTE war, renovating a Kankasanthurai harbour. She has provided $1 billion grant in aid to Bangladesh for their infrastructure development at the interest rate of .75%. India has allowed Bhutan and Nepal to use it’s land to do trade with Bangladesh and to import or export goods using Bangladesh port. Due to India’s sincere effort the relation with Pakistan is also improving.

India formed south south co-operation with Brazil and South Africa to provide financial help to the least developed countries which were earlier dependent only on the north for aid. India started an India Africa e-network project to connect all the 53 countries of Africa through fibre optic connection. This network will also be connected with some of the reputed technical institutions and famous medical colleges to provide e-education and telemedicine services to African people. Apart from this some of the other Indian project in Africa got international acclamation like construction of railway line linking Ethiopia and Djibouti, setting up of 80 institutions for capacity building in various sectors such as food processing, agriculture, textile, weather forecasting and rural development.

India has the observer status of SCO and also planning to join CSTO. She is working closely with the SCO member countries in maintaining peace and stability and preventing terrorism, drug trafficking from central and south Asia. She is also planning to extend help in construction of nuclear reactors for some of the central Asia countries like Kazakistan.She is the world’s 6th largest contributor to the Afghanistan infrastructure project and also providing training to Afghanistan security forces so that they can protect their country after Americas pull out from 2014.Along with this India has taken the responsibility of giving training to Afghan Gov. employees through VV Giri National labour institute , constructing road from delaram to Zarang and building power plants to meet its energy need.

With the grouping like BIMSTEC, Mekong Ganga co-operation, India ASEAN summit, East Asia summit India is maintaining cordial relations with all the south east asean countries. India has promised to promote culture by protecting all important historic monuments through ASI of India. She has proposed to build a highway which will connect Myanmar, Thailand , Laos ,Vietnam and Cambodia to facilitate free movement of goods and spur economic development in that region. India also establishing training institutions to provide vocational training to the students as a part of Indian ITEC (Indian technical and economic co-operation) program. She is also providing grant in aid to these countries. Recently Indian P.M Dr Manmohan Singh offered 500 million grant in aid to Myanmar. As a peace loving nation India wants peace to prevail in the west Asia and North Africa. She wants an amicable resolution of outstanding issues between Israel and Palestine and India is one among the few countries who recognised Palestine as an independent state. As a larger democracy of the world she promotes democratic government instead of autocratic Government throughout world.

Above all India has developed strong institutional capabilities that will benefit the world community. Indian election commission providing all necessary assistance to the countries which want a strong impartial election process in their system. Recently Indian election commission extend help to Egypt for their election reform. India also providing it’s wonder machine EVC(electronic voting machine) to Nepal, Mexico, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Afghanistan etc. for conduction of their election. Indian CAG (Controller and auditor general) which is another example of a unique institution in the field of audit appointed as the external auditor of two major UN organisations: IAEA and world intellectual property right.

India has one of the largest and advanced security forces in the world. She has a strong navy, army and air force which is not only protecting our countries but also engaged in UN’s peace keeping process weather it is in Srilanka, Somalia , Afghanistan or any other countries. She has also engaged in the Indian Ocean’s international transit corridor to protect the merchant vessel from the Somalia pirates which has become a sanctuary for them. Till now India escorted more the 1000 vessels including some Indian vessels. India has a well develop space research centres (ISRO) which is regularly launching satellites for itself and for other countries. The types of satellites include communication satellite, weather forecasting, remote sensing etc. Recently ISRO launched a satellite called meghatropics with collaboration with France which will benefit all tropical countries. This will provide real time data regarding rainfall pattern in tropical region thereby helping farmers in agriculture and ensure food security. India is World’s first country to identify presence of water on Moon surface through her Chandrayan-I mission and planning for Chandrayan-II mission to send humans on to the moon surface.

21st century belongs to the country leading in food production and having large work force and India has both the above factor. India’s food production is increasing year by year to feed the world And she has one of the largest work forces of the world which is a boon for her. The contribution India will make to the global society is prefigured by the upsurge in the national mood which is marked by ambition, optimism and the spirit to accept the challenge of innovation and accomplishment. There is no doubt that India is a present leader. The world leaders should acknowledge it by providing unequivocal support for its quest as a permanent member in UN’s reformed Security Council. Then only her efforts and contribution towards the world will be rewarded.

Current Bharat Bandh is being organized on 27th September from 6 am to 4 pm by Samyukta Kisan Morcha.

What is Bharat Bandh?

It is a bandh or shut down of public sector services/government services spread out all across India. It is a sort of protest conducted by political activists or parties with the help of general public against government policies/laws or reforms which they don’t find compliable. The general public is expected to not go to their works and rather stay at their homes. The supreme court disallows the practice of bandhs with the exception of voluntary bandhs. Find more information on bandhs and their history here.

Purpose of Bharat Bandh

This time the bandh will be organized to highlight the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws passed during September 2020 by the Parliament of India. It is to signify the protest making its way into the 10th month. 9 long grueling months of protest in front of the Capital with little to no response. The arrangement of bandh this time hopes for the Parliament to revoke the farm laws.

Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM)

It is an Indian farmers association group that has 40+ farmer unions clubbed together to voice out their problems and concerns. It was formed in November 2020 in regards against the farm laws. The group hopes for the laws to be revoked due to the laws’ harsh conditions on the farmers. SKM has launched yet another bandh this time assuring the bandh to be voluntary, peaceful and respectable. A lot other public association unions have merged hands with SKM and its farmers in support of the bandh. Get to know more on SKM and their farmers here.

Affects

Since this is a nation-wide movement, we can expect the closure of many government and commercial establishments or institutes. The farmers have requested for the closure of all shops, malls and markets. Road and rail transport will also be affected if not closed during the entire bandh. SKM will not be involved with any essential services involved with healthcare whatsoever.

“To be ‘feminist’ in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns, domination, and oppression.” bell hooks made this clear and powerful statement in her 1981 study of sexism, racism, and the feminist and civil rights movements Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Almost 40 years on, the world is still reckoning with pervasive and inexcusable gender inequality underpinned by bias and sexism, and research and health care are no exception. Today, The Lancet publishes a theme issue on advancing women in science, medicine, and global health, with the aim of showcasing research, commentary, and analysis that provide new explanations and evidence for action towards gender equity. This theme issue is the result of a call for papers that led to over 300 submissions from more than 40 countries. The overwhelming conclusion from this collection of work is that, to achieve meaningful change, actions must be directed at transforming the systems that women work within—making approaches informed by feminist analyses essential.

It is well established that women are under-represented in positions of power and leadership, undervalued, and experience discrimination and gender-based violence in scientific and health disciplines across the world. Intersectional approaches have provided insights into how other categories of difference such as ethnicity, class, geography, disability, and sexuality interact with gender to compound inequalities. Most submissions to this theme issue came from high-income countries, highlighting the need to support scholarship from the Global South. Geordan Shannon and colleagues provide a global overview of gender inequality in science, medicine, and global health, and discuss the evidence for the substantial health, social, and economic gains that could be achieved by addressing this inequality. Indeed, some studies, including one in this issue by Cassidy Sugimoto and colleagues, show that more diverse and inclusive teams lead to better science and more successful organizations.

Despite decades of recognition, these problems have proved stubbornly persistent. It is now commonplace for organizations to make public statements valuing diversity, hire diversity officers, and implement programmed to advance women’s careers. Yet, all too often, such programmers locate the source of the problem, and hence the solution, within women and their own behavior. Thus, although actions such as mentoring and skills training might be well intentioned and advantageous to a degree, they often fail to engage with broader features of systems that disproportionately privilege men. For instance, Holly Wittman and colleagues show, using data from a federal funder, how gender bias disadvantages women applying for grant funding.

Reflecting on these biases can be difficult for professions like science and medicine that are grounded in beliefs of their own objectivity and evidence-driven thinking. A trio of papers in this issue demonstrates the value of critical perspectives in this regard. Malika Sharma explains how the “historical gendering of medicine prioritizes particular types of knowledge (and ways of producing that knowledge), and creates barriers for critical, and specifically feminist, research and practice”. Feminist and other critical perspectives enable researchers to question the underlying assumptions that produce and maintain social hierarchies, and in doing so, imagine ways to transform fields and practices to make them more equitable and inclusive. Likewise, Sara Davies and colleagues argue that a feminist research agenda is key to advancing gender equality in global health, and Kopano Ratele and colleagues explain why efforts to engage men in advancing gender equality must be grounded in an appreciation of theories of masculinity.

For actions to have lasting and far-reaching consequences, they must therefore be directed at creating institutional-level change. Several pieces in this theme issue discuss such approaches, with a Review by Imogen Coe and colleagues providing a toolbox of organizational best practices towards gender equality in science and medicine. The Lancet’s commitments to addressing gender bias in publishing are detailed in a Comment. Gender equity is not only a matter of justice and rights, it is crucial for producing the best research and providing the best care to patients. If the fields of science, medicine, and global health are to hope to work towards improving human lives, they must be representative of the societies they serve. The fight for gender equity is everyone’s responsibility, and this means that feminism, too, is for everybody—for men and women, researchers, clinicians, funders, institutional leaders, and, yes, even for medical journals.

Stress is a normal reaction the body has when changes occur, resulting in physical, emotional and intellectual responses. Stress management training can help you deal with changes in a healthier way.

What is stress?

Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it. When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.

Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations. Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger. For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer. But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.

What happens to the body during stress?

The body’s autonomic nervous system controls your heart rate, breathing, vision changes and more. Its built-in stress response, the “fight-or-flight response,” helps the body face stressful situations.

When a person has long-term (chronic) stress, continued activation of the stress response causes wear and tear on the body. Physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms develop.

Physical symptoms of stress include:

• Aches and pains.
• Chest pain or a feeling like your heart is racing.
• Exhaustion or trouble sleeping.
• Headaches, dizziness or shaking.
• High blood pressure.
• Muscle tension or jaw clenching.
• Stomach or digestive problems.
• Trouble having sex.
• Weak immune system.

Stress can lead to emotional and mental symptoms like:

• Anxiety or irritability.
• Depression.
• Panic attacks.
• Sadness.

Often, people with chronic stress try to manage it with unhealthy behaviors, including:

• Drinking alcohol too much or too often.
• Gambling.
• Overeating or developing an eating disorder.
• Participating compulsively in sex, shopping or internet browsing.
• Smoking.
• Using drugs.

How is stress diagnosed?

Stress is subjective — not measurable with tests. Only the person experiencing it can determine whether it’s present and how severe it feels. A healthcare provider may use questionnaires to understand your stress and how it affects your life.

If you have chronic stress, your healthcare provider can evaluate symptoms that result from stress. For example, high blood pressure can be diagnosed and treated.

What are some strategies for stress relief?

You can’t avoid stress, but you can stop it from becoming overwhelming by practicing some daily strategies:

• Exercise when you feel symptoms of stress coming on. Even a short walk can boost your mood.
• At the end of each day, take a moment to think about what you’ve accomplished — not what you didn’t get done.
• Set goals for your day, week and month. Narrowing your view will help you feel more in control of the moment and long-term tasks.
• Consider talking to a therapist or your healthcare provider about your worries.

What are some ways to prevent stress?

Many daily strategies can help you keep stress at bay:

• Try relaxation activities, such as meditation, yoga, tai chi, breathing exercises and muscle relaxation. Programs are available online, in smartphone apps, and at many gyms and community centers.
• Take good care of your body each day. Eating right, exercising and getting enough sleep help your body handle stress much better.
• Stay positive and practice gratitude, acknowledging the good parts of your day or life.
• Accept that you can’t control everything. Find ways to let go of worry about situations you cannot change.
• Learn to say “no” to additional responsibilities when you are too busy or stressed.
• Stay connected with people who keep you calm, make you happy, provide emotional support and help you with practical things. A friend, family member or neighbor can become a good listener or share responsibilities so that stress doesn’t become overwhelming.

How long does stress last?

Stress can be a short-term issue or a long-term problem, depending on what changes in your life. Regularly using stress management techniques can help you avoid most physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms of stress.

When should I talk to a doctor about stress?

You should seek medical attention if you feel overwhelmed, if you are using drugs or alcohol to cope, or if you have thoughts about hurting yourself. Your primary care provider can help by offering advice, prescribing medicine or referring you to a therapist.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

It’s natural and normal to be stressed sometimes. But long-term stress can cause physical symptoms, emotional symptoms and unhealthy behaviors. Try relieving and managing stress using a few simple strategies. But if you feel overwhelmed, talk to your doctor.

by – Supriya

” Freedom is the hallmark of Hostel Life”

Hostel life has the attraction to spend money freely.A hostel student feels free to demand and spend money. Some boys become extravagant in their expenditure. They wear the latest fashion dresses.They can have their rooms very well furnished and they can also attend and arrange parties. They can also adopt expensive hobbies. They feel free to live and spend.Hostel life plays an important role in developing the personality of a student. The students who live in hostel are confident, self-dependent and active. Hostel life helps them to develop a sense of responsibility . Freedom also helps them to grow in a better way. They get good training in practical life. They also feel relax and safe from domestic disturbance. So, every should be given a chance to benefit from hostel life.

There are also some dangers of hostel freedom is misused . Lack of check and restrictions becomes a means of immoral activities. Some boys adpot bad habits like smoking, gambling, and drinking. Vidence also becomes a part of their personality. Generally , they ignore their studies ,waste their time and so fail in the examination. They develop the habit of fraud and lie. They demand more money from their parents on false pretexts. They hesitate to talk about studies and show fake result cards. Fashions become a part of their daily life.In view of the above discussion ,it can be said that hostel life is a mixed blessing. Whether histel life should be praised or cursed depends on the student. In a hostel , a student can achieve all his targets and come out as a complete man. He can also turn into an angry young man. Overall, we say that hostel life is a worth – enjoying experience for every student.

The pleasure of enjoyments of hostel life are many . We can have friends to our liking . We can play different games in the college lawns or in the common room.Without the experiences of hostel life , in our opinion , the life of a student remains incomplete in several ways.A student remembers his hostel life forever . His experiences there bring him rich reward in real life.

THANKYOU

A Spotlight on Terrorism in India

Easy access to sophisticated weapons and disruptive advances in technology, especially the cyber world masks the identity of the terrorists, facilitates real time secure communications and the flow of funds and provides access to an infinite resource of DIY kits on issues ranging from making bombs to executing beheadings.

These elements have collectively made terrorism the most preferred means of waging war. Despite the grave threat, the international community is far from reaching a consensus on how to fight this menace collectively.

So deep are the fissures that even adopting a common definition of terrorism and violent extremism has met stiff resistance.

The history of terrorism in India

India’s tryst with terrorism and violent extremism can be traced back partly to the religion based partition in 1947, which ripped the sub-continent into two nations: India and Pakistan.

The sub-continent remained witness to the most horrifying ethnic riots in modern history, which were marked by extreme violence and acts of terrorism.

Following the partition, after a brief period of neutrality, the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Hari Singh formally acceded to India; however, this act of accession has not, and continues not to be recognized by Pakistan which lays claims to the Muslim majority region.

This territorial dispute lies at the core of the long standing conflict between the two nations with both nations each vehemently rejecting the other’s claims.

Further, India views Pakistan as perpetuating the on-going cross border conflict and for sponsoring militant activity in a bid to destabilise the state of J&K and other parts of the country.

In addition, considering the number of ongoing insurgencies in India, terrorism and violent extremism is also a manifestation of:

• politico-religious violence
• ethnic-sub regional nationalism
• socio-economic conditions
• politics of identity

The relationship between terrorism and insurgency

What were the causes that led to the genesis of terrorism and its drivers in India? While seeking answers to this question, we will also dwell upon the terrorist initiated incidents and terrorists groups operating in India.

We will explore the complementary relationship between terrorism and insurgency, analyse various forms in which terrorism morphs and finally, establish the contours of successful counterterrorism strategies.

The primary causes of terrorism and insurgency in India are based on political, religious, ethnic, ideological, identity driven, linguistic or socio-economic grievances.

Terrorism in India, can be broadly categorised in three distinct parts:

• Cross border terrorism in J&K.
• Terrorism in the hinterland.
• Extreme violence and terrorism as an integral part of the ongoing insurgencies.

India’s richly diverse society provides a fertile ground for terrorism to thrive in many areas:

• politics of communalism and criminalisation
• fanatic religious movements and irresponsible statements by political and religious leaders
• human rights excesses
• marginalised minority communities
• high levels of youth unemployment
• poverty
• illiteracy
• poor governance
• prolonged delays in criminal justice

Quite often, incidents relating to a particular religious or ethnic group act as a catalyst. They also act as an initiator to indoctrinate/ radicalise youth (and not necessarily only the poor and marginalised) to indulge in extreme forms of violence and terrorism.

Considering the fact that intensity of violence due to religious terrorism has always been very severe, strict law should be framed expeditiously against those delivering ‘hate speeches’ that incite a religious/ ethnic community’s passions.

India also remains highly vulnerable to terrorism by foreign terrorists, due to porous borders with all its neighbours and a long coast line. Resultantly, the terrorists and the insurgents continue to receive material support and funds from many sources.

India has experienced almost all forms of terrorist attacks:

• hijacking and blowing up of aircrafts
• sabotaging railway tracks
• kidnapping hostages for meeting political demands
• suicide attacks
• the assassination of two of its Prime Ministers
• attacks on places of worship, transportation systems, security forces and financial hubs
• communal riots followed by extreme violence
• attacks both by religious and non-religious terrorist groups.

The modus operandi of terrorism has remained dynamic to achieve its goals and objectives.

What is sex addiction?

Considerable controversy surrounds the diagnosis of “sex addiction.” It’s been excluded from the fifth edition of the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (DSM-5), but it’s still written about and studied in psychology and counseling circles.

Additionally, it can still be diagnosed Trusted Source using both DSM-5 (as “Other specified sexual dysfunction”) and the “International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems” (ICD-10) criteria (as “Other sexual dysfunction not due to a substance or known physiological condition”).

What are the symptoms of sex addiction?

Since sex addiction isn’t outlined in the DSM-5, there’s considerable controversy about what criteria constitute an addiction.

One characteristic may be secrecy of behaviors, in which the person with the disorder becomes skilled at hiding their behavior and can even keep the condition secret from spouses, partners, and family members. They may lie about their activities or engage in them at times and places where they won’t be found out.

But sometimes symptoms are present and noticeable. A person may have a sex addiction if they show some or all of the following signs:

• chronic, obsessive sexual thoughts and fantasies
• compulsive relations with multiple partners, including strangers
• lying to cover behaviors
• preoccupation with having sex, even when it interferes with daily life, productivity, work performance, and so on
• inability to stop or control the behaviors
• putting oneself or others in danger due to sexual behavior
• feeling remorse or guilt after sex
• experiencing other negative personal or professional consequences

Compulsive behaviors can strain relationships, for example, with the stress of infidelity — although some people may claim to have a sex addiction as a way to explain infidelity in a relationship.

It’s important to remember that enjoying sexual activity is not a sign of sex addiction. Sex is a healthy human activity, and enjoying it is normal. In addition, differences in the level of sexual interest between partners does not mean that one partner has a sex addiction.

What are the treatments for sex addiction?

Since the diagnosis is controversial, evidence-based treatment options are lacking.

Those who describe treating sex addiction may recommend one or more of the following methods.

Inpatient treatment programs

There are many inpatient treatment centers that offer sex addiction recovery programs. Often, people with a sex addiction are removed from their normal daily lives for at least 30 days to help them regain control of their impulses and start healing. These types of programs typically include in-depth individual and group therapy sessions.

12-step programs

Programs such as Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA) follow the same recovery model as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). They can be very helpful for addressing sex addiction.

Members aren’t required to give up sex entirely, but they are encouraged to refrain from compulsive and destructive sexual behavior. Group meetings with others addressing the same challenges provide a good support system.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

This type of therapy can help a person identify triggers for sexual impulses and ultimately teach them how to alter behaviors. This is achieved through one-on-one sessions with a licensed mental health therapist.

Medication

Some people may benefit from a course of drug therapy. Certain antidepressants might help alleviate urges (which is separate from the potential side effects of some antidepressants that can cause decreased libido or impair other aspects of the sexual experience).

It’s not clear, however, whether a physician would prescribe drugs for this condition.

What’s the outlook for sex addiction?

The person addressing sex addiction faces a unique set of challenges. They may be engaging in behaviors that put their relationships, their own safety and health, and the health of their partner in jeopardy. At the same time, sex addiction is considered a controversial diagnosis and it’s lacking diagnostic criteria as well as evidence-based treatments.

Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with life’s stresses. Internet addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national health problem. Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been carried out in Asia. It is also a growing concern in developed nations in North America and Europe.

Top 5 Things to Know About Internet Addiction

1. Internet addiction is not yet an officially recognized mental disorder. Researchers have formulated diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction, but it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). However, Internet gaming disorder is included as a condition for further study, and Internet addiction is developing as a specialist area.
2. At least three subtypes of Internet addiction have been identified: video game addiction, cybersex or online sex addiction, and online gambling addiction.
3. Increasingly, addiction to mobile devices, such as cellphones and smartphones, and addiction to social networking sites, such as Facebook, are being investigated. There may be overlaps between each of these subtypes. For example, online gambling involves online games, and online games may have elements of pornography.
4. Sexting, or sending sexually explicit texts, has landed many people in trouble. Some have been teens who have found themselves in hot water with child pornography charges if they are underage.
5. Treatment for Internet addiction is available, but only a few specialized Internet addiction services exist. However, a psychologist with knowledge of addiction treatment will probably be able to help.

Symptoms

As Internet addiction is not formally recognized as an addictive disorder, it may be difficult to get a diagnosis. However, several leading experts in the field of behavioral addiction have contributed to the current knowledge of symptoms of Internet addiction. All types of Internet addiction contain the following four components:

Excessive Use of the Internet

Despite the agreement that excessive Internet use is a key symptom, no one seems able to define exactly how much computer time counts as excessive. While guidelines suggest no more than two hours of screen time per day for youths under 18, there are no official recommendations for adults. Furthermore, two hours can be unrealistic for people who use computers for work or study. Some authors add the caveat “for non-essential use,” but for someone with an Internet addiction, all computer use can feel essential.

Here are some questions from Internet addiction assessment instruments that will help you to evaluate how much is too much.

Withdrawal

Although originally understood to be the basis of physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, withdrawal symptoms are now being recognized in behavioral addictions, including Internet addiction.

Common Internet withdrawal symptoms include anger, tension, and depression when Internet access is not available. These symptoms may be perceived as boredom, joylessness, moodiness, nervousness, and irritability when you can’t go on the computer.

Tolerance

Tolerance is another hallmark of alcohol and drug addiction and seems to be applicable to Internet addiction as well. This can be understood as wanting—and from the user’s point of view, needing—more and more computer-related stimulation. You might want ever-increasing amounts of time on the computer, so it gradually takes over everything you do. The quest for more is likely a predominant theme in your thought processes and planning.

Negative Repercussions

If Internet addiction caused no harm, there would be no problem. But when excessive computer use becomes addictive, something starts to suffer.

Online affairs can develop quickly and easily, sometimes without the person even believing online infidelity is cheating on their partner.

You may see your grades and other achievements suffer from so much of your attention being devoted to Internet use. You may also have little energy for anything other than computer use—people with Internet addiction are often exhausted from staying up too late on the computer and becoming sleep deprived.

Finances can also suffer, particularly if your addiction is for online gambling, online shopping, or cybersex.

Internet Addiction in Kids

Internet addiction is particularly concerning for kids and teens. Children lack the knowledge and awareness to properly manage their own computer use and have no idea about the potential harms that the Internet can open them up to. The majority of kids have access to a computer, and it has become commonplace for kids and teens to carry cellphones.

While this may reassure parents that they can have two-way contact with their child in an emergency, there are very real risks that this constant access to the Internet can expose them to.

• Children have become increasingly accustomed to lengthy periods of time connected to the Internet, disconnecting them from the surrounding world.
• Children who own a computer and have privileged online access have an increased risk of involvement in cyberbullying, both as a victim and as a perpetrator.
• Children who engage in problematic internet use are more likely to use their cellphone for cybersex, particularly through sexting, or access apps which could potentially increase the risk of sex addiction and online sexual harms, such as Tinder.

In addition, kids who play games online often face peer pressure to play for extended periods of time in order to support the group they are playing with or to keep their skills sharp. This lack of boundaries can make kids vulnerable to developing video game addiction. This can also be disruptive to the development of healthy social relationships and can lead to isolation and victimization.

What to Do If You’re Addicted to the Internet

If you recognize the symptoms of Internet addiction in yourself or someone in your care, talk to your doctor about getting help. As well as being able to provide referrals to Internet addiction clinics, psychologists, and other therapists, your doctor can prescribe medications or therapy to treat an underlying problem if you have one, such as depression or social anxiety disorder.

Internet addiction can also overlap with other behavioral addictions, such as work addiction, television addiction, and smartphone addiction.

Dusshera festive takes me down to the memory lane I began social work.It has been years I have been inclined towards social work. It was in the year 2017 when my Super Super senior and I began cooperating for social causes , it was all so new to me moreover I cherished it. I celebrated my first EEver birthday party in a Ngo called Rakshana charity and throughout my degree life I never missed treating the kids who were bought up in rakshana charity. I would bunk classes to work my ass off to take part at social causes conducted across the city cause I appreciated doing what I cherished, later I joined 2 Ngo’s furthermore a community which was meant for people who would provide services for social causes all over Bangalore.However I was so caught up with all my internships and college stuff that I couldn’t participate at ease in the community where I joined as a service provide,however the organiser reached me through a telephonic call and enquired if I was available for 6 hours to attend an exam as a scribe writer, I agreed and then I met this girl Manisha, a young lady who has visual impairment since birth known to be enthusiastic and extremely dedicated despite the fact that on the off chance that she can’t see , read, write or compose everything. All she does is think beyond practical boundaries and never to surrender. I belive she’s carrying on with an extraordinary life where ever she is. I had the best experience ever as I got a chance to help her in her tests as a scribe writer. P. S-I in a real sense missed my final Psychology practicals test just to go to her paper in addition I had to reappear(Backs) for the practicals all alone😅

I am a complete sucker for good books, a total bibliophile who loves and appreciates a good story. Now let me tell you this, the book Anxious People by Fredrik Backman is overwhelmingly addictive, in a good way ofcourse. Calling it a good book with a good story would be quite an understatement. This story is breathtakingly beautiful in the most elegant and realest of ways. It was my first time hearing about this author and I found out about this book in the comment section of an Instagram handle that I follow and I immediately fell for the title of the novel. ‘Anxious People’ . Instantly without making any delay I picked this title up and it was the best thing I could have done for myself since it taught me a lot. This book is my favorite book for the time being and it’ll always have a special place in my heart. I’ll always cherish this story and the wonderful people portrayed in it.

As one keeps reading the novel, the story keeps blooming into an ever changing drama between the protagonists of the story since there isn’t a definite protagonist in this fabulous piece of literature. The best part about this book is that the reader can relate to the story and that this isn’t a distant fantasy. The story revolves around real people with real world problems. Hence, it is very much relatable and also enjoyable at the same time. The humour in this book is quite entertaining along with the clever story telling. Frankly this story is hilarious. One can find themselves clutching their stomachs quite often. It is also emotional I might add but not in a sad manner. It deals and teaches us to cope with life situations and also reminds us that humanity still exists and exists splendidly so.

The story is about a bank robbery I could say. But really it is about an apartment viewing, I might be wrong here too. It is actually about Stockholmers. Well why spoil the fun. Find out yourselves what this intricately weaved masterpiece is about. I assure you it’ll be worthwhile and you’ll not be disappointed. Fredrik Backman has written many novels worth mentioning and also has won a lot of prestigious awards for them. I have yet to read his other works since I only stumbled upon the Swedish writer quite recently. I am positive I’ll find all his other works equally entertaining as well and I’m quite excited to pick his books up. I’m quite sure you’ll find yourself loving this book just as much I did.

Every corner of every street, their is a different definition for Feminism. But, the question is, does anyone know what exactly it is? no. One does not know the precise meaning of Feminism, but, as we say, there is always a root to a plant. The root here is equality. feminism is equality. that is it. No more, no less. Feminism is equality between men and women, male and female, him and her, girl and boy, or any other words you may use to refer to that. Feminism is a woman wearing clothes of her choice without being harassed, a mother going to work without being judged, a girl having an equal salary as a man, a lady ruling a kingdom without being considered as fragile or weak. Feminism is not particularly about women doing whatever they want, it is about women having equal rules about not doing something. It is a choice as well as a necessity, it is a regulation as well as freedom, it is about doing what you love and not being judged at. For example, if a man dates multiple women, he is a stud amongst his friends, but if a woman does the same, she is a whore. If a man stays at home to take care his child and the woman goes to work, the woman is the brazen, carefree, shameless devil while the man is a poor innocent fellow, and if the opposite happens, the man is a man and it is the woman’s responsibility to take care of her child and sacrifice her career. This happens everywhere around us, even if we notice or not, and it will keep happening, until we evolve our mindset.

Evolving our mindset isn’t exactly a piece of cake, modifying what’s made of us by this society isn’t easy. We need to process our thoughts correctly, instead of living in translucent denial. I know, some ideas, though innovating, do not fit with our mindset. no matter that we know it is good to adapt that form of thinking, our brains just can’t help nurturing an idea that has been stuck in them, almost since we were born. We need to accept our thoughts, and let them go. absolutely believe in those societal standards, and let them go. This trick, I learnt from my grandmother, she says if you want to clear your mind and have fresh thoughts, this trick will do. Accept the thought, almost believe it, and then imagine letting it go, fly away far away. It has helped me a lot, and during the pandemic, staying alone at home, I got to do this often, and it snapped my personality. literally, and not in a bad way, a good way, a really good way, believe me. So, actually accepting feminism to our bones isn’t really that hard, if you give the time to learn it. Mostly because it’s natural, god made a man, and god made a woman, and he made them both equal. it is the orthodoxic societal standards that made us accept the fact that woman is any step, any level lower or weaker. We have to stop that. we need to stop that. and if you are with me, we will stop that.

she is a goddess, she is a queen, and I can’t render enough that she is a beautiful human being. Rhymes good, doesn’t it? now bring this rhyme to life. People, not only women, but men and third genders too, have died craving and fighting for freedom of women. And, if you, regardless of gender, can’t do something to decrease this hollow gap between men and women, then what are you doing? we are all born the same, and if you don’t help towards keeping that as it is, the what are you doing? Life is a gift, and all shall have it. Free, Joyful and alive. Otherwise, this world will worsen, the few beautiful things, the first cry of a baby, the smile of a little girl, will vanish. equality between men and women is the only and only way that we can save our world from disrupting.

this is it for today!

thank you for reading,

lots of love and amnesty,

Suhaani

SEXUAL HEALTH IS A TYPE OF HEALTH

There are many types of health including physical health, mental health, spiritual health, cultural health, social health, financial health, environmental health, etc. Plus all these types of health can impact each other. For instance, if you are trying to prevent pregnancy and are able to access the birth control you need (physical health), this may help to create a more positive mood (emotional health), which may also positively impact your sense of sexual confidence and sexual self-esteem (sexual health).

Sexual health is as valuable as any other type of health. How important it is will be different for each person. Sometimes depending on where you are in the world and your upbringing, sexual health may not be as recognized as other types of health and there may even be shame, embarrassment, fear, and confusion with sexual health. This is very common as there, unfortunately, can be a lot of shame attached to things associated with “sex”. For example, it might feel more comfortable talking about a common cold or flu with family, friends or a doctor than it might be to talk about questions around sexual health. On the other hand, you may be very comfortable talking and learning about sexual health. Take a moment to think about how the topic of sexual health makes you feel?

No matter where you are coming from, WE ARE HERE to help bring Sexual Health into a more positive and empowering place. A place where hopefully you can learn the sexual health information you would like, see or speak to a professional in the field whether on the Sex Sense Line or at one of our many clinics throughout BC, and come away knowing that sexual health is a natural part of being human.

Options for Sexual Health champions and celebrates sexual health including an individual’s freedom of sexual expression, the diversity of human sexuality, and a positive sexual self-image for individuals throughout life. 

What influences Sexual Health?

How we define sexual health will be different for each person. The reason is that sexual health is influenced by many personal and social factors such as:

• Our values and beliefs 
• Upbringing
• Culture
• Religion
• Indigenous Status
• Spirituality
• The people around us
• Our personal experiences
• Societal expectations
• Legal and/or sexual rights

Think about what factors influence your sexual health? What messages have you been given about sexual health from…(if applicable)…..your family? friends? society? culture? religion? spirituality? What are some of your own values and beliefs?

How we experience our sexual health is also part of how we experience the world. For example, there are many factors that health researchers have identified that can impact our health including sexual health. These are known as the ‘social determinants of health’ and include how health is affected by income, education, employment, childhood development, food, housing, health services, gender, race, disability, Indigenous status, social marginalization, and social services.

If someone’s gender identity/identities are not recognized this can impact their sexual health and experiences of social marginalization. Another example is if someone is a newcomer to Canada and may not speak the language or have the health care card that will allow them to access the sexual health services they need.

As you can see, our sexual health is as individual and complicated as the various dynamics of our lives.

Human sexuality rarely falls into neat categories or lends itself to simple labeling, but rather is a rich and complex area of human experience.

Sexual health is personal, psychological, relational, cultural, spiritual, physical, and emotional.

So what does “sexual health” mean to you?

Google trends each year shows the most popular search engine queries and top trending topics. The top results are always based on recent discoveries, inventions and big things that ‘people are talking about. Just like those here are some of the greatest inventions in history which changed the human lifestyle. Here we will talk about why-when-who created these inventions.

WHEEL

Well, there are various uses of a wheel from landing an aeroplane to driving a rover on the moon. There are also many other uses of a wheel-like using it in an analogue clock or using it as a pulley.

It is one of the components of simple machines. It is a round disc-like structure fixed at a point with an axle. Well, it is said that the wheel was even used at around 3500BC in Mesopotamia but it is a mystery who invented it, all we know is that the wheel was invented by Sumerian people in the 4th century BC and later on the discs began to be hollowed to make them lighter.

There are many inventions that were inspired by the nature itself like the idea of the table fork came from forked sticks and the idea for aeroplane emerged from the gliding birds but the wheel is the invention that can be said as pure innovation though there are hunches that the idea for the wheel came from cylindrical logs, which were often used to slide the ships into the water.

GUNPOWDER

“Gunpowder” also known as black powder is the first-ever developed chemical explosive. This black powder is the mixture of sulfur (S), carbon (C), and potassium nitrate (saltpetre, KNO3) but the Sulfur and Carbon are present in the form of Charcoal.

Well the working of gunpowder is simple as the carbon present in it should draw the oxygen from the air but the Saltpetre provides the oxygen, now when the powder is ignited the Sulfur present ignites and raises the temperature tearing the nitrate molecule which releases the Oxygen and leads to combustion.

There are a variety of uses for gunpowder like using for mining, firearms, rocketry etc. Gun Powder was invented in China during the 9th century and it is even listed among the top 4 inventions of China. It is said that the Gun Powder was invented in the 9th century but the recorded chemical formula for gunpowder dates to the Song dynasty (11th century).

Gunpowder was thought to be a monopoly in China till the 13th century as Science was passed through the Silk Route to Europe and middle Islamic countries it became a deciding factor in many wars.

ARPANET

Many people don’t know about ARPANET OR Advanced Research Projects Agency Network as it was the early stage of the Internet. 

The purpose of the ARPANET was to communicate and share data with other computers specially for scientific uses.

The idea for ARPANET was introduced in 1967 under the direction of the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) but the idea came to reality in 1969 when 4 university computers were interconnected.

The idea of ARPANET was based on sending data in small amounts called “packets” that could be stored and sent to different paths.

In 1974 the first ISP(Internet Service Provider) was formed named Telenet. Then in the year 1991, the World Wide Web was introduced to the world by CERN. In 1994 Netscape Communications was born and Microsoft created a Web browser for Windows 95.

ELECTRIC BATTERY

A battery is a group of cells that provides electric power. The battery was first invented in the 1800s by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. He stacked discs of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) separated by cloth soaked in salty water turning it into a cell.

Batteries are used in almost every electrical appliance from a Tesla to a cell phone and come in every size. When it comes to the working of batteries it is a trick way to explain because there are a variety of cells with a different types of functioning.

The only thing that is common in batteries is that when a chemical reaction takes place some extra electrons are produced which results in electric current.

ALLOY

An alloy is a composition of 2 or more metals or non-metals. There are a variety of alloys with different properties. Some of the commonly known alloys are brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin), Gunmetal and Stainless Steel.

Bronze was the first alloy to be discovered during the prehistoric era also known as the bronze age. At that time it was used to make tools as it was harder than copper but as science developed new alloys were formed with better properties.

There are various uses of alloys like-

-Magnalium is used for aircraft parts due to its lightweight property.

-Jewellery gold is used for making the Jewellery as it is harder than pure Gold.

-Solder is used for sealing pipes and connecting electronic parts as it has a low melting point and is a good conductor of electricity.

-Stainless Steel is an alloy of Iron, Nickle, Carbon and Chromium which makes it stronger and anti corrode.

COMPUTER

A computer is a device programmed to carry out various tasks like storing, processing and displaying. Surely ARPANET would be of no use without a computer.

The concept of the computer was given in the year 1822 by a mathematician named Charles Babbage and a century after the Idea came into existence. Later he was known as the father of the computer.

In the year 1971, the idea of the floppy disk came into existence leading to share data among other computers.

In the year 1974 various personal computers were launched including 

 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack’s TRS-80 — affectionately known as the “Trash 80” — and the Commodore PET as the science and technology has developed the computers have become portable and powerful.

Google trends each year shows the most popular search engine queries and top trending topics. The top results are always based on recent discoveries, inventions and big things that ‘people are talking about. Just like those here are some of the greatest inventions in history which changed the human lifestyle. Here we will talk about why-when-who created these inventions.