Tag: upsc

How clean energy is the order of the day?

The world is rapidly moving towards a clean energy revolution. As concerns about climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment continue to grow, governments, businesses, and individuals are increasingly turning to clean energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower.

Hydropower

Clean energy is the order of the day because it is essential to combat climate change. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are the primary sources of energy for the world. However, their use has led to the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. The transition to clean energy is critical to reducing these emissions and mitigating their impact on the environment.

Clean energy is also becoming increasingly cost-competitive. In the past, renewable energy sources were more expensive than traditional fossil fuels. However, as technology has improved, the cost of renewable energy has decreased significantly, making it a more affordable and viable option for many countries.

Countries using clean energy

The benefits of clean energy go beyond environmental and economic advantages. It also has social benefits. Many communities around the world do not have access to reliable electricity, and the use of traditional fossil fuels such as kerosene for lighting and cooking can have serious health implications. The use of clean energy sources such as solar and wind can provide these communities with reliable and clean energy, improving their health and quality of life.

Renewable sources of energy

The transition to clean energy is not without its challenges. The infrastructure required to support clean energy is still developing, and the intermittency of some renewable sources such as solar and wind can make it challenging to maintain a stable energy supply. However, with continued investment in research and development, these challenges can be overcome.

Research on clean energy

Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play in the transition to clean energy. Governments can provide incentives and policy frameworks to encourage investment in clean energy sources, while businesses can invest in research and development and the deployment of renewable energy systems. Individuals can make lifestyle changes such as reducing energy consumption and investing in rooftop solar panels.

Government of India supporting clean energy

In conclusion, clean energy is the order of the day. It is essential to combat climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve access to energy for all communities around the world. The transition to clean energy is not without its challenges, but with continued investment and commitment from governments, businesses, and individuals, we can build a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.

The Role Of Women In The Freedom Struggle Especially During The Gandhian Phase

India’s freedom struggle was a long and arduous journey that spanned several decades. The Gandhian phase of the Indian freedom struggle, which began in 1915 and lasted until 1947, was a critical period in India’s fight for independence. During this phase, women played a vital role in the freedom struggle, contributing in various ways to the movement.

A gathering during the Indian Independence Day Act

Women’s involvement in the Gandhian phase of the Indian freedom struggle was not limited to a particular class, religion, or region. Women from all walks of life participated in the movement, including peasants, urban workers, middle-class professionals, and elite women. These women actively contributed to the movement, challenging the norms of society that relegated them to the margins.

One of the most significant contributions of women during the Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle was their participation in nonviolent protests. Women took part in marches, picketing, and satyagraha movements, which were a hallmark of the Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle. Women’s participation in these protests was an assertion of their agency and a demonstration of their commitment to the cause of freedom.

A fistful of salt: Women actively participated in large numbers during the salt satyagraha at Dandi Beach under Gandhiji.

Women’s contribution to the nationalistic discourse was also significant during this period. They actively participated in debates, discussions, and public meetings, where they articulated their views on the political and social issues of the day. Women’s involvement in the nationalistic discourse challenged the patriarchal structures of society, which had relegated them to the margins of public life.

Indian women, post-independence.

Women’s role in the freedom struggle was not limited to protests and political engagement. They also played a vital role in the social and economic empowerment of women. Women’s organizations, such as the All India Women’s Conference and the National Council of Women, worked towards improving the status of women and promoting their participation in public life. These organizations helped women acquire skills, provided them with education, and encouraged their participation in the political process.

Skilled women, using charkha to earn a living.

One of the most prominent women leaders of the Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle was Sarojini Naidu. She was a poet, a writer, and a social activist, who played a critical role in the freedom movement. She was actively involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. She was also the first woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress.

Sarojini Naidu, the nightingale of India.

Another notable woman leader of the freedom struggle was Kasturba Gandhi, the wife of Mahatma Gandhi. Kasturba was an active participant in the nonviolent protests led by her husband and played a critical role in organizing women’s groups to support the freedom struggle. She was also a prominent figure in the women’s movement and worked towards improving the status of women in society.

Kasturba Gandhi.

To conclude, women played a vital role in the Gandhian phase of the Indian freedom struggle. They challenged patriarchal structures, participated in nonviolent protests, contributed to the nationalistic discourse, and worked towards the social and economic empowerment of women. Their contribution to the freedom struggle was critical, and it paved the way for the recognition of women’s rights in independent India. The legacy of these women leaders continues to inspire women’s participation in public life and their pursuit of equality and justice.

The economic significance of the discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea and its possible environmental consequences

The Arctic Sea is known for its frigid temperatures and harsh weather conditions, but it is also a region that is rich in natural resources, including oil. The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea has significant economic implications, but it also raises concerns about the potential environmental consequences.

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic region is estimated to contain up to 90 billion barrels of oil, which is equivalent to 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves. This represents a significant opportunity for economic growth and energy security for countries that have access to this resource. The potential economic benefits of the discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea are numerous, including increased investment, job creation, and increased revenues for governments.

Oil mining in the Arctic Sea

The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea is particularly significant for countries like Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark, which all have territories in the region. These countries are already major oil producers and have the infrastructure and expertise necessary to extract oil from the Arctic Sea. In addition, the melting of Arctic ice due to climate change has made it easier to access previously inaccessible oil reserves.

Arctic Ocean Countries

However, the extraction of oil from the Arctic Sea also poses significant environmental risks. The region is home to a delicate ecosystem that is already under threat due to climate change. The extraction of oil could result in spills and leaks that could have devastating consequences for the environment and the animals that live in the region. The harsh weather conditions in the Arctic Sea also make it difficult to contain and clean up spills, which could result in long-term damage to the environment.

Melting of glaciers due to oil mining in the arctic ocean

In addition to the environmental risks, the extraction of oil from the Arctic Sea also contributes to climate change. The burning of fossil fuels, including oil, is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming. As the Arctic Sea becomes more accessible due to melting ice, the extraction of oil could accelerate the process of climate change, leading to more severe weather events, rising sea levels, and other environmental problems.

Green House Gas Emissions

Despite the potential environmental risks, the economic benefits of the discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea are significant. As such, there is a need for a balanced approach that takes into account both the economic benefits and the environmental risks. This could include measures to reduce the environmental impact of oil extraction, such as the use of new technologies and best practices to minimize spills and leaks. It could also include investments in renewable energy sources that could reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Oil spillage due to oil mining

In conclusion, the discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea has significant economic implications, but it also raises concerns about the potential environmental consequences. The extraction of oil could lead to spills and leaks that could have devastating consequences for the environment and contribute to climate change. As such, there is a need for a balanced approach that takes into account both the economic benefits and the environmental risks of oil extraction in the Arctic Sea.

How was Africa chopped into states artificially created by the accident of European competition?

The continent of Africa is made up of 54 countries, each with its own unique culture, language, and history. However, the way that these countries are divided and organized is not necessarily reflective of the continent’s indigenous population or their natural boundaries. Rather, the current geopolitical landscape of Africa is a product of a complex history of colonialism and European competition for resources and territory.

The Scramble for Africa:

The “Scramble for Africa” refers to the period of rapid colonization and exploitation of the African continent by European powers in the late 19th century. This period was marked by the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, during which European powers convened to negotiate and divide up African territory among themselves. At the time, European nations had developed superior military technology and were eager to expand their empires, as well as access the continent’s abundant natural resources, including rubber, diamonds, and ivory.

The result of the Berlin Conference was a hodgepodge of borders and boundaries that were drawn up by European powers with little regard for Africa’s indigenous populations. In many cases, these borders cut across ethnic and linguistic groups, creating artificial states and perpetuating divisions that would have lasting effects on the continent.

Arbitrary Borders:

The borders that were established during the Scramble for Africa often divided groups that shared cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. For example, the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria were split across the borders of modern-day Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, despite their shared language and cultural heritage. Similarly, the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania were divided by a colonial border, which made it difficult for them to continue their traditional pastoral lifestyle.

Arbitrary Borders In Africa

The arbitrary nature of these borders has contributed to conflicts and tensions between neighboring countries, as well as within countries. Ethnic groups that were divided by colonial borders may feel a stronger allegiance to their fellow kin across the border than to the national government of their own country, leading to separatist movements and calls for secession.

Impact on Development:

The artificial borders of Africa have also had a significant impact on the continent’s economic and political development. In many cases, borders were drawn to maximize the extraction of resources for European powers, rather than to create viable and sustainable states. This legacy of resource extraction has persisted into the modern era, as African countries struggle with corruption, inequality, and underdevelopment.

The arbitrary borders of Africa have also made it difficult for countries to cooperate on a regional level, which has hindered economic growth and development. Regional trade agreements, for example, are often stymied by the fact that the borders of African countries do not correspond with natural trade routes or economic zones. This has prevented African countries from harnessing the benefits of trade and integration that have been enjoyed by other regions of the world.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the current geopolitical landscape of Africa is a product of a complex history of colonialism and European competition for resources and territory. The arbitrary borders that were established during the Scramble for Africa have perpetuated divisions between ethnic and linguistic groups, hindered economic and political development, and contributed to conflicts and tensions on the continent. While it is impossible to undo the legacy of colonialism, there is a growing recognition among African leaders and intellectuals of the need to rethink the borders and boundaries of the continent, to create more sustainable and equitable societies.

The main contributions of the Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture

Introduction:

The Gupta and Chola periods are considered to be two of the most significant eras in Indian history, spanning over centuries and leaving an indelible mark on Indian heritage and culture. These periods were marked by numerous achievements and innovations, including art, architecture, literature, religion, and science. In this article, we will explore the main contributions of the Gupta and Chola periods to Indian heritage and culture.

Coins minted in both Gupta and Chola periods

The Gupta Period (320 CE-550 CE):

The Gupta period is known as the Golden Age of India. The period saw the rise of a centralized state, with strong rulers like Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II. The period was marked by numerous achievements in various fields, including art, literature, science, and religion.

1. Art and Architecture:

The Gupta period is known for its significant contributions to art and architecture. The period saw the development of the Gupta style of architecture, which is characterized by its elegant and intricate designs. The most notable examples of Gupta architecture are the caves at Ajanta and Ellora. These caves are adorned with exquisite paintings and sculptures that depict various scenes from Hindu mythology.

Varaha, Udaigiri

2. Literature:

The Gupta period is also known for its contributions to literature. The period saw the development of several literary works in various languages, including Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali. The most notable literary works of the period include the plays of Kalidasa, the poetry of Bhartrihari, and the Buddhist texts of Ashvaghosha.

A story from the Mahabharata in Prakrit

3. Science and Mathematics:

The Gupta period saw significant advancements in science and mathematics. The most notable contribution of the period was the development of the decimal system, which is still used in modern mathematics. The period also saw the development of the concept of zero and the invention of the decimal place value system. The Gupta period was also marked by significant progress in medicine and astronomy.

Aryabhatta, was a famous mathematician and astronomer of the Gupta era.

The Chola Period (850 CE-1250 CE):

The Chola period is considered to be one of the most significant periods in South Indian history. The period saw the rise of the Chola dynasty, which ruled over a vast territory in South India. The Chola period was marked by numerous achievements in various fields, including art, architecture, literature, and religion.

1. Art and Architecture:

The Chola period is known for its significant contributions to art and architecture. The period saw the development of the Dravidian style of architecture, which is characterized by its intricate designs and richly ornamented sculptures. The most notable examples of Chola architecture are the Brihadeshwara Temple and the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Brihadeeshwara Temple: Cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site

2. Literature:

The Chola period is also known for its contributions to literature. The period saw the development of several literary works in the Tamil language, including the works of the Tamil poets Thiruvalluvar and Kambar. The most notable literary work of the period is the Thirukkural, a collection of 1,330 couplets that deal with various aspects of human life.

Inscription in Tamil

3. Religion:

The Chola period saw significant developments in religion, particularly in the Shaivism tradition. The period saw the construction of several temples dedicated to Lord Shiva, including the Brihadeshwara Temple and the Chidambaram Temple. The period also saw the rise of the Bhakti movement, which emphasized the importance of devotion to God over rituals and ceremonies.

Shaivism in Chola Empire

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Gupta and Chola periods were marked by numerous achievements and innovations, including art, architecture, literature, religion, and science. The Gupta period saw the development of the Gupta style of architecture, significant advancements in science and mathematics, and the production of several literary works.

Analyzing the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region, and religion

Introduction:

The term ‘sect’ refers to a group of people who share common beliefs, practices, and rituals that distinguish them from other groups. In Indian society, the concept of the sect has a significant role in shaping the social, cultural, and religious landscape. It is essential to analyze the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society, vis-a-vis caste, region, and religion, to understand the dynamics of the social structure and its impact on individual and collective identity.

The Role of Sects in Indian Society:

Sects in Indian society are primarily organized around religious beliefs and practices. The Indian subcontinent has a diverse range of religious sects, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Islam, among others. These sects are further divided into sub-sects, each with its own distinct beliefs and practices. For instance, in Hinduism, there are several sects, including Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Smartism, and others. Each sect has its own set of beliefs and practices, including the worship of specific deities, observance of specific rituals, and adherence to specific codes of conduct.

The salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society is closely intertwined with other social categories, such as caste, region, and religion. For instance, in Hinduism, caste and sect are closely linked, with each caste group having its own religious practices and beliefs. Similarly, in Islam, there are different sects, such as Sunni and Shia, each with its own set of beliefs and practices. Religion and region are also closely linked, with certain regions being associated with specific religious traditions. For instance, North India is primarily associated with Hinduism, while the South is associated with Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

The Impact of Sects on Social Identity:

The concept of the sect has a significant impact on social identity in Indian society. Individuals’ identification with a particular sect often determines their social status and the social groups they belong. In the Hindu caste system, one’s sect determines their caste, which, in turn, determines their occupation, social status, and access to resources. Similarly, in Islam, the sect one belongs to can have a significant impact on their social status and the social groups to which one belongs to.

The concept of the sect also impacts individual and collective identity formation. Individuals often identify themselves based on their sect, which shapes their religious beliefs, practices, and values. This, in turn, impacts their social interactions and relationships, as they tend to associate with individuals from the same sect. The concept of the sect also shapes collective identity formation, as individuals from the same sect often come together to form social and religious organizations that promote their shared beliefs and practices.

The Role of Sects in Inter-Group Relations:

The concept of the sect also plays a significant role in inter-group relations in Indian society. Sects often compete for resources and influence, leading to conflict and tensions between different sects. For instance, in Hinduism, there have been historical tensions between Shaivites and Vaishnavites, as both sects venerate different deities and have different beliefs and practices. Similarly, in Islam, there have been tensions between Sunni and Shia sects, as they have different beliefs and practices.

However, sects can also facilitate inter-group cooperation and solidarity. Individuals from the same sect often come together to support each other in times of need and form social and religious organizations that promote their shared beliefs and practices. Sects can also facilitate inter-group dialogue and cooperation, as individuals from different sects come together to share their beliefs and practices and learn from each other.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the concept of sect plays a crucial role in shaping the social, cultural, and religious landscape of Indian society. Sects are closely intertwined with other social categories, such as caste, region, and religion, and impact individual and collective identity formation, social status, and inter-group relations. While sects can lead to conflicts and tensions, they can also facilitate inter-group cooperation and dialogue. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of sects in Indian society is essential for promoting social cohesion, inter-group understanding, and harmony.

Is inclusive growth possible in a market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India.

Inclusive growth, also known as equitable growth, is a concept that emphasizes the importance of economic growth that benefits all members of society, regardless of their socio-economic status. In a market economy, where the allocation of resources is primarily determined by the interplay of supply and demand, achieving inclusive growth can be daunting. However, inclusive growth can be possible in a market economy with the right policies and strategies. This article will explore the concept of inclusive growth and its feasibility in a market economy. We will also discuss the importance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India.

The concept of inclusive growth is based on the idea that economic growth should be broad-based and inclusive, and not limited to a select few individuals or groups. It emphasizes the importance of creating opportunities and access to resources for all members of society, particularly those who are traditionally marginalized or excluded from economic activities. Inclusive growth is necessary to reduce poverty, inequality, and social exclusion and promote sustainable and long-term economic growth.

Market economies are based on the principles of supply and demand, where the market determines the allocation of resources. While market economies have the potential to generate economic growth and create wealth, they are also characterized by inequality and social exclusion. The benefits of economic growth are not distributed equally, and certain segments of society may be left behind. This is particularly true for marginalized groups such as women, minorities, and low-income households.

However, it is possible to achieve inclusive growth in a market economy by implementing policies and strategies that promote access to resources and opportunities for all members of society. For example, policies that focus on improving education, healthcare, and infrastructure can help create a more inclusive economy. Additionally, policies that promote entrepreneurship and innovation can help create new opportunities for marginalized groups and reduce barriers to entry.

Financial inclusion is a critical component of inclusive growth, particularly in developing economies such as India. Financial inclusion refers to the process of providing access to financial services to all members of society, particularly those who are traditionally excluded from the formal financial sector. Financial inclusion can help reduce poverty, increase economic growth, and promote social inclusion.

In India, financial inclusion has become a key priority for policymakers in recent years. The government has launched several initiatives to promote financial inclusion, including the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which aims to provide access to financial services to all households in the country. The PMJDY has been successful in reaching millions of unbanked households and has helped promote financial inclusion in the country.

Financial inclusion can have a significant impact on economic growth in India. By providing access to financial services, particularly credit, financial inclusion can help promote entrepreneurship and innovation, which are critical drivers of economic growth. Additionally, financial inclusion can help reduce poverty and improve the standard of living for marginalized groups.

Conclusion:

However, achieving financial inclusion is not without its challenges. One of the key challenges is the lack of access to formal financial institutions in rural and remote areas. Many marginalized groups, particularly those living in rural areas, do not have access to formal financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies. This limits their ability to access financial services and can perpetuate poverty and exclusion.

Another challenge is the lack of financial literacy among marginalized groups. Many individuals, particularly those who are not well-educated or do not have access to formal financial institutions, may not understand how financial services work or how to use them effectively. This can limit their ability to take advantage of financial services and can lead to financial insecurity.

To address these challenges, policymakers in India must focus on developing innovative solutions that promote financial inclusion. For example, mobile banking and digital payment systems can help reach marginalized groups in remote areas and provide access to financial services.

Exploration and Evaluation of the impact of “Work From Home” on Family Relationships

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we work and live. We are now transitioning from traditional office hours to a new work-from-home culture. As companies grapple with the challenges of social distancing, they’re increasingly focusing on telecommuting and remote working. This is the new normal in the workplace, and it’s bringing with it many benefits.

For one, remote working eliminates the need for costly office space and commuting for employees. This can help companies save a significant amount of money, especially in big cities with high rent costs. It also allows employees to work from any location, giving them the flexibility to work from home, a vacation spot, or even a coffee shop.

Remote working also allows employees to better manage their own work-life balance. This can decrease levels of stress and fatigue, thereby increasing job performance and productivity. Even though it may be hard for some people to focus without the structure of an office environment, many more individuals find that the flexibility of remote working is beneficial to them.

Companies are also finding that allowing employees to work from home can have positive effects on office morale. With fewer distractions and more focused work, teams are able to collaborate more quickly and easily. This can lead to higher employee satisfaction and improved customer service.

The transition to work from home is an opportunity to re-evaluate the way we work and live. With the right tools and strategies, companies and employees can take advantage of the many benefits remote working offers. As we continue to navigate the COVID-19 pandemic, this will likely be the new normal in the workplace.

Positive Impacts

  1. Increased Family Time: One of the most significant benefits of WFH is the increased amount of time that families can spend together. With the elimination of commutes, families can enjoy a more relaxed schedule and spend more quality time with each other.
  2. Improved Work-Life Balance: WFH allows individuals to balance their work and personal life more effectively. They can take care of household chores and attend to personal errands during the day, reducing stress and increasing overall satisfaction with their work-life balance.
  3. More Flexibility: WFH provides individuals with the flexibility to work from anywhere, at any time. This allows for a more relaxed and flexible schedule, leading to a reduced sense of stress and increased happiness.

Negative Impacts

  1. Increased Stress: While WFH has its benefits, it can also lead to increased stress. The boundaries between work and personal life can become blurred, leading to longer work hours and increased pressure to be available at all times.
  2. Decreased Quality of Family Time: While WFH allows for increased family time, it can also lead to decreased quality of that time. With work constantly in the background, it can be difficult for individuals to fully disconnect and enjoy quality time with their families.
  3. Isolation and Loneliness: WFH can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness, especially for those who are used to working in a social environment. The lack of face-to-face interactions with colleagues and clients can be detrimental to mental health and overall well-being.

Conclusion

WFH has had a significant impact on family relationships, with both positive and negative consequences. While it has allowed for increased family time and improved work-life balance, it has also resulted in increased stress, decreased quality of family time, and feelings of isolation and loneliness. It is important for individuals to find a balance between work and personal life, setting clear boundaries and prioritizing their mental health and well-being. Overall, the impact of WFH on family relationships is complex and varied, and it is up to each individual to make the best of the situation and find a balance that works for them and their family.

How does the cryosphere affect global climate?  

The cryosphere refers to the frozen parts of the Earth’s surface, including snow cover, sea ice, glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost. These frozen components play a critical role in regulating the global climate and significantly impact weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems. In this article, we will discuss the ways in which the cryosphere affects the global climate. The following ways portray the cryosphere’s effect on the global climate.

Albedo effect:

One of the primary ways the cryosphere affects the global climate is through the albedo effect. Albedo is a measure of the amount of solar radiation reflected back into the atmosphere, and the cryosphere has a high albedo due to its bright, reflective surface. When snow and ice cover are abundant, they reflect a large portion of incoming solar radiation back into space, cooling the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Conversely, when snow and ice cover decreases, the Earth’s surface absorbs more solar radiation, leading to increased warming.

Sea level rise:

The melting of glaciers and ice caps is a major contributor to sea level rise. As these frozen masses melt and the water flows into the ocean, the volume of the ocean increases, causing the sea level to rise. This rise in sea level not only has significant impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems, but it can also affect weather patterns and storm surges, causing more frequent and severe flooding.

Ocean currents and weather patterns:

Sea ice plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation, helping to regulate the exchange of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere. When sea ice melts, it affects the ocean’s ability to absorb and store heat, leading to changes in ocean currents and weather patterns. This can cause increased warming in some regions and cooling in others, resulting in more extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns.

Permafrost:

Permafrost is permanently frozen soil found in the Arctic and high-altitude mountain regions. This soil contains large amounts of carbon and methane, which are released into the atmosphere as the permafrost thaws. These greenhouse gases contribute to global warming, leading to a positive feedback loop where warming causes more permafrost to thaw, releasing more carbon and methane into the atmosphere, further contributing to warming.

Ecosystems:

The cryosphere is also important for supporting diverse ecosystems, including tundra, glaciers, and sea ice habitats. These ecosystems are home to unique plant and animal species, many of which are threatened by the melting of the cryosphere. As the cryosphere continues to decline, these ecosystems will be lost, resulting in a decline in biodiversity and the loss of essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration and water regulation.

In conclusion, the cryosphere plays a critical role in regulating the global climate and has significant impacts on weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems. The melting of the cryosphere due to global warming is causing significant changes to the Earth’s climate system and negatively impacting communities, economies, and ecosystems around the world. Therefore, it is imperative that we take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the rate of global warming in order to protect the cryosphere and mitigate its impacts on the global climate.

Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity.

The mid-eighteenth century in India was marked by political fragmentation and instability. This period in Indian history saw the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of regional powers and local states. The country was beset by the spectre of a fragmented polity, characterized by a lack of central authority, the rise of regional powers, and the proliferation of local states.

One of the primary reasons for the political fragmentation in India during this period was the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Mughals had ruled India since the sixteenth century, but by the mid-eighteenth century, their power was in rapid decline. This was due to a combination of internal factors, such as corruption and weak leadership, as well as external factors, such as invasions by the Marathas and the British. The weakening of Mughal rule allowed regional powers and local states to assert themselves and establish their independence from the central authority.

One of the most important regional powers that emerged during this period was the Maratha Empire. The Marathas were a powerful warrior class from western India that established their own empire in the late seventeenth century. They gradually expanded their territory and by the mid-eighteenth century, they had become one of the most dominant forces in India. The Marathas were known for their military prowess, but they also made significant contributions to Indian culture and society. However, despite its strength, the Maratha Empire was beset by internal conflicts and was eventually dissolved in the late nineteenth century.

Another important factor in the fragmentation of the polity in India was the rise of local states. During the Mughal era, India was divided into several provinces, each governed by a local governor who was responsible for maintaining law and order and collecting taxes. With the decline of Mughal rule, many of these governors declared their independence from the central authority and established their own independent states. These local states were characterized by a lack of central authority and were often at odds with each other. This political fragmentation further weakened the already weakened central authority and contributed to the instability of the polity in India.

In addition to the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of regional powers and local states, the fragmented polity in India was also influenced by the increasing presence of foreign powers in the country. The British East India Company, for example, had established a trading presence in India by the mid-eighteenth century and had gradually expanded its power and influence in the country. The British were not content with merely trading with the local states and gradually became involved in local politics, using their military and economic power to exert their influence. This further weakened the central authority in India and contributed to the fragmented polity of the country.

The fragmented polity in India during the mid-eighteenth century had far-reaching consequences for the country. The lack of central authority and the rise of regional powers and local states led to political instability and lawlessness. The country was beset by internal conflicts, wars, and invasions, and economic development was hindered by the lack of a stable central government. Furthermore, the proliferation of local states made it difficult for the country to develop a unified national identity and respond to external threats.

In conclusion, the mid-eighteenth century in India was marked by political fragmentation and instability. This was due to a combination of factors, including the decline of the Mughal Empire, the rise of regional powers and local states, and the increasing presence of foreign powers in the country. The fragmented polity in India had far-reaching consequences for the country, including political instability, economic hardship, and the lack of a unified national identity.

Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India?

A financial emergency is a situation in which the President of India is empowered to take measures to address a critical financial crisis that threatens the stability of the Indian economy. The President can proclaim a financial emergency under certain circumstances as outlined in the Constitution of India.

Article 360 of the Constitution of India provides for the proclamation of a financial emergency by the President. According to this article, if the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened, he may declare a financial emergency.

The financial emergency is proclaimed by the President by issuing a Proclamation under his hand and seal, which is published in the Official Gazette. The Proclamation must state the grounds on which the financial emergency has been proclaimed.

Droupadi Murmu, the current president of India

Once the financial emergency is proclaimed, the President is empowered to take measures to address the financial crisis. These measures may include reducing the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union or the States, retrenching such persons, and suspending the financial autonomy of the States. The President may also direct the Union government to take over the management of any financial institution.

The financial emergency is a rare occurrence and has only been proclaimed once in India’s history, in 1991. In this case, the financial emergency was proclaimed in response to a severe balance of payment crisis, which threatened the stability of the Indian economy.

The proclamation of a financial emergency is a serious matter and must be based on sound and convincing evidence of a critical financial crisis. The President must be satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened and that the measures taken under the financial emergency are necessary to address the crisis.

In order to ensure that the financial emergency is proclaimed only in genuine cases of financial crisis, the Constitution provides for a parliamentary review of the Proclamation. The Proclamation must be laid before both Houses of Parliament and can be revoked by a resolution of either House. The Proclamation can remain in force for a maximum of six months, after which it must be renewed by Parliament.

The financial emergency has far-reaching consequences for the Indian economy and the financial stability of the country. It is therefore important that it is proclaimed only in cases of a genuine financial crisis, and that the measures taken under the financial emergency are necessary and proportionate to the crisis.

In conclusion, the financial emergency is a constitutional provision that provides the President of India with the power to take measures to address a critical financial crisis that threatens the stability of the Indian economy. The President can proclaim a financial emergency if he is satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened, and the proclamation must be based on sound and convincing evidence of a critical financial crisis. The financial emergency is a serious matter and has far-reaching consequences for the Indian economy, and should therefore be proclaimed only in cases of a genuine financial crisis.

The Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures Representing The Social Life Of Those Days

Medieval Indian temple sculptures are some of the most important historical and artistic treasures of India. They are not just beautiful works of art, but also powerful representations of the social life of the people who lived during that time. Through these sculptures, we can learn about the beliefs, customs, and lifestyles of the people who lived in India during the medieval period.

Medieval India was a time of great artistic and cultural ferment, with a rich tradition of religious and secular sculpture. The temples of this era were not just places of worship, but also centers of community life. They were the hub of social and cultural activity, and the sculptures that adorned their walls and pillars provided a visual representation of the daily life of the people who frequented these temples.

One of the most striking features of these sculptures is the rich diversity they depict. The people depicted in these sculptures come from all walks of life, from noblemen and warriors to merchants and artisans. This rich diversity is a testament to the vibrant and inclusive society that existed in medieval India.

Another important aspect of these sculptures is the representation of women. In many cases, women are shown as equal partners in social and economic life. For example, there are sculptures depicting women working as artisans, merchants, or even warriors. This representation of women as active participants in society is a powerful statement about the status of women during this time.

The temple sculptures also provide a glimpse into the daily life of the people who lived during this time. They depict scenes of people cooking, eating, and working. These depictions give us a sense of what life was like for ordinary people and help to bring the past to life. For example, there are sculptures depicting people cooking and serving food, which gives us a sense of the importance of food and hospitality in medieval India.

In addition to depicting everyday life, these sculptures also provide a glimpse into the cultural and religious beliefs of the people of medieval India. Many of these sculptures depict Hindu gods and goddesses, and they often show the gods in various forms and poses. This representation of the gods is a powerful expression of the religious beliefs of the people who lived during this time.

Another important aspect of these sculptures is the representation of animals. In many cases, animals are depicted as symbols of strength, power, and fertility. For example, lions are often depicted as symbols of power and courage, while elephants are depicted as symbols of wealth and prosperity. These representations help us to understand the cultural significance of animals in medieval India.

In conclusion, the medieval Indian temple sculptures provide a rich and complex picture of the social life of the people who lived during this time. They offer a window into the beliefs, customs, and lifestyles of the people of this era, and they provide a powerful representation of the diversity and vitality of this period in Indian history. Through these sculptures, we can gain a deeper understanding of the past, and appreciate the art and culture of medieval India.

How India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka?

India and Sri Lanka share a deep and rich cultural and historical bond that has lasted for centuries. The two countries are separated by a narrow strip of the sea but have been connected through trade, religion, and cultural exchange for centuries. This connection has resulted in India becoming an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.

One of the key factors that have cemented the bond between the two countries is religion. Buddhism is the main religion in Sri Lanka, and it has its roots in India. The religion was introduced to Sri Lanka by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, and since then, it has become an integral part of Sri Lankan culture. India and Sri Lanka have also shared a strong spiritual bond through Buddhism, and this has further strengthened their relationship.

Trade has also been a major factor in the relationship between the two countries. India and Sri Lanka have been trading with each other for centuries, and this has helped to cement their relationship. The two countries have traded a wide range of goods, including spices, textiles, and precious stones, and this has helped to create a strong economic bond between the two countries.

Cultural exchange has also played a significant role in the relationship between India and Sri Lanka. The two countries have shared a rich cultural heritage, and this has been reflected in the music, dance, art, and literature of the two countries. For example, the classical dance form of Bharatanatyam is popular in both India and Sri Lanka, and the two countries have also shared a rich tradition of classical music.

The historical bond between the two countries is also very strong. Sri Lanka has been ruled by several Indian dynasties, and this has helped to create a strong cultural and historical connection between the two countries. For example, the Chola dynasty, which ruled Sri Lanka from the 9th to the 13th centuries, had a significant impact on Sri Lankan culture and architecture, and this has left a lasting legacy in the country.

The bond between India and Sri Lanka has also been strengthened by their political relationship. The two countries have worked together on a range of issues, including trade, security, and regional stability. They have also cooperated on a range of international issues, including climate change, and this has helped to strengthen their relationship further.

The relationship between India and Sri Lanka has also been strengthened by the Indian community in Sri Lanka. The Indian community in Sri Lanka has made significant contributions to the country, and this has helped to create a strong bond between the two countries. The Indian community in Sri Lanka has played a key role in the country’s economy and has helped to create a strong cultural bond between the two countries.

In conclusion, India and Sri Lanka share a deep and rich cultural, historical, and political bond that has lasted for centuries. The two countries have been connected through trade, religion, and cultural exchange, and this has helped to create a strong bond between the two countries. The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is an excellent example of how two countries can be connected through a deep and rich cultural and historical bond, and this bond has helped to create a strong and lasting friendship between the two countries.

Nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian Culture

Before we begin with understanding this topic, we must first gain insights into what “Bhakti/Bhakti Literature” actually means. “Bhakti” is a Sanskrit word that translates to “devotion” or “devoted worship” in English. Bhakti Literature refers to a genre of Indian devotional literature that emerged in the medieval period, from the 6th to the 18th centuries. The nature of Bhakti Literature is characterized by its focus on devotion to a personal deity and its emphasis on the experience of divine love. This genre of literature is also known for its emotional intensity and its emphasis on the devotion of the devotee to the deity.

Bhakti Literature has its roots in the Bhakti movement, which was a spiritual revival movement that spread across India in the medieval period. The movement was characterized by its focus on the personal devotion of the individual to the deity, as opposed to the ritualistic worship that was prevalent in the Hindu religion at the time. The Bhakti movement was a response to the societal and religious tensions that existed in medieval India and was a way for people to express their devotion to a higher power in a way that was meaningful to them.

The Bhakti movement had a profound impact on Indian culture and society, and Bhakti Literature played a significant role in this. Bhakti Literature was written in a variety of regional languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Sanskrit, making it accessible to a wide range of people. The accessibility allowed the Bhakti message of devotion and love to reach a large audience, and it helped to spread the Bhakti movement throughout India.

Manuscript by Sankaradeva in Assamese

One of the key contributions of Bhakti Literature to Indian culture is its emphasis on the devotional experience. Bhakti Literature is filled with stories and poems that describe the intense love and devotion that the devotee feels for the deity. This focus on the devotional experience helped to bring a more personal and emotional aspect to Hindu worship, and it allowed people to connect with the deity on a deeper level. The devotional experience that is described in Bhakti Literature also had a profound impact on the way that people viewed the deity, and it helped to promote the idea that the deity was approachable and compassionate.

Bhakti Literature also played a role in promoting the idea of equality and inclusiveness in Indian society. The Bhakti movement was inclusive of people from all castes and social classes, and Bhakti Literature reflected this. The literature often featured stories of devotees from all walks of life, and it emphasized the idea that devotion to the deity was available to everyone, regardless of their social status or background. This emphasis on inclusiveness helped to challenge the caste system that was prevalent in India at the time and helped to promote the idea of equality.

Another important contribution of Bhakti Literature to Indian culture is its influence on the arts. Bhakti Literature was often accompanied by music, and it played a role in the development of devotional music in India. Bhakti Literature also influenced visual arts and many paintings and sculptures from the medieval period depict scenes from Bhakti Literature. The impact of Bhakti Literature on the arts helped to spread the Bhakti message and to bring the devotional experience to life for those who were not able to read the literature themselves.

Finally, Bhakti Literature has had a lasting impact on Indian Literature as a whole. Bhakti Literature was written in a variety of regional languages, and it helped to preserve and promote these languages. Additionally, Bhakti Literature has inspired countless other works of literature and has helped to shape the way that people view love and devotion.

To conclude, Bhakti Literature is a genre of Indian devotional literature that emerged in the medieval period.

Lord Dalhousie – Founder of modern India

Lord Dalhousie was an able administrator, though forceful and tough. His contribution in the development of communication-railways, roads, postal and telegraph services-contiributed to the modernization and unity of India. His notable achievement was the creation of modern, centralized states.

Other measures with the same object were carried out in the Company’s own territories. Bengal, long ruled by the Governor-General or his delegate, was placed under its own Lieutenant-Governor in May 1854.

A department of public works was in each presidency, and engineering colleges were provided. An imperial system of telegraphs followed. The first link of railway communication was completed in 1855.

The construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile Ganges Canal, which contains thousands of miles of distributaries, was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural India.

He created an imperial system of post-offices, reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps. He created the department of public instruction; he improved the system of inspection of goals, abolishing the practice of branding convicts; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights; inaugurated the system of administrative reports; and enlarged the Legislative Council of India

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To the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules, while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns, by vigorously punishing insolvents, and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage.

Another consequential set of reforms, were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system.

UAPA Act

Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 is a law that aims at preventing any unlawful activities by any association that might jeopardise India’s sovereignty and integrity. Parliament has recently passed the UAPA Bill in 2019 which have made some changes in the existing law.

Amendments:

In the existing law, only the associations/groups are termed “terrorist organisations”. However, in the new bill, individuals can be designated as ” terrorists “.

The new existing law states that the power to conduct investigations on cases related to UAPA rest with officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or ACP and above whereas the new bill provides this power to officers of the rank of inspectors and above. The changes are not made on aspects related to arrest and bails.

In the existing law, the NIA must have prior permission from the Director General of Police before seizure or attachment of properties. However, the bill gives the power to NIA to approve of the seizure or attachment of the property without any permission from the DGPs.

International Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism(2005) has been added in the amendment.

Conclusion

Human Rights groups are openly opposing the proposed changes in the laws. According to them, notifying an individual as a terrorist without giving him an opportunity of being heard violates the individual’s right to dignity and reputation, which is a facey of right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.

Further, the ambiguous nature of the act affects federal structure of the nation as it gives more power to the central government. Branding anyone a terrorist without any judicial process, legal consequences and defence and limited justice for the accused and curtailing the powers of the State Police Forces are among the concerns with regard to the bill.

The idea behind passing of such amendments was to strengthen the security of a nation from external state and non-state actors. However, an integrated approach should be followed while making such amendments to create a balance between human rights, fundamental rights and national security.

Civil services – dream of every student

 

To become an IAS, IPS officer is the dream of every indian student, but to grab this opportunity students have to work harder more than his ability.

The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is a nationwide competitive examination in India conducted by the union public service commission for recruitment to various civil services of the government of India, including the Indian administrative services (IAS), Indian foreign services (IFS), and Indian police services (IPS). Also simply referred to as the UPSC examination, it is conducted in three phases – a preliminary examination consisting of two objective-type papers (General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II also popularly known as Civil Service Aptitude Test or CSAT), and a main examination consisting of nine papers of conventional (essay) type, in which two papers are qualifying and only marks of seven are counted followed by a personality test (interview).

Nationality

  • For the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, the candidate must be a citizen of India.
  • For other services, the candidate must be one of the following:
  • A citizen of India.
  • A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan.
  • A Tibetan refugee who settled permanently in India before 1 January 1962.

Educational qualification

All candidates must have as a minimum one of the following educational qualifications:

  • A degree from a Central, State or a Deemed university
  • A degree received through correspondence or distance education
  • A degree from an open university
  • A qualification recognized by the Government of India as being equivalent to one of the above

The following candidates are also eligible, but must submit proof of their eligibility from a competent authority at their institute/university at the time of the main examination, failing which they will not be allowed to attend the exam.

  • Candidates who have appeared in an examination the passing of which would render them educationally qualified enough to satisfy one of the above points.
  • Candidates who have passed the final exam of the mbbs degree but have not yet completed an internship.
  • Candidates who have passed the final exam of ICAI, ICSI and ICWAI.
  • A degree from a private university.
  • A degree from any foreign university recognized by the association of Indian universities.

 Age

The candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years (for the General category candidate) on 1 August of the year of examination. Prescribed age limits vary with respect to caste reservations.

Number of attempts

The number of times a candidate can appear for the exam are given below.

  • General category candidates – 6
  • OBC category candidates – 9
  • SC/ST candidates – unlimited attempts till 37 years of age.

Appearing to attempt one of the papers in the preliminary examination is counted as an attempt, including disqualification/ cancellation of candidature. However, applying to sit the exam but failing to attend is not counted as an attempt.

After ,accomplishing all this eligibility criteria students have to ready for preparing the entrances, as all we know this exam conduct in three variations,

First: preliminary exams

Second: mains exam

Third: interview –personality test

Students have to clear all this rounds, after completing all this rounds students have to go for eleven months physical training in Hyderabad.

Hope if you are dreaming to become an IAS, IPS officer so you will accomplish it, this services just need your hardwork and smart work.