What is Hypothesis in Research?

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement of a proposition which the researcher seeks to prove. It’s basically a concrete generalization. Of course, this generalization requires essential characteristics that pertain to an entire class of phenomena.

When a theory stated as a testable proposition formally and subject to empirical verification we can define it as a hypothesis. Researchers make a hypothesis on the basis of some earlier theories and some rationale that generally accepted as true. The hypothesis test finally will decide whether it is true or rejected.

So, to clarify a hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The researcher set out the variables to prove or disprove. Hypothesis essentially includes three elements. For example-

1. Variables
2. Population
3. Relationship between variables.

Example of Hypothesis

1. Rewards increase reading achievements
2. Rewards decrease reading achievements
3. Or rewards have no effect on reading achievements

In the above examples- variables are- Rewards & Achievements.

Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative assumption drawn from practical knowledge or theory. A hypothesis is used as a guide in the inquiry of other facts or theories that a researcher does not know. However, the formulation of the hypothesis is one of the most difficult steps in the entire scientific research process.

Therefore, in this regard, we intend to point out the basic steps in the formulation of a hypothesis. We are pretty sure that this guideline will be helpful in your research works.

1. Define Variables

At first, with a view to formulating a hypothesis, you must define your variables. What do you want to test? Will you test that rewards increase reading achievement? Or rewards decrease reading achievement? Whatever your goals are, they need to be clearly defined, quantifiable, and measurable. This will provide you with a clear idea of what to follow to achieve results.

2. Study In-Depth the Variables

If we do think that your variables are Rewards & Achievements, then you need to intense study how rewards increase reading achievements? An in-depth study, rigorous questions, and data of rewards increase reading achievements will make you able to confirm your hypothesis. Specify dependent and independent variables.

3. Specify the Nature of Relationship

Then, identify what relationship there exist between the variables. What variable influences the other? That is what is the dependent variable and what is the independent variable? How Rewards impact achievements? If reward plays a key role in reading achievements, then reward is the independent variable.

4. Identify Study Population

The population in research we mean the entire group of individuals is going to study. If you want to test how rewards increase reading achievements in the United Kingdom, you need not study the whole population of the United Kingdom. Because the total population does not involve in reading achievements. Therefore, the researcher must identify the study population.

5. Make Sure Variables are Testable

Variables in your hypothesis must be testable. Otherwise, the hypothesis would be worthless. Because your research study must accept or reject a variable. So, variables you must need to test. Testable variables can only be accepted or rejected. Moreover, the sole aim of a research hypothesis is to test variables in the long run.

It is crucial for graduate students to search the thesis and dissertation literature to make sure that an idea or hypothesis has not already been tested, explored, and published.  An additional reason to search this literature is that it is rich with ideas and information not found elsewhere.  If graduate students do not continue on as academics or if students that came after them in their programs did not continue their research, this literature may be the end of the line for scholarship on a topic. Tesi Online is a good resource for scholars to try.

1. Mission Changes

Did you know that the team who made Instagram had previously developed a product called Burbn?  It was a check-in service similar to Foursquare except that it focused on hanging out with your friends.  Needless to say, it never took off.  The team performed something that is most visibly seen in the tech community: a company pivot.  They changed their business focus and created Instagram.

Sometimes companies need to change direction to survive.  For more on corporate culture and the role of the mission statement, check out this article on shaping an authentic corporate culture.

2. Strategic Changes

A strategic change is a change in how the company tackles a problem.  Going from print advertising for your business to online, for example, is a strategic change.  As is targeting a different demographic or selling a new type of product.  When Amazon launched the Kindle, that was a strategic change.  When Microsoft revealed that Windows 8 had changed how the company had approached operating systems, that was a strategic change.  Change management in this case means convincing your team of the new strategy’s value.

3. Operational Changes

An operational change is a change in the structure of your company.  That could be a reorganization, lay offs, or just a team change due to a strategic or mission statement change.

Operational changes are some of the roughest for your employees because they never quite know what to expect.  At least with a change in technology they aren’t likely to find themselves without a job.

4. Technological Changes

Technology is advancing inexorably, whether we like it or not.  That means we need to keep upgrading or fall behind.  Often operational and strategic changes are driven by a change in technology.  At the turn of the century, for example, it was rare to see a TV commercial direct you to a website.  Now it is commonplace.

A change in technology could mean a change that affects all your employees.  If an operating system upgrade breaks a proprietary piece of software, you are going to have to retrain your team with the new software.  Technological changes don’t have to be rough, though.  Switching to Intuit Quickbase is often quick and painless.

That said, people are stubborn.  Often technological changes cause the most trouble.  Make sure your team is trained for the software, though, and you should be able to avoid most of it.

Total project management solutions (TPM solutions) will help a project-thinking organization to stabilize the business processes and begin leading employees towards achieving refined efficiency and accountability. Implementing TPM solutions requires a flexible infrastructure that lets respond to the dynamics of a project environment and rapid technological advances. In this article, I will briefly talk about what TPM concept means and will also outline a 5-step model for implementing total PM solutions. I guess my considerations will be helpful for management staff and executives in project-thinking organizations.

TPM Concept

The key idea behind total project management (TPM) consists in providing a project-thinking organization with an enterprise-wide approach to establishing an efficient project management system. Such a system paves the way for developing total project management solutions (TPM solutions) through creating a project-based culture in which every project is performed in line with the organization’s corporate strategy, and therefore every project participant and team member can get necessary support from managers at all levels. The system will be the foundation for implementing TPM effort and starting the project management process.

TPM solutions make it possible to build close collaboration and communication between project-thinking employees, technology and processes which are the key drivers in the total project integration environment. The implementation of total project management solutions depends on a selected management style that integrates accountability into the total project processes and serves as a convenient way for continuous improvement of both corporate and individual performance.

A 5-Step Model

A macro-level model of total project management includes 5 steps Taking each of the steps builds an infrastructure for implementing TPM solutions. Here are these steps:

• Communication
• Assessment
• Recommendation
• Implementation
• Validation

Because a model of total project management encompasses all of the listed steps, a project-thinking organization needs to incorporate collaborative methods, tools, and appropriate technologies to create a synchronized and highly productive infrastructure that tends to be stable and flexible in a rapidly changing project environment.

Once the steps of TPM model are taken along with the standards of best practices (incl. communication protocols, employee competency assessments, project portfolio analysis, project methodology planning, process scheduling and mapping, application-based working environments, team training and development), the infrastructure for achieving efficient total project management solutions will be established.

Performance appraisal

Forming part of an organisation’s overall performance management system, the performance appraisal can be defined as the process of identifying, evaluating and developing the work performance of employees to help achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. At the same time, appraisals benefit employees by providing them with recognition, feedback, career guidance and development.

Performance appraisal involves managers and their staff members meeting on a one-on-one basis at regular intervals (at least annually) to discuss work performance in relation to:

• execution of roles and responsibilities
• the requirements of the organisation and individuals’ contribution to the achievement of the organisation’s objectives.

Effective performance appraisal relies on clear performance standards being established and discussed with employees. Using these standards, appraisal involves:

• observing the employee’s work behaviour and results, and comparing them against the agreed standards
• evaluating job performance and the employee’s development potential
• providing feedback to the employee
• acting on the results of the appraisal process, for example through promotion, reward and recognition, counselling, training, or in some cases termination.

Negotiation is a dialogue between two parties to resolve conflicts or issues so that both parties find the solution acceptable. Usually, it is a compromise involving give and take. Negotiation results when each party compromises to resolve a conflict for everyone’s benefits. In the workplace, negotiations may take place between managers, departments, colleagues or between a team member and a manager. Even before you join the workplace, you may negotiate the job offer with the interviewer or HR manager.

In this article, we will discuss what negotiation skills are, its benefits, examples and tips for improving your negotiation skills.

What are negotiation skills?

Negotiation skills are inherent qualities that help two or more parties agree to a common logical solution. In the workplace, you may have to display your negotiating skills in various situations such as:

• Negotiating a salary hike with the HR manager after promotion
• Negotiating a project deadline with your team lead or manager
• Negotiating few days off for a family holiday with your manager
• Negotiating contract terms with a potential customer

Lack of negotiation skills affects the business bottom line and could ruin customer relationship. Negotiation skills are soft skills and essential to become a negotiator and resolve workplace conflicts.

However, this skill set depends on the work environment, the parties involved and outcome desired. Often, when one party is ready for reaching a compromise, the other party may be resistant. This makes negotiation difficult and you are likely to encounter such situations in the workplace. That is why you need to master your negotiation skills.

Knowledge management

The knowledge management (KM) category represents solutions that streamline the process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge. When an organization is able to easily access, share, and update business knowledge, it can become more productive and cost-efficient. The ability to access the right knowledge at the right time, via a robust knowledge management system, informs accurate decision-making and stimulates collaboration and innovation.

A McKinsey Global institute reports indicates that a robust knowledge management system can reduce information search time by as much as 35 percent and raise organization-wide productivity by 20 to 25 percent. Findings culled from the International Data Corp also corroborates the value of a knowledge management system.

As your enterprise grows, so too will the need to access a reliable knowledge database in order to effectively run your business, serve your clients, and increase revenue. Without a knowledge management system in place, your employees will be forced to learn and relearn processes and information. That’s an inefficient and costly practice. Plus, you may also run the risk of losing those processes or information if a knowledge leader or legacy employee leaves your company.

1. Human Resources Approach:

This approach recognizes that human resources in an organisation are the central force. Their development will contribute to the success of the organisation. Human resources approach provides for the changes in the managerial role. It requires that the managers, instead of controlling the employees, should provide active support to them by treating them as part of the group.

The superiors and managers should practice a style where workers are given the opportunities and encouragement to perform under loose supervision. By treating individuals as mature adults, organisations can increase productivity and at the same time meet the needs of individuals for independence and growth.

2. Contingency Approach:

The approach stresses that there is no single way to manage effectively under all circumstances. The methods of behaviours which work effectively in one situation may fail in another. The organisational structure and the processes of management are governed by the external environment and several aspects of the internal environment. Effective management processes will vary in different situations depending on the individuals and groups in the organisation, the nature of the job and technology, the environment facing the organisation and its structure.

The manager’s task therefore, is to identify which method will, in a particular situation, under particular circumstances and at a particular time, best contribute to the attainment of organization’s goals. Thus, the manager will have to analyze each situation prior to action and different managerial practices and styles are needed for effective management.

3. Productivity Approach:

Productivity means the numerical value of the ratio of output to input. Higher the value of this ratio, greater is the efficiency and effectiveness of the management. The traditional concept of productivity was concerned with economic inputs and output only. But nowadays human and social inputs and outputs are equally important. Productivity, a significant part of organisational behaviour decisions, is recognized and discussed extensively. These decisions relate to human, social and economic issues. For example if better organisational behaviour can reduce worker’s turnover or the number of absentees, a human output or benefit occurs.

4. System Approach

The systems approach is of the view that an organisation is a powerful system with several subsystems which are highly and closely interconnected. Any action taken to solve the problems in one subsystem will have its effect on the other subsystems as well; since all the parts of the organisation are closely connected. Thus, this approach gives the managers a way of looking at the organisation as a whole, whole group, and the whole social system. Systems approach has become an integral part of modern organisational theory. Organisations are termed as complex systems comprising of interrelated and interlocking systems.

According to this approach, an organisation receives several inputs from its environment such as material, human and financial. These inputs are then processed so as to produce the final output in terms of products or services.

The Organizational Process

Organizing, like planning, must be a carefully worked out and applied process. This process involves determining what work is needed to accomplish the goal, assigning those tasks to individuals, and arranging those individuals in a decision‐making framework (organizational structure). The end result of the organizing process is an organization — a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to execute tasks to achieve goals, both effectively and efficiently.

A properly implemented organizing process should result in a work environment where all team members are aware of their responsibilities. If the organizing process is not conducted well, the results may yield confusion, frustration, loss of efficiency, and limited effectiveness.

1.Review plans and objectives.

Objectives are the specific activities that must be completed to achieve goals. Plans shape the activities needed to reach those goals. Managers must examine plans initially and continue to do so as plans change and new goals are developed.

        2.Determine the work activities necessary to accomplish objectives.

Although this task may seem overwhelming to some managers, it doesn’t need to be. Managers simply list and analyze all the tasks that need to be accomplished in order to reach organizational goals.

     3.Classify and group the necessary work activities into manageable units.

A manager can group activities based on four models of departmentalization: functional, geographical, product, and customer.

    4.Assign activities and delegate authority.

Managers assign the defined work activities to specific individuals. Also, they give each individual the authority (right) to carry out the assigned tasks.

    5.Design a hierarchy of relationships.

A manager should determine the vertical (decision‐making) and horizontal (coordinating) relationships of the organization as a whole. Next, using the organizational chart, a manager should diagram the relationships.

Systems approach is based on the generalization that everything is inter-related and inter­dependent. A system is composed of related and dependent element which when in interaction, forms a unitary whole. A system is simply an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex whole.

One its most important characteristic is that it is composed of hierarchy of sub-systems. That is the parts forming the major system and so on. For example, the world can be considered-to be a system in which various national economies are sub-systems.

In turn, each national economy is composed of its various industries, each industry is composed of firms’ and of course a firm can be considered a system composed of sub-systems sudi as production, marketing, finance, accounting and so on.

Features of Systems Approach:

(i) A system consists of interacting elements. It is set of inter-related and inter-dependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.

(ii) The various sub-systems should be studied in their inter-relationships rather, than in isolation from each other.

(iii) An organisational system has a boundary that determines which parts are internal and which are external.

(iv) A system does not exist in a vacuum. It receives information, material and energy from other systems as inputs. These inputs undergo a transformation process within a system and leave the system as output to other systems.

(v) An organisation is a dynamic system as it is responsive to its environment. It is vulnerable to change in its environment.

In the systems approach, attention is paid towards the overall effectiveness of the system rather than the effectiveness of the sub-systems. The interdependence of the sub-systems is taken into account. The idea of systems can be applied at an organisational level. In Appling system concepts, organisations are taken into account and not only the objectives and performances of different departments (sub-systems).

The systems approach is considered both general and specialised systems. The general systems approach to management is mainly concerned with formal organisations and the concepts are relating to technique of sociology, psychology and philosophy. The specific management system includes the analysis of organisational structure, information, planning and control mechanism and job design, etc.

As discussed earlier, system approach has immense possibilities, “A system view point may provide the impetus to unify management theory. By definitions, it could treat the various approaches such as the process of quantitative and behavioural ones as sub-systems in an overall theory of management. Thus, the systems approach may succeed where the process approach has failed to lead management out of the theory of jungle.

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Women Safety in India is broadly talked about wherever these days. It has now turned into a significant issue. The crime percentage is on the spike. Women are neither protected outside nor at home. Women voyagers from different nations are likewise in a questionable state while contemplating coming to India. Notwithstanding, this dread can’t get them far from any sort of friendly action. There are laws however there ought to be appropriate security estimates which we need to follow stringently to shield the women from brutality.

Security of Women in India has turned into a significant issue in India now. The crime percentages against women in the nation have simply ascended generally. Women really reconsider getting out of their homes, particularly at the evening. This is, shockingly, the miserable truth of our country that lives in steady dread. Not a day passes by where you don’t know about the information on a wrongdoing against women in India. Truth be told, there are somewhere around five news stories that enlighten us concerning the horrendous subtleties of the different wrongdoings. It is very difficult to watch the situation with women security in India, particularly in a nation where women are given the height of goddesses.

To further develop women security in India the primary undertaking is to work on the quantity of ladies in each circle of society. Alongside that the adjustment of mentality of individuals is exceptionally fundamental for the wellbeing of women. From family to instructive organizations men ought to be educated about regarding females. Further, there ought to be quick track courts to hear the cases and they cases ought to be examined in a period bound way. Just severe laws can not tackle the issue of women wellbeing in India rather the execution of these laws in a period bound way can address the issue generally.

So, wrongdoings against women are halting the development of our country. We should not accuse ladies and request that they be extra cautious. All things considered, we should request that the men change their reasoning and work to make the world a more secure spot for women.

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Bringing up a cheerful, sound youngster is perhaps the most difficult job a parent can have – and furthermore one of the most fulfilling. However a considerable lot of us don’t approach nurturing with a similar center we would use for a task. We might follow up on our gut responses or simply utilize the equivalent nurturing strategies our own folks utilized, regardless of whether these were powerful nurturing abilities. Bringing up kids is one of the hardest and most satisfying positions on the planet — and the one for which you may feel the most un-arranged.

Guardians are among the main individuals in the existences of small kids. Guardians incorporate moms and fathers, just as different parental figures who go about as guardians. From birth, youngsters depend on guardians to give them the consideration they should be cheerful and solid, and to develop and foster well. However, guardians once in a while need data and the help that they need for great nurturing. Great nurturing helps encourage compassion, genuineness, independence, discretion, consideration, participation, and brightness, says Steinberg, a recognized educator of brain science at Temple University in Philadelphia. It additionally advances scholarly interest, inspiration, and urges a craving to accomplish. Great nurturing additionally shields youngsters from creating uneasiness, gloom, dietary problems, introverted conduct and liquor and substance addiction.

Kid raising tips that can assist you with feeling more satisfied as a parent :
• Boosting Your Child’s Self-Esteem
• Catch Kids Being Good
• Set Limits and Be Consistent With Your Discipline
• Make Time for Your Kid
• Be a Good Role Model
• Make Communication a Priority
• Be Flexible and Willing to Adjust Your Parenting Style
• Show That Your Love Is Unconditional
• Know Your Own Needs and Limitations as a Parent

Also, attempt to make nurturing a reasonable work. Zero in on the spaces that need the most consideration instead of attempting to address everything at the same time. Let it out when you’re worn out. Get some down time from nurturing to do things that will satisfy you personally or as a couple.

The parent-youngster relationship is significant in light of the fact that it establishes the framework for the kid’s character, life decisions, and generally conduct. It can likewise influence the strength of their social, physical, mental, and enthusiastic wellbeing. Kids who have a sound connection with their folks are bound to foster positive associations with others around them. They can set up secure bonds and fellowships with peers. The sound contribution of guardians in their kids’ everyday life guarantees that their children can perform better socially and scholastically.

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“We have a such a deep connection to music because it is ‘hardwired’ in our brains and bodies,” said Barbara Else.

We would all be able to consider somewhere around one tune that, when we hear it, triggers an enthusiastic reaction. It very well may be a tune that went with the principal dance at your wedding, for instance, or a melody that helps you to remember a troublesome separation or the passing of a friend or family member.

Music is one of the most widespread methods of articulation and correspondence for humanity and is available in the day to day existences of individuals, everything being equal, and from all societies all throughout the planet. Paying attention to music, singing, making, regardless of whether separately and by and large, are normal exercises for by far most of individuals. Music addresses a pleasant movement all by itself, yet its impact goes past basic delight. These exercises not just permit the declaration of individual internal states and sentiments, yet additionally can achieve numerous constructive outcomes in the people who participate in them.

Paying attention to music has been displayed to further develop memory working, increment pace of recuperating, work on your exercises and the sky is the limit from there. Music and its impact on memory has been a warmed discussion in the logical world, however scientists currently have proof that the preparing of music and language, explicitly remembering data, depend on a portion of a similar cerebrum frameworks. Music has an exceptional connection to our feelings, and exploration has discovered that it very well may be utilized as an amazingly viable pressure the board device.

Studies have shown that individuals who pay attention to music consistently score higher on knowledge tests than individuals who don’t. This is on the grounds that individuals can hold more data when feeling more joyful for longer timeframes, which is typically while paying attention to music. Presently with expanded innovation in things like PDAs and watches, music is versatile now and can be delighted in anyplace whenever.

Music is the substance of life. All that has mood has music. Our breathing likewise has a beat. Subsequently, we can say that there is music in each individual or a living animal. Music can pass on a wide range of feelings to individuals. Music is additionally an extremely incredible intends to interface with God. We can reason that Music is the most flawless type of love of God and to associate with our spirit.

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Mental instabilities are sicknesses or conditions that influence how you think, feel, act, or identify with others or to your environmental elements. They are extremely normal. Many individuals have had one or know somebody who has. Mental problems are among the most well-known reasons for handicap. The subsequent sickness weight of psychological maladjustment is among the most elevated, all things considered. Psychological well-being and actual wellbeing are firmly associated. Emotional wellness assumes a significant part in individuals’ capacity to keep up with great actual wellbeing. Psychological instabilities, like melancholy and tension, influence individuals’ capacity to partake in wellbeing advancing practices. Thus, issues with actual wellbeing, like constant sicknesses, can genuinely affect psychological wellness and decline an individual’s capacity to take part in therapy and recuperation.

It is typical for youngsters and youth to encounter different sorts of enthusiastic misery as they create and mature. For instance, it is normal for youngsters to encounter tension with regards to school, or youth to encounter brief times of discouragement that are transient in nature. At the point when manifestations continue, it very well might be an ideal opportunity to look for proficient help. There is no single reason for emotional well-being messes; all things being equal, they can be brought about by a combination of natural, mental and ecological elements. Individuals who have a family background of emotional wellness problems might be more inclined to creating one eventually. Changes in cerebrum science from substance misuse or changes in diet can likewise cause mental problems. Mental components and natural factors, for example, childhood and social openness can shape the establishments for hurtful idea designs related with mental issues.

Signs and indications of psychological instability can fluctuate, contingent upon the issue, conditions and different components. Some common symptoms are :

1. Excessive paranoia, worry, or anxiety
2. Long-lasting sadness or irritability
3. Extreme changes in moods
4. Social withdrawal
5. Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping pattern

Taking everything into account the central matters raised are that emotional well-being is all the more wide spread an affliction and that it is shown that it can show itself in a wide range of circumstances both mental and physical. Psychological wellness in some structure can happen to anybody both in its straightforward or its more mind boggling structure. Measurably gaining from the exploration I have acquired, psychological well-being is on the increment locally and at a disturbing rate. This is expected to some extent to the way world/way of life is advancing at an always quicker speed. With monetary foundations and environment control in the day by day news and apparently crazy it is no big surprise individuals are experiencing more psychological wellness issues than they used to do. In this mechanical very quick world that we possess people groups lives are placed in a great deal of pressure and tension accordingly prompting a condition of misery and other actual issues.

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Humans are not born blank slates, which makes it incredibly difficult to discover the true nature of human behavior. European philosophers were the first to agree that our actions are not motivated by rationality because they’re blindly driven by emotions. The existence of these two opposing forces is what guided many thinkers toward the study of psychology. Are humans rational or emotional beings? The answer is neither-we are both but one cannot always control the other, so there’s always uncertainty when it comes to predicting future choices and reactions.

The theories which describe our behavior can vary based on the culture or culture in question. For example, North Americans see the world in terms of dualism, while Asians tend to develop holistic views because they believe in harmony and balance. The point is that what you believe is true for your culture or country cannot always be applied to other cultures or countries blindly because each one has its own unique history and society.

Psychology is an attempt at explaining human behavior within the framework of how the mind works, both yours and others’.
Psychology is a science that applies psychological knowledge to explain behavior. It has four main fields: cognition, emotion, motivation and development.
In the subject of psychology, the word “memory” is often used interchangeably with “memorizing”. In fact, they are not exactly the same thing. In psychology, the term memory refers to an event that has been experienced or observed in the past. It may involve all or part of a visual image as well as a sound or smell.

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A primary goal of management education is to develop students into managers who can think ahead, exercise good judgment, make ethical decisions, and take into
consideration the implications of their proposed actions.

Premises
Organizations are complex systems.
Where is a need to understand how the system operates esp. in a sociotechnical system – humanity and technology.
Human behavior in organizations is
sometimes unpredictable.
Behaviors may come from deep-seated needs, lifetime experiences and personal value systems ,Human behavior in a organization can be partially understood
And Applying the frameworks of behavioral science, management and other disciplines.

There are no perfect solutions to
organizational problems well, Increase the understanding and skills – work relationships can substantially upgraded

An organization is a collection of people
who work together to achieve individual
and organizational goals. Or it can be a consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people, that
functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

Organizational behavior is actually the study of human behavior in the workplace,
And the interaction between people and the organization, and the organization itself.

It’s basic goals focuses on the behaviour of people under a variety of conditions.as even understanding the reason for the same . Managers need to remember that organizational behavior is a tool for human benefit

Organisational behaviour encompasses three broad areas which are mentioned below
1.The Behavior of People in Organisations

2.Organisational Structure

3.Behavior of organization

Anone studying about the importance of organisation and organizational behaviour will get to know it’s major aspects and Develop its skills to function effectively in the workplace. It even leads in the Growth of personality through insight into human behaviour as well as Enhance overall organizational effectiveness.

Thank you.

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The Internet is rapidly transforming the show business in India. the dimensions and effect of the longer-term use of digital content is very large for the country’s mobile user base, led by the launch of three G and 4 G networks and many subscribers. Audiences are using numerous different technologies to look at films, documentaries, and web series on their smartphone devices. Some examples include Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hotstar and Zee5, which provide movies and other video content through internet. it’s become a challenge to the Movie theater industry. Now that theatres are pack up and film releases are suspended during the national shutdown, cinema owners worry that the universal experience of viewing
movies will eventually change digital platforms, resulting in a dip in viewers
visiting once the screens open again.

Over-the-top (OTT) media platform refers to something sort of a digital video platform which is distributed explicitly to consumers bypassing cable, radio and satellite television channels over the web that sometimes act as distributors of these content. Over the past few years, owing to the increase in internet consumption, the media and entertainment sector has seen a
significant push. The fundamentals of the cinema industry are being redefined.

When it involves OTT platforms, on a mean every user holds minimum of
two OTT platforms, most important advantage of OTT platforms is that buyer’s access plenty of content during a freemium model where OTT platforms offer free content with a selected collection and there would be an incentive to modify to the paying subscription. OTT platforms have allowed users, at
their own convenience, to access a spread of content at low expense.
When it involves Movie theatres, Majority of the viewers choose a movie
once very month Viewers are able to spend 500-1000rupees to observe a movie. Majority of the viewers opting to observe a movie within the theatre when it’s a highly content driven movie. Thus, a change in
consumer watching habits is often seen where theatres were highly
preferred for commercial/big star movies, but now it replaced by content
driven movies. From the info, it is often said that folks prefer watching content mostly in OTT platforms and infrequently in movie theatres. Convenience is that the
biggest reason behind the utilization of over-the-top application. Second
biggest reason is choice of wide selection of content. Third on is availability of content on demand.

Conclusion:
The Indian audience’s perception of trends within the Indian media and show business is encouraging. The Indian audience claims that these applications are transforming the Indian media and entertainment sector, and therefore the reasons for these improvements are media
convenience, content efficiency, economical media, and innovative
projects. Research reveals that the longer term of Over-the-Top (OTT)application in India is promising. But certain factors of theatres like Screen size and Sound quality, theatrical experience and ambience can’t be achieved by OTT platforms. So, people will certainly reach bent theatres, but it’ll happen slowly thanks to things, but it can never be completely erased on the existence of OTT platforms. To summarize, the report
suggests that the OTT industry has disrupted the movies industry which
because the industry dynamics changes, both mediums won’t only coexist
but even prosper together.

Thank you.

By Dilip Patel

Position related brutality in India has happened and keeps on happening in different structures. As indicated by a report by Common liberties Watch: Unfair and savage, brutal, and debasing
treatment of more than 165 million people in India has been advocated based on standing. Position is drop based and genetic in nature. It is a trademark dictated by one’s introduction to the
world into a specific rank, independent of the confidence rehearsed by the person. Caste signifies a conventional arrangement of unbending social definition into positioned
bunches characterized by drop and occupation. Caste divisions in India overwhelm in lodging, marriage, work, and gender and danger of social exclusion, financial blacklists, and actual violence. eral social connection divisions that are supported through the training.

The Dalits | Still untouchable
Article 46 of the Indian Constitution.
Today, 68 years after Autonomy, as Dalits keep on enduring the worst part of savagery and segregation featured lately by the appalling self destruction of Rohith Vemula, a Ph.D understudy
in the Hyderabad Focal College who hanged himself, accusing his introduction to the world as a “deadly mishap” in a chilling last note-we were
unable to be any further away from what the Constitution had requested from a free and reasonable India

A ghost of self destruction passed by a few Dalit students was frequenting India. Out of 25 students who ended it all just in north India and Hyderabad since 2007, 23 were Dalits. This remembered two
for the lofty All-India Foundation of Clinical
Sciences in New Delhi, and 11 in Hyderabad city alone. Deliberate information doesn’t exist for such suicides, however the issue runs far more
profound than a couple of understudies choosing to take their own lives in the wake of being crushed by the framework. Dalit problem in India peruses like a whole information sheet of misfortunes. As indicated by a 2010 report by the
Public Basic liberties Commission (NHRC) on the Anticipation of Outrages against Booked Ranks, a wrongdoing is carried out against a Dalit like clockwork. Overall, three Dalit ladies are assaulted, two Dalits killed, and two Dalit houses
consumed. As indicated by the NHRC insights set up by K.B. Saxena, a previous extra boss secretary of Bihar, 37% Dalits live underneath the destitution line, 54% are undernourished, 83 for
every 1,000 kids brought into the world in a Dalit family pass on before their first birthday celebration, 12% before their fifth birthday celebration, and 45 percent stay unskilled. The information likewise shows that Dalits are kept from entering the police headquarters in 28% of Indian towns. Dalit kids have been made to sit
independently while eating in 39% government schools. Dalits don’t get mail conveyed to their homes in 24% of towns. What’s more, they are denied admittance to water sources in 48% of our towns since distance stays a distinct reality
despite the fact that it was abrogated in 1955.

India’s caste system is perhaps the world’s longest enduring social progression. A characterizing highlight of Hinduism, station incorporates an intricate requesting of gatherings of people based on custom immaculateness. An
individual is viewed as an individual from the position into which the person is conceived and stays inside that
standing til’ the very end, albeit the specific positioning of that rank may differ among districts and over the long run. Contrasts in status are generally supported by the strict dictated by one’s deeds in past lifetimes.

today

The infection doesn’t see race, religion, shading, standing, doctrine, language or lines prior to striking”, while this glossed over, apparently fair- minded assertion from the Indian government has
been prevalently embraced and worldwide
worshipped, it doesn’t detract from the way that it was incredibly repetitive and proudly harsh.
Alongside the assertion—the revelation of public lockdown on 25th Walk 2020, the endorsed proportion of social separating, the cross country
burden of Fundamental Products Act, infection testing rules and any remaining activities of the individual state organizations have been in
finished dismissal to the limit contrasts and variety of the nation’s social and monetary set-up Government Initiatives . Deliberately ignoring the
standing class order and their commensurate connection in India, the state’s response to the
infection has been regardless commenced on such natural biases. Guaranteeing that the infection would influence the individuals who are
living on the 24th floor of an extravagance lofts in Mumbai and the Chamars and Musahar people group living in ghetto cum-ghettos similarly, is an endeavor to homogenize the populace while
invisiblising the individuals who are at the lower part of the financial pecking order of the station framework. Hence, the prevalent view that Coronavirus is considerably more fair-minded
than a large portion of us, is itself covered with predispositions which comes from the remaining alive station class advantage. The problem of utilizing social removing as a worldwide popular expression was only a hint of
something larger. There is more than what meets the eyes. Standing framework is that butterfly whose fluttering wings affect a wide range of associations of a person. From the way one dresses and lives and to the manner by which once makes money and makes an occupation, rank is a convincing despot which orders
everything, including this infection. It is standing based positions, for example, rummaging, sterilization, channel cleaning, their ensuing negligible social qualities, lacking compensations prompting unhygienic ghetto based way of life
which makes Dalit and Adivasi people group tortured not simply by their station personalities and its repercussions yet in addition by the deadly dangers of Coronavirus

Government Initiatives

Indian Government has enacted laws to remove untouchability and has also brought in many reforms to improve the quality of life for the weaker sections of society. Few among them are:
• Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental
human rights
• Abolition of ‘ untouchability’ in 1950
• Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Provision of reservation in places like
educational institutions, for employment
opportunities etc.
• Establishing social welfare departments and national commissions for the welfare of scheduled castes and tribes.

Solutions

i. some benefit based training to youngsters from adolescence can tackle the issue of casteism somewhat.
ii. Different social organizations like family,
school, and Broad communications should be given the duty to build up an appropriate, wide viewpoint among youngsters, which will invalidate the sensations of casteism, for instance,
making mindfulness about the evil impacts of sustaining the conventional rank framework.
iii. Scholarly projects should be taken up in rustic territories as the position sentiments, which further propagate casteism, are more in country
regions. These sensations of caste can be limited by the arrangement of social schooling among rural population.

Thank you.

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328X241262562

• 

It all starts with an attempt to go ahead in a path decided with a purpose in the present with severance and striking or facing it.

Life is what you make it . It is said that a human being with a purpose is most powerful than any other ordinary person . In this world , where obstacle strikes back of opportunities , one have to make there own path towards the destination which is to be decided in present for the future . Our value increases  based on our ability to see our worth and when difficulties strike hard in life keeping ourselves with the same pace till the storm passes .

In keeping with the spirit of the festive season, a Pune-based non-government organisation (NGO) is running a pan-India initiative by distributing “Diwali happiness kits” that include groceries and hygiene essentials , In keeping with the spirit of the festive season, a Pune-based non-government organisation (NGO) is running a pan-India initiative by distributing “Diwali happiness kits” that include groceries and hygiene essentials For many it more or less about the donation or charity but it’s not actually what they think it’s actually about this small smile and happiness on the face of the child .

Diwali an occasion, an event is an beginning and cerium of good over event , and bring a plant of hope as a light over darkness as symbolizing the victory . The way comes out with the spark of prosperous and growth many .

 All the way , A hope for small things brings a tremendous smile on a small child . It’s Just takes a matter of time to spend a moment for them . Diwali , an occasion of happiness for everyone , that brings a hope as well as joy for individuals, celebrating it in our customs of growth and prosperous for many .

Just with the one step of an individual will eventually lead a drastic change in their lives . It’s not about the donation or charity one gives , but it’s about the blessings with an opportunity for them to go ahead in their path of destination . It brings smile on the face of a child with an opportunity for them to go ahead .

The organization mainly Emphasis on the growth and development of unprivileged children which eventually lead by providing them support system.

With the start of this prosperous fevital , which brings a glint of hope for many people , children’s and poor , the NGOs are provided them a “Diwali happiness gift” ,which  includes groceries and toiletries

This Diwali let’s one make some contribution to an unprivileged one .

Thank you

• 

Introduction

It focuses specifically on the equality groups set out in the Equality Act 2006: groups which share a common attribute in respect of age, disability, gender, race, religion or belief, or sexual orientation.
Prejudice and discrimination have been prevalent throughout human history. Those who practice discrimination do so to protect opportunities for themselves by denying access to those whom they believe do not deserve the same treatment as everyone else.. Many prejudices seem to be passed along from parents to children. The media—including television,
movies, and advertising—also perpetuate demeaning images and stereotypes about assorted groups, such as ethnic minorities, women, gays and lesbians, the disabled, and the elderly. Prejudices may bring support from significant others, so rejecting prejudices may lead to losing social support. The pressures to conform to the views of families, friends, and
associates can be formidable. In response to early socialization, some people are especially prone to stereotypical thinking and projection based on unconscious fears. People with an authoritarian personality rigidly conform, submit without question to their superiors, reject those they consider to be inferiors, and express intolerant sexual and religious
opinions. The authoritarian personality may have its roots in parents who
are unloving and aloof disciplinarians. The child then learns to control his or her anxieties via rigid attitudes. To date, solutions to prejudice that emphasize change at the individual level have not been successful. In contrast, research sadly shows that even unprejudiced people can, under specific conditions of war or economic competition, become highly prejudiced against their perceived “enemies.” Neither have attempts at
desegregation in schools been successful. Instead, many integrated schools
have witnessed the formation of ethnic cliques and gangs that battle other
groups to defend their own identities.

Prejudice tended to mean having a set of idea about someone that is based
on assumptions or preconceptions, rather than a person’s actual action. For
Example: racism, sexism, ageism, classism, homophobia, nationalism etc.
Prejudices can either be positive or negative—both forms are usually
preconceived and difficult to alter. The negative form of prejudice can lead
to discrimination, although it is possible to be prejudiced and not act upon
the attitudes. Discrimination is the actual behaviour of excluding or restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available for other groups. For
example: age discrimination, sexual orientation, national origin, sexual
harassment etc. Unfortunately due to our past history, discrimination had
been among us from since decades. And it’s still on-going. These things had
led to human conflict which resulted in crime, war, and mass murder such
as genocide. Discriminations affect people’s opportunities and well-being.
Societies continue to make distinctions based on ethnicity, race, sex or
gender and other characteristics that should have no bearing on people’s
achievements or on their wellbeing. Prejudice and discrimination could
affect health of the victim in several ways. Discrimination could determine
groups living conditions and life changes affecting such areas as education,
employment, and housing. As per humanity every single individual existing
should have equal rights and opporcunity in all the areas of life.

conclusion

Therapists are not immune to prejudicial attitudes. Indeed, most schools
offer therapists little training on the role of racism, sexism, and other forms
of prejudice and discrimination in therapy. Prejudice can undermine the
therapeutic process and harm clients. Some examples of how prejudice can
affect therapy include:
Altering perceptions: A therapist’s prejudicial beliefs about a group
can affect their opinion of clients. For example, a therapist who thinks women tend to exaggerate things might not take seriously a woman’s claims of sexual abuse.
Minimizing experiences: A therapist’s prejudicial beliefs about how
prejudice and discrimination affects people can undermine their ability to help. A therapist might underestimate the extent to which police killings of unarmed black people affect black mental health, or
may be unaware of how high-profile sexual assault cases affect sexual
abuse survivors.

Not recognizing power dynamics: A therapist who harbours
prejudicial beliefs or who is unaware of the effects of prejudice might not recognize power dynamics in therapy. For example, a white therapist might not understand why a black person is reluctant to
discuss racism. In family therapy, a therapist who is prejudiced might
not notice power dynamics between male and female romantic
partners.
Gas lighting: A therapist who is blind to the effects of prejudice or who does not recognize their own prejudices may inadvertently gaslight by questioning a client’s experiences or reality.

Prejudice can manifest in other ways, too:
✓ Prejudice directed at a therapist may undermine the therapist’s
ability to help.
✓ A client may seek therapy to deal with the effects of prejudice on
their life and mental health. Prejudice can make virtually every
aspect of life more difficult, and has measurable lifelong mental and
physical health consequences.
✓ Prejudice may be a factor in couples or family therapy. To offer
comprehensive help, a therapist must recognize prejudice and
identify its role in the family.
✓ A client might seek therapy to overcome prejudicial attitudes.
Though prejudice is not a mental health diagnosis, it can have
profound and lasting effects on people and the world.
✓ Prejudice infects an entire society, but making change begins with
changing individual minds and lives.
Thank you

• 

Gender equality, referred to as sexual equality or equality of the sexes,
is that the state of equal simple access to resources and opportunities no matter gender, including economic participation and decisionmaking; and therefore the state of valuing different behaviors,
aspirations and wishes equally, no matter gender. Gender equality is that the goal, while gender neutrality and gender
equity are practices and ways of thinking that help in achieving the goal. Gender parity, which is employed to live gender balance during a given situation, can aid in achieving gender equality but isn’t the goal in and of itself. Gender equality is quite equal representation, it’s strongly
tied to women’s rights, and sometimes requires policy changes.

Gender equality isn’t solely a elementary right, however a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and property world. There has been progress over the last decades: a lot of women area unit planning to faculty, fewer women area unit forced into early wedding, a lot of girls
area unit serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws
area unit being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, several challenges stay: discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, girls still be underrepresented in the
slightest degree levels of political leadership, And one in five girls and
women between the ages of fifteen and forty nine report experiencing
physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner at intervals a 12month
amount.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may reverse the restricted progress that has been created on gender equality and women’s rights. The coronavirus irruption exacerbates existing inequalities {for women or ladies for women} and girls across each sphere – from health and
therefore the economy, to security and social protection. Women play a
disproportionate role in responding to the virus, as well as frontline tending employees and careers reception. Women’s unpaid care work has inflated considerably as a results of faculty closures and therefore the inflated wants of older individuals. Girls are tougher hit by the economic impacts of COVID-19, as they disproportionately add insecure
labour markets. Nearly 60% of girls add the informal economy, that puts
them at larger risk of falling into financial condition.
The pandemic has additionally junction rectifier to a steep increase in
violence against girls and women. With imprisonment measures in situ,
many ladies area unit at bay reception with their abusers, troubled

knowledge shows that, since the irruption of the pandemic, violence
against girls and women – and notably force – has intense to access services that area unit affected by cuts and restrictions. Rising

Gender difference and discrimination to exist in our society. Still there are specific field in which men and women are not treated equally. A lot of people in India are thinks that men and women does not have equal rights and that women are dominated. Women are equally
entitled to live in freedom as well as dignity. It is important to promote common values such as respect for human rights and equality between women and men. While progress is being made to increase gender equality across the globe, people need to be more aware of disadvantages that women still continue two face and take action to promote equality.

Thank you.

• 

“Healthy” food is a term which we often hear by almost everyone. It’s not only that
people are becoming more health-conscious but also following a trend which
supports healthier food. Whether it be your favorite Film star or Youtube and
Instagram influencer everyone is emphasizing how important it is to eat healthy food. From getting a good body to clear and even-toned skin everything depends on your diet which obviously includes healthy food items. So in this age of technology where people spend most of the time on Instagram and other social media where every other influencer is flaunting their good physique and fairness everyone is intimidated to become the same by eating good and healthy food. There’s a trend which is shifting towards healthy food. From physical to mental wellbeing everything is related to healthy food. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of why people are shifting towards healthy food we have done a survey that aims at analyzing and finding opinions and behavior of people towards healthy food.

With Increasing problems in the environment, the concern for consumption of the right food has become the main concern of people. Half of the problems nowadays have only one sole reason for its cause, that is unhealthy food. People now realised how important it is, to keep and maintain a healthy body. Serving your body with healthy food will not only increase your life expectancy but also improve your
mental health. From youngsters to grandparents, everyone is so attentive as to what is on their plate. A pandemic could also be considered as a means to the end, the end is eating healthy. As we are tackling and confronting new types of diseases each day, it has become fundamental to prioritize healthy food over unhealthy. Not only laymen but also companies and everyone who is associated with producing food has
realized the changing environment and shifted their sole focus on either producing healthy food or innovating new methods to make the current produced healthy.

Eating right has now occupied space in the priority list of the people. Good food
provides umpteenth benefits starting from good mental health to healthy living,
which is now believed by a lot of people. So the shift in trend is justified by the
benefits it supplies. A lot of youngsters have started to treat themselves with the
right food so that, it doesn’t affect them adversely in the upcoming future. With
modernization we can see the drastic change in the mentality of all the classes of people, choosing healthy food over fast food. Not only government policies are in
favor of this, but even the corporates have also started paying a huge amount of
attention to it. They’ve experimented so much to provide a good taste with
appropriate nutrients, that now people will not struggle in search of healthy food.
The whole shift of population towards healthy food carries a lot of expectations
such as low-stress level, good body, better living, etc. One shouldn’t let stress
dominate over his or her mind as that has been proven to be one of the causes of
craving for fast food. With all the minute things avoided, one can expect this shift
to occupy more people in it.

Thank you.

• 

British rule produced radical and lasting changes in Indian society and culture. It was unlike any previous period in Indian history as the British brought with them new technology, institutions, knowledge, beliefs and values. The new technology, and the revolution in communications which this brought about, enabled the British to integrate the country as never before in its history. During the nineteenth century the British slowly laid the foundations of a modern state by surveying land, settling the revenue, creating a modern bureaucracy, army and police, instituting law courts, codifying the law, developing communications—railways, post and telegraph, roads and canals—establishing schools and colleges, and so on. The British also brought with them the printing press,and the profound and many-sided changes this brought about in Indian life and thought deserve a volume in itself. One obvious result was that books and journals, along with schools, made possible the transmission of modern as well as traditional knowledge to large numbers of Indians—knowledge which could no longer be the privilege of a few, hereditary groups—while the newspapers made people in different parts of the far-flung country realize they had common bonds, and that events happening in the world outside influenced their lives for good or ill, which eventually resulted in setting up of the removal of barriers.

It is necessary to distinguish conceptually between Westernization and two other processes usually concomitant with it—industrialization and urbanization. On the one hand, there were cities in the preindustrial world, though they differed significantly from the cities of the Industrial Revolution in the West. For one thing, they needed large rural populations for their support, so that ancient and medieval countries remained dominantly agricultural in spite of a few great cities. Again, while the Industrial Revolution resulted in an increase in the rate of urbanization and “highly urbanized areas are generally highly industrialized areas, urbanization is not a simple function of industrialization.”

Finally, while the most Westernized groups are generally found in the big cities, a caution must be uttered against equating Westernization with urbanization. Even in a country such as India, it is possible to come across groups inhabiting rural areas which are more Westernized in their style of life than many urban groups. The former are to be found in areas where plantation or commercial crops are grown, or which have a tradition of supplying recruits to the Indian army.

Westernization results not only in the introduction of new institutions (for example, newspapers, elections, Christian missions) but also in fundamental changes in the old institutions. Thus while India had schools long before the arrival of the British, they were different from British-introduced schools in that they had been restricted to upper-caste children, and transmitted mostly traditional knowledge—to mention only two of the most important differences. Other institutions such as the army, civil service and law courts were also similarly affected. As a result all this included in this as a major aspect for the westernization which took place.

Thank you

• 

Objectives of Government Budget

The government plays a very important role in increasing the welfare of
the people. In order to do that the government intervenes in the economy
in the following ways.
Allocation Function of Government Budget
Government provides certain goods and services which cannot be provided
by the market mechanism that is, by exchange between individual consumers
and producers. Examples of such goods are national defence, roads,
government administration etc. which are referred to as public goods.
To understand why public goods need to be provided by the government, we must understand the difference between private goods such as clothes, cars, food items etc. and public goods. There are two
major differences. One, the benefits of public goods are available to all
and are not only restricted to one particular consumer. For example, if
a person eats a chocolate or wears a shirt, these will not be available to others. It is said that this person’s consumption stands in rival relationship to the consumption of others. However, if we consider a public park or measures to reduce air pollution, the benefits will be
available to all. One person’s consumption of a good does not reduce the amount available for consumption for others and so several people can enjoy the benefits, that is, the consumption of many people is not‘rivalrous’.
Two, in case of private goods anyone who does not pay for the goods
can be excluded from enjoying its benefits. However, in case of public goods, there is no feasible way of excluding anyone
from enjoying the benefits of the good. That is why public goods are
called non-excludable. Even if some users do not pay, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to collect fees for the public good. These non- paying users are known as ‘free-riders’. Consumers will not voluntarily pay for what they can get for free and for which there is no exclusive
title to the property being enjoyed. The link between the producer and
consumer which occurs through the payment process is broken and the
government must step in to provide for such goods.
There is, however, a difference between public provision and public production. Public provision means that they are financed through the budget and can be used without any direct payment. Public goods may be produced by the government or the private sector. When goods are produced directly by the government it is called public production.

Redistribution Function of Government Budget.

The total national income of the country goes to either the private sector, that is, firms and households (known
as private income) or the government (known as public income). Out of
private income, what finally reaches the households is known as personal
income and the amount that can be spent is the personal disposable income. The government sector affects the personal disposable income of households by making transfers and collecting taxes. It is through this that the government can change the distribution of income and
bring about a distribution that is considered ‘fair’ by society. This is the
redistribution function.

Stabilisation Function of Government Budget

The government may need to correct fluctuations in income and employment.
The overall level of employment and prices in the economy depends upon the
level of aggregate demand which depends on the spending decisions of millions
of private economic agents apart from the government. These decisions, in turn,
depend on many factors such as income and credit availability. In any period,
the level of demand may not be sufficient for full utilisation of labour and other
resources of the economy. Since wages and prices do not fall below a level,
employment cannot be brought back to the earlier level automatically. The
government needs to intervene to raise the aggregate demand.
On the other hand, there may be times when demand exceeds available output
under conditions of high employment and thus may give rise to inflation. In
such situations, restrictive conditions may be needed to reduce demand.
The intervention of the government whether to expand demand or reduce it
constitutes the stabilisation function.

It all serves the purpose directly in this field.

Thank you

• 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

At present, a few new terminologies are also being used for economies such as ‘sustainable development’ and ‘green GDP’. ‘Sustainable development’ is a global terminology which is being used to address the global issues of global warming, environmental aspects increased global pollution and ecological imbalances, which are critical for survival of planet earth and is thus a broader concept not relating to any one country but for the world as a whole. It is neither the problem of one country nor can it be solved by one country. It is more macro in nature, which requires to be addressed by countries collectively through a dialogue and a consensus building at a global platform. This is about the present generation’s ability  to meet ‘its’ own needs but without compromising on the ability of the future generation to meet ‘its’ needs. It is about a better environment for the future generation rather than. what the present generation has inherited, to say the least not a worse than that inherited Even though there has been a consciousness on the issue of sustainable development, the real thrust was provided with the Earth Summit during 1992 and then through various international conventions.

All the conventions mentioned so far have flagged the underlying issues especially that of reduction in greenhouse gases emission, which is critical for sustainable development. It also addresses areas of cleaner energy, reduction in biodiversity losses, tree plantation, solar/wind energy and other such global issues in sustainable development.

India has announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) With respect of climate change inclusive of following aspects:

• To put forth and further propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living, based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation.

• To adopt a climate-friendly and cleaner path than the one hitherto followed by others at a corresponding level of economic development.

• To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non- fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

• To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO, equivalent (CO.eq.) through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

• To better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in development programmes in sectors vulnerable to climate change , particularly agriculture , water resources, the Himalayan region, coastal regions, health and disaster management.

• To mobilize domestic , new and additional funds from developed countries for implementing these mitigation and adaptation actions in view of the resources required and the resource gap.

• To build capacities, create domestic framework and an international architecture for the quick diffusion of cutting-edge climate technology in India and joint collaborative R&D for such future technologies.

CLIMATE FINANCING.

Climate finance means local, national or international financing through public, private and alternative sources of financing. It is critical to addressing climate change as large-scale investments are required to reduce climate change induced adversities. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation strategies as there are requirements for significant financial resources to allow countries to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of climate change.

Thank you.

• 

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only. “Mark Twain

India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. It stretches from the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to sun drenched coastal villages of the south and the humid tropical forests on the south-west coast, from the fertile Brahmaputra valley on its east to the Thar desert in the west. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. lt has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last so many years or its Independence. lndia is the seventh largest country in the world and ranks second in population. The country stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give her a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. The total length of the coastine of the mainland, Lakshadweep islands and Andaman and Nicobar lslands is 7516.6 km.

Geographical Background

Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the far east and Bangladesh to the east. sri Lanka is separated from India By a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.  The country can be divided into SIX Zones mainly north, south, east, west,Central and north-east zone. It has 29 states and seven union territories.

Physical Features

The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone,plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern peninsula.

Flora

India is rich in flora. Available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area Surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of india (BSI), Kolkata. The vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover, comprises 15,000 species.

With a wide range of climatic conditions from the torrid to the arctic, India has a rich and varied vegetation, which only a few countries of comparable size possess. India can be divided into eight distinct floristic regions, namely, the western Himalayas, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga plain, the Deccan, the Malabar and the Andamans.

TheThe western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon. Its temperate zone is rich in forests of , pine, other conifers and broad-leaved temperate trees. The eastern Himalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjeeling, Kurseong and the adjacent tracts.

Faunal Resources

India is very  in terms of biological diversity due to its unique biogeographical location, diversified climate conditions and enormous Eco diversity and geodiversity. India’s immense biological diversity encompasses ecosystems, populations, species and their genetic make-up. This diversity can be attributed to the vast variety in physiography and climatic situations resulting in a diversity of ecological habitats ranging from tropical , sub-tropical, temperate, alpine to desert.

India is not only rich in its physical dimensions but even in its cultural aspect .

Thank you.

• 

Education , is the basic necessity for an individual .The essence of human resource development is education, which plays a significant and remedial role in balancing the socio-economic fabric of the country . Since citizens of India are its most valuable resource, the billon-strong nation needs the  care in the form of basic education to achieve a better quality of life. This warrants an all round development of the citizens, which can be achieved by building strong foundations in education. Good quality education is the foundation of new discoveries, new knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurship that trigger growth and prosperity of an individual as well as that of a nation.

To lay emphasis on the educational development of students of weaker section of the society, A number of innovative initiatives have been taken by the ministry.

Among which two are given below:

Adult Education

At the time of independence, 86 per cent of India’s population was illiterate and as such the main focus or adult education had been on its very bottom tier that is, impairing of Basic literacy. For accomplishment of this objective, a series of programmes were introduced since the First Plan period, the most prominent, being the National Literacy Mission (NLM), launched in 1988 for the adults in the age group of l5+. The programme of National Literacy Mission was revamped in 2009 in alignment with new paradigms of lifelong learning as Saakshar Bharat. Considerable progress has been made in raising the Literacy rate of the country but still the levels remain uneven across different states, districts, social groups and minorities. The overall goal of adult education is to establish a fully literate society through improved quality and standard of adult education and literacy.

The National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) is the operating and Implementing organization at national level for all the activities envisaged in Adult Education and Skill Development. During the 12th Five Year Plan, NLMA has been striving to raise the literacy rate to 80 per cent and to reduce the gender gap to less than 10 per cent.

Of 410 districts which quality for coverage under Saakshar Bharat program, the Programme has been sectioned in 04 districts , in which many learners have been enrolled under basic Literacy.

National Council of Educational Research and Training

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) provides academic and technical supports for qualitative improvement of school education. The NCERT was established in 1961 as an apex national body to lead qualitative changes in school education. NCERT has been playing an advisory role guiding central and state governments in formulating policies, acts and government programmes. It has played a crucial role in the development of national policies on education (1968-1986) and national curriculum frameworks. The researches undertaken by the Council have led to building new perspective of schooling and also provided inputs for formulation of policies and programmes. NCERT has been designing and offering innovative and need-Based courses for teachers, teacher educators and counsellors. The curricular and other learning materials developed by the Council have helped in bringing about quality schooling. NCERT has received recognition both at national and International levels in the area of school education owing to its work done in 50 years. It is a unique institution in the country, conducting researches, preparing skilled educational professionals and developing Curriculum and curriculum materials.

Both of the initiatives have given a major impact on the Educational sector .

Thank you.

• 

CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Observing the shape of the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. The symmetry matches
of the coastlines on either side of the ocean. No wonder, many scientists thought of this similarity and considered the possibility of the two Americas, Europe and Africa, to be once joined together. From the known records of the
history of science, it was Abraham Ortelius, a Dutch map maker, who first proposed such a possibility as early as 1596.
However, it was Alfred Wegener—a German
meteorologist who put forth a comprehensive argument in the form of “the continental drift theory” in 1912. This was regarding the distribution of the oceans and the continents.
According to Wegener, all the continents
formed a single continental mass and mega ocean surrounded the same. The super continent was named PANGAEA, which meant all earth. The mega-ocean was called PANTHALASSA, meaning all water. He argued that, around 200 million years ago, the super continent, Pangaea, began to split. Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses as Laurasia and Gondwanaland forming the
northern and southern components
respectively. Subsequently, Laurasia and
Gondwanaland continued to break into various smaller continents that exist today.

A variety of evidence was offered in support of the continental drift are mentioned below:

The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit)
The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.

Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans were found.

The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coast matches
with those from western Africa. The earliest marine deposits along the coastline of South America and Africa are of the Jurassic age.

Tillite

It is the sedimentary rock formed out of
deposits of glaciers. The Gondawana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. At the base, the system has thick tillite indicating extensive and
prolonged glaciation. Counterparts of this
succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia. Overall resemblance of the Gondawana-type sediments clearly demonstrates that these landmasses
had remarkably similar histories.

Placer Deposits
The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of the Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

Distribution of Fossils
When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in fresh water are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution. The observations that Lemurs
occur in India, Madagascar and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass ‘Lemuria’ linking these three landmasses.

All this provided evidences of this theory.

Thank you.

• 

Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational information technology company that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. The company was founded in Pune and is headquartered in Bangalore.Infosys is the second-largest Indian IT company after Tata Consultancy Services by 2020 revenue figures and the 602nd largest public company in the world

On 24th August 2021, Infosys became the 4th Indian company to cross $100 billion in market capitalization.

Infosys provides software development, maintenance and independent validation services to companies in finance, insurance, manufacturing and other domains.

One of its known products is Finacle which is a universal banking solution with various modules for retail and corporate banking.

Glass building in Pune campus

Its key products and services are:

NIA – Next Generation Integrated AI Platform (formerly known as Mana)

•Infosys Consulting – a global management consulting service

•Cloud-based enterprise transformation services •Infosys Information Platform (IIP) – Analytics platform

•EdgeVerve Systems which includes Finacle, a global banking platform

•Engineering Services Digital Marketing

Organizational structure followed in Infosys is a Functional Structure.

Under this structure, company will be organized into three main functions (Global sales function, Global delivery function and business enabling functions). In Infosys divides the industry verticals into following five segments •Financial Services Segment •Manufacturing Segment •Retail Segment •Energy, Utilities, Communications & Services Segment •Life Sciences, Healthcare & Insurance Segment

Functional structures are proved to operate well in stable environments where business strategies are less inclined to changes or dynamism, the amount of bureaucracy makes it tough for organizations to respond to changes in the market quickly . It also conducts Career development practice to help employees to showcase their skills, providing career guidance and career development activities. Infosys provides strong property rights to its employees by providing employee stock option plans. Infosys also provides health and pension benefits, but not at a very lucrative scale. It is in line with the government policies.

For its employees, Long term employment recognition and benefits like Pension Plans, Group Medical Policy, Accident Policy, Bonus, Annual Medical Check-ups, Budgets for quarterly team lunch, Annual outings as part of team building activities and flexible work hours.

Success of the organization :

Digital technology is transforming services and businesses in today’s world. It is fundamentally changing operations and delivering value to consumers. It is also a cultural modification which wants organisations to experiment with various things and get comfortable with downfalls.

Infosys is an information technology consulting company. It is an Indian multinational company that provides information technology, business consulting and outsourcing assistance. It considers itself to be a global leader in next-gen digital consulting. It is the 2nd largest IT company after TCS (Tata Consultancy Services). It is also the 596th biggest company in the entire world based on the terms of revenue.

Infosys is a provider of next-gen services. The company enables clients in more than 50+ countries to stay ahead of the innovation curve and outperform in the game. It has more than 187,000 employees working within it. 

Steps for betterment involved :

Investment Thesis

Infosys is one of India’s most pre-eminent providers of IT services. However, the company has suffered from its slow-moving legacy past (smaller, more discretionary projects) and out-of-date go-to-market strategy, resulting in low revenue growth relative to peers, margin compression, leadership churn, and high employee attrition. In light of these issues, Infosys has launched a number of initiatives to improve its performance. The company has some way to go before rectifying its position, but a number of signs are promising, with revenue growth, margins, client mining, and employee attrition improving. Ø ØEconomic Moat

Infosys’ narrow economic moat results from high switching costs (roughly 96%-98% of revenue is from repeat business and has been around these levels for many years). The company’s commitment to building lasting relationships, embedded systems and processes, and intimate knowledge of clients’ IT infrastructure means customers are averse to switching between vendors. On a gross basis, Infosys continually adds over 200 clients per year, which is an encouraging sign and cements further long-dated business given switching costs. Such switching costs ensure a certain level of operational consistency and the company’s exemplary financial health reflects this. We forecast Infosys to easily generate a return on invested capital in excess of its cost of capital for the foreseeable future, and we believe its lower-cost offshore delivery model allows for this assumption.

Risk Infosys has highlighted issues regarding relatively low revenue growth, margin compression, leadership churn, and high employee attrition. Management has taken steps to remedy this, but it is still early and there is the risk that these problems become inflated.Poor macroeconomic conditions, management turnover, founder disruption, visa restrictions, competitive threats, and foreign exchange movements are also external risks that could generate further downside for the company.

all the way it set out to be in this competitive world.

Thank you .

• 

Rule of Thirds

In photography, the rule of thirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.

What is the Rule of Thirds in Photography

The rule of thirds is one of the most common rules in photography, and one of the easiest to learn and to use successfully. To understand and use the rule of thirds, simply break up an image into thirds both horizontally and vertically, as seen here. The four intersection points of these lines, and the four lines themselves, are where subjects, or strong compositional lines of a photograph, can be placed to create a strong, balanced image.

How to break the rule of thirds

Of all the “rules” in photography, the rule of thirds is one of the easiest to successfully break. Framing an image so that subjects or lines don’t fall on the rule of thirds areas can still create a successful image, as long as the lines and other elements in the image do create a strong overall image, and capture the viewer’s eye using other methods such as leading lines, contrast, color, symmetry, etc.