Crisis in AFGHANISTAN

Now that the US army has pulled out from Afghanistan after spending 20 years there, the Taliban has taken control of almost whole of the country. HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF, and here history is repeating itself for the worst. Politicians have fled from the country leaving their countrymen to die and the civilians are in a state of panic. As Taliban has taken control from all the borders leaving no exit point.

What is Taliban

Taliban is the word for ‘student’ in pashto language. Ironically they have nothing to do with knowledge, at least on humanitarian basis. They emerged from the northern part of Pakistan in the early 1990s, they basically promised peace to the peope an to impose Sharia or islamic law, once in power. In September 1995, they started their rule by capturing Herat and then all the major cities one by one and by 1998, they had captured about 90% of Afghanistan.

They became popular as they finished corruption and lawlessness. They also introduced roads. But at the same time they implemented the Sharia law and gave punishments according to it, like public execution for murderers and adultration, amputating those, who were found guilty of theft. Girls were not allowed to go to school after the age of 10, women had to wear chaadri (burqa, covering whole body) when going out and they had to be accompanied by a man all the time, men too had to grow beard. Cinema, music and television were banned. women were not allowed to work even when their husbands died. Basically all their rights were taken away.

Major terrorist activities by Taliban

On 11 September, 2001 the world trade center was attacked and Taliban was accused of providing safety to Al Qaeda.

Malala Yousafzai was shot by the talibani terrorists as she refused to leave school and continued to study.

Disturbing images have been coming in from airport where people were rushing as their last hope of fleeing from there. It’s very saddening to see politicians leaving their people to die on the streets. Even though talibanis have said that the people need not be scared of anything but can we trust them?? Not really. Several videos have been surfacing on the net of dead bodies littered on roads. People are being dragged out of their houses, specifically those who have in any way helped American forces.
Residents are trying any possible way to get out of there but unfortunately the only exit left at last, the airport in kabul, has been shut off, shutting their last hope for now.

Well, I hope for now at least the citizens will be safe and peace will be restored soon. The Afghanistan of 1960s-70s, where women enjoyed freedom and the country was progressing will be back. Children will play with toys and not guns, knowledge will be used as weapon and not violence.

Normal animal sicknesses and their management

By Anshiki Jadia

1 – Bacillus anthracis Anhrax, a profoundly irresistible and deadly sickness of dairy cattle, is brought about by a moderately enormous spore-framing rectangular formed bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis causes intense mortality in ruminants. The microbes produce incredibly powerful poisons which are answerable for the evil impacts, causing a high death rate. Indications of the ailment for the most part seem 3 to 7 days after the spores are gulped or breathed in. When signs start in creatures, they generally bite the dust inside two days. Hoofed creatures, like deer, cows, goats, and sheep, are the principle creatures influenced by this sickness. They for the most part get the infection by gulping Bacillus anthracis spores while touching on field tainted (made debased) with Bacillus anthracis spores. Breathing in (taking in) the spores, which are unscented, dull, and boring, may likewise cause disease in creatures and individuals.

Side effects: Unexpected passing (regularly inside 2 or 3 hours of being evidently typical) is by a long shot the most widely recognized sign; Incidentally a few creatures might show shuddering, a high temperature Trouble breathing, breakdown and spasms before death. This generally happens over a time of 24 hours; After death blood, may not cluster, bringing about a modest quantity of ridiculous release from the nose, mouth and different openings

Treatment and control Because of the intense idea of the infection bringing about abrupt demise, therapy is normally impractical in creatures despite the fact that Anthrax bacilli are clines. Treatment is useful in cases showing sub-intense type of the infection. Much of the time, early treatment can fix Bacillus anthracis. The cutaneous (skin) type of Bacillus anthracis can be treated with normal anti-microbials.

Preventive measures: Normal yearly immunization of creatures in endemic regions will keep the illness from happening. Inoculation might be done somewhere around a month preceding expected sickness event in endemic regions. Never open a corpse of a creature suspected to have passed on from Bacillus anthracis. Contact a veterinarian promptly if the accompanying manifestations are seen and look for counsel on control measures to be taken on. Fever (106-108°F), loss of craving, sorrow and bluntness

2 – Dark quarter (dark leg) It is an intense irresistible and profoundly deadly, bacterial sickness of dairy cattle. Bison, sheep and goats are additionally influenced. Youthful cows between 6 two years old enough, in great body condition are for the most part influenced. It is soil-borne contamination which for the most part happens during blustery season. In India, the illness is inconsistent (1-2 creature) in nature. Causal organic entity: it is a bacterial infection brought about by Clostridium chauvoei

Side effects: Fever (106-108°F), Loss of hunger, Depression and bluntness Suspended rumination Quick heartbeat and pulses Troublesome breathing (dyspnoea) Faltering in influenced leg Crepitation expanding over hip, back and shoulder Expanding is hot and difficult in beginning phases though cold and effortless entomb. Supineness (surrender) trailed by death inside 12-48 hrs.

Treatment: Early treatment can be feasible to finish fix of the creature. Talk with veterinarian right away.

3 – Foot and mouth illness The foot-and-mouth illness is an exceptionally transferable sickness influencing cloven-footed creatures. It is described by fever, arrangement of vesicles and rankles in the mouth, udder, nipples and on the skin between the toes or more the feet. Creatures recuperated from the illness present a naturally unpleasant coat and misshapening of the foot. In India, the illness is far reaching and expects a place of significance in animals industry. The sickness spreads by direct contact or by implication through contaminated water, compost, feed and fields. It is additionally passed on by cows specialists. It is known to spread through recuperated creatures, field rodents, porcupines and birds.

Indications fever with 104-105o F lavish salivation – ropes of wiry spit dangles from mouth vesicles show up in mouth and in the entomb advanced space faltering noticed cross reproduced cows are exceptionally vulnerable to it

Safety measures substantial milch creatures and extraordinary types of cows reared for milk ought to be secured consistently. it is fitting to do two immunizations at a time period months followed by a yearly inoculation program. disengagement and isolation of debilitated creatures. It ought to be educated quickly to the veterinary specialist sterilization of creature sheds with blanching powder or phenol chaperons and hardware’s for wiped out creatures ought to be preferably independent the gear’s ought to be altogether disinfected appropriate removal of left over feed by the creature legitimate removal of remains control of flies

4 – Rabies (Mad canine infection) Rabies is an infection of canines, foxes, wolves, hyaenas and in certain spots, it is an illness of bats which feed on blood. The illness is passed to different creatures or to individuals in case they are chomped by a creature with rabies. The germs which cause rabies live in the spit of the debilitated (frenzied) creature. This is an amazing sickness however only one out of every odd canine which nibbles is tainted with rabies. At the point when the out of control creature chomps another creature or human, the germs which live in its salivation pass into the body through the injury brought about by the nibble. The germs venture out along the nerves to the cerebrum. The time between the chomp and the principal appearance of signs that the nibbled creature or human has been tainted can take from 2 to 10 weeks or more. The time taken relies upon the distance of the chomp from the cerebrum. In the event that the nibble is on the face or head, the chomped creature or human will rapidly give indications, yet on the off chance that the nibble is on the leg it will take any longer for signs to create.

General indications of rabies You should initially search for the characteristics of the nibble and find where and when the creature was chomped. All raging creatures give comparable indications in the first place. they change their typical conduct and act unusually. They quit eating or drinking. Male creature will attempt to mate (mount) different creatures. The calm (stupid) type when the creature is tranquil and doesn’t move.

Control of rabies Canines locally can be immunized against rabies. You ought to get some information about immunization against rabies. In case there is a flare-up of rabies, the animals locally can be inoculated as well.

BOOK REVIEW “THE WIZARD’S OF OZ”

. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

L.Frank Baum was an American author born on May 15,1856 Chittenango New York. He has written 14 novel on Oz, plus 41 on others and many more works.

. SUMMARY

Let’s talk about one of the greatest literary work of L.Frank ‘The Wizard’s of Oz’ which became a classic of children literature. The novel is about a girl named Dorothy, who lives with her uncle Henry and aunt Em with her pet dog Toto in Kansas. A sudden cyclone strikes and swift away Dorothy and Toto along with her uncle’s farmhouse and dumped it in the land of Munchkin of Oz’s, in the process killing the wicked witch of East. Wanting to go back to her homeland the story embarks her journey on the yellow brick road to the emerald City of great wizard of oz. On the way she makes friends with the Scarecrow who wants a brain, the Tin woodmen who wants a heart and a cowardly Lion who wants courage. After many adventures they reach the Emerald City to the great wizard of Oz. The wizard lay’s a condition only if they kill the wicked witch of west the desires will be fulfilled. They commence their journey on killing the witch , after a lot of difficulties they are able to kill the witch. On returning back to the wizard they are left shocked………. Let me leave the summary on this note so the readers curiosity is not killed.

. THEME

The story has many theme ; one must find their strength in oneself and their friendship. The courage to tackle the problems comes from within and the good circle of friends who surrounds them. The grass is not greener on the other side , we should enjoy our present and stay contented from within . It also depicts there no place like home one can not find the happiness of a family to a foreign land but their own land . Life throws you many hurdles but one must fight with it with their full potential and never to lose hope .

Nostalgic Nightmares

Introduction

Dreams and Psychology

“Dreams are as simple or as complicated as dreamers.” The interpretations of the dreams are the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. The theories state that dreams don’t mean anything. These are just images put in by the brain from the memories. These are the stimulants that help one face the tragedies of life. As it’s truly said, “an individual suffers more in imagination than in reality” proves in this situation. Before facing it in person if a being conquers it in the dreams, then it will encourage him to win easily in real life. Its history goes back to the early stages when it was used as a tool to fool enemies because though our bodies get paralyzed while dreaming minds stay active. There is a whole psychology behind the dream theory and an explanation of why we dream in the way we do?

You dream, what you believe!!

Interesting Facts

“I always dream about falling from great heights.” It symbolizes that something in your life isn’t well. It might mean you need to rethink a choice or consider a new direction in some areas of life. It characterizes fear in existence, perhaps falling in work or love. It often expresses a need to let go and enjoy more.

“I was attacked by a chaser in my dream.” These types can be quite terrifying. It might indicate a desire to escape from your fears. Running away from an animal often depicts that you are hiding from your anger, passions and other feelings. If your pursuer is mysterious, it represents childhood trauma. And if a person is of opposite sex then it reveals that you are haunted by love or past relationships.

“I died, no not in real….in my sleep.” Death is a very common subject of dreams. People imagine death either of loved ones or about themselves. It reflects anxiety about a change. Just like death, change can be scary. Those approaching the end of life and loved ones around them experience significant and meaningful dreams, often relating to a confronting presence, preparing to go, watching or engaging with the deceased, loved ones waiting, distressing experiences, and unfinished business.

“I flew like a bird while dreaming.” It can be liberating at the same time, quite frightening. It can represent two sides. One, independence and freedom. On the other hand, escape from the realities of life.

There are a lot of things that influence dreams. The first thing includes health conditions that affect the secretions of the brain causing sleep to disrupt. The type of food one intakes can also become the factor for the feeling of sickness and in turn affect the types of dreams one visualize. Daily exercises and a little change in daily activities can help improve sleep and at last the dreams. There are two ways to remember dreams; one by telling yourself that you want to remember them when you wake up and the other by grasping as many images as you can before getting out of bed or using a smartphone.

Dreams are more profound when they seem the craziest. “Life is only a dream and we are the imagination of ourselves.”

ARE COMPUTERS REALLY INTELLIGENT?

When it comes to the possibilities and possible perils of artificial intelligence (AI), learning and reasoning by machines without the intervention of humans, there are lots of opinions out there. Only time will tell which one of these quotes will be the closest to our future reality. Until we get there, it’s interesting to contemplate who might be the one who predicts our reality the best.

“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”— Stephen Hawking

Will computers eventually be smarter than humans?

Everyone is talking about artificial intelligence (AI) – in the media, at conferences and in product brochures. Yet the technology is still in its infancy. Applications that would have been dismissed as science fiction not long ago could become reality within a few years. With its specialty materials, the Electronics business sector of Merck is contributing to the development of AI.

HOW SMART ARE YOU?

Who’s smarter — you, or the computer or mobile device on which you’re reading this article? The answer is increasingly complex, and depends on definitions in flux. Computers are certainly more adept at solving quandaries that benefit from their unique skill set, but humans hold the edge on tasks that machines simply can’t perform. Not yet, anyway.

Computers can take in and process certain kinds of information much faster than we can. They can swirl that data around in their “brains,” made of processors, and perform calculations to conjure multiple scenarios at superhuman speeds. For example, the best chess-trained computers can at this point strategize many moves ahead, problem-solving far more deftly than can the best chess-playing humans. Computers learn much more quickly, too, narrowing complex choices to the most optimal ones. Yes, humans also learn from mistakes, but when it comes to tackling the kinds of puzzles computers excel at, we’re far more fallible.

Computers enjoy other advantages over people. They have better memories, so they can be fed a large amount of information, and can tap into all of it almost instantaneously. Computers don’t require sleep the way humans do, so they can calculate, analyze and perform tasks tirelessly and round the clock. On the other hand, humans are still superior to computers in many ways. We perform tasks, make decisions, and solve problems based not just on our intelligence but on our massively parallel processing wetware — in abstract, what we like to call our instincts, our common sense, and perhaps most importantly, our life experiences. Computers can be programmed with vast libraries of information, but they can’t experience life the way we do.

Some of that’s rethinking how we approach these questions. Rather than obsessing over who’s smarter or irrationally fearing the technology, we need to remember that computers and machines are designed to improve our lives, just as IBM’s Watson computer is helping us in the fight against deadly diseases. The trick, as computers become better and better at these and any number of other tasks, is ensuring that “helping us” remains their prime directive.

The important thing to keep in mind is that it is not man versus machine. “It is not a competition. It is a collaboration.”

Women Safety in India: Still a Major Concern?

Women Safety in India - An Unending Struggle? – BloggerBunny

Protection of women in India has become a crucial issue. We cannot assure the safety of the women nowadays because if we read a newspaper or go on social media, the news of girls getting raped by cab drivers, acid burning, child marriage, domestic violence, molestation is flooded from different parts of India. Such incidents have created fear and fright among young girls and women. They don’t feel safe in their own country. In rural areas, the conditions are worse where women are burned and killed by in-laws or tortured for dowry. Moreover, female infanticide is still practised in some remote areas.

The most dreadful event that the country faced was the Nirbhaya gang-rape incident. To curb such horrendous crimes against women, the government has passed laws for women’s safety. They are Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1886, Indian Divorce Act 1969, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Prohibition of Sex Selection Act 1994, Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place Act 2013 etc. and many more.

How to Ensure Women Safety in India?

Everyone requires to determine and willingly agree that every person has the freedom to feel safe. Indian constitution states that every person is even before the law. But unfortunately, it is not practiced everywhere. Women and girls around the world should be given access to education, freely walk at any place, reach to hospitals, the opportunity of choosing a career, freedom of choice of marriage partner and also the freedom to wear their own choice of clothes. They should not be punished for the selection of garments, friends, and other extra-curricular activities.

Education is the demand for the hour to eradicate such problems and to help individuals in the nation recognize and respect limits, and approval in order not to dishonor women’s rights. As individuals, we can regard each other with respect. Let us stand as active bystanders where we stop sexual violence and interfere if any such incidence happens anywhere with the women. Most importantly, do not perpetuate it.

Role of the Government:-

The Government must ensure that the law in force is activated. What is the point of having women’s security law if the order is definitive and inhibiting? There is a requirement to improve the infrastructure to secure women’s freedom. Notwithstanding the production of various efficient laws and ordinance by the Government of India to trade with and set assaults against females, the volume and repetition of sins against females are growing daily. The state of women in the country has been metal assault and offensive in the past few years.

Women’s belief in their protection in their country has decreased. Women are in questionable conditions for their security and anxiety while going everywhere or outside their houses (such as office, market, etc.). We should not criticize the government, because it is not just the duty of the government to safeguard women but of every citizen of India, especially the people who require it. Research that put India as the most unsafe place due to its raised incidence of sexual violence, deficiency of access to trial in rape instances, child wedding, female feticide and trafficking in human beings. India surpassed nations that have a high rate of women’s criticism.

The safety of women in India is a significant concern today. We cannot say that women are safe in India by going through crimes against women in the past few years. Women feel frightened to move out and roam around by themselves.

Some Major Safety Tips:-

Self-defense routines are the first and foremost method that every woman must be mindful of and have sufficient self-defense practice for their security.
Women need to be mindful of some efficient defense techniques, such as crotch kicks, blocking punches, etc. Usually, most women should be trained well to recognize the issue.
Women should at once limit any situation that they feel wrong about.
Escape and operate is also an excellent way to mitigate some of the risks women face whenever they are in trouble.
They should never travel alone with an unknown person in some strange location.
Women must know and feel their dynamic power and practice it subsequently. They should nevermore think that they are more insecure than men and get some self-defense practice.
Women should be alert to interact with someone on the Internet in cyberspace.
Pepper spray can also be used as a self-defense tool, but it may be not effective for some people who cannot be harmed by even full-face spraying. It may not obstruct the attacker; thus women should not depend completely on it and use other methods as well.
Women should carry all the emergency numbers with them to tell their family members and the police immediately, in case of any emergency.

Conclusion:-

Though we had a woman prime minister, a woman president and a woman finance minister, and a woman defense minister, still we have a gender non-inclusive legislature primarily. At 12%, India is one of the stragglers among its associates in the portrayal of women in Parliament.

Free India represents women as half of the population, which is observed in the Chinese bureaucracy. The situation is not very promising yet in the state of the judiciary, where, as a nation, we are glorifying only the first instance of three female judges sitting in the 68-year tale of the nation’s Supreme Court. Notwithstanding repeated crimes against women and young girls, India still does not have a wide database of physical offenders. Registration and information systems for sex offenders have been created around the world over the past 20 years. Since 1994, 18 more countries have launched new laws on the recording of sex offenders.

Women, in the past years, have made an extraordinary contribution to the world whether she is Mother Teresa, Marie Curie, Virginia Woolf, Betty William, and the most present one is Malala Yousafzai. They fought for their freedoms and stood up for their convictions against all the odds. Few more women such as Kalpana Chawla, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, Indra Nooyi, etc. are the examples in the history of India, who broke down all the obstacles in their routes to progress and impact.

Women empowerment in the nation encourages equality between women and men and supports women by allowing them with power and courage to be the decision-maker of their individual life. Women’s empowerment in India has achieved power with the support of women’s welfare organizations by giving them all the required support.

IMMUNOLOGY SERIES- PART 7- TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN

The previous article dealt in detail with immunoglobulin and how they help in phagocytosis. This article is about the types of immunoglobulins, their functions.

The types of immunoglobulins are based on the types of light and heavy chains. There are two types of light chains namely the kappa and the lambda. An immunoglobulin contains either kappa (K-K) or lambda (L-L) but does not have a mixture of both (K-L not possible). About 60% of the immunoglobulins in humans have kappa chains.

So, the classes of immunoglobulins are based on the heavy chain. So based on this condition, there are five classes of immunoglobulins namely:-

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – gamma
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – mu
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) – alpha
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) – delta
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) – epsilon

These immunoglobulins have certain configurations and play different roles in the human body. The immunoglobulin G is present the most. It constitutes about 80% of the total immunoglobulin. These are mostly present in the blood, plasma, and other body fluids. This immunoglobulin has the lowest carbohydrate content when compared to the rest. This immunoglobulin has a half-life of 23 days which is the longest of all. Some of the unique features and functions of this immunoglobulin:-

This is the only immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta (this is a unique feature because this immunoglobulin provides immunity to the foetus inside the womb and also after birth for some months. Presence of others may indicate infection)
This helps in killing bacteria and viruses by opsonisation (the process of covering the pathogen with a protein coat such that the pathogens become more presentable to the immune cells)
Neutralize toxins
Activate complement by classical pathway (The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane)
Unique catabolism (breaking down of molecules) based on concentration
There are four sub classes (G1, G2, G3 and G4) out of which 1,3 and 4 cross the placenta and offer immunity
Also involves in the Rh immunization (there are two types’ Rh+ve and Rh-ve based on the presence of Rh factor in blood). The mother being Rh+ve and child the opposite is not a problem in the first pregnancy but can be fatal in second, killing the foetus.

The immunoglobulin M constitutes about 5-10% of total proteins. This is a pentamer structure with a J chain. This weighs about 900000-1000000 and is the heaviest of all. They have 5 days of half-life. Some of its features-

Presence in newborn indicate congenital infection as they don’t cross placenta
Short lived, so their presence indicates recent infection
First Ig to participate in primary response
Opsonisation
classical pathway
bacteria agglutination
Play an important role in ABO blood grouping (discovered by Landsteiner). There are 8 types of blood groups based on antigen, antibody and Rh factor

Immunoglobulin A is also known as the secretory immunoglobulin and is mostly present in body secretions (tear, saliva, sebum, mucous, and milk) in which they are dimer and are monomer in blood. They constitute 10-15% of the proteins. They also have a J chain and secretory piece. Their half-life is 6-8 days.

The secretory piece protects the Ig from enzymes and juices
Complement activation by alternate pathway
Promote phagocytosis
Intracellular microorganism killing
First line of defense against some microbes

Immunoglobulin E is a dimer similar to IgG. This is present in low concentrations (about 0.3) and has the weight of about 1,90,000. These have a half-life of about 2 days and can become inactivated at 56 C.

Present extra-cellularly
Associated with allergic reactions like asthma, hay fever and anaphylactic shock
Bind with the Fc of mast cells and basophils resulting in degranulation and release histamine which causes allergy
Mediate the some immunity reactions
No complement activation
Provide immunity against helminthes

The last is immunoglobulin D. It is present in low concentrations and on the surface of B lymphocytes. They constitute 0.2% of proteins. They have a half-life of 3 days. The IgM and IgD bind on the B lymphocyte to help in antigen identification.

Hence these were the different types of immunoglobulins and the mechanisms by which they help with immunity. The next article is about the process of inflammation.

HAPPY READING!!

IMMUNOLOGY SERIES- PART 6- IMMUNOGLOBULIN

The previous article was about the different types of immune cells. This article is about a special molecule in immunity known as immunoglobulin.

There might be a question that what is so special about this immunoglobulin. There is a reason for this. These molecules play an important and inevitable role in the phagocytosis of pathogens. To understand this, it is essential to know about immunoglobulins.

The immunoglobulin is a gamma globulin, a specialized group of proteins (glycoprotein) produced in response to pathogens. It is produced by the plasma cells (a globulin protein present in the plasma). These constitute 25-30% of the blood proteins.

There are two important terms that are more commonly known by the most, they are the antigen and the antibody. The antigen is the molecule present on the surface of the pathogen and can stimulate an immune response. There is a small part of the antigen called the epitope which interacts with the antibody. The epitope is known as the antigen determinant site. An antigen can have unlimited epitopes.

On the contrary, the antibody is the molecule produced in response to the antigen in order to kick it away. The part of the antibody which interacts with the antigen is called a paratope. An antibody must have at least 2 paratopes. These antibodies belong to the immunoglobulins. All antibodies are immunoglobulins but not immunoglobulins are antibodies. To understand how the antibody helps in immunity, it is essential to understand the structure of an antibody/immunoglobulin. The image below shows the general structure of an immunoglobulin:-

There are two chains in an immunoglobulin namely the light chain and heavy chain. The light chain has 212 amino acids (the building block of protein) and the heavy chain has 450 amino acids. Each chain has two types namely the constant and variable. These regions are based on the amino acid sequences. Half of the light chain (1 out of 2) is constant and the rest is variable. A quarter of the heavy chain (1 out of 4) is variable and the rest is constant. These are linked by two types of sulfide bonds namely the intra (H-H AND L-L) and inter (H-L). These molecules contain carbohydrates (CHO) hence these are called as glycoproteins.

The tip of the variable regions of the heavy and light chain is hypervariable in nature and these constitute the antigen-binding site (Fab). These are hyper-variable because they have to produce amino acid sequences complementary to that of the antigen so that they can interact together. The other site is called a crystallizable region (Fc).

Having known all this, now it will be convenient to explain the process by which the antibody plays in the prevention of infections.

There are millions of substances that pass through the blood every day. So there must be a criterion/substance to identify them whether they are pathogenic. This is where antigen comes to play. These antigens present on the surface of the pathogens alert the immune system which then identifies this as a pathogen. So in response to the antigen, a suitable antibody is secreted and deployed to the target site. On reaching the antigen, the Fab region binds with the antigen.

The ultimate aim of the immune system is to abolish the pathogen and one way is by phagocytosing them. This is done by the macrophages. But it is essential for them to identify the substance before engulfing it. This is where the antibody comes to play. The Fc region of the antibody combines with the receptor of the macrophage. This facilitates the process of phagocytosis.

Hence the antibody acts like a bridge between the source (antigen) and the destination (macrophage) aiding in phagocytosis. This is essential because in most of the cases the macrophages, it is difficult to identify the non-self-objects and this is where antibody helps.

In the case of the new pathogen, the antigen is new, and therefore their might not be a suitable antibody. In that case, the macrophage cannot phagocytocise the pathogen and it reigns in the body causing infection and disease.

The next article is about the types of immunoglobulins.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

TIPS TO STAY FOCUSED

“Always remember, your focus determines your reality.” — George Lucas

Unless you have a strong desire to learn the information or develop a skill, it can be hard to focus all of your attention in one place. If you are impatient to learn or master anything, it wouldn’t benefit you more. If you are restless, you will make more mistakes and you will be more distracted as your whole focus will be on result, not on your action.

Instead, remain calm and be devoted to your work.

A mind which is calmer helps you to concentrate better, attaining undivided focus and it makes you proactive.

Television, smart phones, social media, friends, and family can all distract you from your goal of doing well in school. Create an environment that helps you focus. Set a schedule that maximized your study time. Try different study techniques and take breaks so you don’t become too overwhelmed. Here are some of the best tricks that scientists have come up with to help you increase your focus in studying.

Get rid of distractions. Choose the right spot. In order to concentrate, you must eliminate those things that you know will distract you. Put up mobile devices. Turn off the TV. Close other pages in your web browser. Sit away from people making loud noises.
Play music without lyrics. Some people cannot stand silence. They need to have background noise to help keep themselves motivated. Consider playing classical music softly. For some people, music helps them concentrate. For some, it doesn’t. Try it out and see what works best for you. A little something in the background can make you forget that you’re studying instead of out having fun.
Come prepared. Be sure to have all the materials needed to work. Have pencils, pens, highlighters, paper, textbooks, calculators, or whatever else will help you finish the task. Organize the area. A clean space will mean less distractions too. Your goal should be to take care of everything outside of studying before you sit down to focus. If not, you’ll just end up getting up repeatedly. Having to stop and start takes more time than continuously working.
Find a place where you can “unplug”. One of the biggest complaints that teachers have about their students is their inability to concentrate on a subject. Our constant use of social media and personal devices like cell phones divides our attention and makes it more difficult to concentrate.
Learn when to say no. Often times, people find it difficult to concentrate on their studies because they are overextended with other obligations. If this is you, don’t be afraid to tell people no. Just explain that you need to study and won’t have the time or energy to do so, if you help them out.

Ultimately, there’s no quick, one-size-fits-all solution to staying focused while studying. Different methods and tools will work better for some than others. However, with a little trial and error and the tools and techniques above, you can create a routine of focused studying that works best for you.

LUCID DREAMS

We spend one third of our life dreaming. Sometimes dreams are happy, scary, unexplainable and even an indication of what is going to happen in future. There is a popular saying that the dreams we see in the morning are usually true and real, though there is no scientific proof to it. We usually dream what we think, stress is an important factor in dreams. Less stress means happy dreams.

But will you believe it if I tell you that you can actually control your dreams?🤔
A dream where one becomes aware of the dream it is known as lucid dreaming. And there are people who do this. You can do it too!! Let’s know how.
People have been studying lucid dreams for a very long time, from ancient to modern it has been studied to understand the cause and purposes of it. As a result many theories have emerged, though it is still under research.

This term was given by Dutch author and psychiatrist Fredreik Van Eeden. In his article A Study of Dreams in 1913. He studied his own dreams for a period of time and wrote them in his dream diary, 352 of his dreams were categorized as lucid.
He mentioned 7 different types of dreams and out of which he considered lucid dreams most interesting and worthy of observation.
The reference to this phenomenon can be found in ancient greek writings. According to Aristotle, Greek philosopher, “often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream”. Other than Aristotle, physician Sir Thomas Browne, Samuel Pepys and more have mentioned lucid dreaming.
In 2020 there was a large increase in reports of lucid dreams compared to the previous year.

There are a few conditions for a dream in order to be defined as a lucid dream and these were given by Paul Tholey. The conditions are:
1. Awareness of the dream state (orientation)
2. Awareness of the capacity to make decisions
3. Awareness of memory functions
4. Awareness of self
5. Awareness of the dream environment
6. Awareness of the meaning of the dream
7. Awareness of concentration and focus (the subjective clarity of that state)

Lucid dreams are often found to be affective in treating nightmares. Physiotherapists have also been including lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. There are also books and movies based on this like inception, paprika, etc.
Though lucid dreaming has been beneficial in many aspects but for the people who experience it for the first time can go through the feelings of stress or confusion. People who see lucid dreams very often might feel empowered and also isolated from others in terms of their dreaming experience which is quiet different to others. Others might experience sleep paralysis, which is sometimes confused with lucid dreams.

Read about sleep paralysis here: https://edupub.org/2021/08/12/sleep-paralysis/

There are many methods using which one can experience lucid dream like, make a dream diary and jot down the dreams you remember, diary alone won’t help but it will be beneficial with other methods. Some devices and drugs are also used.

IMMUNOLOGY SERIES-PART 5- INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE CELLS

The previous article was about the acquired immunity. This article is all about the immune cells, the warriors of the human body.

These cells play a major role in protecting the body from infections. Some of them contribute directly and some contribute indirectly. Despite the methods, all of them are required in optimum amounts so as to live a healthy life.

All of these cells are derived from a specific type of cell found in the blood. The blood is a freely flowing interstitial fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients, etc. to the cells of the body. There are two components in the blood in which the first one is called plasma. The plasma is the liquid carrying water, salts, enzymes, and proteins. There are three specialized proteins in the plasma-

Albumin- to maintain water balance

Globulin- for immunity (it is a part of immunoglobulin)

Fibrinogen- for clotting

Hence the plasma also contributes to immunity. This plasma constitutes about 55% of the blood. The rest 45% of the blood is constituted by the formed elements or corpuscles. There are three elements in it namely-

Erythrocyte or Red Blood Corpuscle- transport of oxygen

Leucocyte or White Blood Corpuscle- fight infections

Thrombocyte or platelets- for clotting

Out of these, the WBC is the one primarily contributing to immunity. A healthy person must have a WBC count from 4000-11000. Count less than 4000 means leukopenia meaning that the immune system is weak. If the count is more than 11000 then it means the condition of autoimmunity known as leucocytosis. There are some further classifications in the WBC which are displayed through the flowchart below.

There are two types of cells in the WBC namely the granulocytes and agranulocytes.

The granulocytes, as the name specifies have granules in their cytoplasm. There are three different cells in this.

The neutrophil constitutes to about 55-70% of the total WBC and they are ones involved in most of the fights against the infections. These defend against bacterial and fungal infections. These cells are mostly found in the epidermal regions and are in the first line of defense. These cells engulf the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis. These cells have multiple nuclei hence these are also known as PMN (Poly Morpho Neutrophils). Neutrophils help prevent infections by blocking, disabling, and digesting off invading particles and microorganisms. They also communicate with other cells to help them repair cells and mount a proper immune response. The death of these cells often results in the formation of pus (suppuration).

The eosinophil constitutes about 2-4% of the total WBC. These cells are very little in the body but can increase in the case of allergic reactions, parasite infection, and so on. The functions of the eosinophil include movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses.

The basophil is present in the least concentration of all (0.2%) in total WBC. These cells play an important role in allergic reactions in which their count can increase. The basophil contains inflammatory mediators like histamine and heparin. The release of the compounds results in dilation of the blood vessels. Hence these cells regulate the inflammation process.

The agranulocytes are those which lack granules in their cytoplasm. There are two types in this. The lymphocyte can be called as the memory of the immune system. There are two types of lymphocytes namely T and B lymphocytes. These lymphocytes recognize the incoming pathogens and based on their memory it produces a suitable response in a short amount of time. These cells are involved in the secondary response in the acquired immunity.

B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance pathogen destruction. The T cells mostly known as CD4+ T helper cells produce the cytokines (proteins in cell signaling) and coordinate with the immune system. There is another form called CD8+ cytotoxic T cells which is opposite to the previous type, they help in the destruction of tumors and pathogens.

The monocyte is the largest of all the cells in WBC. They function similarly to that of the neutrophils (phagocytosis of the pathogens). These cells present the pathogen to the memory cells upon which a response is generated. Once they leave the blood, they turn into macrophages which help in clearing cell debris and killing pathogens. These are known as the vacuum cleaners of immunity.

Hence all these cells work in different mechanisms and they coordinate together to make sure that we do not fall prey to the disease-causing microorganisms.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

DEBATE CONCEPTS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS

This article deals with some of the concepts related to the progression of osteoarthritis. These statements were given by prominent researchers and resulted in a debate between two prominent groups of researchers against each other. All of these took place actively in the 19th century where the publications of research scholars were opposed to that of the scholars in the other group.

William Bauer told that mechanical trauma can result in OA directly or indirectly. By the 20^th century ideologies were majorly split into two ‘inflammation’ and ‘no inflammation’. Henry Fuller and Robert Todd suggested that OA occurred due to disruption to nutrients required for knee development and doesn’t occur through inflammation. On the other hand, Garrod and others stated that OA is partly degenerative and partly inflammative. Hence the study for OA continued under these two domains and each group of scientists trying to prove the other is false. But this situation can be compared to two sides of a coin where both the situations cannot be neglected. Hence both the domains of OA cannot be neglected.

Some others say that OA is a neurogenic immune homeostatic disorder. Garrod in 1988 stated that OA is associated with lesions in CNS in a peculiar manner. CNS refers to the central nervous system which constitutes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the mastermind of the body which generates electrochemical signals to simulate several neurons in the body. The spinal cord is known as a warehouse of reflexes. Reflex is an involuntary (cannot be controlled by conscience) rapid sequence of actions. Reflex can be best explained by several experiments.

When someone comes to hit you; you will either duck or catch his hand spontaneously and this is known as a reflex and the spinal cord or vertebral column is responsible for this.

The reflex of the knee is tested by the doctor who takes a rubber mallet and taps it on the knee and what interestingly happens is that the knee starts to retract and the patient can feel the pain. In case of OA or any knee-related diseases, the patient cannot experience any pain and hence the doctor understands that there is some abnormality in the knee. Hence we can understand that there is a connection between the knee’s ability and CNS and an interruption in this connection can lead to knee diseases.

We have to understand that this is a basic relation and there are other complex associations between them and require more complex methods like electrophysiology and pharmacology to understand them. Later it was proposed that changes in the sympathetic nervous system can also lead to OA.

The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system. This can be correlated to the word ‘increase’. The sympathetic nervous system works in response to stimuli like emotions and increases some parameters of the human body like heart rate, eye dilation, blood sugar, blood pressure, etc. this proposal paved the way for using micro-circuitry to correct it.

There is also another field on which the world is divided into two namely ‘nociceptive’ and ‘neuropathic’ where nociceptive refers to pain resulted due to receptors. These are present at target and send signals to the brain via the spine more or less like the reflex. On the other hand neuropathic refers to the condition where pain occurs due to nerves. The following table shows the difference between these two.

Nociceptive	Neuropathic
Receptor-mediated pain	Nerve mediated pain
Doesn’t affect nerves	Affects the nerves
Due to painful stimuli	Due to inflammation

However, some of the debate topics have not been resolved even till now but a lot of research articles about the progression of the disease and its underlying phenomena have been published. This is one of the cases in which a debate has done some good to the field of science!

HAPPY READING!!

WHAT!! FACTS????

. PANDORA’S BOX

According to Greek mythology, Pandora was the first ever women created by Zeus as a punishment for humankind after Prometheus stole fire for human use. Zeus then asked all the other gods and goddesses to shower gifts on her. She was also presented with a jar which contained all the evils & illness which she was not suppose to open. However she couldn’t resist the urge to open the container which resulted in unleashing evils into the world. Then onwards Pandora box signifies as the origin of troubles or complications. Morden generation criticised the myth an example of misogyny.

. HAPLODIPLOID SEX DETERMINATION

What does halpodiploid sex determination means? This type of sex determination is scene in honey bees. I’m this the sex of an individual is determined by the number of set of chromosomes received. An offspring formed from the the union of sperm and an egg developed into a female (queen or worker) and the unfertilized egg is developed into a male by parthenogenesis, which implies males have half the number of chromosomes that of a female. The female gets differentiated on the basis of food they consume during the development. The female that consumes royal jelly grows into a queen bee and others developes into a worker bees(sterile). The males produces sperms by mitosis so they do not have father and thus cannot have son’s but have a grandfather and can have grandsons.

. LIFE WITHOUT STOMACH?

Do you know that it’s possible to live without stomach? Let’s understand how; suppose a person is having a stomach cancer the recommended treatment would be partial or total removal of stomach termed as gastrectomy. When a person’s stomach is removed completely the esophagus is directly connected to intestine. A person is advised to consume a lot of calories in small bites/meals more times a day to prevent weight loss. A person may experience Dumping Syndrome (experience of nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, sweats) as the the work of stomach is transfer to intestine, so a person is suggested to sit upright after having their food for sometime. It is difficult to adjust to changes but this is how a human tendency to survive.

Organ Donation Live Life.Give Life.

Organ donation is a process in which a person willingly donates an organ of his body to another person. Furthermore, it is the process of allowing the removal of one’s organ for its transplanting in another person. Moreover, organ donation can legally take place by the consent of the donor when he is alive. Also, organ donation can also take place by the assent of the next of kin of a dead person. There has been a significant increase in organ donations due to the advancement of medical science.

Organ Donation in Different Countries

First of all, India follows the opt-in system regarding organ donation. Furthermore, any person wishing to donate an organ must fill a compulsory form. Most noteworthy, this form is available on the website of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Also, The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994, controls organ donation in India.

The need for organ donation in the United States is growing at a considerable rate. Furthermore, there has also been a significant rise in the number of organ donors in the United States. Most noteworthy, organ donation in the United States takes place only by the consent of the donor or their family. Nevertheless, plenty of organizations are pushing for opt-out organ donation.

Within the European Union, the regulation of organ donation takes place by the member states. Furthermore, many European countries have some form of an opt-out system. Moreover, the most prominent opt-out systems are in Austria, Spain, and Belgium. In England, no consent is presumed and organ donation is a voluntary process.

Argentina is a country that has plenty of awareness regarding organ donation. Most noteworthy, the congress of Argentina introduced an opt-out organ donation policy. Moreover, this means that every person over 18 years of age will be a donor unless they or their family state their negative. However, in 2018, another law was passed by congress. Under the new law, the family requirement was removed. Consequently, this means that the organ donor is the only person who can state their negative.

Benefits of Organ Donation

First of all, organ donation is very helpful for the grieving process. Furthermore, many donor families take relief and consolation due to organ donation. This is because they understand that their loved one has helped save the life of other people. Most noteworthy, a single donor can save up to eight lives.

Organ donation can also improve the quality of life of many people. An eye transplant could mean the ability to see again for a blind person. Similarly, donating organs could mean removing the depression and pain of others. Most noteworthy, organ donation could also remove the dependency on costly routine treatments.

Organ donation is significantly beneficial for medical science research. Donated organs offer an excellent tool for conducting scientific researches and experiments. Furthermore, many medical students can greatly benefit from these organs. Most noteworthy, beneficial medical discoveries could result due to organ donation. Organ donation would also contribute to the field of Biotechnology.

To sum it up, organ donation is a noble deed. Furthermore, it shows the contribution of an individual even after death. Most noteworthy, organ donation can save plenty of lives. Extensive awareness regarding organ donation must certainly be spread among the people.

“THE GIFT THAT HAS BEEN GIVEN TO ME SAYS MUCH ABOUT OUR CAPACITY FOR GREAT COMPASSION AND GENEROSITY, AND I HOPE IT SENDS AN INSPIRING MESSAGE TO OTHERS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGAN DONATION.”

. —STEVEN COJOCARU

India Of My Dreams.

The India of my dream would be a country where women are safe and walk freely on road. Also, it will be a place where there is freedom of equality to all and everyone can enjoy it in their true sense. Furthermore, it would be a place where there is no discrimination of caste, color, gender, creed, social or economic status, and race. In addition, I see it as a place that sees an abundance of development and growth.

Women Empowerment

There is a lot of discrimination against women. But, still, the women are stepping out of their houses and making a mark on different fields and on society. In addition, there are a lot of areas that need to be worked upon whether it is female feticide or restricting them to the household task. Besides, many NGO and social groups have come forward to promote women empowerment.

However, we have to work hard to change the mindset of society. I dream India as a country that sees women as its assets, not as liabilities. Also, I want to place women on an equal level as men.

Education.

Though there are many initiatives by the government to promote education. But there are many people who do not realize its true importance. The India of my dream will be a place where education will be mandatory for all.

Employment Opportunities.

Although there are many educated people in India. But, due to corruption and many other reasons they are unable to get a decent job. Besides, there are many employment opportunities in the country but they are either limited or don’t pay well enough. One of the reasons for this is weak industrial growth in the country.

In addition, reservation is a hindrance in this path as most of the deserving candidates lose their good opportunity because of it. Many of these deserving candidates go abroad and work for the economic growth of other countries. The Indian of My dream will be a place where the deserving candidate will get the job first rather than reserved candidates.

Caste Discrimination

Though India got independence in 1947, still we are not able to get complete independence from the caste, religion, and creed discrimination. It is shameful to see how in certain parts of the country the people of the lower section of the society are denied the basic rights.

However, there are various social groups that speak for their rights and help them to oppose this oppression. Besides, I dream of an India where there is no discrimination of any kind.

Corruption.

Corruption is one of the major reasons that are hindering the growth of the nation. Instead of making an effort to serve the growth of the country the officials and politicians are busy filling their own pockets. So, I dream of an India where the minister and official are dedicated to their work and wholly for the development of the country.

In conclusion, the India of my dream will be an ideal country where every citizen will be equal. Also, there is no discrimination of any type. In addition, it will be a place where women are seen as equals to men and respected equally.

India of my dreams……… Where the bell of happiness rings,where the birds in harmony sings.

. —“Shumayla Mallick”………

Surgical Strike

We sleep because our soldiers wake. We live in peace because they guard and protect us. What army does is always and only for the country. Surgical strike is a well planned militant affair of crossing the borders of their nation and destroying the camps, and arms and kill terrorists. In a surgical strike, the forces do no harm to the innocent people and to the public property. The army performs it with proper guidance and instructions of Defence Ministry and Army authorities. That surgical strike was held by Indian Army against Pakistan on 28th and 29th September 2016.

Surgical Strike of 2016

Since 1947, the Indo-Pak cold war is one of the most talked-about rivalries in the world. After that Pakistan has always sought ways to attack our nation. The events leading to surgical strike can be dated back to 18th September 2016 when four Pakistani attacked Indian army at Uri-base in Jammu and Kashmir. It was Jaish-e-Mohammad Fidayeen group of Pakistan who planned the attack.

On 21st September India gave a protest letter to Pakistan High Commissioner Abdul Basit regarding the involvement of Pakistan in those attacks. It, in turn, back-fired India as Pakistani Defence minister blamed us of carrying Uri attack to grab the attention from protestors group in Jammu and Kashmir. These events offended India and consequently led to its outbreak in the form of surgical strike.

On 28th September 2016, at 12.30 am, the commandos of Indian Army were dropped at Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Pakistan. The surgical operation was conducted in Bhimber, Hotspring, Kel and Lipa sectors. India claims that during the surgical strike 7 military launch pads with 38 terrorists and 2 Pakistani soldiers were killed and destroyed.

Before the attack was held the army forces walked for 1-3 km destroying terrorist bases. This kind of operation or strike always requires coordination among the government, intelligence agencies and the security forces for the success.

After Effect of Surgical Strike

After the surgical strike, there was a heated discussion on the political grounds. Pakistan claimed that there had been no surgical strike conducted by India. The formation of allied groups in Pakistan was also seen and they feared another attack by India on a larger scale.

The Modi government got support from the neighboring countries like Japan and Germany whereas Pakistan tried to improve their relationship with China. In today’s political scenario every country is trying to strengthen its powers.

Conclusion.

A nation with no terrorism, extortion, black money and murders is a dream of every citizen. Whereas peace and harmony is yet the ultimate desire of every being. No matter how we justify the cause of destruction which these attacks create on either side of the border, can never be reasonable. At the end of the day what anyone aspires from life is immense happiness, peace, and satisfaction. If every civilian adheres to it the world would be a happy and peaceful place to live in.

The phrase surgical strike might be more acceptable if it were common practice to perform surgery with high explosives.

—Gesnge Carlin

Benefits of Regular Exercise

Exercise is defined as any movement that makes your muscles work and requires your body to burn calories.

There are many types of physical activity, including swimming, running, jogging, walking, and dancing, to name a few.

Here are the fews ways regular exercise benefits your body and brain.

It can make you feel happier

Exercise has been shown to improve your mood and decrease feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress.

It produces changes in the parts of the brain that regulate stress and anxiety. It can also increase brain sensitivity for the hormones serotonin and norepinephrine, which relieve feelings of depression.

Additionally, exercise can increase the production of endorphins, which are known to help produce positive feelings and reduce the perception of pain.

It can help with weight loss

Some studies have shown that inactivity is a major factor in weight gain and obesity.

To understand the effect of exercise on weight reduction, it is important to understand the relationship between exercise and energy expenditure.

Your body spends energy in three ways:

👉digesting food
👉exercising
👉maintaining body functions like your heartbeat and breathing
While dieting, a reduced calorie intake will lower your metabolic rate, which can delay weight loss. On the contrary, regular exercise has been shown to increase your metabolic rate, which can burn more calories to help you lose weight.

It can help skin health

Your skin can be affected by the amount of oxidative stress in your body.

Oxidative stress occurs when the body’s antioxidant defenses cannot completely repair the cell damage caused by compounds known as free radicals. This can damage the structure of the cells and negatively impact your skin.

Even though intense and exhaustive physical activity can contribute to oxidative damage, regular moderate exercise can actually increase your body’s production of natural antioxidants, which help protect cells.

“Good things come to those who sweat.”

How to become A Leader

Transformational leaders are positive, empowering, and inspiring. They value followers and inspire them to perform better. So what can you do to embrace these valued leadership qualities and become a stronger and more effective leader?

Understand Your Leadership Style: Understanding your current leadership style is essential. What are your strengths? Which areas need some improvement? One way to start assessing your skills is to take this leadership style quiz to get a general idea of how you lead.

Once you have completed the quiz, read about the major characteristics of your dominant style. Are these qualities helping or hindering your leadership? Once you’ve determined which areas need some work, you can begin looking for ways to improve your leadership abilities.

Encourage Creativity: One way to foster creativity is to offer challenges to group members, making sure that the goals are within the grasp of their abilities. The purpose of this type of exercise is to get people to stretch their limits but not become discouraged by barriers to success.

Show Passion: You can develop this leadership quality by thinking of different ways that you can express your zeal. Let people know that you care about their progress. When one person shares something with the rest of the group, be sure to tell them how much you appreciate such contributions.

Communicate Effectively: Another important quality of transformational leadership involves a focus on providing one-on-one communication with group members. Transformational leadership is effective when leaders are able to communicate their vision to followers, who then feel inspired and motivated by this vision.

Part of the trust-building process is creating an environment where it’s safe to take risks and allows you and your employees to comfortably exchange candid, honest and direct feedback without the fear of being punished.

It’s important you provide ample channels for two-way communication between employees and managers, and also solicit and reward them for their ideas and contributions. This facilitates progress toward reaching organizational goals. As a leader, you should foster trust and cooperation. Leaders can paint a vision of the future that inspires the team to do whatever it takes to get there.

And as a coach, you have to inspire action that will help execute that goal. Reinforce an honest and candid environment without taking information personally. Equally treat everyone like you would want to be treated.

Give credit where credit is due. Say “thank you,” be encouraging, and try to put yourself in their shoes to better understand their everyday challenges.

You have to support and assist your team. Give them the confidence to take risks and speak up without being punished.

When the mistake is yours, take ownership. Don’t try to blame someone else, the situation or a circumstance.

Be credible – people want to follow an honest leader. Be candid about why things didn’t work out, learn from the mistake and move on. People will trust someone who actively displays honesty. As you work toward developing some of these leadership qualities, don’t forget to look to your followers for feedback and inspiration. Pay attention to the things that have been effective in the past and always be on the lookout for new ways to inspire, motivate, and reward group members.

OSTEOARTHRITIS GRADING SYSTEM

Osteoarthritis can be mainly classified into two. They are primary and secondary. The criterion for this classification is based on the different types of risk factors. Primary OA is mainly due to age where the reason for cartilage breakdown is not known or maybe due to genetics. Secondary OA is due to direct injury through sports or trauma, stress, inflammation, or other metabolic diseases. In this case, the cause may localize.

OA grading

Grading is the process of classifying the disease based on its extent or severity. OA has been graded into 5 from grade 0 to grade 4

Stage number	Condition
0	Normal
1	Minor
2	Mild
3	Moderate
4	Severe

This was proposed by Kellgren and Lawrence and it is known as KL grading. The five grades have been proposed based on radiographic analysis of subjects. This was accepted as a standard measure by WHO in 1961. The grading has been done based on the narrowing of joint space and the formation of osteophytes.

grade 0 (normal): no changes in knee x-ray
grade 1 (minor): minimalistic joint space narrowing with possible osteophyte lipping
grade 2 (mild): definite osteophytes and joint space narrowing
grade 3 (moderate): multiple osteophytes, definite narrowing of joint space and some sclerosis and possible deformity of bone ends
grade 4 (severe): large osteophytes, marked narrowing of joint space, severe sclerosis and definite deformity of bone ends

Grade 0

Grade 0 is considered normal. The subject will not exhibit any features for OA. The x-ray image from this grade is taken as a standard and the other grades are compared with this grade.

Credit:- Häggström, M (2014). “Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014“. *WikiJournal of Medicine* 1 (2). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
X-ray of a healthy knee

Grade 1

Grade 1 is known as the minor. It can be considered as the initial grade. The joint space has just started to decrease. Osteophyte refers to excess bone growth. It is also known as bone spurs since spur refers to kind to sharp material. This bone growth can be observed as sharp spikes. Here there is very minimal growth of excess bone. Bone spurs occur only at the bones adjacent to the joint. There will be very minor loss of cartilage but this does not contribute to the narrowing of the joint space. Subject in this stage is not confirmed with osteoarthritis. However, subjects having any of the risk factors become more prone to the disease

Grade 2

Grade 2 is known as mild. In this grade, the narrowing of the joint space is more and is visible through the x-ray. There will be also more formation of osteophytes. This grade can be considered as the precursor to many complications like bone dislocation and rubbing. None of these complications are seen in this grade but these complications are soon to occur. The subject in this grade is confirmed with osteoarthritis. Special care has to be taken by those in this grade and through proper medications, they can prevent those further complications.

Grade 3

Grade 3 is known as moderate. Obvious damage occurs to the cartilage and the joint space narrows even at a faster rate. Swelling of the joints starts to occur in this stage. Erosion of cartilage becomes prominent in this stage. The joints become rougher due to spurs leading to stiffness. Inflammation occurs at regular intervals. Subjects can experience popping sounds from the knee.

Grade 4

Grade 4 is known as severe. It is the worst and highest grade of all. The changes become prominent and occur at larger scales. There will be no gap literally meaning the joint is absent. The bones start to rub over each other causing pain. The joint becomes stiff like a rock. The cartilage wears down and maximum growth of osteophyte is seen. Various cytokines are released at cartilage resulting in further death. Life would be dreadful for those in this grade. The arrow in the given X-ray indicates the bones are touching each other and there is no gap in between them.

HAPPY READING!!

THE DREADFUL DISEASE FOR THE AGED- THE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Osteoarthritis is the most well-known type of joint pain, influencing a huge number of individuals in the world. It occurs as a result of the wearing down of the cartilage that cushions the ends of your bone over time. It is a complex disease that integrates biomechanics and biochemistry associated with the knee. This is the standard way of defining OA which will be difficult to understand. Hence let us try to understand what OA is. The best way is by splitting the word and analyzing it part by part

Osteo- bone

Arth- joint

It is- inflammation

Knee, Old, Care, Injury, Pain, Knee Pain — x-ray of the osteoarthritic knee joint

As mentioned earlier, the unit of bone is called osteon and any word ending with itis refers to inflammation. Also, arthro term refers to joints in general. Hence the combination of the terms corresponds to inflammation of bones in the joint. This rather sounds simplified. The previous definition had complex terms like biomechanics and biochemistry. Biomechanics refers to the study of movement in living beings. Biochemistry refers to the study of the reactions occurring in living things. So in short, osteoarthritis is such a disease that results in inflammation of joints that occur due to wearing down of the bones surrounding the joint hence affecting the movement and chemical reactions which used to occur properly during normal conditions.

Osteoarthritis can occur in any joint in the human body like elbows, hips, knees, etc. Since our primary focus is on the knee, we will take a deep dive into it. In view of its expectancy and the tolerance that goes with sickness in the knee osteoarthritis represents more prevalence with daily activities like climbing steps and walking when compared to other diseases. Osteoarthritis is the most standardized reason for total knee replacement. As a result of the frequency of this disease especially in middle-aged people, osteoarthritis can act as an extensive barrier towards work and can lead to early retirement.

Coining of OA

Many say that the term osteoarthritis was coined by the British physician John Kent Spender but it was Richard Von Volkmann who tried to separate it from rheumatoid arthritis. The other names which were offered to this disease were ‘chronical rheumatism’

‘senile arthritis’

‘hypertrophic arthritis’

‘arthritis deformans’.

Effect of age

Osteoarthritis can affect people of any age group but it majorly affects old age people. National Library of Medicine suggests that people with an age greater than 70 have more risk to get osteoarthritis. The reason lies in the definition of osteoarthritis. The definition says that disease occurs due to the wearing down of bones. So the bones don’t get worn down the next instant a baby is born. Every process requires time to occur. A mother has to wait for a minimum of 9 months to give birth to a healthy baby. A student must wait for 4 years to get a degree from college. Similarly, it takes time for the bones in the knee to get worn down.

This disease has always troubled old aged people in their lives. Living with osteoarthritis is dreadful. Even climbing the stairs will be a difficult task for them. Hence it is worth knowing about the disease.

HAPPY READING!!

“Poverty is the worst form of violence”. – Mahatma Gandhi.

We can define poverty as the condition where the basic needs of a family, like food, shelter, clothing, and education are not fulfilled. It can lead to other problems like poor literacy, unemployment, malnutrition, etc. A poor person is not able to get education due to lack of money and therefore remains unemployed. An unemployed person is not able to buy enough & nutritious food for his family and their health decline. A weak person lacks the energy required for the job. A jobless person remains poor only. Thus we can say that poverty is the root cause of other problems.

How Poverty is Measured?

For measuring poverty United nations have devised two measures of poverty – Absolute & relative poverty. Absolute poverty is used to measure poverty in developing countries like India. Relative poverty is used to measure poverty in developed countries like the USA. In absolute poverty, a line based on the minimum level of income has been created & is called a poverty line. If per day income of a family is below this level, then it is poor or below the poverty line. If per day income of a family is above this level, then it is non-poor or above the poverty line. In India, the new poverty line is Rs 32 in rural areas and Rs 47 in urban areas.

Causes of Poverty

According to the Noble prize winner South African leader, Nelson Mandela – “Poverty is not natural, it is manmade”. The above statement is true as the causes of poverty are generally man-made. There are various causes of poverty but the most important is population. Rising population is putting the burden on the resources & budget of countries. Governments are finding difficult to provide food, shelter & employment to the rising population.

The other causes are- lack of education, war, natural disaster, lack of employment, lack of infrastructure, political instability, etc. For instance- lack of employment opportunities makes a person jobless & he is not able to earn enough to fulfill the basic necessities of his family & becomes poor. Lack of education compels a person for less paying jobs & it makes him poorer. Lack of infrastructure means there are no industries, banks, etc. in a country resulting in lack of employment opportunities. Natural disasters like flood, earthquake also contribute to poverty.

In some countries, especially African countries like Somalia, a long period of civil war has made poverty widespread. This is because all the resources & money is being spent in war instead of public welfare. Countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. are prone to natural disasters like cyclone, etc. These disasters occur every year causing poverty to rise.

Ill Effects of Poverty

Poverty affects the life of a poor family. A poor person is not able to take proper food & nutrition &his capacity to work reduces. Reduced capacity to work further reduces his income, making him poorer. Children from poor family never get proper schooling & proper nutrition. They have to work to support their family & this destroys their childhood. Some of them may also involve in crimes like theft, murder, robbery, etc. A poor person remains uneducated & is forced to live under unhygienic conditions in slums. There are no proper sanitation & drinking water facility in slums & he falls ill often & his health deteriorates. A poor person generally dies an early death. So, all social evils are related to poverty.

Government Schemes to Remove Poverty

The government of India also took several measures to eradicate poverty from India. Some of them are – creating employment opportunities, controlling population, etc. In India, about 60% of the population is still dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. Government has taken certain measures to promote agriculture in India. The government constructed certain dams & canals in our country to provide easy availability of water for irrigation. Government has also taken steps for the cheap availability of seeds & farming equipment to promote agriculture. Government is also promoting farming of cash crops like cotton, instead of food crops. In cities, the government is promoting industrialization to create more jobs. Government has also opened ‘Ration shops’. Other measures include providing free & compulsory education for children up to 14 years of age, scholarship to deserving students from a poor background, providing subsidized houses to poor people, etc.

Poverty is a social evil, we can also contribute to control it. For example- we can simply donate old clothes to poor people, we can also sponsor the education of a poor child or we can utilize our free time by teaching poor students. Remember before wasting food, somebody is still sleeping hungry.

Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice.

—nelsen mandela

Said “I love you” more -Positive thinking

Positive thinking refers to a belief or mental attitude which makes us think that good things will happen eventually and our efforts will pay off sooner or later. It is the opposite of negative thinking which makes our mind full of stress and fear. Thus, an essay on positive thinking will show us how it reinforces thoughts like optimism and hope and works wonders.

Benefits of Positive Thinking

Let it be clear that positive thinking does not mean you do not notice the bad things in life. It means you try to find a solution in a productive way instead of whining about it. There are many benefits of positive thinking.

The first one is better health. Negative thinking gives rise to anxiety, stress, frustration and more. However, positive thinking helps you avoid all this and focus on staying healthy and doing better in life.

Further, it is essential for us to fight depression which positive thinking helps with. Similarly, it will also help us to relieve stress. Positive thinking overwhelms stress and it will allow you to get rid of stress.

As a result, positive thinking helps you live longer. It is because you will be free from diseases that form due to stress, anxiety and more. Moreover, it is also the key to success. Meaning to say, success becomes easier when you don’t bash yourself up.

Similarly, it also gives us more confidence. It boosts our self-esteem and helps in becoming more confident and self-assured. Therefore, we must certainly adopt positive thinking to make the most of our lives.

How to Build a Positive Thinking

There are many ways through which we can build positive thinking. To begin with, we must inculcate the habit of reading motivational and inspiring stories of people who are successful.

All this will help in motivating and inspiring you and showing you the right path. Moreover, it is important to never let negative thoughts thrive in your mind and work towards putting end to this habit.

You can do so by replacing your negative thoughts with constructive and positive reviews. Start to pay attention to your ideas and don’t pay heed to negative thoughts. Further, it is helpful to use affirmations.

These positive statements will truly sink into your subconscious mind and guide you to take better action. It will also help in visualising your dreams and getting the right means to achieve them fast.

Finally, always stay guard and gatekeep your mind to make important changes in life. In other words, do not be afraid to take actions. Keep yourself busy and do different things to avoid becoming cynical and remaining positive.

Conclusion of the Essay on Positive Thinking

To conclude, we must change our attitude and believe that we will succeed one day. Moreover, we also need to implement positive thinking techniques which will help us learn from our failures and stay focused. As positive thinking plays an essential role in our lives, we must make sure to adopt in our lives.

Positive thinking helps you stand back up again when you are knocked down by bad luck or negativity.

. —Tom Laurie

HOW TO MAKE BETTER NOTES IN CLASS

“The more content you try to capture during a lecture or a meeting, the less you’re thinking about what’s being said. You burn through most of your attention parroting the source.”

Do you sometimes struggle to determine what to write down during lectures? Have you ever found yourself wishing you could take better or more effective notes? Whether you are sitting in a lecture hall or watching a lecture online, note-taking in class can be intimidating, but with a few strategic practices, anyone can take clear, effective notes. This handout will discuss the importance of note-taking, qualities of good notes, and tips for becoming a better note-taker.

In-class benefits

Taking good notes in class is an important part of academic success in college. Actively taking notes during class can help you focus and better understand main concepts. In many classes, you may be asked to watch an instructional video before a class discussion. Good note-taking will improve your active listening, comprehension of material, and retention. Taking notes on both synchronous and asynchronous material will help you better remember what you hear and see.

Post-class benefits

After class, good notes are crucial for reviewing and studying class material so that you better understand it and can prepare appropriately for exams. Efficient and concise notes can save you time, energy, and confusion that often results from trying to make sense of disorganized, overwhelming, insufficient, or wordy notes. When watching a video, taking good notes can save you from the hassle of pausing, rewinding, and re watching large chunks of a lecture. Good notes can provide a great resource for creating outlines and studying.

Gather your note-taking materials. It may sound pretty basic, but it’s important to have all of your note-taking materials organized and ready to go before the start of any class, meeting or lecture.
Come prepared. Before you come to a class, lecture, or meeting, make sure to review your notes from the last time round. This will bring you fully up to speed and ready to pick up where you left off.
Be an active listener. When note-taking, many people make the mistake of mindlessly taking down every word, without really comprehending what is being said. Instead, make an effort to understand the topic while you’re in class. Focus on what’s really being said, then ask questions if you don’t understand
Take notes by hand. Although taking notes on your laptop is convenient, research shows note takers actually retain information better when they take notes by hand. This may be because people typing on a laptop tend to transcribe every word without understanding the meaning, while people writing by hand are forced to pick out relevant information in order to keep up
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. When you come across something you don’t understand, don’t just jot it down and tell yourself that you’ll worry about it later — ask the teacher/lecturer for clarification.

FINALLY

Follow up after class

Part of good note-taking includes revisiting your notes a day or so after class. During this time, check for clarity, fill in definitions of key terms, organize, and figure out any concepts you may have missed or not fully understood in class. Figure out what may be missing and what you may need to add or even ask about. If your lecture is recorded, you may be able to take advantage of the captions to review.

REFERENCES

https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/effective-note-taking-in-classes

https://www.wikihow.com/Take-Better-Notes

Television and Video Games are Corrupting the Minds of Youngs.

Mankind has a great history of inventions, and one of it’s greatest inventions were ‘Television’. This word is well known to us. Entertainment was the major reason for the invention of television, but it’s said “Every coin has two sides” even television has its demerits.

Viewing television has become a popular culture and every one enjoys it. One of the most used technological commodity ,has become a threatening problem for the today’s youth. It is Corrupting the young minds and leading them to dark future. The young mind’s are not able to sense the negative impact of this entertainment gadget.

Watching television is waste of time. Youth’s are not able to distinguish between good and bad content for their minds. Most of the programmes casted on the television illustrates distruction, violence, sex , bullying and many other negative things. Young minds are brainstormed in such a way that they try to implement the depicted things in their real life.

Watching crime shows influence the young mind in a negative way as they are not able to pick up the positive aspects of it. Psychologically the wrongdoer is shown in a good light and this in turn encourages the youth to get inspired from them lead them to actually becoming a criminal.

Now days television shows comes with variations like drama, comedy, suspense and many other. The show producers are minting money out of the illogical shows and destroying the young minds imagination. They are detached from the reality and are made to believe and imagine what they show is correct, superstition are also encouraged. Gradually the people get addictive to this type of content and the imaginative power, IQ level is reduced to nothing. Hence Roald Dahl has rightly said,” It clots the child’s mind, it makes the mind as soft as cheese.”

Television are not the only component that corrupts the youth’s mind but video games are one of them. In this modern generation not only an adult but also children know how to used different electronic devices. Video games are basically a person’s imagination which they make them into reality through technology. These games make a person’s mind habitual to play it. Their minds are completely focused in this unreal world that they forget they have a real world, which in turn make them less social and creates a lonely environment. They lose their interest in other important things like studying, etc.

Author John Leo has explained that ” Children who are heavy viewers of television are more aggressive”. Watching television and playing video games makes a person prone to obesity and mental disorders and affects their personality. So we should take care before it’s too late , as they say “Prevention is better than cure.”

Writing Good Articles Article Submission Tips And Writing

It is no secret that a good way to gain publicity and visitors for your website is to submit articles on quality sites. At the same time I strongly believe that submitting your articles on sites which share the same niche (or category) as yours is a better way to indicate search engines about the category of your article. For example it does not make a lot of sense to publish an article of travel or tourism on a finance website or a technology blog. The visitors of a travel website are likely to be in a mindset of vacation ideas, hotels, airline deals, events and travel attractions. Now if a visitor comes across your article on a travel site, it not only provides a reference link back to your website but most important the person is actually interested in that niche.

We will briefly put together a few points which one should consider while submitting their articles. We have selected travel niche as an example for these article writing tips.

1. Basic strategy of writing articles:

Your article should be written in simple English and easily understandable my most users. It does not need to be too long but usually recommended no little than 300 words, preferably more around 500 words. Clearly state what the travel article is about, use short paragraphs and bullet points. Always provide true facts, good or bad. Consider using use numbers and figures in the text in your articles wherever applicable.

2. Title:

Always use good attention-grabbing titles which not only contain your main keywords, but also give the brief idea to the users that what your travel article is about.

3. Keyword density:

Well if your article is about New York tourism then we recommended that you should have it in your title and multiple times in the body of your article. There are several free tools available on the internet to evaluate your article’s keyword density.

4. Link to your site:

If you have a website, then you should certainly provide a link back to your site, if this article is about a section inside your site then consider giving the inner link over your homepage.

5. Bookmark your article with Sites: Once submit travel article and it is published you should consider it book marking using Delicious, Reddit, Digg and Stumble upon. Since these are social bookmark sites, this will also deliver significant traffic to your website. Similarly subscribing to the RSS feed using sites like bloglines and netvibes has similar advantages.

6. Write often: People and search engines are always looking for new articles. You will not only have more links pointing back to your site but also real organic traffic.

How are we, humans causing endangered species and how can we overcome it by wildlife conservation.

Wildlife conservation
Are we aware of the amount of deaths and the amount of endangered species around us? And of course, the answer would be an absolute NO. I would not like to include all single human beings, as there are organisations trying to help the species and working on conserving them, but I don’t think they can do it all alone. They need our help. The animals NEED our help.

How are we, humans, causing extinct species?
One of the main reason for extinction is habitat destruction. Humans destroy the habitats of species which cause them to die or suffer.The second main reason would be the diseases causing species to die because of us, example : taking pictures, polluting the area, hunting, deforestation and ect. These activities can be the major reasons for species extinction.

What are the well known critically endangered species? and why?
Amur leopards – being hunted for their fur for coating. it is also said that their habitat are continuously being destroyed – ( human causing )
Black rhino – their horns are being hunted for medicines. – ( human causing )
Hawksbill sea turtle – is being hunted for their shell and also for meat. the jelly fishes, water animals and also the Hawksbill sea turtle are being affected by the plastic covers being thrown on seas – ( human causing )
Mountain gorillas – being extinct due to deforestation also causes to destroy the trees which can be the food for animals – ( human causing )
pangolin – scales of the pangolin are believed that they are used for medical problems.
polar bear – global warming issues – ( human causing )
plants – yes! I would also like to include plants in endangered species. We all know humans are the main reasons for the dying of plants. plants are being dead by deforestation, cutting trees – for wood and paper, and pollution ( water, air, water)
What is India doing?
“India will work with Coalition countries to adopt cleaner energy sustainable production and consumption patterns and environment-friendly transport, agriculture, industry and waste management to promote clean air,” Minister Javadekar said. The central government gives all types of financial literacy and conserving and protecting the wildlife. National ban was imposed on tiger hunting in 1970 and the Wildlife Protection Act became effective in 1972.
countries that are helping the endangered species
The Philippines and Malaysia are trying to shield the animals. Individual European nations are taking actions to help and support their animals.

let’s do it together!
Nothing is impossible!All of us can do it together! There are a lot of tips for us to follow for conserving wildlife. If we follow them continuously we can achieve! The animals can achieve!
Join in organisations or wildlife agencies.
donate and volunteer
Learn about species and animals ( birds ) – increasing our knowledge.
Let’s raise awareness
Recycle
Build a wildlife garden
let’s stop using products made from animals
Let’s not eat meat or nonveg – try eating a low impact diet.
save energy, save water, save the environment
Avoid plastic
What are we supposed to do? Just… save the animals. save the planet!

Continuation of: boy with striped pajamas; chapter 5

Bruno couldn’t stop thinking about the children. He kept on peeping through the window to check what the children were doing. Bruno found the people disturbing and he wanted to know more about them.On the other side, Gretel would also notice the people far away. Even Though Bruno managed to live in Out-with for a week and 3 days, he couldn’t be there any more. He totally missed Berlin and his friends, Karl, Daniel and Martin. A few days later, Bruno decided to talk with Maria about the ridiculous children and this terrible house.

In the evening, someone knocked on the door. It was a polite knock, it was Maria. “ Come in! “, Bruno gave permission. “I need to clean the floor. Can I turn off the fan? “ “ Okay, sure! Please turn on the air conditioner.” Bruno spoke kindly. He knew this was the right time to speak. He was sure Maria would understand. Maria switched off the fans and turned on the air conditioner, and started to vacuum. Bruno started, “ Maria? Don’t you want to go back to Berlin? You are just staying here for your sake. You don’t feel comfortable here right?” Bruno wanted Maria to accept with him. But she didn’t.

“ Of Course not. I just be wherever your parents tell me to be. Well, Bruno, are you still not settled here yet? I feel this house is very pleasant and nice” Maria answered. Bruno didn’t accept this. He burst into angriness and shouted “ No! How can this house be a pleasant house? How? How will it be a good house with weird children wearing the same clothes and laughing, far away? Berlin was better! Totally better.” he knew he wasn’t supposed to shout at anyone. He felt a little guilt inside him. There was a moment of silence. Maria stared at Bruno, and Bruno was about to burst out into tears. Suddenly someone banged the door open. “ Bruno! What was that noise?” It was Gretel. “ i couldn’t even concentrate…” Gretel saw Bruno’s eyes, the tears were floating. She knew it was not the right time to shout at him.

She went near Bruno and sat on the bed next to him. Maria left the room, to give some personal space. “ Hey, you okay?” asked Maria. “ the kid. He disturbs me. What is he doing?” “ You saw him too? I know, he is pretty weird. He doesn’t even sleep. “ answered Maria. “ What are they doing in there? Is it a jail? Are they locked in there? Questioned Bruno with curiosity. “ I think so, or they just live there. ” But, why are they dirty, wearing the same clothes and why aren’t they moving around? Bruno moved on. “ They are just poor Bruno, and it’s their home. But, I don’t know why they are all wearing the same dress. Especially that kid. Why doesn’t he sleep? He always walks around like he is thinking something seriously.” Answered Maria by doubting herself.

“ Okay, time to eat Bruno, let’s go. “ Maria left expecting Bruno to join her. Bruno followed her downstairs and had dinner. Bruno couldn’t stop thinking about the people who live there. And especially that kid. That kid who used to stare at bruno sometimes. The kid who doesn’t sleep. He was weird, but he did look upset and pitiful. The kid’s face would strike through Bruno’s head every minute. The kid was bald, a little fair, short and dirty.

Bruno went to bed. But he didn’t sleep. He wanted to know more about the people, about the kid. It was 9:30 at night. He should have been asleep by now, according to the rules. But he couldn’t. Suddenly someone opened Bruno’s door slightly. Bruno jerked and tried looking for who it was. Someone peeped in. It was Maria. She came in slowly and checked if Bruno was sleeping. She came closer and realised Bruno wasn’t asleep yet. “ Why aren’t you asleep? “ “ . I was going to sleep, but you freaked me out for a second. “ Bruno lied even though it was against the rules. He didn’t want to make Maria upset by knowing that Bruno was still thinking about the kid.

“Bruno, you are just thinking about unnecessary things now. If you are talking about the people far away, they are just poor people. Don’t think too far” said Maria “ but, why are they dressed the same? “ asked Bruno. Maria took a deep breath and answered, “ Bruno, please don’t complicate it. They are locked in there. That’s all!” “ So are they in jail?” Bruno asked out of curiosity. “ Yes, they are trapped but in an open space. They all are under control. Bruno, your mother might come anytime, so now please go to sleep”

“ Wait! Why are they even trapped? If they are trapped, then why don’t anyone go help them?” questioned Bruno. “ Ahhh too many questions Bruno. Now, it’s time to sleep. Like I told you, they are trapped because they are under control”
Bruno thought for a while “ And why doesn’t anybody help them?” Maria totally lost it, she went back to the door like she was going to leave “ Please no more questions. I came here to make sure you were asleep, not answer questions. Come on, close your eyes. Good night! “ Maria left with a smile.
‘ why doesn’t anyone want to help them?’ wondered Bruno

A Thriller Piece: The Maze

The maze was dark. He could see a huge fire torch lit up in the distance. It was large enough to see that he was in a maze. He was in a different world. Somewhere totally different. Louis wanted to go back home, but some curiosity inside, pulled him to go further. He thought the end would be soon, but it wasn’t…

He took a few steps, and then ‘ oops! ‘. he tripped on something rocky. He bent down to take a closer look. He was able to smell something different and cheesy.He felt strange. It was covered with mud. He used his hands to remove the mud. When he saw it, it was white and bony. Yes, it was a skeleton. A dead body. Louis was now shaking.

He slowly stood up, and looked around. He saw torned clothes, bones, insects, tools, blood stains and fire burns around him. He realised that the whole place is now filled with dead bodies. Something has happened here. Something totally strange. He went near the walls, they were burnt too. He slowly touched the walls, it felt rough. He was not really sure of what the walls were made of. But, it just felt rough.Was this whole maze burnt? And that is why the people died? Did someone take over this place? Did anyone know that there is a place like this? These questions were fighting against each other in Louis’ mind. Will he get an answer for his questions?

He went further and further by trying to get out of the maze and observing everything around him. Then he stopped. He saw a torn t- shirt on the ground. It looked familiar. He has seen it somewhere. He tried looking more sharper. The smell was now stronger. He held his breath, went closer and took it up. He shook it a little, when he saw a letter inside the t-shirt. It was not clear. It looked like someone scratched the letter in a rough wall. He slowly tried to find out what the letter was about. All he got was this.

Get out Not safe.
ezcap
Outside world…
Reli

Louis was shaking… he knew it. It was relic. But how? Did relic come here before me? the writing was not completed. It looked like someone grabbed relic away before he could finish. There were blood drops in the letter. Did a war take place?

Louis couldn’t stop thinking about relic… he was still. Forcing himself not to drop a tear. He couldn’t help it. Tears jumped out of his eyes. “ You were the one who wanted us to come here. You were the one. But now you’re not here with me?!What am I doing?I was selfish! Why am I here! No! “ he was now showering with tears. He frustratedly looked around searching for the doorkeeper. “ where are you? You coward! Where are you? Just let me go! Where is relic? Give him back to me!” Louis cried.

Someone laughed, the voice echoed. Louis looked around surprised. Someone was coming closer. He could hear the footsteps coming closer and closer. Louis moved back a little. The shadow appeared. It was a man. An old man.

The old man looked at Louis and said,“ Get out of here as soon as possible. You might be dead soon. I am the only one who is still alive here. Nobody knows. Don’t tell him. Shh…” the old man warned. “ Dont tell who? questioned louis. “ you will know soon. Get out of here safely to reach home. Figure out how to escape from the maze. There is a secret way to escape, but I don’t know where it is. Figure it out. I wanted to help you. But nobody cared. Now I am telling you. ESCAPE. Just escape.”

Louis had infinite questions. But he had no time. “ I am sorry. Thank you. Come with me. Let’s go!” The old man smirked and said, “ IMPOSSIBLE. Just run son. Just run. “
Louis hesitated, and had no choice, but to run. He ran wherever he could go. He never stopped. Louis realised the maze never ended.

It went on and on, or maybe he was running around and around. Louis stopped. He walked for a while, and then again stopped. He jumped on where he was. The sound was different compared to the ground. It was a huge ‘ THUD ‘. louis bent down and placed his ears near the ground. His eyes widened. He knew this particular area was different from others. He looked around for any tool that he could find to dig in. There was a rusted rod tangled with blood stained clothing. Louis quickly got up and pushed himself to take out the rod from the cloth.
He tried beating it hard to the ground. It made a greater echoing sound. Then, Louis tried digging with the rod, while his hands helped him too. Finally there he was. There was a round steel door like thing. Louis knew this was the escape route and he used his full power to open the door. The door creaked and louis opened it…

His eyes widened. there was a long creepy path, it looked like no one ever lived there. There was nothing inside. Louis saw a light source in the distance. He closed the door to make sure no one would see.This place was under this ground and nobody knew?Louis was so scared but he had to escape. He slowly moved on, totally terrified…

He went near the light source as soon as possible, so that his fear level would be reduced. As Louis was in the middle of his terrifying journey, he couldn’t hear a single sound.Nobody was around. Now, he was near the light source. It was a fire torch attached to the wall. He took the torch in his hands and moved on. It felt like the path never ended. He couldn’t see the beginning and the end. He was in the MIDDLE of the path, confused.

Louis decided to move on, he knew there would be an end. But his legs were hurting a lot as he roamed around too much. He didn’t give up. He rested in the middle and boosted himself up to go on. Finally he saw the same door again at the other end. Louis felt relieved as he pushed the door open…

He was there. As expected, he was back into his own world. But it looked like he was in a shop. Louis took a long breath and checked around to make sure where he was. He has already seen this shop. He realised he was in a milkshake shop that he used to come after school sometimes. But no one was there in the shop. He looked back, and noticed the door. It vanished… Louis couldn’t believe it. But he didn’t care, he BELIEVED that he was back to his own world. Louis slowly came out of the shop.

It was a normal day with people around. Louis was now the happiest person in the world. He amazingly looked around like he had never seen the real world before. Louis didn’t know where to go, and he remembered that relic’s house was behind the shop. Louis walked 2 streets and was now in front of his friends house. His dead friend’s house…
Louis hesitated. He didn’t know how to inform his parents about relic’s death, but he had to. Louis rang the bell. It was relic’s mom who opened the door. Louis wanted to cry and apologize to her.Louis didn’t see relics mom’s face. He didn’t want to. He couldn’t face her. He held his tears, and with a broken voice Louis started, “ I am sorry, I am really sorry…” Louis started to break down in tears. “ It was not my mistake. Relic was the one. He wanted to go there. I escaped, but relic… I am sorry.”

No one made a noise for a minute. Louis looked up. He was surprised. Relic’s mom had a normal kind face. “ Honey. I think you have mistaken the door. But, it looks like you lost someone. Don’t worry, it will be alright. “ Louis looked confused. “ No! No! I am right. You are relic’s mom. It’s your son! It’s RELIC!! “

She looked worried. “ Is everything okay there, hon? “ It was her husband. Relic’s father. “ There is some kid here. I think he is mistaken.” she replied. “ no! It’s me! Louis, relic’s friend!” Relic’s dad came near the door. “Hey kid, please dont disturb us. We don’t know anything you are saying. Please leave. “ Louis had no choice, but to leave, with tears.
Louis was very confused. He walked a long way. He didn’t know where he was going. All his thoughts were about relic and his parents.He couldn’t believe that his own parents forgot him. That was not possible. Is it maybe that the ones who died in the other world have totally vanished from here?

Louis quickly thought that going back to the maze is the only way he can save relic. His only buddy… Louis bravely ran back to the tunnel. He was tired. He was exhausted. He was in pain. But he ran. He ran, for his only dead friend. He will be back, he believed. He purely believed. He will be back. He will be back for me.

INTRODUCTION TO THE KNEE DISORDERS

When there are some imbalances within the knee then it can lead to disorders which can be indicated by deviation of the knee in terms of function. Most of these disorders occur due to some conditions imposed onto the structures present inside the knee.

BURSITIS: – inflammation (burning sensation) of the bursa causes pain.

(TIP- a word ending with itis refers to inflammation)

FAT PAD IMPINGEMENT: – the fat pad gets swollen heavily and can burst due to over-expansion.

TENDINITIS: – inflammation of a tendon

TORN MENISCUS: – a sudden twist of the knee can tear the rubbery cartilage leading to serious issues.

FRACTURE: – the bones surrounding the joint may get broken especially the patella is viable to damage in the case of accidents.

DISLOCATION: – the knee bone slips and comes out from its original location leading to excruciating pain.

ACL AND PCL INJURY: – the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament gets torn which may occur when there are a lot of instantaneous turns. However, this occurs rarely since these are very strong ligaments naturally.

OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE: – this is the swelling of the tendon between the tibia and patellar muscles.

STRAIN AND SPRAIN: – both are injuries but strain occurs in ligaments whereas sprain occurs in tendons.

These are some of the common disorders occurring to the knee. All of these disorders have something in common….PAIN but the intensity can vary based on time and severity of the disorder

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis is a commonly used word referring to the inflammation of joints. In fact, many people have an intuition that severe pain in the knee corresponds to arthritis mainly in old age groups. This is potentially a dreadful disease and can mainly affect the old aged. Most arthritis occurs over time but some can occur suddenly. Old-aged persons are more prone to this disease. This disease is likely to affect all age groups. This disease is more prevalent in women rather than men since their joints are weaker and more susceptible to motion when compared to men.

differences between normal and arthritic knee joint

In the case of arthritis, the bones start to wear down, the ligaments can tear, inflammation and swelling can occur, and also lead to internal bleeding (hematoma). There are about 100+ types of arthritis with different causes and symptoms.

comparisons between some of the arthritis

The different types of arthritis have symptoms different from each other. But arthritis, in general, shows some symptoms irrespective of the type.

Joint pain, stiffness in joints, red swollen mass, deranged and irregular motion is some of the common symptoms exhibited during arthritis. These symptoms are easy to identify by a common man and hence one can consult a medical practitioner known as a rheumatologist. The study of joints is known as arthrology and it is recommended to consult such a person.

As mentioned earlier cartilage is the one that protects the bones and also acts as a shock absorber. In the case of Osteoarthritis, this cartilage starts to vanish slowly. In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial fluid gets attacked by its own antibodies!!! This phenomenon in medicine is known as autoimmune disease and occurs due to error in the programming of these cells leading to the attack on their own cells.

In the case of gouty arthritis, there is a deposition of sodium urate crystals in the joints. It can lead to redness, pain, and heat around the joint. Uric acid which is generated in our body gets converted to purines (an essential component in DNA). Increased uric acid levels can lead to its deposition in the form of crystals. The best way is to remove the synovial fluid.

So these are the different types of disorders that can be seen in the knee. Proper diet and exercise and a healthy lifestyle can prevent most of them. So it is essential to be healthy to prevent the occurrence of these diseases.

HAPPY READING!!

Coordination & Cooperation: The Essential Tools in Management!

Difference Between Coordination and Cooperation (with Comparison Chart) - Key Differences

Cooperation is not always an easy thing to achieve in the workplace, but the effort is worth it because it leads to a harmonious and productive space. Cooperation can make the difference between success and failure for many businesses. When employees dedicate more time to their duties in a cooperative workplace, they are more productive and things get done more quickly and efficiently. Valuable time is not lost resolving bickering and conflict between employees and management when there is cooperation at the workplace. Teamwork is a mark of cooperation at the workplace. ‘Teamwork makes the dream work” says author John C. Maxwell. In a cooperation-rich workplace, individuals will voluntarily engage in open discussion. Management and employees work together and try to keep arguments to a minimum.

It takes empathy and skill, to bring a group of employees to cooperate and come together as a team. The basic role of a leader is to inspire. If you are a leader, in any sense, never forget the influence you have on others. As a boss, supervisor or leader, your attitude affects your employees and co-workers. Remember, that as your attitude affects your employees, in turn their attitudes affect your customers. And, as we all know, your customers are the lifeblood of your business.

A lot of people don’t know how to build a highly effective team. It is cooperation which is the pillar of teamwork. It has to be a part of any team that hopes to be successful. So what does it mean? And how do you get it? Cooperation means a group of employees working together for everyone’s benefit.

Techniques of Co-Ordination (How to Achieve Co-Ordination?):

(i) Clearly Defined Goals:–

The goals of the enterprise should be laid down clearly. Every individual in the enterprise should understand the overall objectives and the contribution of his job to these objectives.

(ii) Precise and Comprehensive Programmes and Policies:–

Laying down well defined programmes and policies is another measure for achieving effective coordination. This brings uniformity of action because everybody understands the programmes and policies which act as guides for taking decisions.

(iii) Clear Lines of Authority and Responsibility:–

An enterprise is composed of several vertical and horizontal authority relationships. Authority flows from top through various positions down to the level of operative workers. There is a line of authority in every enterprise which indicates that who is accountable to whom. This line of authority and responsibility should be clearly defined to achieve coordination.

(iv) Effective Communication:–

Effective communication is key to proper coordination. The channel of communication used in the enterprise should be reliable so that they are able to create proper understanding in the mind of the receiver. As advised by Mary Follett, personal contacts should be encouraged as it is the most effective means of communications for achieving coordination.

(v) Effective Leadership and Supervision:–

Management can achieve better coordination through effective leadership and supervision. Effective leadership ensures coordination both at the planning and the implementing stage. Effective supervision is also necessary to guide the activities of individuals in the proper direction. This will bring unity of action which is essential to co-ordination.

Ways to Gain Cooperation and Increase Engagement–

If you want to increase your employees’ engagement and commitment and encourage teamwork there are a few things you can do to make them feel valuable which will lead to committed employees.

It is easy for workers to feel like cogs in a big machine and having no real impact when they are not shown recognition. In cooperative workplaces, where employees are treated like a valuable part of the organization, management commonly reaches out to lower-leval employees seeking their input as to what should be done or how a task should be completed.

Engaging Your Employees–

If you want employee engagement you have to find a way to make them part of the process. There is a difference between commitment and compliance. Compliant employees do what is required and no more. Committed employees become part of a team, looking for ways to benefit the company with their expertise, their ideas and their energy. Employees buy in to what they help to create. Once you have built a platform of trust with them, you can go to the next level and get their active participation.

Showing Respect–

If you ever had a boss who did not show much respect, but, now being on the other side of the fence, perhaps you do understand that leaders get tired of employee complaints, and frequently talk about how drama in the workplace hampers productivity. As a leader, you must set the tone of how complaints are registered, and you must develop the wisdom to respond appropriately instead of reacting to an employee’s negativity.

Listening to your Employees–

The worst thing that a manager can do when an employee comes to him/her with a problem is to criticize or ignore. Do not make your employee feel insignificant. Pretending to listen or be sympathetic is even worse. Even if you hear what is being said, if you are distracted by checking e-mail, or looking at a message on your phone, you are unintentionally communicating that the person in front of you is not important enough to give your full attention.

Magnifying the Strengths-

The benefits of developing existing staff more than outweigh the cost of the time and money required to find new workers. The best companies make their employees even better and the least of them become better than what they thought they would ever be! In today’s competitive business economy, Managers are pushed towards minimizing labour costs rather than developing the long terms goal of increasing employees’ potential.

Conclusion:-

Co-ordination results in creation of a true whole that is larger than the sum total of its parts. The analogy of the conductor of a symphony orchestra is appropriate here. The conductor by his coordinating skills of vision, leadership and simultaneous attention to totality of the orchestra group and its individual instrument players, creates a living musical performance and not mere noise.

In any case, management has no alternative but to perform mediating, moderating and motivating roles in securing coordinated action. Mediation with external environment, moderation while controlling internal environment and motivation of individual organisational members are integral coordinating functions of management.

INTRODUCTION TO THE BONES AND JOINTS

Our human body can be compared to a machine in terms of its functioning, but the magnanimous human can perform extremely better than a machine. As there are many nuts and bolts to connect many parts in a machine, there are too some bolts and nuts in our body which join several parts of the body like arms and legs. The so-called nuts and bolts of the human body are known as JOINTS. A joint in general is the articulation that is present in between two bones. This sounds a bit complex. So joint in the English language refers to the association. So the joints in the human body associate something. The something defined previously is bones. In order to understand this, we have to know about the structure of bone in detail.

The above image depicts the structure of a bone in general. Important information to be known is that the unit of a bone is called an osteon. Many osteons combine together to form a bone. Bone-destroying cells are known as osteoclasts and bone-forming cells are known as osteoblasts. The external structure of a bone has two parts namely epiphysis and diaphysis. Physis refers to the growing plate. An increase in the bone’s height corresponding to bone growth. Epi means above and dia means through. Hence diaphysis is found in between two epiphysis which acts as the head and tail to the bone. The point of attachment of muscle in this bone is known as the trochanter. Everything present in the human body has some kind of protection. In the case of bone, that protection is offered by the periosteum. The inner layers can be visualized by peeling off those previous layers hindering them. Next, we have the cartilage which is a rubbery kind of protection to the bone. Hyaline cartilage present in bone is rather glassy in nature. The bone also has nerves and blood vessels since the bone requires nourishment and a proper message for its functioning. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside the bones. It contains stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. Bone marrow can be considered the mother of blood cells. This table provides insights on the types.

Type name	Prevalence	Content
Red	Children	Blood
Yellow	Adults	Fat

So now we move onto how a joint connects two bones. Consider this situation where there are two pipes and we want to connect them. The best way to connect so as to minimize their loss is by using a junction. There may be other options also, but there is no need to make a fuss about it.

Fig 1.2- the structure of a healthy joint

Hence from all these, we can come to an understanding of the importance of joints in the human body. To be short, the human body is meaningless and fragmented as the face, trunk, hands, and legs are separated without the joints.

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How to improve Personality

A research study by psychologists at the University of Illinois suggests that we can change our traits provided we want to change them.

We can become the best version of ourselves if we want to. So, if you are willing to become the most terrific version of you, here are some personality development tips to your aid:

We are taught to be kind to others. Yet, many of us fail to be kind to ourselves. Studies show that self-compassion brings positive traits like optimism, extroversion, wisdom, happiness, positivity and resilience. According to Emma Seppala, research psychologist at Stanford University, self-compassion involves three steps:

Recognize that you deserve care and concern like anyone else and that is why you must be kind and understanding with oneself.
Recognize that making mistakes and failing is part of life. So, do not be hard on yourself when you commit a mistake or fail and indulge in self-critical thoughts.
Be aware of one’s emotions and feelings.

Contrary to popular belief, self-compassion does not mean letting yourself off the hook. Rather, it means taking corrective action, albeit without being too self-critical.

Don’t overthink and overanalyze. Neither let any negativity like shame, anger, jealousy or greed stay in your consciousness for too long. Instead, learn to take it easy; forgive easily and drop grudges against people as soon as they pop up. Being light in mind and heart makes you truly happy from within. And who does not like happy people?

We all like people with whom we can easily mingle and talk to. No one likes a person who responds with a straight face. So, learn to be warm. Flash that smile more often. Be friendly and be ready to share and help.

Doing things with style adds zing to your personality. The secret to doing things with style lies in working with passion and a relaxed mind. So, while you work at something, don’t let anything distract you from putting all your energy into it. At the same time, stay relaxed.

It is vital not just to pretend to be a helpful person; you genuinely have to do that to be that person. For instance, you realized that someone is in need, you can guide and say that I feel if you go to that person, he can be of help to you. Or you can give small piece of advice. Satisfactions that you get after helping someone is amazing, and believe me that will reflect on your face and personality development.

Today is the age of networking, be social with people, you should often go for outings with friends, you will have self-knowledge about things and develop confidence to travel independently. Secondly, with your network, you know how to speak and interact, when to take credit of yourself and when to share and help. When and how to say no without hurting, you will learn all these basic things when you are with people around.

You can only learn when you are adaptive, if you are rigid with your though process than it is next to impossible to learn new things and personality development.

Endless Celebration – Christmas

Christmas is a well-known Christian holiday set in December, celebrated the world over and famed for its decorations and Santa Clause. The Christmas means “Feast day of Christ”.It is a yearly celebration marking Jesus Christ’s birth; it is observed on the 25th of December as a cultural and religious celebration among a lot of people all over the world. Christmas is celebrated in all Christian countries but there are differences in the way each nation celebrates this date.

History Behind Christmas

The history of Christmas is one that dates back to a very long time; the first Christmas was celebrated in 336 A.D. in Rome. It played a very important role during the famed Arian controversy that took place in the 300s. During the early years of the middle age, epiphany overshadowed it.

Christmas was brought back to limelight around 800 A.D. when the emperor Charlemagne received the crown on Christmas day. During the 17th century, the Puritans had Christmas banned because it was associated with drunkenness and different other misbehavior.

It was made a proper holiday around 1660 but was still quite disreputable. Around the early 1900s, the Oxford movement of the Anglican Communion church started and this led to the revival of Christmas.

Preparations for Christmas

Christmas is a cultural festivity that entails a lot of preparations. It is a public holiday and so people get a Christmas break to celebrate it.

Preparations for Christmas start early for most people so that celebrations begin on the eve of Christmas. Preparations for Christmas involves a lot of activities. People usually buy decorations, food, and gifts mostly for children in the family and friends. Some families shop for matching Christmas outfits for everyone.

The common preparations include decorations of the place with Christmas trees, lighting. Before decorations begin, the house must be deep cleaned. The Christmas tree brings the Christmas spirit in homes.

Presents are placed under the Christmas tree in wrapped gift boxes and are not to be opened until Christmas day. The church is also decorated for the special event. Thorough cleaning of the churches is also done to usher in Christmas. Songs and skits to be performed on Christmas day.

People usually spend a lot on Christmas and so saving money for these plans should be the earliest preparation among all these. Families also plan to travel to stay together during this celebration period. Traditionally turkey is the common meal across the world in this day. Cards are also written to friends and family to wish them a happy holiday and to show love.

Christmas Day Celebration

Christmas carols are played on radios and televisions to mark the day. Most families start by going to church where performances and songs are done. Then later, they join their families to exchange gifts and celebrate with food and music. Happiness during Christmas is like no other.

Homemade traditional plum cakes, cupcakes, and muffins are the special treats on Christmas. Kids are showered with lots of presents and new dresses. They also get to meet the ‘Santa Claus’, dressed in a fluffy red and white costume, who greets them with hugs and gifts.

Conclusion:

Christmas reminds us of the importance of giving and sharing with friends and family. Through Christmas, we know that Jesus birth is the beginning of great things in the world. It is generally an opportunity to think about nature and the reason for our existence. Christmas is such a festival which people from all religions and faith celebrate worldwide despite it being a Christian festival. It is the essence of this festival which unites the people so much.

What is Christmas?It is tenderness for the past, courage for the present,hope for the future.

—AGNES M. PAHRO

Don’t say something you regret out of anger

There once was a little boy who had a very bad temper. His father decided to hand him a bag of nails and said that every time the boy lost his temper, he had to hammer a nail into the fence.

On the first day, the boy hammered 37 nails into that fence.

The boy gradually began to control his temper over the next few weeks, and the number of nails he was hammering into the fence slowly decreased. He discovered it was easier to control his temper than to hammer those nails into the fence.
Finally, the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper at all. He told his father the news and the father suggested that the boy should now pull out a nail every day he kept his temper under control.

The days passed and the young boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were gone. The father took his son by the hand and led him to the fence.

You have done well, my son, but look at the holes in the fence. The fence will never be the same. When you say things in anger, they leave a scar just like this one. You can put a knife in a man and draw it out. It won’t matter how many times you say I’m sorry, the wound is still there.’”

Speak when you are angry and you’ll make the best speech you’ll ever regret. – Ambrose Brierce

Values

Values are the positive teachings provided to help us and tread the right path in life. Every parent wants his child to imbibe these. These can even be referred to as good qualities. A person who imbibes good values grows on to become a responsible individual and he is capable of demarcating right and wrong. Also, he is able to make wiser decisions in life.

Importance of Values

For an individual, values are most important. An individual with good values is loved by everyone around as he is compassionate about others and also he behaves ethically.

Values Help in Decision Making

A person is able to judge what is right and what is wrong based on the values he imbibes. In life at various steps, it makes the decision-making process easier. A person with good values is always likely to make better decisions than others.

Values Can Give Direction to Our Life

In life, Values give us clear goals. They always tell us how we should behave and act in different situations and give the right direction to our life. In life, a person with good values can take better charge.

Values Can Build Character

If a person wants a strong character, then he has to possesses good values such as honesty, loyalty, reliability, efficiency, consistency, compassion, determination, and courage. Values always help in building our character.

Values Can Help in Building a Society

If u want a better society then people need to bear good values. Values play an important role in society. They only need to do their hard work, with compassion, honesty, and other values. Such people will help in the growth of society and make it a much better place to live.

Characteristics of Values

Values are always based on various things. While the basic values remain the same across cultures and are intact since centuries some values may vary. Values may be specific to a society or age. In the past, it was considered that women with good moral values must stay at home and not voice their opinion on anything but however, this has changed over time. Our culture and society determine the values to a large extent. We imbibe values during our childhood years and they remain with us throughout our life.

Family always plays the most important role in rendering values to us. Decisions in life are largely based on the values we possess. Values are permanent and seldom change. A person is always known by the values he possesses. The values of a person always reflect on his attitude and overall personality.

The Decline of Values in the Modern Times

While values are of great importance and we are all aware of the same unfortunately people these days are so engrossed in making money and building a good lifestyle that they often overlook the importance of values. At the age when children must be taught good values, they are taught to fight and survive in this competitive world. Their academics and performance in other activities are given importance over their values.

Parents, as well as teachers, teach them how to take on each other and win by any means instead of inculcating good sportsman spirit in them and teaching them values such as integrity, compassion, and patience. Children always look up to their elders as their role models and it is unfortunate that elders these days have a lack of values. Therefore the children learn the same.

Conclusion

In order to help him grow into a responsible and wise human being, it is important for people to realize that values must be given topmost priority in a child’s life because children are the future of the society. There can be nothing better in a society where a majority of people have good values and they follow the ethical norms.

“VALUES ARE LIKE FINGERPRINTS. NOBODY’S ARE THE SAME, BUT YOU LEAVE THEM ALL OVER EVERYTHING YOU DO.”

— ELVIS PRESLEY

IMPORTANCE OF MOBILE BANKING

Mobile banking permits customers to be ready to access banking services from anywhere. Businesses and business homeowners are currently ready to save time by creating use of mobile applications to method their payments or maybe receive funds from shoppers on to their phone numbers. it’s significantly popular among tiny to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

With mobile technology, banks are ready to slow down on operational prices whereas still maintaining shopper satisfaction. The actual fact that any shopper of a bank will build use of their app to request a service, equivalent to opening an associate degree account or maybe the power to schedule debit orders or alternative payments from associate degree application, permits for larger transactional volumes, eventually driving business growth.

Benefits of Mobile Banking

Perpetually on- mobile are often always or are often portable due to inherent design, enabling users to act in activities equivalent to travel or meeting people, whereas transactions via mobile devices are equipped with Internet.
Location-Centric-Not solely is mobile altogether places, world Positioning System (GPS) is also created to acknowledge phones and tries to personalize supported existing services. distinguishing the situation of net users, provides a special advantage for mobile commerce over wired e-commerce. Using this technology, the mobile commerce suppliers can alter to receive and send info to a selected place.
Convenience- others aren’t restricted by time or space, access to electronic activities. For example, people that are stuck in traffic or waiting within the queue are going to be able to shop for their favorite Internet-based activities or manage their daily transactions through mobile commerce applications. customers can apprehend a special comfort that may improve their quality of life. By creating a lot of comfort, the client can be a lot more loyal. As a result, Communication facilities with mobile commerce applications produce a comfortable.
Customization – mobile is a far higher influence than personal computers. Therefore, mobile commerce producers style a lot of creative and a lot of custom mode tools. For example, exploiting demographic data collected by wireless service providers, and {data} on this location of the mobile users will do a lot of targeted advertising. Advertising messages are often custom supported by the knowledge provided through consultation with the users initial or previous users looking habits.
Establish ability – mobile provides to support the secure mobile phone transactions wherever personal computers are nearly unknown (no name). One person perpetually uses mobile devices and it’s ideal for private -based target promoting ,through the technology of worldwide Positioning System (GPS), service suppliers will acknowledge a user rigorously .Personalize chance to deliver messages to totally different components of area and time through sound and look.

Intricacies of war and the way it is normalized in the 21st century

War is not completely about the action, in fact, to execute the fight, there is a vast economical, logistical factor and many budget constrans. Management plays a key role in such situation more than a day to day business, as every decision a person makes is associated with many lives and there is many stakeholder bodies to answer to.

People usually never fail to respect people in the navy, especially social media has been favoring them for their effort, but it is sad that their life in camps and other navy office workers is not completely transparent which leads to many false assumptions which usually underestimates their work portfolio and the work load, this leads to a lot misunderstanding from the reality. Let’s discuss some reality of War,

People die, not as obvious as its sounds, not on a bed or a hospital but in a survival situation where you either die or cut your hurt arm with a Swiss knife slowly feeling your own bone for the first time to live. Soldiers in action experience practical Paranoia, war never happens often but when it happens lot of trainees will on the field facing foreign men trying to kill by all means and act just as higher officials say who would let you die if it is necessary. There will be a lot of confusion despite the training, if you put your head over the barrier will you be seen or shot? Where are the enemy? Are they behind you? As you are fighting hand to hand, what are the odds you dying instead of him?

What is Taliban

Major terrorist activities by Taliban

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How to Ensure Women Safety in India?

Role of the Government:-

Some Major Safety Tips:-

Conclusion:-

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“THE GIFT THAT HAS BEEN GIVEN TO ME SAYS MUCH ABOUT OUR CAPACITY FOR GREAT COMPASSION AND GENEROSITY, AND I HOPE IT SENDS AN INSPIRING MESSAGE TO OTHERS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGAN DONATION.”

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India of my dreams……… Where the bell of happiness rings,where the birds in harmony sings.

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The phrase surgical strike might be more acceptable if it were common practice to perform surgery with high explosives.

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It can make you feel happier

It can help with weight loss

It can help skin health

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Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice.

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Positive thinking helps you stand back up again when you are knocked down by bad luck or negativity.

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Post-class benefits

Follow up after class

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Techniques of Co-Ordination (How to Achieve Co-Ordination?):

Ways to Gain Cooperation and Increase Engagement–

Engaging Your Employees–

Showing Respect–

Listening to your Employees–

Magnifying the Strengths-

Conclusion:-

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What is Christmas?It is tenderness for the past, courage for the present,hope for the future.

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“VALUES ARE LIKE FINGERPRINTS. NOBODY’S ARE THE SAME, BUT YOU LEAVE THEM ALL OVER EVERYTHING YOU DO.”

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