TRADITION AND THE INDIVIDUAL TALENT :T S Eliot

WHAT DOES ELIOT MEAN BY “TRADITION” ?
HOW CAN WE TELL WHAT IS TRADITIONAL ?
WHAT RELATION SHOULD THE WRITER HAVE TO THE WRITINGS OF THE PAST?

T S Eliot in his 1919 essay Tradition and the Individual Talent elucidates his concept on tradition and it’s importance on individuality of poet. He begins the essay by pointing out that “tradition” is generally regarded as a word of censure. Eliot says that English people praise poet’s for wrong reasons. But he says, the most individual part of a poet’s mind shows the influence of past writers. According to Eliot “… if we approach a poet without this prejudice, we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual part of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their
immortality most vigorously”.

To elucidate upon literary tradition Eliot brings the significance of past writers. He says that tradition does not mean blind adherence to the ways of previous generations. He also says that tradition in the sense of passive repetition is to be discouraged. He says “novelty is better than repetition”. By “tradition” eliot means the recognition of the continuity of past literature. The sense of tradition instills the fact in the mind of poets that, writers of the past continue to be significant in the present. According to T S Eliot, tradition involves a historical sense. This historical sense involves the perception of not only the pastness of the past, but also it’s presence. In other words, Eliot means that the historical sense in tradition, enables the poet to realise that past is not something isolated from the present. So, the poet perceives the essence of the past through this sense. A man of historical sense have the knowledge and understanding of the whole literature of Europe from Homer to his present day and it’s significance. The writer realises that past exist in the present and both are simultaneous. This ” historical sense which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional”. By this Eliot means that the writer is conscious of his own generation, it’s significance and he is also conscious about his relationship with past writers.

Next argument from Eliot is the relation of a poet with tradition and how can a poet acquire the sense of tradition. In his words “tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want if you must obtain it by great labour”. This is knowing the past writers, not blind adherence and knowing what is good and useful. The sense of tradition not only implies recognition of continuity of literature, but the critical judgement of pastness and it’s significance. As Eliot said this knowledge and judgement demands great effort. This judgement is for principle of aesthetic and not for merely historical criticism. The present writers should compare and contrast the writings of the past. This is the relation of present writers to past writings. Such comparison and contrast is essential for forming a significant idea for a new writer. According to Eliot tradition is dynamic, which is not fixed and static. It keeps changing. A writer seeks guidance from the past and a new work modifies the past. In his own words he says ” past should be altered by the present and present is directed by the past”. So when a new literary work is created, the whole literary tradition is modified. So, the relation of past and present is reciprocal. To quote Eliot ” the existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them.” The past writings will not become insignificant. Every great writer like Virgil, Dante and Shakespeare never gets insignificant and they contribute to literary tradition. In this relation of the present writers to the past, the comparison and contrast is not to determine which is good or bad. It is to know facts, for the purpose of analysis and for the better understanding of the new work. The past writers should be examined critically.

Another important factor about the relation of present writers to the past is that, a poet should not be content with the poet of any particular age or major writers. The poet must know the main trends and he must also know main litrary trends and he must also know main literary trends are not determined by great poets, ordinary poet’s are also significant. So this surrender to tradition is more valuable than individuality. By a sense of tradition, poet allows his poetic sensibility to be moulded and modified by the past and it is fundamental for poetic creation.

GLOBALIZATION IN EDUCATION

What is Globalization?

The term Globalization has derived from the word “Globalize”, which means emergence of a international network of social and economic system. As a general phenomenon, globalization refers to a process of greater interdependence which brings proximity and “we feeling” among all human beings as residents of the same planet. It inculcates the value of “world citizenship among the habitants of the world. According to Joseph Stiglitz, winner of Nobel prize in economics, 2001″ Globalization is the removal of barriers to free trade and the close integration of national economics.”

Under World Trade organization (WTO), in 1995 signed the General agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) treaty, which is considered as the milestone in the context of globalization which created an unprecedented mode of change in the education system specially in higher education.

Impact of Globalization on Education

Globalization has both positive and negative impact on Educational system. Some of the positive impacts of globalization are as follows:

Globalization has improved the quality of education. Due to globalization, countries got the opportunity to witness the best education systems worldwide and thus could replicate them.
New methods of learning such as e-learning, blended learning was quickly adopted by many countries due to globalization.
Knowledge sharing among the world countries resulted in teaching updated technologies to students across the world.
Due to globalization, foreign universities were established in developing countries. These universities helped many students in getting a high-quality education. Moreover, foreign investments in the education sector of developing and underdeveloped countries also helped in improving the facilities and infrastructure.
Now, more and more students are studying in colleges of other countries through e-learning.
As the number of foreign students is increasing at a rapid rate, several countries are improving their quality of education and teaching practices continuously.
Education should develop empathy and understanding in students. Globalization enabled students to develop an understanding of other cultures, which is like a practical education.
Due to globalization, many realized the importance of education and hence literacy rates have improved worldwide.
Globalization made many people aware of human rights and the loopholes in the governance of their own countries. This practical education helps students in taking part in the development of their countries.
Globalization encouraged many countries to adopt alternative learning systems such as homeschooling, distance education, world schooling etc.
Many universities are now teaching global education. Moreover, in general, students are more interested in learning and following modern blended culture due to globalization. So, some people have fears about the extinction of local languages and culture.
Not everyone has access to quality education. The improved education due to globalization is only beneficial for the rich and people of urban areas. There is a huge gap between rich-poor and urban-rural areas in access to educational opportunities. Globalization is further widening these gaps because those who utilized the opportunities will improve their economic status.

Damaging Impacts of Globalization in Education

Marketisation of Higher education.
Globalization leading towards privatization in education. Which again results in hike of fee structure, declination in quality and equity.
Globalization Causing de-professionalization of teaching and excessive interest in technology.
As adverse effect of globalization of education mostly the developing countries are suffering from tremendous brain drain.

The process of globalization not only influences the educational aspect of a nation. It has equal impacts on economical, political, environmental, cultural aspects that ultimately influences the standard of living of human community.

Conclusion

Globalization has helped many countries in improving their education systems and literacy rates. However, not everyone could benefit from the impact of globalization on education. Education inequalities must be bridged between Rich-poor & urban-rural areas so that everyone can utilize the opportunities created by globalization.

NEGATIVE CAPABILITY IN “ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE”

John Keats introduced the term Negative Capability in a letter written in December 1817. In his own terms that is, “when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts without lany irritable reaching after fact and reasons”. According to M H Abrahams this can be taken to characterize an impersonal or objective author who maintains aesthetic distance as opposed to a subjective author who personally involved with the characters and actions represented in a work
of literature, and as opposed to an author who uses a literary work to present and to make persuasive his or her personal beliefs. John Keats himself characterized this quality of writing between Shakespeare and Coleridge. In simple terms negative capability is against the pursuit of logic and reason in favor of a sense of beauty and wonder.
In Keats’ poem Ode to a Nightingale an example of negative capability is visible. The poem deals with the poet’s musings on morality in a pessimistic manner. In the beginning the poet is being mesmerized by the nightingale’s song and he is in a state of intoxication. Later poet intends to join the bird by forgetting all the worldly difficulties by having high quality vine. But then the poet rejects this idea and by his “viewless wings of poesy” he can leave the sense. He believes his imagination will help him to forget all the pains of life. And he is already with the bird with his imagination. Towards the end poet believes that this is the most appropriate time to die because he can leave the world by listening to the immortal song of nightingale. When Keats concludes the poem he is in a state of confusion and says “was it a vision or dream?” He is in a state of internal conflict and never reaching for facts or reasons. In this instance we can find
element of negative capability in Ode to a Nightingale.

What are the main characteristics of Pre-Raphalite poetry?

The Pre-Raphaelites were a loose and baggy collective of Victorian poets, painters, illustrators, and designers whose tenure lasted from 1848 to roughly the turn of the century. Drawing inspiration from visual art and literature, their work privileged atmosphere and mood over narrative, focusing on medieval subjects, artistic introspection, female beauty, sexual yearning, and altered states of consciousness. In defiant opposition to the utilitarian ethos that formed the dominant ideology of the mid-century, the Pre-Raphaelites helped to popularize the notion of ‘art for art’s sake’. Generally devoid of the political edge that characterized much Victorian art and literature, Pre-Raphaelite work nevertheless incorporated elements of 19th-century realism in its attention to detail and its close observation of the natural world. Those poets who had some connection with these artists and whose work presumably shares the characteristics of their art include Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, George Meredith, William Morris, and Algernon Charles Swinburne.

They were inspired by Italian art of the 14thand 15th centuries, and their adoption of the name Pre-Raphaelite expressed their admiration for what they saw as the direct and uncomplicated depiction of nature typical of Italian painting before the High Renaissance and, particularly, before the time of Raphael. The Pre-Raphaelite movement during the Victorian era was an idealistic reaction against the didacticism moral fervor and pre-occupation of poets and novelists with contemporary society. In the reign of Queen Victoria, there was a growing tendency to make literature a handmaiden social reform and an instrument for the propagation of moral and spiritual ideas. Literature became the vehicle of social, political, and moral problems confronting the Victorian age. Ruskin, Carlyle, Dickens were engaged in attacking the evils rampant in the society of their times. So the movement was against this pre-occupation of poets, prose writers, and novelists with the mundane problems of their times, that a set of high souled artists formed this group.

Main Characteristics of Pre-Raphaelite

Like the Romantics, the Pre-Raphaelite was inspired by the art of the Middle Ages. The romance, chivalry, superstition, and mysticism of the Middle Ages inspired them. They gave a touch of modernism to the medieval concepts and vivified them.

The Pre-Raphaelite poets gave extreme attention to realistic details. This pictorial quality is noticeable in Pre-Raphalelite paintings. The Pre-Raphaelite poets transposed this into poetry. Rossetti’s ‘The Blessed Damozel’ and ‘Silent Noon’ and Morris’s ‘The Haystack in the Flood’ give several instances of beautiful word painting.

Pre-Raphaelite poetry was free from any didactic zeal. It aimed at the perfect form and finish. Precise delineation, lavish imagery, and wealth of details are its distinguishing features. For the Pre-Raphaelite, art was for art’s sake.

Pre-Raphaelite poetry is rich in melody and music. The most melodious among the Pre-Raphaelite was Swinburne in whose poetry the musical language is so swift and effortless that it sometimes obscures the meaning. His famous poem ‘Atlanta in Calydon’ is an example. The Pre-Raphaelite poets used alliteration and musical words profusely.

Some critics attack the Pre-Raphaelite for their so-called sensuality. The love poetry of Rossetti and others is indeed outspoken, rich, and sensuous. But to call it sensual is to under-estimate Rossetti’s subtle imagination and artistic devotion to the beauty of the human body.

The Pre-Raphaelite had an affinity with the Romantics. Saintsbury thinks that this new school of poetry is a direct development of the Romantic Revival. Rossetti himself was greatly influenced by Keats. The Pre-Raphaelites were also the forerunners of the Aesthetic movement led by Oscar Wilde.

The Pre-Raphaelite Poetry’s characteristics are very rich and very vast. It focuses on the glorification of art, escape from the darkness, and the ugliness of contemporary society, a continuation of Romantic poetry, and gives a strong conception of scenes and situations, precise delineation, lavish imagery, and metaphor. By these characteristics, the Pre Raphaelite Poetry leaves a lasting impression in English Literature.

Dramatic technique used by Wertenbaker in the play “Our Country’s Good”

Timberlake Wertenbaker is a famous British Playwright . Our Country’s Good (1988) was adapted from Thomas Kenally’s novel “The Play Maker”. Wertenbaker uses the structure of a play within a play to explore themes of colonialism, authority, transgression and the power of narrative. Displacement is also a recurring theme in her works.. The play is set in late 18th Century Australia, where British empire had established a penal colony. When the 1st British Fleet arrive in Australia to set up the colony, they were accompanied by extreme hunger, disease, prostitution and theft, and Captain Phillip suggests that it might be better for the prisoners to watch a play instead of hanging. Lieutenant Ralph Clark seizes upon the idea of theatre in order to impress his superior officers. He decides to present the play, ” The Recruiting Officer”by George Farquhar to commemorate the birthday of King George III, and is soon auditioning and rehearsing as best as he can, while his cast fight and rage and try to escape. But even though some of the actors end up rehearsing in chains, ‘Our Country’s Good’ reveals the redemptive power of their experience to the extraordinary potential of theatre.In the play the cast recites their lines and refuse to stop their practice in order to protect Dabby, Sideway and Mary when an angry officer interrupts rehearsal to humiliate and abuse them. There is a short interlude between the play and acting with the scene entitled ‘The Question of Liz’. This is a discussion between the governing officers about the matter of Liz Morden. When she was brought to trial as an accomplice to some convicts who staged an escape, she wouldn’t speak at all. Captain Ross is certain that this means that she is guilty. But later Liz finally speaks to defend herself because of how she learned to carry herself playing one of Farquhar’s main characters, and because she wants to perform the play. Rehearsing the play allows the convicts to question the conditions that led to their punishment and to re-envision themselves as fully dignified human beings. By the end of the play, the actors have truly become a cast in terms of their unity and support for each other. It is dramatically effective that the play ends with the opening lines of ‘The Recruiting Officer’ because this draws the attention of the audience to the nature of the theatre itself.

Wertenbaker uses the theme of theatre as a socializing tool. Throughout the play , we can see that the convicts become more humane and less as the criminals that first encountered in the play. This isespecially seen through characters such as Liz Morden and “Shitty” Meg. Power of language is a vital technique used by Wretenbaker. The power of language can be seen by the effects that the play ” The Recuiting Officer” in which the convicts are performing has on idividual characters and personalities.

JOURNALING FOR MENTAL HEALTH

Mental health is the most important factor in the lives office t everyone unfortunately neglected by many. Since the pandemic the mental health’s importance became gained more prominence. People understood that mental health is as equal as the physical health of an individual. In maintaining good mental health one needs to follow certain practices or steps. Journaling is the most common and import one among these practices. Even though journaling is common, it’s effect are not really understood by people.

In simpler terms journaling is putting writing down one’s thoughts and feelings. There are traditional as well as modern tools for journaling. The traditional tool is paper and book method. But today, many applications are available in the internet for the purpose for journalists. There are no rules to journaling and they are done according to person’s interest.

Journaling is just writing the flow of thoughts and it can also be used as a daily routine, or weekly routine according to one. Journaling is writing our feelings without any filters, because it is the part of the life, which is a judgement free free flow of emotions.

There are various effects of journaling. One gets immediately feel better because it is a process of decluttering the mind. Thus it is good for your mind. While journaling one can also write the solutions to our problems. We can speak with ourselves in journaling. And it gives a conclusion and clears our mind. They are part of our life. Also by answering questions it gives a self awareness.

Gratitude journaling is writing is writing the things that one is grateful for. It’s very effective and each and every action depends on gratitude journaling, even grateful for smaller things. So, writing a genuine, specific grateful thing is important for building this as a routine and makes our life better.

Scripting is a journal method which is scripting a life one wants or visualisation on a piece of paper. This should not include needs but passion. Art journaling includes painting, stickers. Bullet journaling can be used as planner or organizer of life.

WHAT IS POETRY?

No definition of poetry can be comprehensive. Poetry is that kind of literature in which imagination, emotion, and fancy predominate. It may be generally in verse form. Metre, rhythm, rhyme, and measure are the attributes of poetry though all of them need not be present in every poem. Dr.Jonson calls poetry a ‘metrical composition’ and points out four elements of poetry- pleasure, truth, imagination, and reason. It is defined by another critic as the art of employing words to produce an illusion on the imagination. For Carlyle poetry was ‘musical thought’ and Shelley defined it as ‘The expression of imagination’. Coleridge thought poetry was the antithesis of science and Wordsworth defined it as ‘the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge’. According to Arnold poetry is ‘simply the most delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words can reach’. Edgar Allen Poe calls it ‘the rhythmic creation of beauty. T.S. Eliot calls poetry ‘the vehicle of feeling’ and insists that ‘poetry has to give pleasure’. All these definitions refer to the main elements of poetry- imagination, emotion, feeling, truth. Only when these qualities are embodied in a proper form of expression is poetry. The form is regularly rhythmic language or meter, so versification is a part of poetry.

Another aspect of poetry is that it is an interpretation of life. By the exercise of imagination, transfigures the existing reality and gives to airy nothings a local habitation and a name. Critics like Coleridge and Leigh Hunt thought that meter is not an essential element in poetry. Even prose can be a good medium if poetry can be conveyed through it. However, rhythm has significance in poetry because it gives musical and aesthetic pleasure which are among the chief functions of poetry. Science provides us with a complete rationale of things in the universe, but it is poetry that can suggest to us its beauty and mystery. This poetry is at once antithesis and complement of science. Arnold held that poetry has the power to awaken in us a wonderfully intense and complete sense of things in the universe that science cannot do. Another element is the revealing power of poetry. It opens our eyes to the beauties and spiritual meanings of the universe and nature to which, otherwise, we remain blind. It educates us to look at life for ourselves with more insight. Thus poetry is an interpretation of life through imagination and feeling.

SUBJECTIVE POETRY:

Subjective poetry or Personal poetry is the poetry of self- delineation and self-expression. In this kind of poetry, we find most, the poet’s feelings and thoughts given expression in a lyrical manner. The poet is moved by his own experience as Wordsworth in ‘The Solitary Reaper’. The essence of the subjective poetry is the personality of the poet.

OBJECTIVE POETRY:

Objective poetry is poetry that expresses the world outside the poet. In this kind of poetry, the poet goes out of himself, mingles with the action and passion of the world, and expresses what he observed there. This is an older type of poetry than subjective poetry. Subjectivism came only later. The communal ballad, the epic, and the drama were the earliest form of objective poetry. In this poetry, the experiences of the eye and the ear are given more importance than those of the mind and the soul.

Published by Ayisha Shabana….

THE KITE RUNNER: A STORY OF ETERNAL FRIENDSHIP

Khaled Hosseini’s first novel ‘The Kite Runner’ opens the world of two friends and their never ending friendship. Through the stories of Hassan and Amir Hosseini portrays various themes like the search for redemption, the love and conflicts between father-son relationship, the social, political and racial background of Afghanistan. The way Hosseini portrayed Afghanistan is very much different from the stereotyped images of Afghanistan. For Hosseini Afghanistan was home, with the landscape, pomegranate trees and kite.

Many books have primarily focused on loyalty and friendship. But the friendship and relation between Amir and Hassan is different. The change in the attitude towards Hassan is the point where the search for redemption begins. In the beginning race and religion played a very integral role in their friendship. Hassan being a Hazara boy with a cleft lip, it was very difficult for him to be in that friendship. On the other hand Amir, the Pashtun boy with power and money he easily dominated Hassan. But he was unsuccessful in winning Abba’s heart. Abba’s love flowed to Hassan more than Amir. This also created a kind of hatred in the mind of Amir towards Hassan. Thus the friendship was a kind of master slave relationship back then. Hassan was loyal to Amir, no matter how much he ridiculed Hassan. Hassan gave first priority to Amir by saying that “for you a thousand times over”. But for Amir friendship was a kind of authority.

But towards the second half the relation between Amir and Hassan has a shift. From the hatred evolved from jealous, Amir now has a guilt feeling for Hassan. The guilt rised from the understanding that Amir wasn’t able to stand up for Hassan, when he needed that support. The betrayal questions the loyalty of Hassan every time. Finally the loyalty wins. Hassan not only saves Amir from his childhood, but saves him later also. When Amir struggles with regret and guilt the letter of Hassan saves him and leads to the path of redemption. The struggle faced by Amir on his way to save the son of Hassan, is considered as a kind of punishment for himself for the past betrayal. Finally Amir saves Hassan’s son Sohrab, which is a kind of redemption. The relation between Amir and Hassan is something special which unfold behind the kites.

How to be motivated for any goals!

We feel that comfort and convenience are the necessities of life, while all that we need to make ourselves happy is something to be proud of. ” – Albert Einstein

Dip

In all language courses, company building, and any type of creative project, there is immersion. Dip a long distance between beginner luck and real success.
Extraordinary benefits accumulate a handful of people who can push for longer than most.

Starting Before Immersion

In any goal to be achieved, there is a Beginning. It is often overlooked, as it always is.
Getting started is a big problem as you can only reach The Dip if you don’t finish Start, and many people dream of doing something rather than doing it and quitting.

Motivational management

The biggest problem we face in completing our projects is not production or time management, but motivational management. If you are motivated enough to accomplish something, you will move heaven and earth to do it.

Motivation Explained

Motivation is “the reason or reason for a person to do or behave in a certain way,” or to put it another way, “a common desire or determination.”

“If you stop doing what you want to do, then the reasons for quitting are more than just reasons to keep going. Thus, to maintain your motivation you can strengthen the reasons for continuing or weaken the reasons for quitting. Effective motivation often involves both. ” – Ericsson & Poole

Promotion to Start a Project

Increase your reason for starting a project, by increasing the importance of starting it.
Increase the time you are expected to succeed in the task.
Reduce your reasons for the delay, by increasing urgency, using deadlines.

Parkinson’s Law

It says “work grows to complete the available time for its completion.”

Commitment device

Many people use a dedicated device or play around them to find and stay motivated.
You can help your physical goal with things like throwing away your junk food, just bathing in the gym to get there, and similar activities aimed at focusing on your goal. People also use social responsibility in social media to keep themselves motivated by peer pressure.

Stay Motivated

Set small, climbing goals that are fun enough to motivate you and that you expect to achieve.

How to proceed

Keep your Expectancy feeling in the project using minimal winnings and achievements.
Reward yourself.
Maintain a sense of urgency by finding a way to remind yourself of the big picture of the small daily moments of effort.
Develop good habits.
Get flow.
Set clear goals to follow.
Save energy.

reference

https://www.nateliason.com/blog/motivation

Teach yourself anything

“It is better to know how to learn than to know.” – Dr Seuss

False Beliefs About Self-Education

Despite having easy access to information, few people take full advantage of the opportunity we have for self-directed learning.
We still believe that to learn something, we need to be formally educated on it, when in fact we’re able to educate ourselves.

Self-Education In The 21st Century

Self-education is the core skill for the 21st century.
Our ability to respond to changes in the landscape of work and technology will be dictated by how skilled self-educators we are, how well we can take full advantage of the information available to us to grow our skillset.

Learning In The Real World

For 12 years, you’ve been trained to apply information that’s pre-packaged for you.
But if you want to do anything independently (entrepreneurship, creative work, etc.) then you have to be able to figure things out without being handed the knowledge beforehand.

The Sandbox Method for Self-Education

This is an ongoing process of self-development and learning, that recognizes that we don’t need to memorize facts, formulas, instead, we need to develop an intuitive understanding of our skills, expose ourselves to different information about the skill, and constantly push ourselves to improve.

Steps of the Sandbox Method

Build an area where you can freely play around with the skill you’re trying to learn – Your Sandbox. It should be: low-cost or free, low stakes and public.
Research: Resources exist, you just have to figure out what’s worth reading, watching, or listening to (books, blogs, MOOCs etc).
Implement and practise purposefully.
Get feedback.

What Practicing the Sandbox Method Means

Honestly assessing your limits to figure out where you need to improve.
Setting a goal just beyond your current ability to motivate yourself to stretch beyond your comfort zone.
Practising with intense focus.
Get feedback, in whatever way you can, and incorporate that feedback into your practice.

reference

https://medium.com/the-mission/self-education-teach-yourself-anything-with-the-sandbox-method-a4edfc5e1f8e

THE COMEDY IN DRAMA:

A Comedy is a play of light and amusing characters with a happy conclusion to the plot. It adopts a humorous or familiar style and depicts laughable characters, incidents, and situations. In a Comedy, even if there are serious and complex incidents, ultimately they are resolved and the plot ends in happiness. Like tragedy, comedy also originated in ancient Greece from the festivals celebrating the nature-god Dionysus. While tragedy dealt with persons in high places, comedy dealt with people of much less importance. Among the Greeks, Aristophanes was the most important comedy writer. The atmosphere of comedy is mirthful and light. Comedy moves us to laughter through humorous intrigues, strange situations, and witty dialogue. Comedy shows the common errors of life and ridicules man’s follies and foibles. Comedy is usually allowed to convey its own moral, though it is sometimes stated at the end of the play by one of the characters.

Comedy can be divided into two types- the Classical and the Romantic. The Classical form was based on the Greek and Latin Models. Ben Jonson and the Restoration Playwrights tried the classical form of comedy. Shakespeare and some of the university wits like Lily and Greene write Romantic Comedies. Ben Jonson’s comedy was called the ‘comedy of humor’ as it was based on the medieval theory of the four ‘humor’ that determined human character. The ‘Comedy of Manners’ of the Restoration period ridiculed the follies and foibles of the upper classes and was highly stylized and artificial. Then came the genteel comedy of Colley Cibber and the sentimental comedy in which there was an excess of Melodrama and moralizing and less of wit and laughter. Anti-sentimental comedies of Sheridan and Goldsmith retrieved comedy from too many weak moralizings and ridiculous sentimentalism. They combined morality with wit and sobriety with laughter. The language and atmosphere of the English comedy remained fairly remote from those of ordinary life until the 1860s when T.W. Roberston’s play ‘Caste’ appeared. Then onwards English comedy began to employ everyday language and familiar subjects culminating in the plays of Bernard Shaw and Galsworthy in modern times. The comedy of dialogue and narration flourished in the plays of Oscar Wilde. The plays like ” The Importance of Being Earnest” and ” Lady Windermere’s Fan’ derived their strength from witty dialogue and comic situations. Shaw’s plays dealt with social problems and his comedies are characterized by intellectual wit, irony, and satire apart from penetrating analysis of social and moral problems confronting society. Some of his important plays are ‘Arms and the Man’,’ The Applecart’, ‘Major Barbara’ and ‘John Bull’s Other Island’. An experimental playwright who wrote under the influence of Shaw was James Bridie. His themes covered a wide range and plays like ‘The Anatomist’ and ‘Mr.Bolfry’ were successes.

The latter half of the present century saw plays with little literary merit succeeding on the stage. The audience wanted only entertainment and so the Playwrights provided dialogue that made a good impression and situations that tickled the audience into laughter. The theatre became a tangle of illusion and make-believe. Among the playwright of this kind, the foremost was Noel Coward who wrote plays about the leisured classes. He became famous popular with the plays such as ‘Hay Fever’ and ‘The Happy Breed’. The modern comedy is shying away from serious social and moral themes while concentrating on impressive dialogue and effective presentation on the stage.

Published by

Ayisha shabana….

Life of Pi by Yann Martel

Life of Pi is a Canadian philosophical novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The novel has sold more than ten million copies worldwide. It was rejected by at least five London publishing housesbefore being accepted by Knopf Canada, which published it in September 2001. The UK edition won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction the following year. It was also chosen for CBC Radio’s Canada Reads 2003, where it was championed by author Nancy Lee.

Book Summary

This is a story about a young man named Piscine Patel, or Pi, whose family owns a zoo in India. Growing up, Pi is interested in religion and so he converts to each of the major religions: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The family decides to move to Canada, but on the way there, their ship sinks and Pi finds himself on a lifeboat with a tiger, Richard Parker, a hyena, a zebra, and an orangutan.

Pi manages to keep himself separated from the other animals and all he can do is watch as the hyena kills the zebra and orangutan. Pi is afraid that he will be next to be killed, but the tiger kills the hyena. Pi decides to build an adjoining raft that is connected to the lifeboat by rope and luckily finds survival supplies, such as food and water.

Instead of waiting for the tiger to die, Pi decides he must train the tiger to ensure his own personal survival. Pi learns to fish and begins feeding the tiger, slowly training and taming him.

As food and water supplies dwindle, Pi suffers from health problems such as blisters and dehydration. He also becomes temporarily blind. Pi encounters another blind man who is also floating on a boat. However, the man comes aboard and the tiger eats him.

When Pi’s eyesight returns, he sees an island in the distance. He arrives on the island and finds algae that he can eat. The island has fresh water and is home to a large meerkat colony who eat fish. Life on the island is great, but then Pi realizes that the algae is carnivorous and so he gets back on the boat with the tiger and heads off.

The boat eventually reaches Mexico and Pi is rescued. In the end, Pi is questioned by investigators about his journey and despite being skeptical, they believe his story.

Analysis

A lot can be said about this story, but what draws my interest and attention is the idea of how a zoo can actually be more beneficial for a wild animal than the wild.

Pi goes to great lengths to explain how harsh conditions are for wild animals and how nice life in a zoo really is. We tend to have a romantic sense of what the wild is like for animals, but the reality is that animals in the wild are either looking for food or trying not to be food for something else.

It seems like a stressful existence in the wild, where each day could be your last and you are literally playing a game of life or death. And most humans wouldn’t be able to survive in the wild, especially since we’ve modernized ourselves to the luxuries of technology and civilization.

This also brings a greater appreciation to what we, as humans, have done with our food and safety needs: bringing them closer to us in a more controlled environment.

It’s comforting to know that our food is about twenty feet away from us whenever I want and if we run out of food, we can go to a building that has more food for us to buy.

We and our possessions are safe from the weather and we don’t need to worry about being attacked by predators.

So while it may seem lonely that the animals in zoos are confined to a limited space, we are looking at them through the eyes of a species that has, for the most part, everything it needs within reach. We are smart enough to understand that protecting ourselves and surviving that way is far greater than being free in the wild and nature.

The Pre-Raphaelite Poetry

The Pre-Raphaelite movement was started by two German painters based in Rome in 1810. The movement drew inspiration from Italian painters before Raphael such as Giotto, Bellini, and Fra Angelico. The movement was concerned with the art of painting. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics. It was formed in England in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rosetti, William Michael Rosetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens, and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member “Brotherhood” modeled in part on the Nazarene movement. The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including Ford Madox Brown, Arthur Hughes, and Marie Spartali Stillman. Later followers of the principles of the Brotherhood included Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, and John William Waterhouse.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, founded in September 1848, is the most significant British artistic grouping of the nineteenth century. Its fundamental mission was to purify the art of its time by returning to the example of medieval and early Renaissance painting. Although the life of the brotherhood was short, the broad international movement it inspired, Pre-Raphaelitism, persisted into the twentieth century and profoundly influenced the aesthetic movement, symbolism, and the Arts and Crafts movement.

Firstly, Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849), in which passages of striking naturalism were situated within a complex symbolic composition. Already a published poet, Rossetti inscribed verse on the frame of his painting. In the following year, Millais’s Christ in the House of His Parents (1850) was exhibited at the Royal Academy to an outraged critical reception. The master of a brilliantly naturalistic technique, Millais represented biblical figures with closely observed portrayals of the features of real, imperfect models. In 1850 the Pre-Raphaelites also produced a literary and artistic magazine, the Germ, which was something of a manifesto for their artistic concerns and ran for only four issues.

The Girlhood of Mary Virgin by Dante Gabriel Rosetti

From the first, the Pre-Raphaelites aspired to paint subjects from modern life. In The Awakening Conscience (1854), Hunt represented a kept woman realizing the error of her ways, and in 1852 Madox Brown began the most ambitious of all Pre-Raphaelite scenes from modern life, Work (1852–1865). Although the brotherhood included no women, Christina Rossetti, sister of Dante and William, pioneered a Pre-Raphaelite style in poetry, and Elizabeth Siddall-model, muse,
and eventually wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti-produced distinctive watercolors and drawings that went unrecognized in her lifetime but received critical attention after the advent of feminist art history in the late 1970s.

Another element in Pre-Raphaelite poetry is perceived in love for beauty. The Pre-Raphaelite poets are lovers of beauty. Here they are the followers of the great poetic creed of Keats. In their rich sensuousness, they are also found to carry on the tradition of great romantic poetry. They are also found to be medievalistic in their attachment to the medieval past. This also constitutes another romantic aspect of Pre-Raphaelitism. Their attempt to follow Byron’s revolutionary spirit and Shelley’s inspiration for loveliness does not appear to have much succeeded, yet these elements are not ignorable in them. Pre-Raphaelite poetry, in this respect, appears to be the second phase of Romanticism in the nineteenth century. This, however, appears to lack in humanism and the idealistic vision of human life, so much marked in romantic poetry. The Pre-Raphaelite poets aimed at infusing the art and spirit of the Pre-Raphaelite painters into poetry.

Ancient Traditions of Inked Cultures

” Tattoos have a power and magic all their own. They decorate the body but they also enhance the soul.”

– Michelle Delio

(1875 A.D.)

For thousands of years the people had tattoos in the form of various ontological, psychosocial and cultural concepts explaining beauty, identity, medicines and sometimes supernatural protection. But in this modern world, tattoos have become a part of lifestyle and it has became a fashionable trend from a ritualistic art from ancient times. Nowadays people of the modern world has gone crazy after tattoos as you can see a huge no. of celebreties, public figures, and even the normal people from all around the world have gotten tattoos and influenced their generation, the next and will influence the upcoming one. Tattoos stay with you throughout your whole life reminding you of moments you made them for, the decision of pain you took to get them and the moments of happiness after they got completed. Yes there are some people who don’t know meaning of tattoos they are getting on them but still they got them because they wanted to have them and its happiness too. After all life’s all about moments and the happiness within them so who cares. But there are always gonna be complications, the people who judge you for who you are by the tattoos you’ve got. But as the Famous American Country Singer ‘Earl Dibbles Jr.’ said

” Sometimes the nicest people you meet are covered in tattoos and the most judgmental people you meet go to church on Sundays”

and that’s true as anybody in this whole world could be judged only by his/her character. Okay lets just move on from this philosophical part to the more informative part.

History of Tattoos

The Oldest Tattoo ever found goes back 5,000 years which was found on the body of Otzi The Iceman, dating to between 3700 B.C. to 3100 B.C. , Now that’s really a awesome fact to know about and clearly a important discovery that was made in 1991 around the Italian-Austrian borders, on the Otzal Alps. After the body was examined, it showed the medicinal aspects

Indian Constitution

The constitution of India is considered to be the supreme law of India , it lays down the basic principle on which the government and the people of the country are suppose to operate. The Indian constitution is one of the longest constitution written and is derived from different constitutions of the world, some of them include-USA, Canada, Australia,Russia, France and many more. The exclusivity of the constitution is because of the various communities it has accommodated in it’s framework.

The constitution of India was ratified on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies. The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period. The assembly was lead by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the constitution came into effect from 26th January 1950. The constitution declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. The constitution has 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules

FEAR.

Leave your fear.

Hii wonderful’s,

Today I came up with a very familiar topic. And my topic is about “FEAR”.
Fear – being afraid to do or speak out something. Everyone is having their own fear.
-Fear of starting, something fresh or new
-Fear to speak out i.e., to share views.
-Fear of losing our loved ones
-Fear to face the failure
-Fear to face the truth and so on.
Because of our fear we are really losing so many of our opportunities, chances and happy moments.

Let me share a story.
There once was this criminal who had committed a crime. Anyway, he was sent to the king for his punishment. The king told him he had a choice of two punishments.

He could be hung by a rope.Or take what’s behind the big, dark, scary, mysterious iron door.

The criminal quickly decided on the rope.

As the noose was being slipped on him, he turned to the king and asked:

“By the way, out of curiosity, what’s behind that door?”

The king laughed and said:

“You know, it’s funny, I offer everyone the same choice, and nearly everyone picks the rope.”

“So,” said the criminal, “Tell me. What’s behind the door? I mean, obviously, I won’t tell anyone,” he said, pointing to the noose around his neck.

The king paused then answered: “Freedom, but it seems most people are so afraid of the unknown that they immediately take the rope.”

Like those criminals who missed their chance of escaping (or getting released) because of their fear, we missed many things because of our fear. But sometimes we even get feared, because of doing something unfair, as our conscience pricks us, for doing so.

Whatever it may be, let’s us take a STEP forward to Overcome our fear. And let’s us not do anything against our conscience.
That’s ok, what is going to happen.
-We may Get scoldings
-We may Face failures
-We may Lose someone (for speaking out/correcting a person)

That’s completely ok, As I said, in my previous content,’ living peacefully without any fears do matters than anything’.

Asusal at the end of the day everything is your choice
“Whether you gonna stay with fear or gonna leave your fear, decision is with you”.

Think about it.

Best of luck!!!

Have a good day.

India’s super seven Tokyo Olympic Olympic heroes

Gold medalist Neeraj Chopra of team India celebrates on the podium during the medal ceremony for the men’s javelin throw on day 15th of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic games at Olympic Stadium on August 7 2021 in Tokyo Japan. Neeraj Chopra did not compete on the international stage for 17 months between January 2020 and June 2021

Gold medalist Neeraj Chopra of team India celebrates on the podium during the medal ceremony for the men’s javelin throw on day 15th of Tokyo 2020 Olympic games at Olympic Stadium on August 7 2021 in Tokyo Japan . Neeraj Chopra did not compete on the international stage for 17 months between January 2020 and June 2021 . Mirabai Chanu went without completing from December 2019 to April 2021. PV Sindhu featured in five toirnaments from 2020 till the start of the Olympic Games. During the period, Lovlina Borgohain used the money series receive as a part of her Arjun award the second highest state on a for Indian sports person for the treatment of her mothers kidney ailment. While Ravi Kumar Dahiya traveled on the mats in Tokyo the local administration in his village in Haryana had to make special arrangements to ensure all his parents put tune into the action without any electricity cuts. Bajrang Punia had 24 feet a match a month ago after injuring his right knee which would remains 12 through most of his contest in Tokyo. The Indian men’s hockey team had spent most of the last one and half year log down at a national training facility in Bengaluru. In the 6th months lady up to the Tokyo games they had spent a total of four days at their respective homes. Neeraj Chopra of in team India process with his Nations flag after competing in a men’s javelin throw final on the the day 15th of Tokyo 2020 Olympic game at Olympic Stadium on August 7 2020 in Tokyo Japan. In the best of times it takes the struggle of a lifetime to deliver the Holy Grail of Olympic medal. And India read under the disaster was first and second waves of covid-19 pandemic it was the worst of the time to exist leave alone train for Sporting glory. And yet the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 conclude as the most successful in India 120 years history of competition. These 7 Champions have travel far and wide to make that happen. That is there story recapped.

FACTS ABOUT DOGS THAT AMAZE YOU

”THE WORLD WOULD BE A BETTER PLACE OF EVERYONE HAD THE ABILITY TO LOVE AS UNCONDITIONALLY AS A DOG”
-M.K. Clinton

I had ever been a one who likes animal but my love for dogs are irreplaceable. Every animal on the earth deserve love and afffection they are the beautiful creatures made by god.

And dogs are one of the animals from one of those special creatures. As everyone knows dogs are pet animal. relationsip betwqeen the dog and human is unspeakable.

there are some lovely facts that make you to love dog:

some amazing facts about dogs:

–

Is it Right for India to have an Education system without Sex and Mental Health education?

Does talking about the forbidden word “SEX” go against our culture?

I think its really funny how the Daughter’s of the world are taught to ignore when they get catcalled, To wear clothes that cover their body from head to toe, so that men don’t get ‘tempted’. First of all how dare you? If clothes were really the problem, Many kids would be alive, many women would have been able to achieve their dreams, Many women would be able to walk alone at night….but guess what? The ugly, sad reality is that clothes or pictures women post on their Instagram showing a little skin are/were never the problem. Lack of education and mysogynistic

NA. MUTHUKUMAR: The Magical Lyricist of Kollywood.

Na. Muthukumar has worked in 34 Tamil movies. It’s anything but a record. Prior when we had less number of musicians and more number of creations, Kannadasan and Vaali composed verses for films even threefold the number. Muthukumar makes the meeting paramount, as he cites from his works and from others’ with familiarity and skill common of an individual saturated with the universe of letters. Furthermore, the best part is he makes composing verse and composition sound so natural.

Muthukumar’s verses will shape Rajini’s introduction scene in ‘Sivaji.’ Earlier chief Shankar had given him every one of the tunes in ‘Veyyil’ and ‘Kaadhal.’ “And he was exceptionally content with the ‘Sivaji’ tune. Rajinikanth likewise adulated the verse.” A.R.Rahman consistently gives him full opportunity. “‘I’ve given you the tune. In any case, don’t confine yourself. You compose what you feel and we will work it out later,'” he says. More often than not Vidyasagar requests me for the words from the pallavi and tunes them. It was something similar for ‘Deepavali’ with Yuvan. Furthermore, be it Kartik Raja, Imman, Harris Jeyaraj, Vijay Antony or G.V.Prakash, we comprehend each other well.” Diplomacy leads the trades all through.
On the repetition of English words in verses till as of late, his perception is: “When such a melody clicked, different creators needed something very similar. Be that as it may, presently they’ve been weaned away from it. The new hits are verification enough.” Ask him about foulness in verses and the reaction is, “I’ve composed not very many such melodies, and even there it was inside limits. However, presently I solidly decline to pen such verses.”
A doctorate holder, columnist, author, artist, lyricist, discourse essayist — Muthukumar’s measurements are many.
“I work around 20 hours each day ,” he says. What’s more, where does that allow for the recently married spouse? “That is her grouse. She demands I dedicate more opportunity to her,” he chuckles reluctantly. In the mean time, this youngster from Kanchipuram is likewise composing ‘Silk City,’ a novel in English, on four ages in Kanchi. “It includes plenty of examination,” he says. His time usage abilities leave you expanding!

Unemployment during covid-19

Even before pandemic unemployment situation was not that great. In our country we been experiencing slower economic growth and rising unemployment. But when pandemic hit it just got worse.

unemployment situation during 1st wave

there was no doubt that india witnessed sharpest drops on gdp and unemployment due to pandemic. The first wave of pandemic shoved a staggering 230 million Indians below the poverty line,estimated study by the Azim premium university. Poverty rate during pandemic was 15% in rural areas and 20% in urban areas.

INDEPENDENCE DAY

The Independence Day of India, which is celebrated religiously throughout the Country on the 15^th of August every year, holds tremendous ground in the list of national days, since it reminds every Indian about the dawn of a new beginning, the beginning of an era of deliverance from the clutches of British colonialism of more than 200 years. It was on 15^th August 1947 that India was declared independent from British colonialism, and the reins of control were handed over to the leaders of the Country. India’s gaining of independence was a tryst with destiny, as the struggle for freedom was a long and tiresome one, witnessing the sacrifices of many freedom fighters, who laid down their lives on the line.

Photo by Amarnath Radhakrishnan on Pexels.com

PEACE ❤

What is peace ?

Peace is a stress-free state of security and calmness that comes when there’s no fighting or war, everything coexisting in perfect harmony and freedom. After a war, two countries may sign a peace treaty, agreeing to not fight anymore.

A peaceful life.

A peaceful life is a life that is lived with a balanced harmony inside you, and around you. It means that you feel content with whatever is going on in your life or around you, and nothing, no one can disturb this inner peace of yours.

Living a peaceful life is about being in harmony with yourself and the surrounding world. Peace begins from within, and once your mind is at ease, you will start to see the effects in everything that surrounds you. Being at peace doesn’t mean you have a perfect life. Instead, it is how you deal with everything around you. Controlling your fears, respecting others, and not letting the small things get to you are the stepping stones towards leading a happy, healthy life. Once you are on the journey, peace will find you soon enough!

Life is more than just work and responsibilities, and trust me; it is possible to create a peaceful life if you set your priorities straight. When you actively make time for what’s important, you will feel a fog lifting from your head, and you will find that life is more than a to-do list! It may not be immediately apparent to you how to make these changes, but we got you covered. Let’s go over a few simple suggestions that you can practice every day to get a happy and peaceful life.

In this modern era, we live such a fast-paced life that stopping to take a moment seems like a dream to many. Our day starts with a list of tasks, and we spend our time burning through the to-do list, only to start over the next day. This daily grind has detached us from the ground realities of life, and most people live their lives with no sense of what’s essential for them.

A peaceful life is something worth striving for if you:Feel infinitely calm and happy no matter what is happening around you.Like the idea of living without fear, anger, or fixation on material things.Are tired or feeling exhausted by life problems.

Feel like there’s more to life than just a never-ending chase of temporary “highs” (ways to satisfy our human nature).

7 ways to live a peaceful life 1) Lower Your Expectations It is natural for anyone to feel frustrated and disappointed when something doesn’t turn out as expected. If you want to live a peaceful life, you have to lower your expectations and suppress the urge to control everything around you. When you stop anticipating every possibility and live life on a day-to-day basis, your life will dramatically become more peaceful. You will finally stop staying up every night worrying about a business deal or the new job and focus on what matters. 2) Don’t Lose Yourself From the day we are born, we are supposed to follow the footsteps laid for us by others and live the ‘ideal life.’ Go to school, get a job, find the love of your life, and strive for greatness till your last day. However, it is very easy to lose yourself in the process! You may become so focused on chasing the dream life that you forget your own passions.Instead, take a good look at your life and see whether you are on the path set for you by others? If you desire a peaceful life, start by living life on your terms. Chase your dreams, quit the job you hate, or get enrolled in college even if you think it’s too late. A decision that takes you closer to your goal will bring you more peace than you can imagine!woman taking pictures on the roof top 3) Practice Tolerance We are accustomed to a particular way of living, and most of us are less than tolerant of the changes happening around us. However, if you want to lead a peaceful life, you need to broaden your horizons and become susceptible to the ever-changing world. Accepting diversity is the first step towards this, and you will feel a considerable difference once you start respecting other peoples’ beliefs and opinions instead of fighting them. 4) Give Up On The Urge To Control Your Loved Ones All of us want to have control over our lives, but sometimes we extend this control to the people surrounding us, and that’s where the trouble begins. If you want to live a peaceful life, it is vital to stop controlling others and have harmony in your relationships. Imposing your will on someone and taking control over relationships not only creates conflicts, but it also seeps out all the happiness from your life. Try to accept the people who surround you, embrace their flaws instead of trying to change them, and be on your way to a happier life! 5) Practice Forgiveness If you are always dwelling on the past, reliving your wounds, and thinking of the people who hurt you, you will never find true peace. For a peaceful life that is free of mental burdens, it is important to practice forgiveness for others and yourself. Don’t think of the past and don’t beat yourself for the mistakes you made; instead, focus on the present day.peaceful life illustration with cocoa pink peonies and jewellry 6) To Live A Peaceful Life, You Must Prioritize! You may spend hours and hours of a work task, forsaking everything else, including your family and friends. This is a great way to lead a successful life, but are you really at peace? Stop for a minute and ask yourself, is this what you want to do with your life? Does your professional life take precedence over your happiness? If the answer to any of these is no, then I would be best to set your priorities straight. Make time for the people you love and the things you love to do, and a peaceful life won’t seem like a dream anymore. 7) Find The Peace Within If you want to live an endlessly peaceful life, you have to start by finding your inner peace. No amount of external tranquillity can calm down the chaos in your mind. Finding your inner peace is a journey, but with some effort, you will get there.Try to connect with your inner self by disconnecting yourself from the surroundings, even if for a few minutes. Find a quiet spot to sit, close your eyes, and take a deep breath. Let all the anxiety and worries out of your body with each breath, and fill your lungs with hope and peace. This simple exercise is excellent when feeling anxious or helpless, and it will instantly put things in perspective.woman meditating on the top of the roof A happy and peaceful life is not a utopia Of course, a peaceful life doesn’t mean that all your problems will vanish, but it will give you the strength to face these challenges. When faced with a difficulty, don’t let disharmony and conflict overtake you. Instead, deal with the problems without letting them affect your life.Decide to change your life, and make a conscious choice to work for that change. You can live a peaceful life and be happier than ever, but it will not happen by magic! You have to change your priorities, give attention to the essential things in life, and open your heart to peace. However, once you make peace your focus, everything else will fall in line.Always remember what really matters to you, and stop every once in a while to appreciate the good things in life. Once you start practicing this, peace and harmony will fill both you and your days completely.Like these tips about living a peaceful life? Scroll down for more content like this!Amber & The TeamAmber & The TeamAmber is Editor-In-Chief at ShineSheets.com.“Me and my lovely team love to research, examine, analyze, and present you the best ideas that make life better! You can learn about our editorial standards here. I’d like to also invite you to connect with us on Pinterest, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter.”Was This Helpful?Rate this article:😍 I LIKE THIS! 🤔 NOT FOR MEALSO READHow To Be An Optimistic Person And Live Your Life With a SmileBeing an optimistic person is healthy both for your mind AND body.7 Ways To Achieve a Healthy Work-Life BalanceAre you still working after work?10 Calming Ways To Practice Mindfulness Every DayDon’t waste those precious moments, EXPERIENCE them.5 Ways To Rebuild Your Life After You’ve Hit Rock BottomNewsflash – hitting rock bottom is not the end of your life.35 Ways To Enjoy Life MoreWhy wait for better times? Enjoy life now, even if it’s not perfect!Similar TopicsHAPPINESS • LIFESTYLE • MENTAL HEALTHHAPPINESS AND JOYPERSONAL GROWTHPersonal DevelopmentGood HabitsProductivity TipsSelf ImprovementChasing GoalsPlanningMotivationSelf ConfidenceGoal & Productivity PlannersTime PlannersAll Personal Growth TopicsMENTAL WELLNESSAnxietyResilienceHappinessStress ReliefSelf HelpGratitudeMental Health JournalsSelf LoveMindfulnessMeditationAll Mental Health TopicsHEALTH + BEAUTYWellnessHealthSelf CareWeight LossFit LifeBeautySelf Care JournalsHair CareSkincareMakeup TipsHands & NailsLIFESTYLEWork LifeHome & DecorOrganizationStyle ImprovementSelf Help For Unusual EventsRelationshipsMoney & BudgetingMommy & Family LifeHealthy RecipesBlogging & Working At HomeAll Life Topics HomeAbout UsReadShopSubscribeContactGuest PostAdvertisePrivacyTermsCopyrightA peaceful life is something worth striving for if you:Feel infinitely calm and happy no matter what is happening around you.Like the idea of living without fear, anger, or fixation on material things.Are tired or feeling exhausted by life problems.Feel like there’s more to life than just a never-ending chase of temporary “highs” (ways to satisfy our human nature). 7 ways to live a peaceful life 1) Lower Your Expectations It is natural for anyone to feel frustrated and disappointed when something doesn’t turn out as expected. If you want to live a peaceful life, you have to lower your expectations and suppress the urge to control everything around you. When you stop anticipating every possibility and live life on a day-to-day basis, your life will dramatically become more peaceful. You will finally stop staying up every night worrying about a business deal or the new job and focus on what matters. 2) Don’t Lose Yourself From the day we are born, we are supposed to follow the footsteps laid for us by others and live the ‘ideal life.’ Go to school, get a job, find the love of your life, and strive for greatness till your last day. However, it is very easy to lose yourself in the process! You may become so focused on chasing the dream life that you forget your own passions.Instead, take a good look at your life and see whether you are on the path set for you by others? If you desire a peaceful life, start by living life on your terms. Chase your dreams, quit the job you hate, or get enrolled in college even if you think it’s too late. A decision that takes you closer to your goal will bring you more peace than you can imagine!woman taking pictures on the roof top 3) Practice Tolerance We are accustomed to a particular way of living, and most of us are less than tolerant of the changes happening around us. However, if you want to lead a peaceful life, you need to broaden your horizons and become susceptible to the ever-changing world. Accepting diversity is the first step towards this, and you will feel a considerable difference once you start respecting other peoples’ beliefs and opinions instead of fighting them. 4) Give Up On The Urge To Control Your Loved Ones All of us want to have control over our lives, but sometimes we extend this control to the people surrounding us, and that’s where the trouble begins. If you want to live a peaceful life, it is vital to stop controlling others and have harmony in your relationships. Imposing your will on someone and taking control over relationships not only creates conflicts, but it also seeps out all the happiness from your life. Try to accept the people who surround you, embrace their flaws instead of trying to change them, and be on your way to a happier life! 5) Practice Forgiveness If you are always dwelling on the past, reliving your wounds, and thinking of the people who hurt you, you will never find true peace. For a peaceful life that is free of mental burdens, it is important to practice forgiveness for others and yourself. Don’t think of the past and don’t beat yourself for the mistakes you made; instead, focus on the present day.peaceful life illustration with cocoa pink peonies and jewellry 6) To Live A Peaceful Life, You Must Prioritize! You may spend hours and hours of a work task, forsaking everything else, including your family and friends. This is a great way to lead a successful life, but are you really at peace? Stop for a minute and ask yourself, is this what you want to do with your life? Does your professional life take precedence over your happiness? If the answer to any of these is no, then I would be best to set your priorities straight. Make time for the people you love and the things you love to do, and a peaceful life won’t seem like a dream anymore. 7) Find The Peace Within If you want to live an endlessly peaceful life, you have to start by finding your inner peace. No amount of external tranquillity can calm down the chaos in your mind. Finding your inner peace is a journey, but with some effort, you will get there.Try to connect with your inner self by disconnecting yourself from the surroundings, even if for a few minutes. Find a quiet spot to sit, close your eyes, and take a deep breath. Let all the anxiety and worries out of your body with each breath, and fill your lungs with hope and peace. This simple exercise is excellent when feeling anxious or helpless, and it will instantly put things in perspective.woman meditating on the top of the roof A happy and peaceful life is not a utopia Of course, a peaceful life doesn’t mean that all your problems will vanish, but it will give you the strength to face these challenges. When faced with a difficulty, don’t let disharmony and conflict overtake you. Instead, deal with the problems without letting them affect your life.Decide to change your life, and make a conscious choice to work for that change. You can live a peaceful life and be happier than ever, but it will not happen by magic!

5 Reasons Being a Makeup Artist Is Amazing

Being a makeup artist is about so much more than just knowing how to do a face of makeup. Whether the world of YouTube beauty gurus has suddenly introduced you to something that you find fascinating, you know someone who loves being a makeup artist, or you’re just interested in the job, your interest in the makeup industry can lead you to a very promising career. You should consider numerous things before becoming a makeup artist, but here are five reasons why it’s a great career path.1. A flexible scheduleIf 9-to-5 jobs just aren’t your cup of tea, you’ll be right at home in the makeup world.

It’s true that individual gigs can sometimes be time-consuming and require a lot of energy, but you get to decide when you’re able to work and when you’re not. When someone contacts you and asks if you’re available, you can always say no if you wish, rather than being obligated to write it into your schedule. You can set your own hours based on whatever is happening in your life currently, and that freedom is priceless.2. Boundless creativityMakeup artists can have a variety of specialties, and you can decide what to do based on what you love doing. You might create special effects for movies, help brides look perfect for their big day, or style models for long shoots. Even better, the specialty that you pick when you first start out doesn’t have to be your only specialty. The skills you learn in a makeup artist program are applicable to a wide variety of specialties, so if bridal makeup starts to bore you, then you can easily move to model styling! It’s endlessly versatile, and that’s what makes it fun.3. A constant stream of interesting peopleEven if you’re not working with celebrities or doing special effects for the next blockbuster, you’re still going to meet all sorts of people as a makeup artist. The wide variety of people that you’ll meet ensures that your job will never be boring. If one of your clients grates on your nerves, you can rest easy in the knowledge that you won’t have to deal with that individual for very long. On the other hand, if you really hit it off with someone, you can exchange information and stay in touch with each other.4. Discounts on makeup suppliesunique discounts for makeup artistsnazarovsergey – stock.adobe.comAs a makeup artist, you have to supply your own makeup. That can definitely get expensive, but to offset some of those costs, many makeup companies offer discounts to people who’ve enrolled in or graduated from a makeup artist program. You can apply those discounts to your professional makeup collection, but your personal collection will benefit just as heavily from the steep discounts you can find at high-end makeup brands.5. Leaving an impact on peopleIt’s true that you’ll get criticism sometimes; some people will object to the way you’ve done something just because it doesn’t fit their personal tastes, and that can be difficult. However, for many makeup artists, the best part of the job is seeing someone’s face light up when seeing the finished makeup for the first time. No matter what your specialty is, how famous your client is, or what you’re styling for, seeing the smile on your client’s face will make all the work worth it.So, why should I become a makeup artist?Being a makeup artist requires a substantial amount of dedication, but it absolutely pays off in the end. You’ll get to see new things, meet new people, and embark on new

Symptoms of Insomnia

Something that most of us are familiar with and struggling to get out of it. Insomnia, a sleeping disorder which basically makes it difficult for us to fall asleep. Even if you sleep, you may not be in a peaceful deep sleep, you may find yourself getting up in the middle of the night which is caused by insomnia.

Insomnia leads to many health issues. It can be acute or chronic. Acute insomnia lasts for few days or weeks while chronic insomnia lasts for few months.

Acute insomnia maybe the result of temporary stress in a person. The person will recover after the stress is gone. Chronic insomnia maybe the result of long term depression or stress. It can also be because of medical conditions.

Symptoms

Symptom for insomnia is pretty straight forward. If you have trouble with sleep or your sleep schedule. You might be having insomnia. Some other obvious and direct symptoms are,

not being able to get peaceful sleep
waking up in the middle of the sleep
trouble falling asleep at night
being tired all the time because of lack of sleep
anxiety, depression
medical issues like headache or eye pain

These are some of the symptoms that I know and have experienced. Now let us get into the ways to prevent or to recover from insomnia disorder.

Causes and Prevention

One of the main causes for insomnia is the stress that we go through. It is like a part of our day to day life but we can do some things to get far from being stressed all the time. Try doing meditation to clear your mind and get some peace as well as sleep. Work, school, college are all important but being sunk into work 24/7 is definitely a way of inviting stress into our lives. While you make time for work, make time for self care as well. With that you can avoid lot of stress and get a good night sleep.
Not having a proper sleep schedule will lead to insomnia. If you get used to sleeping late at night there is no going back. So always fix a proper time for your night sleep and stick to it. Avoid mobiles and laptops for a minimum of 30 mins before sleeping. Messing with your sleep schedule will ruin your sleep and makes it very hard to bounce back to proper schedule.

How to prioritize work

Learning how to prioritize

It means getting more out of the limited time you have each day. It’s one of the cornerstones of productivity and once you know how to properly prioritize, it can help with everything from your time management to work-life balance.

Master lists

Capture everything on a Master List and then break it down by monthly, weekly, and daily goals.

Start by making a master list—a document, app, or piece of paper where every current and future task will be stored.
Once you have all your tasks together, break them down into monthly, weekly, and daily goals.
When setting your priorities, try not to get too “task-oriented” – you want to make sure you’re prioritizing the more effective work.

Eisenhower Matrix

The matrix is a simple four-quadrant box that answers that helps you separate “urgent” tasks from “important” ones:

Urgent and Important: Do these tasks as soon as possible
Important, but not urgent: Decide when you’ll do these and schedule it
Urgent, but not important: Delegate these tasks to someone else
Neither urgent nor important: Drop these from your schedule as soon as possible.

The Ivy Lee Method

Rank your work by its true priority with the Ivy Lee Method:

At the end of each workday, write down the 6 most important things you need to accomplish tomorrow.
Prioritize those 6 items n order of their true importance.
When you arrive tomorrow, concentrate only on the first task. Work until the first task is finished before moving on to the next one.
Approach the rest of your list in the same fashion. At the end of the day, move any unfinished items to a new list of six tasks for the following day.
Repeat this process every working day.

The ABCDE method

Instead of keeping all tasks on a single level of priority, this method offers two or more levels for each task:

Go through your list and give every task a letter from A to E (A being the highest priority)
For every task that has an A, give it a number that dictates the order you’ll do it in
Repeat until all tasks have letters and numbers.

Set the tone of the day by “Eating the frog”

Once you’ve prioritized your most important work, it’s time to choose how to attack the day. How you start the day sets the tone for the rest of it. And often, getting a large, hairy, yet important task out of the way first thing gives you momentum, inspiration, and energy to keep moving.

Warren Buffett’s 2-list strategy

Cut out “good enough” goals with Warren Buffett’s 2-list strategy.

Write down your top 25 goals: life goals, career goals, education goals, or anything else you want to spend your time on.
Circle your top 5 goals on that list.
Finally, any goal you didn’t circle goes on an “avoid at all cost” list. These are the tasks that are seemingly important enough to deserve your attention. But that isn’t moving you towards your long-term priorities.

The sunk cost fallacy

Humans are especially susceptible to the “sunk cost fallacy”—a psychological effect where we feel compelled to continue doing something just because we’ve already put time and effort into it. But the reality is that no matter what you spend your time doing, you can never get that time back. And any time spent continuing to work towards the wrong priority is just wasted time.

REFERENCE

https://blog.rescuetime.com/how-to-prioritize/

ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH DRAMA:

Drama in England originated from religion. In the Middle Ages, church services were conducted in Latin which most of the congregation did not understand. The church wanted to provide people delight as well as spiritual uplift. The clergy, therefore, used to act episodes from the life of Christ or scenes from the Bible especially on special occasions like Christmas and Easter. Elaboration of the church ritual and liturgy became the earliest kinds of dramatic Performances. Soon the Latin dialogue was replaced by the vernacular. Later purely vernacular plays were composed. one of the earliest plays was ‘Adam’ . Such plays were performed within the church and the monks and priests participated as actors. As time passed the churches could not accommodate the large crowds that assembled to see the church plays. So the performances were taken outside into the areas surrounding the church. This change of locale and the introduction of the vernacular marked a breakaway from the church tradition. Drama, thus, became secular, more humorous, and less rigid. Soon dramatic performances were taken over by the town guilds and this tradition continued till the 16th century.

MIRACLES AND MYSTERIES:

The trade guilds produced a connected series or cycle of dramas under the supervision of the church. These plays dealt with scriptural events. By the 14th century, two types of drama came into existence – the miracles and the mysteries. The Miracle plays dealt with the lives of saints and the Mystery plays with themes taken from the Bible. They were shown at separate ‘stations’ in the town on wheeled theatres or stages drawn by horses. Actors were the members of the guilds; spectacular theatrical effects were produced on the stage; costumes were simple and humourous elements were provided. Four such cycles of Mystery plays are preserved today. These plays are chaotic in construction and the language used is often stilted. But the Mysteries gave the people of England a taste for theatrical shows and prepared the ground for the Elizabethan drama.

MORALITIES AND INTERLUDES:

By the middle of the 15th century, the drama began to show new trends. It substituted moral teaching for religious instruction. Characters were no longer Biblical figures but personified virtues and vices. A stock character was ‘vice’. These plays were called Moralities. The best known among them was ‘ Everyman’. The cardinal feature of the Moralities was the pursuit of Everyman by evil forces and his rescue by Conscience or Wisdom. These plays were poetic and imaginative. The thoughts and emotions of characters were personified and there was even some sense of construction and unity. Morality plays to mark the beginning of soul struggle which later became a marked trait of Elizabethan Drama. Two other important Morality plays were ‘ Mankind’ and ‘ The castle of Preservance’. Towards the close of the 15th century, a new form of drama called The Interlude appeared. It may be defined as a play midst other festivities. It was a transitional form of drama between Morality and Elizabethan drama. Interludes were marked by witty dialogue and discussion. The best writer of Interludes was John Heywood. His important interludes are ‘ The Play of the Weather’, ‘A Play of Love’ and ‘The Fours Ps’. Interludes were free from didacticism. There was a mixture of fun and rich sentiment in them. Comedy and farce began with the Interludes. Sir Thomas More and Rastell were two other important writers of interludes.

Published by

Ayisha shabana

Learning how to learn!

“Focused” and “Diffused” Modes

When learning, there are times in which you are focused and times in which you allow your mind to wander. Both modes are valuable to allow your brain to learn something.
Take regular breaks, meditate, think about other things, and give yourself plenty of time in both modes.

Chunking

This is the idea of breaking what you want to learn into concepts. The goal is to learn each concept in a way that they each become like a well-known puzzle piece.
To master a concept, you not only need to know it but also to know how it fits into the bigger picture.

Beware of Illusions of Competence

There are many ways in which we can make ourselves feel like we have “learned” a concept. Instead of highlighting or underlining, rather take brief notes that summarize key concepts.

Recall

Take a couple of minutes to summarize or recall the material you are trying to learn. It goes a long way to taking something from short-term memory to long-term learning.

Bite-Sized Testing

To avoid breakthrough illusions of competence, you should test yourself as you’re encountering new material. The recall is a simple example of this mini-testing.

Over-Learning

Do not spend too much time in one sitting going over the same material over and over again. The law of diminishing returns certainly applies. Spread it out over many sessions and many different modes of learning.

Interleaving

Once you have a basic understanding of what you are trying to learn, practice jumping back and forth between problems that require different techniques. This will solidify your understanding of the concepts by learning how to choose to apply them in various situations. Knowing when to apply a particular concept is as important as knowing how.

Process over Product

When facing procrastination, think of the process over the product.
Instead of thinking that you have to get X done, rather think to spend an hour on X. It is then not overwhelming and doesn’t require a long breakdown of tasks.

Metaphors and Analogies

They are often talked about as helpful study techniques.
Try to make a deliberate effort to teach what you learn to someone else and, in doing so, you will likely be forced to explain concepts with relatable metaphors and analogies.

Study Groups / Teamwork

This has proven to be most beneficial to maintain continued progress and hold each other accountable. Finding the right group is key.

Reference

https://medium.com/learn-love-code/learnings-from-learning-how-to-learn-19d149920dc4

THE ONE-ACT PLAY

The one-act play is to drama what the short story is to the novel. A one-act play is not an abbreviated drama. It has its laws. The one-act play has a single plot; it is either pure comedy or pure tragedy. The action is confined to a single place and the number of characters is limited. The simplicity of design and immediate impact are its characteristics. The one-act play observes brevity in the plot, in character, and in dialogue. As a short play, it automatically fits into the classical framework of the unities. The very nature of a one-act play demands concentration. As a result, the heightened emotions of” the one-actor may be poetical or intensely realistic. When it is poetical, it transcends reality and throws over the audience the spell of illusion through the music of words and the deepening sentiments.

The History of the one-act play dates from the days of Mystery and Miracle plays. They were several little plays combined to form a Cycle. The interlude of the fifteenth century was also brief. The Short Play disappeared with the coming of the great Elizabethan playwrights and reappeared only by the end of the 19th century. In modern times, initially, the one-act play was used as a ‘ curtain raiser’ before a full-length play. But the audience generally ignored it. Later two or three one-act plays were presented on the same evening as in the case of James Barrie’s one-act plays. Shaw also could occasionally confine to the narrow limits of the one-act play as in ‘The Man of Destiny’ and ‘The Dark Lady of the Sonnets’. Another great writer of one-act plays was Noel Coward who wrote the famous ‘ Tonight at Eight-Thirty’. The plot in a one-act play is confined to the most essential point of the Story. In the famous one-act play ‘The Bishop’s Candle Sticks’, we have the central incident of the stealing of the candlesticks. Other details are introduced indirectly and in a limited manner. A one-act play uses only a limited time for its presentation. Its characters are limited in number and its dialogue observes the economy of words. The most important aspect of a one-act play is the central sentiment and its racy and crisp dialogue.

The writer of one-act plays does not have the freedom which a writer of full-length plays enjoys. The one-act play imposes severe restrictions on the author. He must present the story and characters with suggestive strokes. He must use the dialogue carefully. With all these restrictions, the one-act play can still be profound, poetic, and subtle as we find in yeat’s ‘ The Land of Heart’s Desire’ or in J.M. Synge’s ‘ Riders to the Sea’. Though one-act plays are best suited for the exposition of comic themes, there are excellent one-act plays with tragic themes also. W.W. Jacob’s ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ and Synge’s ‘Riders to the sea’ are examples. Today one-act plays are supported by amateur dramatic societies and school and college troups. Some of the outstanding modern one-act plays are John Drinkwater’s ‘The Storm ‘, Galsworthy’s ‘The Little Man’, A.A. Milen’s ‘ The Man in the Bowler Hat’, J.B.Priestly’s ‘Mothers Day’ and Stanley Houghton’s ‘ The Dear Departed ‘.

Published by Ayisha Shabana…

SARAH’S : A CHANGE IN THE NOTION OF MOTHERHOOD

Jude Anthony Joseph’s 2021 Malayalam film Sarah’s is making a revolutionary turn in Malayalam cinema by changing the notions of pregnancy, abortion and motherhood. The protagonist Sarah is a woman who is not willing to get pregnant and to bcome a mother. As she gets older day by day this decision gets stronger. she even marries a man on this agreement. The tension arises when she becomes pregnant, by a contraceptive failure. But even after this Sarah is stronger with her opinion of her own pregnancy, but her husband, family and the society compells her to continue this pregnancy without considering her opinion. But towards the end the decision made by Sarah on her pregnancy is something revolutionary. This kind of representation of womanhood and motherhood is very rare in Mollywood.

Through the character of Sarah the film portrays the fact that women are not just medium of reproduction. The direction also shows themes like modern sexual relations, legal side of abortions etc. Through the medium of satire the movie comments on old notions of motherhood. And also states that there is no need to glorify motherhood, if that affects the mental physical and emotional state of mother. The movie says that parenthood is not a social norm. The film even not glorifies abortion. It opens a discussion that when and why a person can decide it. The comment ” Better not be a parent, than a bad parent” is thoughtful. The film can be considered as an ode to women about parenthood, identity and opinion.

IMPORTANCE OF SELF LOVE

Self love, which is the “consideration of one’s own happiness or advantage” is a basic human necessity. It is a kind of appreciation for oneself that results in the well being of one’s physical, psychological and spiritual self. It includes actions and thoughts which is for one’s own needs and not sacrificing one’s well being to please others. The habit of self love and self appreciation is considered as compulsory for the psyche of human. Because people who love themselves are less likely to suffer from anxiety, depression and such similar psychological conditions. It also lessens procrastination and increases the focus to work.

Loving oneself is a different task, but to develop the habit is easy. One of the practice to develop self love is to stop comparing oneself with others. This comparison is natural, but if it sometime leads to danger. There is no need for comparison because every individual is unique m Apart from this one needs to focus on his or her self energy and spirit. Neglecting other’s opinion is also an important habits with regard to self love. Constructive criticism is important for one’s personality development. But worrying about other’ opinion and thinking what the society thinks before doing anything is a bad practice. It is human to make mistakes. Nobody is perfect. With each mistakes one learn each lessons. So the freedom to do mistakes is an important factor in self love. Good decision making, forbidding how one’s body look, avoidance of toxic people, understanding and rejecting fears and finding beauty in simple things are some steps to develop the habit of self love.

Another important factor is the freedom to feel pain and happiness equally. Limitations in feelings like happiness, pain and fear are dangerous. It is human to experience every emotion in its fullest form. These experiences will make one to realize oneself. Giving priority to oneself is a good practice. Even though it is in every one, women is more accustomed to putting other’s first.

When a person practices self love, others will also start feeling love with himself or herself. As a result of this one’s confidence increases and it leads to success in professional and personal life. It helps to understand one’s passion and this habit attracts others. Thus self love is a necessary habit in one’s physical psychological and spiritual well being.

Kinds Of Essay

An essay is a short composition in prose. It discusses, either formally or informally, one or more topics. This term was first applied to Montaigne’s volumn of informal pieces. This volume was first published in 1580. After seventeen years, Francis Bacon used the English word ‘essay’ to describe his brief philosophic discourses. With the development of periodicals, the essay become a popular form. Addison, Steel, Lamb, Hazlitt, and Pater made it their major concern.

The Aphoristic Essay Bacon was the first to write proper essays in English. Though he was inspired by the French writer Montaigne, his essays are more objectives and impersonal than those of the French master. Bacon’s essays are written in an aphoristic style. They contain mostly short, crisp sentences with a didactic bent. Bacon called his essay’s ‘counsels civil and moral’ and ‘dispersed meditations’. Aphoristic essays are known for their precision of style and balancing structure. No superfluous words are used and sentences flow rapidly. They seem abrupt and rugged but express the ideas directly and clearly. As a critic says, the sentences in an aphoristic essay are in a state of ‘literary undress’

The Character Essay In the earlier part of the 17th century, the essay took the form of character sketches in the writings of Joshep Hall, John Earle, and Sir Thomas Overbury. They were inspired by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus and the Roman Seneca. The early character essays were marked by minute details and were often presented in a humorous and satirical manner. Such essays were almost like pen pictures of various types of men and women. Some traits of the character essay can be seen even in Addison’s essays on Sir Roger de Coverley.

The Critical Essay Dryden introduced this type of essay during the Restoration period. Though the critical essay retained the traditional form, its theme was literary criticism. Dryden’s Prefaces and other prose writings can be included in this category. The critical essay is the main objective. However, it often exhibits traits of the personal essay because critical opinions are generally colored by the personality of the writer. In the 19th century, the critical essay flourished in the writings of Emerson, Hazlitt, Arnold, Carlyle, and Ruskin. The 20th century has seen a host of critics who made valuable contributions to the critical essay. Among them, T.S.Eliot and F.R.Leavis are the most important.

The Periodical Essay The periodical essay became popular in the 18th century especially with the publication of the ‘Tatler’ and the ‘The Spectator’. The essay that began to appear in the periodicals drew their inspiration from the social life of the people. The periodical essay was adapted for literary criticism and the delineation of character. Addison’s essay delineating the character of ‘The Spectator’ and the several essays by Steele and Addison on the imaginary character Sir Roger de Coverley is the examples of how journalistic writings could attain artistic perfection.

The Personal Essay In the Personal Essay, the personal element predominates. Charles Lamb is known as the greatest writer of the personal essay in English Literature. There is no formal or logical development of thought in an essay. The various points are mentioned haphazardly. Its author likes to enjoy the freedom of conversation. So, he is informal and often chatty. Hazlitt, De Quincey, and Charles Lamb brought the personal essay to a level that has remained unsurpassed. George Orwell, E.M. Forster, James Thurber, and E.B. White are excellent model practitioners of the personal essay.

Twentieth Century Essay In the 20th century, the development of the essay is encouraged by a large number of periodicals and newspapers. Many of the modern essays appear in the form of articles and are often collected and published in book form. In the modern essay, the distinction between the personal and the objective is hardly noticeable. It is at once expository, reflective, and descriptive and one of its main elements is humor. Some of the important modern essayists are G.K.Chesterton, A.G.Gardiner, F.L.Lucas, Max Beerbohm, and Hilaire Belloc

https://track2training.org/2022/01/11/what-is-an-essay/

The Old Man and The Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is a novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cayo Blanco (Cuba), and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction written by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba.

In 1953, The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by the Nobel Committee as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954.

CHARACTER SKETCH

SANTIAGO

Santiago is the protagonist of the novella. He is an old fisherman in Cuba who, at the beginning of the book has not caught anything for eighty-four days. The novella follows Santiago’s quest for the great catch that will save his career. Santiago endures a great struggle with an uncommonly large and noble marlin only to lose the fish to rapacious sharks on his way back to land Despite this loss. Santiago ends the novel with his spirit undefeated. Santiago represents Hemingway himself searching for his next great book.

MANOLIN

Manolin is Santiago’s only friend and companion. Santiago taught Manolin to fish, and the boy used to go out to sea with the old man until his parents objected to Santiago’s bad luck. Manolin still helps Santiago pull in his boat in the evenings and provides the old man with food and bait when he needs it. Manolin is the reader’s surrogate in the novel, appreciating Santiago’s heroic spirit and skill despite his outward lack of Success.

The Marlin

Although he does not speak and we do not have access to his thoughts, the marlin is certainly an important character in the novella. The marlin is the fish Santiago spends the majority of the novel tracking, kiling, and attempting to bring to shore The marlin is larger and more spirited than any Santiago has ever seen. Santiago idealizes the marlin ascribing to it traits of great nobility, a fish to which he must prove his own nobility if he is to be worthy to catch it

Summary and Review

This is a story about an old fisherman who is on somewhat of an unlucky streak. The only other fisherman who still believes in him is a young boy who has helped him fish in the past. The boy often takes care of the old man, who lives in a shack and often goes hungry.

The old man goes out, as he does every day, and tosses his line over the edge of the boat. He waits until something sharp pulls on the line. The fish is so strong that it begins to pull the boat.

The fish is resilient and continues to pull the boat further and further through the night. On the second day, the old man realizes he needs food and catches a dolphin, which he eats.

On the third day, he finally outlasts the fish and harpoons him. He drags the marlin to the side of the boat and is happy with his catch. However, he has to defend his catch against the slew of sharks.

He manages to kill several sharks, but by the time he makes it back to town, the marlin is nothing but bones. Exhausted, he barely makes it back to his shack, where he is greeted by the boy.

While other authors have dealt with man against nature, this story concentrates on that theme through its length, as well as the narrative. Hemingway often puts the reader into the mind of the old man with dialogue, but also internal monologue. This may present the old man as crazy, but it also reveals his emotions as he battles the fish over three days.

This, of course sets up the tragic ending where he is left to fight off the sharks from his prize catch that nearly took his life. The guy spent three days out at sea and had nothing to show for it when he got back. The ending is somewhat questionable as well. The old man is still poor, but the boy, and the other fishermen, have newfound respect for him. You may not be able to teach an old dog new tricks, but he may still be able to impress you.

The Deadly Fashion Trends that Actually Killed People

Beauty is the subject of a magnificent exhibition of around 150 objects assembled in the British Museum—Defining Beauty: the Body in Ancient Greek Art. One quoted epigram from Socrates sums up the central idea of this show—”It is a disgrace to grow old through sheer carelessness before seeing what manner of man you may become by developing your bodily strength and beauty to their highest limit.” But as Ian Jenkins, a Senior Curator at the museum, argued in a talk at the preview, this exhibition is really about “the quarrel between art and philosophy”.

The definition of beauty has changed a lot with time. The feminine beauty ideal, which also includes female body shape, varies from culture to culture. The feminine beauty ideal traits include but are not limited to: female body shape, eyelid shape, skin tones, height, clothing style, modified facial features, hairstyle and body weight. From a very young age, women are raised to live up to unrealistic beauty standards put upon them by society. They are expected to be hairless all over their body, have to be slim with no tummy but big butt, smell like daisies and roses all the time, not have regular bodily fluids and gases, and be an all-around perfect Barbie. It is hard to live up to something so unobtainable especially starting at an age as low as three. Having a normalized yet extraordinary societal implication drilled into you as soon as you are out of the womb is and can be mentally and physically draining. Social media, magazines, newspapers, and even televisions tend to push high and barely achievable standards. You must look a certain way for society to at least acknowledge your “beauty” even when you have tried to mold yourself to please them. Even then there is always criticism behind it all. Women have to be slim but not too slim, thick but not too thick to where you have a tummy. Women can wear makeup but not too much because it would look like we are trying too hard. We can show skin but not too much because we would get shamed. It is considered weird or impolite for a woman to even have bodily gases. What can we do but try to love ourselves as is?

All these beauty standards are not modern things. These are going on from the past and today I am going to show you how women used to make their body beautiful by using the following “so called” beauty stuffs or hacks which were actually killing their body.

1) ORGAN CRUSHING CORSETS

The ideal of what a woman’s body should look like has changed dramatically over time and varies by culture. One of the most well-known historical attempts at changing a woman’s body shape, corseting of the waist to make an hourglass figure left lasting effects on the skeleton, deforming the ribs and misaligning the spine. Corset-wearing was common in the 18th and 19th centuries across Europe and across different socioeconomic classes. Women wore corsets to shape their bodies away from nature and toward a more ‘civilized’ ideal form. A woman would wear her corset for almost her entire life. Very young children were placed in corsets, as advertisements from Paris at the time mention sizing “pour enfants & fillettes.” Even in pregnancy, special corsets were made to fit a woman’s growing belly and, later, her need to nurse her baby. Side gussets or special snaps over the breasts, were used to accommodate their changing form while still allowing them to follow the fashion of the time. While scholars still debate the extent to which patriarchal control over women’s bodies and women’s own clothing choices affected corseting practices, it is clear that long-term use of these garments caused changes in women’s skeletons. By looking at the variation in corsets and their physical effects on the spine, and correlating those observations with age-at-death.

2) EATING TAPEWORMS TO LOSE WEIGHT

Individuals seeking to lose weight are constantly confronted with a variety of diets, supplements, and weight-loss regimens to choose from. Whether in magazines, on television or on the Internet, the consumer can be bombarded with any number of advertisements that claim to offer them the opportunity to lose weight with their products. However, individuals need to be cautious and well-informed when considering what products to use, as certain weight-loss marketing claims are not only misleading but also potentially detrimental to your health. The use of tapeworms for weight-loss purposes illustrates this risk. Sometimes the affected individual may notice a segment of the tapeworm in their feces. More serious complications can also occur in some individuals. Tapeworms rarely can cause obstruction of the intestines, requiring surgery in order to resolve the blockage. Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) can sometimes result in a disease called cysticercosis, which occurs when the eggs of the pork tapeworm are ingested by humans. The larvae can then penetrate the intestinal wall and disseminate into the bloodstream to other parts of the body, leading to the formation of cysts throughout the body. These cysts can sometimes spread to the brain (neurocysticercosis), leading to headaches, confusion, seizures, and rarely, death.

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3) HOBBLE SKIRTS

A hobble skirt was a skirt with a narrow enough hem to significantly impede the wearer’s stride. It was called a “hobble skirt” because it seemed to hobble any woman as she walked. Hobble skirts were a short-lived fashion trend that peaked between 1908 and 1914. Hobble skirts were directly responsible for several deaths. In 1910, a hobble-skirt-wearing woman was killed by a loose horse at a racetrack outside Paris. A year later, eighteen-year-old Ida Goyette stumbled on an Erie Canal bridge while wearing a hobble skirt, fell over the railing, and drowned.

4) THE STIFF HIGH COLLAR

Not only women but men were also the prey for this so-called fashion trends. The detachable collar sound innocuous enough, but in reality it was a deadly hidden killer. Known as the “Vatermorder” (father killer), this collar was designed to keep the necks of men straight and, er, erect (you can guess what parallels they were attempting to draw there). This meant that they were essentially corsets for the throat. The stiff, high collar could easily cut off blood circulation and air supply, leading to death by asphyxiation at the slightest pressure or swelling, and there were even reports of the torture collars literally cutting through the neck of the wearer.

5) FOOT BINDING

There’s nothing worse that a woman galumphing around the place with her normal-sized feet, is there? Well, something just had to be done. Foot binding was practiced by the Chinese for more than a thousand years, and is thought to have claimed the lives of more than a million women during that time. First, a girl of around four years old was treated to a nice foot spa of vinegar and botanicals. He toenails were then removed, her feet broken and bent in on themselves and wrapped in tight bandages. The broken and bound feet were highly susceptible to infection, and bits often dropped off due to lack of blood supply. If a girl’s feet were still considered too big, shards of broken tile were sometime inserted into the bindings to encourage the toes to fall off through infection. Death by septic shock was common, as was gangrene and broken bones from “falling off” bound feet.

THE BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH-PART2

HIS POETRY:

William Wordsworth records that his earliest verses were written at school and that they were ” a tame imitation of Pope’s Versification”. This is an interesting admission of the still surviving domination of the earlier poet. At the University, he composed some poetry, which appeared as An Evening Walk(1793) and Descriptive Sketches (1793). In style, these poems have little originality, but they already show the Wordsworthian eye for nature. The first fruits of his genius were seen in the Lyrical Ballads (1798), a joint production by Coleridge and himself, which was published at Bristol. Wordsworth had the larger share in the book. Some of his poems in it, such as The Thorn and The Idiot Boy, are condemned as being trivial and childish in style; a few, such as Simon Lee and Expostulation and Reply, are more adequate in their expression; and the concluding piece, Tintern Abbey, is one of the triumphs of his Genius.

The Prelude, which was completed in 1805 but not published until 1850, after Wordsworth’s death, is the record of his development as a poet. The Solitary Reaper, The Green Linnet, Ode on the Intimations of immortality, Resolution, and Independence, Ode to Duty; and the Sonnets dedicated to National independence and Liberty are of a quality that has led many critics to hail them as the finest sonnets in the language.

HIS THEORY OF POETRY:

In the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set out his theory of poetry. It reveals a lofty conception of the dignity of that art which is ” the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge”, and which is the product of “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,” taking its origin from ” emotion recollected in tranquility”. Wordsworthian dogma can be divided into two portions concerning ( a) subject and ( b) the style of poetry.

(a) Regarding subject, wordsworth declares his preference for ” incidents and situations from common life“: to obtain such situations, “humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because in that condition the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity.

(b) Wordsworth’s views on poetical Style are the most revolutionary of all the ideas in this preface. He insists that his poems contain little poetic diction, and are written in ” a selection of the real language of men in a state of vivid sensation.

FEATURES OF HIS POETRY:

Some of the main features of Wordsworth’s poetry are a spiritual veneration for nature, a dislike for modernity, an interest in the individual and the imagination, a fascination with childhood, and the employment of common language. In his treatment of nature, however, he is not content merely to rejoice: he tries to see more deeply and to find the secret Springs of this joy and thanksgiving He strives to capture and embody in words such deep-seated emotions, but almost of necessity from the very nature of the case, with little success.His work exhibits many of the characteristics of Romantic poetry, including a disdain for the ugliness of modernity, a spiritual reverence for nature, an appreciation for childhood, a focus on the individual and the human mind.

————————THE END———————-

Published by Ayisha Shabana….

How Can Yoga Therapy help?

Yoga therapy meets people where they are, connecting them to their own innate healing potential. Yoga therapy clients report experiencing improved mood, decreased stress and chronic pain, and more. See a sample list of research articles on yoga therapy and yoga.

Women exercising in fitness studio yoga classes

One mechanism researchers have uncovered is yoga’s capacity to affect the nervous system by improving our ability to self-regulate. The practice uses methods that work via both the mind and the body, known in research as top-down and bottom-up regulation. Put simply, top-down regulation uses cognitive tools like meditation and ethical inquiry to affect the state of the body, whereas bottom-up regulation uses the body itself, through movement and breathing techniques, to change the state of the nervous system and to affect thoughts and emotions.

In short, the practice of yoga equips us with a comprehensive toolkit to help support regulation and resilience in the mind-body system. Yoga therapy is the specific use of these tools by a trained practitioner.

Click left or below to find out how individually tailored yoga therapy can help with

Chronic pain, including low-back pain, arthritis, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and other types of pain such as that associated with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome
Mental health, including concerns like anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, insomnia, and others
Neurological issues and complications of stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Support for illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease
Overall well-being (you don’t need to be sick or in pain for yoga therapy to have value!) and healthy aging

Ikigai: why is it Important?

I have been fascinated by the Japanese and their culture for at least ten years now and I have learned a lot from them. Some of the things I am most fascinated by about the Japanese are their longevity (the Japanese have the longest lifespans of any race in the world), the high importance they place on teamwork, social connections and social responsibility, and their incredibly healthy diets.

If you ask someone the reason why the average Japanese lives so long, the answer you will probably receive is, “because they have a healthy diet”. And that answer is mostly correct. But, as it turns out, there might be more to it than simply a healthy diet. It may also have to do with the fact that the Japanese believe in and adhere to something called “ikigai”, which loosely means “reason for being” or “reason for waking up”.

The Japanese take their ikigai seriously and this motivates them in many ways. It is somewhat akin to the word “passion” in English. It may relate to a person’s career or job, but it does not have to. In fact, only about a third of Japanese profess that their ikigai is related to the type of work they do.

Very often, the Japanese will cite social connections and responsibility as their ikigai. For example, the older generation is respected and highly appreciated. Their opinions and experience are valued by society and this allows them to feel a sense of purpose and responsibility towards others. In other words, their lives matter.

Unlike in the West where our passions mostly take into account what we love to do, ikigai also involves doing something that we love, but it also places a lot of emphasis on a group and fulfilling a role that benefits that group as a whole. Many Japanese are part of formal groups called “moai” and they consider their connection to these groups to be very important in their lives.

A fisherman’s ikigai might be to hone his craft so that he can help successfully feed his family, his moai, or the town, village, or city. A grandmother’s ikigai may be to impart wisdom to the younger generation. A traditional chef’s ikigai might involve preserving ancient recipes and passing them on so that every new generation can enjoy traditional Japanese food. A man who conducts the church choir every week might cite that as his ikigai.

Interestingly enough, a lot of research shows that the earlier a person retires, the higher the risk of an earlier death. This could have something to do with inactivity and being sedentary. It also could have something to do with losing one’s “raison d’etre”, or ikigai.

Some people in the West compare ikigai to happiness, but the two are not synonymous. Ikigai refers to finding happiness and joy in the small, day-to-day activities rather than reaching some final goal that promises bliss. It encompasses finding meaning in the small things. In fact, a person’s ikigai gives them a reason for living even when they are unhappy or miserable in the moment. It is what Victor Frankl wrote about in his epic book, Man’s Search For Meaning. In other words, one can still experience his or her ikigai during times of hardship or suffering. It fosters resilience.

How to Find Your Ikigai

Simply put, your ikigai is where what you are good at, what you love, and what your values are, intersect. When all three of these factors are in line and congruent, it is likely that you have found your ikigai. Try to recall a time when you were doing something and were so engrossed in it that you lost track of time and forgot to eat lunch or dinner. This is often referred to as being in the “flow”.

When you pay attention to tasks that seem to “flow” to you, you will find your ikigai and even deepen your association with it. You will find your life to be more meaningful and enjoyable. Once you notice the things that have meaning to you, you must then take the additional step of incorporating more of those types of tasks into your life. In other words, it requires some action and will not just happen on its own.

This also involves eliminating some things that are not harmonious with your values, that you are not good at, or that you do not like to do. Of course, this does not mean that you can get rid of every single task or activity that you do not like (some people do not like to brush their teeth, but it needs to be done anyway). But it does reduce the amount of tasks that are meaningless to you. Some people delegate these “meaningless” tasks to others to create more time for the tasks related to their ikigai.

One important point to note is that, once you find your ikigai, it will help you see the bigger picture and make even some mundane tasks more meaningful. For example, helping others by conducting research and writing this blog is very meaningful to me. I often experience “flow” and lose track of time when I am writing a blog post. However, I have also come to see that proofreading and correcting my mistakes (not my favorite things to do) are necessary in order to create an article that my readers like and can benefit from.

Knowing what your ikigai is (you can have more than one, although I would be suspicious if a person had more than four or five) not only creates more happiness and meaning in your life, it also can help you live a longer and healthier life. It makes sense if you really think about it: a person is more likely to jump out of bed each morning with vigor if he knows that the tasks he has to perform will make him more proficient at it, happier, and make a difference in the world. Knowing your ikigai also increases the likelihood of you taking better care of your health because your life has meaning.

Knowing your ikigai can be one of the most rewarding things in a person’s life. What is yours?

THE BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH-PART1

HIS LIFE:

Wordsworth was born at Cockermouth, a town that is actually outside the Lake District. His father, who was a lawyer, died when Wordsworth was thirteen years old. The elder Wordsworth left very little money, and that was mainly in the form of a claim on Lord Lonsdale, who refused outright to pay his debt, so that William had to depend on the generosity of two uncles, who paid for his schooling at Hawkshead, near lake Windermere. Subsequently, Wordsworth went to Cambridge, entering St John’s college in 1787. His work at the University was quite undistinguished and having graduated in 1791, he left with no fixed career in view. After spending a few months in London, he crossed over to France (1791) and stayed at Orleans and Blois for nearly a year. He returned to Paris in 1792, just, after the September massacres, and the sights and stories, that greeted, him there shook his faith in the dominant political doctrine. Even yet, however, he thought of becoming a Girondin, or moderate Republican, but his allowance from home was stopped, and he returned to England. with his sister Dorothy (henceforward his long-life companion), he settled in a little cottage in Dorset; then, having met Coleridge, they moved to Alfoxden, a house in Somersetshire, to live near him. It was there that the two poets took the Series of Walks the fruit of which was to be the Lyrical Ballads.

After a visit to Germany in 1789-99, the Wordsworths Settled in the Lake District, which was to be their home for the future. In turn, They occupied Dove Cottage, in TOWN END, GRASMERE (1799), ALLAN BANK (1808), GRASMERE PARSONAGE (1811), and lastly, the well-known residence of RYDAL MOUNT, which was Wordsworth’s home from 1813 till death. Shortly before he had moved to Rydal Mount, he received the sinecure of Distributor of stamps for Westmorland and was put out of reach of poverty. The remainder of his life was a model of domesticity. He was carefully tended by his Wife and Sister, who, with a zeal that was noteworthy, though it was injudicious, treasured every scrap of his poverty that they could lay their hands on. His great passion was for traveling. He explored most of the accessible parts of the continent and visited Scotland Several times. On the last occasion (1831) he and his daughter renewed their acquaintance with Scott at Abbotsford and saw the great novelist when he was fast crumbling into mental ruin.

Wordsworth’s poetry, which at first had been received with derision or indifference, was now winning its way, and recognition was general. In 1839, the Crown awarded him a pension of £300 a year; and on the death of Southey in 1843, he became Poet Laureate. Long before this time, he had discarded his early ideals and become the upholder of Conservatism. Throughout his life, however, he never wavered in his faith in himself and his immortality as a poet. He lived to see his own belief in his powers triumphantly justified. It is seldom indeed that such gigantic egoism is so amply and so justly repaid.

Will be continued…..

Published by Ayisha Shabana…..

FREDERICK T.WOOD’S ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE:

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

According to F.T.Wood, “Language is a refined human cry” which was used by Ancient Man Before the existence of words. Ancient Man used to cry or shout to express their emotions and thoughts. A language is a tool for communication that is used as a medium for the expression of thoughts. It is an outlet for emotions. There are two forms of language. (1.) A system of vocal symbols (Spoken). (2.) A system of symbols(Written).

WHAT IS THE SOURCES OF LANGUAGE ?

1. DIVINE SOURCES: According to the Bible and the Christian belief, Adam was the first man in the world. Thus he might be a speaker of the language and taught his children and it followed generation after generation in different forms of language.

2. CAVE ARTS: There are enormous sources of cave art that were found all over the world. Most of them were written/ drawn even thousands of centuries. F.T wood proposes cave art Might be one of the sources in the origin of language.

3. UNREFINED CRIES: A trivial movement of the mouth and breathing can produce audible sounds. So, In Ancient times, even though Man doesn’t know how to speak properly. He must have cried or laughed to call someone or express that he feared for something.

EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE:

The evolution of language is the study of the development of language. The primary need of language is only to communicate. When people need to record a particular thing, they used written form or printing form Language is an evolutionary process that is not stable all the time and constantly changes from one period to another. For example Chaucer’s Age vs Modern Age. Changes in pronunciation, Grammar, and meaning are one of the evolution in language.

FOUR BASIC THEORIES OF LANGUAGE:

1. BOW-WOW THEORY: Bow-wow theory is defined by sounds. This theory was coined by Max Muller. Bow Wow theory hypothesis is the most popular but perhaps the most far-fetched hypothesis of all. It is the idea that human language and vocabulary originated as a form of imitation. Words are coined by the imitations are called onomatopoeia. For example, the imitation of animal sounds, such as bow wow for a dog’s bark or a-choo for a sneeze.

2. DING DONG THEORY: The Dingdong theory was adopted by German scholar Max Muller. This theory holds that the beginning of language is to be found in the sense of Rhythm. For example: whenever we try to push our car or let’s take a group of workers pushing some big rock will make sound like Ho Ho or Yo Yo .

3. POOH POOH THEORY: Pooh pooh theory was first proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. This theory holds that speech began with the intersection: Spontaneous cries of pain (“ouch”), Surprise(“oh!”), and other such emotions. Rousseau says that language is a refinement of pain, pleasure, Surprise, Wonders etc.

4. GESTURE THEORY: This theory was first produced by Wilhelm Wundt, and later restarted by Sir Richard Paget. In his Book, Human Speech which we may call the gesture theory. This theory states that Man first started using gestures to communicate. These gestures began to Accompany by sounds that eventually developed into a language.

Published by Ayisha Shabana

ROLE OF YOGA IN BETTER HEALTH

The Sanskrit word “Yoga” is derived from its root “Yuj” which means “to join” or “to unite”. What are the two things that join together? A jivatman (embodied soul) unites with the Paramatman (Supreme Self or Spirit). Although the jivatman is a face of the Paramatman, and in essence both are the same, the jivatman has become subjectively separated from Paramatman, or God.This union of jivatman with Paramatman, and the methods by which the union is attained, both are called Yoga.

Yoga refers to that enormous body of spiritual values, attitudes, precepts and techniques which purify the mind and heart of a human being and enable him to realize his true nature, the Divinity within.

Importance & Benefits of Yoga

During this coronavirus pandemic yoga is the best thing to adopt as a lifestyle habit. It helps us build a strong physical, mental and spiritual health system. When combined with breathing and meditation, it acts as the best element to take care of our mind, body and soul. There are different forms of yoga that can help us to stay physically strong and mentally balanced. It could also be something you can motivate others in your family & social circle to do, as it could help them get through these times easily & healthily. Just like a normal walk in the park or 30 minutes of hard-core gym exercising, Yoga brings its own flavour and benefits to the table, which can be performed by people of all ages, and provides you with a holistic sense of health, which is especially required during these time.

Yoga offers physical and mental health benefits for people of all ages.

Physical Benefits of Yoga

1) Improves posture- Working for long hours on a desk could not only hurt your spine but also make you feel tired at the end of the day. Practicing certain yoga asanas could help you in improving your posture and also prevent pain in your neck and lower back.

2) Increases flexibility- When was the last time you wished you could easily touch your toes while bending forward? Well, practicing yoga could help you in that. Yoga can not only help you in increasing your flexibility but also let you perform complex asanas.

3) Builds muscle strength- Yoga could help in strengthening weak muscles of the body. It helps in toning which prevents frequent straining of the muscles.

4) Boosts metabolism– Yoga helps in retaining the vitality in your body along with keeping it fit. It motivates you towards healthy eating and improves the metabolic system of the body.

5) Helps in lowering blood sugar- Yoga not only helps in lowering blood sugar but also lowers bad cholesterol and boosts good cholesterol. It encourages weight loss and improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin.

6) Increases self-esteem– Practicing yoga would help you explore a different side of yourself. It would make you feel good about yourself and helps you take a positive approach in life.

7) Improves lung function– A lot of breathing exercises are said to improve lung function. Doing such exercises in a long run could cure respiratory problems. It also increases the capacity of your Lungs Open.

8) Helps you sleep better– Yoga helps in reducing stress and creates a routine which in turn makes a regular sleeping pattern. A relaxed encourages weight loss and improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin.

9) Increases blood flow– The relaxation exercises in yoga regulates blood to all parts of your body. Exercises such as handstand, helps venous blood from the lower part of the body to flow back to your heart, where it can be pumped back to the lungs to be oxygenated.

10) Keep diseases at bay– Yoga exercises have a beneficial effect on the immune system. It not only helps in destroying various viruses we catch during season change, but also boosts our immunity to fight off diseases.

Mental Benefits of Yoga

1) Relieves Anxiety– Many people begin practicing yoga as a way to cope with feelings of anxiety. Interestingly enough, there is quite a bit of research showing that yoga can help reduce anxiety.

2) Can Decrease Stress– Yoga is known for its ability to ease stress and promote relaxation. In fact, multiple studies have shown that it can decrease the secretion of cortisol, the primary stress hormone.

3) May Reduce Inflammation– In addition to improving your mental health, some studies suggest that practicing yoga may reduce inflammation as well.

4) Improves Quality of Life– Yoga is becoming increasingly common as an adjunct therapy to improve the quality of life for many individuals.

5) May Fight Depression– Some studies show that yoga may have an anti-depressant effect and could help decrease symptoms of depression. This may be because yoga is able to decrease levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that influences levels of serotonin, the neurotransmitter often associated with depression.

6) May Relieve Migraine– Traditionally, migraines are treated with medications to relieve and manage symptoms.

Conclusion

Yoga is the medicine for nearly every problem. As you practice yoga, it does not only help you to improve your physical body but also helps in maintaining your inner peace and relaxing your mind. Thus, there is nothing that yoga will not help. Moreover, yoga is not just a one-day practice; it’s a lifelong commitment.

How to Launch a Marketing Campaign for Your Small Business.

How to Launch a Marketing Campaign for Your Small Business in 7 Easy Steps Guidance and Insights | 5 Min Read

How to Launch a Marketing Campaign for Your Small Business

When one starts a business with getting the most out of whatever they plan to work out ,only when all the decision regarding the assessment is taken with full potential and with the smart work .

When running a small business or startup its just common for any business to get a most out the the work handling , but it’s for the time being and one have to make plans . Plans are just must . It’s as important for one as the backup , as no profit so , even no loss and at some space it’s just get into the minds of many .

So , when it comes to run a small business marketing campaign that should not only work out but even succeed , its come to the effort of an individual which will not only attract them but even make them indulge in it goes with the initiative that exists outside of your ongoing marketing tasks will include the following :

To short out the end goal :

The end should always be assured before starting , as it will not only saves one’s time but even makes anyone to plan things according and increase the success rate .

• The goal should be decided :

Before going ahead to start a campaign , the aim of the campaign should be decided as what is actually the motive behind the compaign , weather its for the promotion of new product or to increase the sales or just rasing awareness about the product and brand , . The goal should be decided .

• The budget of the campaign should be decided :

As it will not only plan the things according but even reduce the pressure in the spot , .

Why can one afford could be easily be done by setting up the budget .

• The identification of the audience :

To target the audience came to be an important aspect , not it now depend on the campaign which is actually about , .

So the targeted audience could be child or adult .

• The channel of conversation :

The channel of conversation goes important as it’s the medium through one can lay out the message to the targeted audience . It can be TV, radio , or just a stage campaign .

• The result should always be Analysed :

The result from the starting till the end should be analysed and measures could be taken within time for any of the issues .And analysing should the whole campaign , As what was exciting part and what problems did one faced . Than how many customers attracted Should one will be organising it again ,

Well marketing campaign seems to be easy , but it takes a lot from not only the organiser but from every people involved in this and After a phase it will be successful

Thank you.

Organizational Process

The Organizational Process

Organizing, like planning, must be a carefully worked out and applied process. This process involves determining what work is needed to accomplish the goal, assigning those tasks to individuals, and arranging those individuals in a decision‐making framework (organizational structure). The end result of the organizing process is an organization — a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to execute tasks to achieve goals, both effectively and efficiently.

A properly implemented organizing process should result in a work environment where all team members are aware of their responsibilities. If the organizing process is not conducted well, the results may yield confusion, frustration, loss of efficiency, and limited effectiveness.

In general, the organizational process consists of five steps (a flowchart of these steps is shown in Figure 1):

1.Review plans and objectives.

Objectives are the specific activities that must be completed to achieve goals. Plans shape the activities needed to reach those goals. Managers must examine plans initially and continue to do so as plans change and new goals are developed.

2.Determine the work activities necessary to accomplish objectives.

Although this task may seem overwhelming to some managers, it doesn’t need to be. Managers simply list and analyze all the tasks that need to be accomplished in order to reach organizational goals.

3.Classify and group the necessary work activities into manageable units.

A manager can group activities based on four models of departmentalization: functional, geographical, product, and customer.

4.Assign activities and delegate authority.

Managers assign the defined work activities to specific individuals. Also, they give each individual the authority (right) to carry out the assigned tasks.

5.Design a hierarchy of relationships.

A manager should determine the vertical (decision‐making) and horizontal (coordinating) relationships of the organization as a whole. Next, using the organizational chart, a manager should diagram the relationships

Tabulation Meaning

Tabulation Meaning:

Tabulation is a systematic and logical representation of numeric data in rows and columns to facilitate comparison and statistical analysis. It facilitates comparison by bringing related information close to each other and helps in statistical analysis and interpretation.

In other words, the method of placing organised data into a tabular form is known as tabulation. It may be complex, double, or simple, depending upon the nature of categorisation.

Objectives Of Tabulation:

(1) To simplify complex data

It reduces the bulk of information, i.e., it reduces raw data in a simplified and meaningful form so that it can be easily interpreted by a common man in less time.

(2) To bring out essential features of data

It brings out the chief/main characteristics of data.
It presents facts clearly and precisely without textual explanation.

(3) To facilitate comparison

The representation of data in rows and columns is helpful in simultaneous detailed comparison on the basis of several parameters.

(4) To facilitate statistical analysis

Tables serve as the best source of organised data for statistical analysis.
The task of computing average, dispersion, correlation, etc., becomes easier if data is presented in the form of a table.

(5) To save space

A table presents facts in a better way than the textual form.
It saves space without sacrificing the quality and quantity of data.

Also Read: What are Measures Of Dispersion?

Multiple Choice Questions:

Q.1- Tabulation makes the data

a. Simple
b. Complex
c. Very complex
d. None of the above

Q.2

a. To bring out essential features of the data
b. To facilitate statistical analysis
c. To save space
d. All of the above

Q.3 Tabular presentation of data saves space without compromising ________ of data?

a. Quality of data
b. Quantity of data
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above

Answer Key

1-a, 2-d, 3-c

The above-mentioned concept is for CBSE Class 11 Statistics for Economics – Meaning and Objective of Tabulation. For solutions and study materials for Class 11 Statistics for Economics, visit BYJU’S or download the app for the best learning experience.

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Exercise to Keep Healthy

1. Exercise

Exercise is one of the most important things you can do to combat stress.

It might seem contradictory, but putting physical stress on your body through exercise can relieve mental stress.

The benefits are strongest when you exercise regularly. People who exercise regularly are less likely to experience anxiety than those who don’t exercise .

There are a few reasons behind this:

Stress hormones: Exercise lowers your body’s stress hormones — such as cortisol — in the long run. It also helps release endorphins, which are chemicals that improve your mood and act as natural painkillers.
Sleep: Exercise can also improve your sleep quality, which can be negatively affected by stress and anxiety.
Confidence: When you exercise regularly, you may feel more competent and confident in your body, which in turn promotes mental wellbeing.
Try to find an exercises routine or activity you enjoy, such as walking, dancing, rock climbing or yoga.

Activities — such as walking or jogging — that involve repetitive movements of large muscle groups can be particularly stress relieving.

Certain supplements can reduce stress and anxiety, including ashwagandha, omega-3 fatty acids, green tea and lemon balm.

3. Light a candle

Using essential oils or burning a scented candle may help reduce your feelings of stress and anxiety.

Some scents are especially soothing. Here are some of the most calming scents:

Lavender
Rose
Vetiver
Bergamot
Roman chamomile
Neroli
Frankincense
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Orange or orange blossom
Geranium

Using scents to treat your mood is called aromatherapy. Several studies show that aromatherapy can decrease anxiety and i

4. Reduce your caffeine intake

Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate and energy drinks. High doses can increase anxiety (10Trusted Source).

People have different thresholds for how much caffeine they can tolerate.

If you notice that caffeine makes you jittery or anxious, consider cutting back.

Although many studies show that coffee can be healthy in moderation, it’s not for everyone. In general, five or fewer cups per day is considered a moderate amount.

Stress and anxiety are common experiences for most people. In fact, 70% of adults in the United States say they feel stress or anxiety daily.

Here are 16 simple ways to relieve stress and anxiety.

1. Exercise

Exercise is one of the most important things you can do to combat stress.

It might seem contradictory, but putting physical stress on your body through exercise can relieve mental stress.

The benefits are strongest when you exercise regularly. People who exercise regularly are less likely to experience anxiety than those who don’t exercise (1).

There are a few reasons behind this:

Stress hormones: Exercise lowers your body’s stress hormones — such as cortisol — in the long run. It also helps release endorphins, which are chemicals that improve your mood and act as natural painkillers.
Sleep: Exercise can also improve your sleep quality, which can be negatively affected by stress and anxiety.
Confidence: When you exercise regularly, you may feel more competent and confident in your body, which in turn promotes mental wellbeing.
Try to find an exercise routine or activity you enjoy, such as walking, dancing, rock climbing or yoga.

Activities — such as walking or jogging — that involve repetitive movements of large muscle groups can be particularly stress relieving.

SUMMARY
Regular exercise can help lower stress and anxiety by releasing endorphins and improving your sleep and self-image.

2. Consider supplements

Several supplements promote stress and anxiety reduction. Here is a brief overview of some of the most common ones:

Lemon balm: Lemon balm is a member of the mint family that has been studied for its anti-anxiety effects (2Trusted Source).
Omega-3 fatty acids: One study showed that medical students who received omega-3 supplements experienced a 20% reduction in anxiety symptoms (3Trusted Source).
Ashwagandha: Ashwagandha is an herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat stress and anxiety. Several studies suggest that it’s effective (4Trusted Source).
Green tea: Green tea contains many polyphenol antioxidants which provide health benefits. It may lower stress and anxiety by increasing serotonin levels (5Trusted Source).
Valerian: Valerian root is a popular sleep aid due to its tranquilizing effect. It contains valerenic acid, which alters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors to lower anxiety.
Kava kava: Kava kava is a psychoactive member of the pepper family. Long used as a sedative in the South Pacific, it is increasingly used in Europe and the US to treat mild stress and anxiety (6Trusted Source).

Some supplements can interact with medications or have side effects, so you may want to consult with a doctor if you have a medical condition.

4. Reduce your caffeine intake

Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate and energy drinks. High doses can increase anxiety (10Trusted Source).

People have different thresholds for how much caffeine they can tolerate.

If you notice that caffeine makes you jittery or anxious, consider cutting back.

Although many studies show that coffee can be healthy in moderation, it’s not for everyone. In general, five or fewer cups per day is considered a moderate amount.

SUMMARY
High quantities of caffeine can increase stress and anxiety. However, people’s sensitivity to caffeine can vary greatly.

5. Write it down

One way to handle stress is to write things down.

While recording what you’re stressed about is one approach, another is jotting down what you’re grateful for.

Gratitude may help relieve stress and anxiety by focusing your thoughts on what’s positive in your life.

6. Chew gum

For a super easy and quick stress reliever, try chewing a stick of gum.

One study showed that people who chewed gum had a greater sense of wellbeing and lower stress (11).

One possible explanation is that chewing gum causes brain waves similar to those of relaxed people. Another is that chewing gum promotes blood flow to your brain.

Additionally, one recent study found that stress relief was greatest when people chewed more strongly

7. Spend time with friends and family

Social support from friends and family can help you get through stressful times.

Being part of a friend network gives you a sense of belonging and self-worth, which can help you in tough times.

One study found that for women in particular, spending time with friends and children helps release oxytocin, a natural stress reliever. This effect is called “tend and befriend,” and is the opposite of the fight-or-flight response (13Trusted Source).

Keep in mind that both men and women benefit from friendship.

Another study found that men and women with the fewest social connections were more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety

Girl Child Protection

A recent news report revealed that not a single girl was born in 132 villages in Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand in the previous three months. Census 2011 had indicated that the child sex ratio of girls to boys (0-6 years) had deteriorated to 919 girls per thousand boys from 927 girls per 1000 boys in 2001. The adverse sex ratio is the result of a patriarchal mindset due to which families do not want to give birth to a daughter and raise her to fulfil her potential. How can we convince people of the importance of the girl child in India? How can we make everybody celebrate daughters?
Girl Child Protection- the need for Beti Zindabad
The struggle of a girl child begins even before the day she is conceived. In India, female foeticide is a worrying practice, as cheap abortion technology allows households to exercise their preference for sons over daughters. She is ‘lucky’ if she is allowed to be born. Even after birth, the girl child faces discrimination and oppression. She is not provided with proper nutrition compared to her male siblings, her education is not given much importance and in many cases, parents prefer that their sons continue schooling, and want their daughters to stay at home and do household work. After marriage, the trials faced by women do not end as she continues to face oppression and even violence in her marital home.
We, at ActionAid Association, launched Beti Zindabad –a nation-wide campaign to tackle the adverse sex ratio. The campaign has grown since its inception and come to address a wide variety of issues of violence against women, the need to recognize and celebrate women’s place in the world of work, and efforts to ensure women’s access to the property, including housing and agricultural land.
Through all our interventions at ActionAid Association, we seek to reach out to the women in the communities we work with. We encourage them to take up positions of leadership in the family and the community. When we support the creation of collectives or community-based organisations in these communities or in our partner civil society we actively look for strong women community leaders and empower them to take up key positions in these groups. Our allies and partners are encouraged to take pride in their daughters and value the contributions of the women in their communities. This can be seen through programmes like the Beti Utsav where communities celebrate the birth of a girl child amongst them.
The Government is also concerned with declining child sex ratio and in 2015 it launched “Beti Bachao Beti Padhao” Scheme, to create awareness on the need to protect the girl child and focus on their education. We at ActionAid have welcomed this scheme and wish to support the government’s initiatives through our interventions. We seek to work with communities to celebrate the girl child and ensure the protection of the girl child.
How can we save girl children in India?
A girl smiling

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, the architect of the Constitution of India has said, “I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.” A country that empowers women empowers every individual! We have to start with protecting the girl child, ensuring that her birth is greeted with joy and she receives all the care and love needed to grow to her full potential. As a woman, we need to work to ensure that she gets every opportunity to realise her potential. By celebrating, protecting and educating the girl child, we empower her. By empowering our daughters we empower their communities which means empowering the nation! We must start making significant steps in the following directions:
Spread awareness and change mindsets to ensure that communities and families welcome and celebrate daughters.
Education for all girl children.
Create a safe environment for all women and support women’s resistance to violence.
Mobilize society, private enterprise and the government to recognize and celebrate women in the world of work.
Recognize, redistribute and reduce care work.
Ensure decent work, fair and equal wages and a safe working environment for women.
Ensure that women have access to the property, including house and land.

What is Junk Food

What Is Junk Food?

Junk food is the best example of an unbalanced diet categorised by a huge proportion of simple carbs, refined sugar, salt, saturated fat and with very low nutritional value. These foods are processed to a great extent where they almost lose all of their vital nutrients, fibre and water content. Junk food may be quite convenient, readily available on the go, cheap whereas healthy food is best for maintaining weight, getting an adequate amount of essential nutrients and for keeping you in good state of health.

Junk Vs Healthy Food

Healthy food refers to a whole lot of fresh and natural products such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and good fats that deliver your body with essential nutrients for carrying out several bodily processes, combat sickness and keep diseases at bay. Some of the healthy foods include apples, greens, carrots, oatmeal, whole grain, beans and legumes, fish, eggs, avocado, milk and milk products and olive oil to mention a few.

While, junk food is a highly processed food that is made up of ‘empty’ calories foods loaded with full of saturated fat, sugar and devoid of nutrients which neither helps the body to nurture, focus and perform vital functions all through the day. It includes packaged food products like chips, cookies, cakes, pastry, candy soda, ice-cream and a list of fast food items on the restaurant menus like pizza, pasta, burgers and French fries.

Why Is Healthy Food Better Than Junk Food?

When you consume a diet that is packed with natural fresh produce, it facilitates to lower the risk of several chronic disorders like cancer, obesity, cardiovascular problems, diabetes and many more. Furthermore, healthy foods are mostly low on calories and contain huge amounts of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and dietary fibre that are well-known for promoting total well-being.

Advantages Of Healthy Foods

Healthy foods like fruits and veggies or whole grain cereals are a source of good dietary fibre. An adequate amount of fibre in the diet helps with delaying gastric emptying time, keep you satiated and prevent you from overeating. Fibre-rich foods also benefit to maintain the digestive system healthy and function effectively thereby lowering cholesterol and blood glucose level.

Lean meat, legumes and nuts packed with a complete source of protein in a balanced meal plan promotes growth and development, maintain muscle mass, repairs and build body tissues, promotes cell regeneration and proper functioning of the brain and nervous system.

Advantages Of Healthy Foods

Junk Food Vs Healthy Food: Advantages, Disadvantages And Healthier Food Choices

October 13, 2020

Many of us love greasy and sugary foods and for those used to eating junk food – cheese, deep-fried, sweetness loaded delicacies are an obsession of sorts.

Thanks to globalization, various junk foods belonging to global cuisine have crept into your daily diet plan in the last couple of decades leading to an increase in the rate of childhood obesity and the risk of developing chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases etc.

If you ask, which one is better from the taste point of view, the battle between healthy food and junk food never ends. Mindful eaters might argue that nutritional food items are tastier too but when it comes to choosing between the two, junk food always win the race.

But why? Well, agree or disagree cravings are irresistible and unhealthy eating habits are actually a norm. We can kill our mid-day hunger pangs with an apple or a fistful of nuts, but most of us end nibbling upon a pile of French fries or pizza and even guzzle down fizzy drinks. It in fact, has become a mammoth task for these days parents in convincing their children to pick fresh veggies, fruits, nuts, salads, soups over these unhealthy and calorie loaded recipes.

What Is Junk Food?

Also Read: Craving For Junk Food? Try These Healthy Swaps Loaded With Nutrition – Infographic

Why do we enjoy junk food so much when we know that it is unhealthy for us? Read through this article to get a clear view on how junk food impacts your health and the merits of consuming nutritional food items.
Junk Vs Healthy Food

Junk Vs Healthy Food

Why Is Healthy Food Better Than Junk Food?

Advantages Of Healthy Foods

Also Read: 5 Healthy Food Choices To Start Your Day

Healthy foods are basically unprocessed, low on calories and do not miss out on vital nutrients. Consuming a wholesome meal comprising of whole-grain cereal, legume, low-fat dairy –paneer or curd, veggies and fruit meets your daily demands of nutrition.

Natural food produce is low on saturated fat, trans fat and calories which help you to manage weight.

Incorporating a rich array of healthful foods imbued with dense nutrient profile safeguard your heart, maintain lipid profile, control blood pressure and blood sugar levels, avert the risk of inflammation, boost metabolism, promote smooth digestion process, bolster immunity and keep diseases at bay.

Yes, healthy food not only provides you with needed essential nutrients but also delivers you with a spectrum of health incentives which hold a significant role in uplifting your overall physical, mental and emotional well-being.

The perks of healthy food and cons of junk food are quite clear, making mindful choices with your meals and snacks will let you to focus and concentrate well throughout the day. As the body’s needs are met by nutritionally loaded food choices it will keep you satiated and content. Moreover, this averts untimely snacking or binge eating.

When kids prefer healthy food it ensures them to be more productive and efficient with time and memorize things they have learned, rather than being sleepy and reading the same things over and over again.

High fibre foods release energy slowly, whereas sugar laden foods offer you a sudden burst of energy. You may be tempted to reach for that pack of chocolates around afternoons but choose an apple with peanut butter or banana or carrot sticks with yoghurt for conferring you with sustained energy needed to accomplish your day task.

Journey of the Flying Sikh

Overview and Early Life Milkha Singh, a legend in the history of Sports and Athletics was an Indian track and field sprinter born on 20th November, 1929. He was born in a Sikh family in Govindpura, a village 10 km from Muzaffargarh city in Punjab Province. He had 14 other siblings, eight of them died during the partition of India. Milkha was orphaned during the partition, when his parents were killed by a Muslim mobs in violence. He witnessed the killings. After seeing the deadly situation in Punjab, he decided to escape and came to Delhi, India in 1947 and lived with the family of his married sister for a short period of time. He was imprisoned in Tihar Jail for travelling in Train without ticket. His sister, Ishvar helped him in getting released. He spent his further some time at Refugee Camp , at Purana Quila and at a resettlement colony in Shahdara, both in Delhi. Milkha was discontented with his life and decided to become a dacoit, but was instead persuaded by his brother, Malkhan, to attempt to the recruitment to the Indian Army. He successfully gained entrance on his fourth attempt, in 1951, and while stationed at the Electrical Mechanical Engineering Centre in Secunderbad he was introduced to athletics. He had run the 10 km distance to and from school as a child and was selected by the army for special training in athletics after finishing sixth in a compulsory cross-country run for new recruits. Singh has acknowledged how the army introduced him to sport, saying that “I came from a remote village, I didn’t know what running was, or the Olympics”. International Career He was introduced to athletics and sports when he was recruited in Indian Army, at the Electrical Mechanical Engineering Centre in Secundarbad. He represented India in the 200 and 400 m competitions held in Olympics at Melbourne in 1956. In 1958, Singh set records for the 200m and 400m in the National Games of India, held at Cuttack, and also won gold medals in the same events at the Asian Games. He then won a gold medal in the 400m 2 / 3 (440 yards at this time) competition at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games with a time of 46.6 seconds. This latter achievement made him the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India. Before Vikas Gowda won the gold in 2014, Milkha was the only Indian male to have won an individual athletics gold medal at those Games. Jawaharlal Nehru tried to convince Milkha Singh to set aside his memories of his past during the Partition era, to focus on the to race successfully in 1960 against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, where a post-race comment by the then General Ayub Khan led to him acquiring the nickname of The Flying Sikh. At the 1962 Asian Games, held in Jakarta, Singh won gold in the 400m and in the 4 x 400m relay. He attended the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where he was entered to compete in the 400m, the 4 x 100m relay and the 4 x 400m relay. He did not take part in either the 400m or the 4 x 100m relay and the Indian team of Milkha Singh, Makhan Singh, Amrit Pal and Ajmer Singh were eliminated when they finished fourth in the heat stages of the 4 x 400m. There have been claims that Singh won 77 of his 80 races, but these are spurious. The number of races in which he participated is not verified, nor is the number of victories, but he lost a 400m race at the 1964 National Games in Calcutta to Makhan Singh and he did not finish first in any of his four races at the 1960 Olympic Games or the aforementioned qualification races at the 1956 Olympics. Singh’s time in the 1960 Olympics 400m final, which was run on a cinder track, set a national record that stood until 1998 when Paramjit Singh exceeded it on a synthetic track and with fully automatic timing that recorded 45.70 seconds. Although Singh’s Olympic result of 45.6 seconds had been hand-timed, an electronic system at those Games had determined his record to be 45.73. Later Life Milkha was promoted from the rank of sepoy to junior commissioned officer in recognition of his successes in the 1958 Asian Games. He 3 / 3 subsequently became Director of Sports in Punjab Ministry of Education, a post he retired from in 1998. Milkha was awarded the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest civilian award, following his success in 1958. In 2001, he turned down an offer of the Arjuna Award from the Indian government, arguing that it was intended to recognize young sports people and not those such as him. He also thought that the Award was being inappropriately given to people who had little notable involvement as active sports people at all. He said that “I have been clubbed with sportspersons who are nowhere near the level that I had achieved” and that the award had become devalued. While sharing his wealth of experience in a college in Goa on 25 August 2014, he also said, “The awards nowadays are distributed like ‘prasad’ in a temple. Why should one be honored when he or she has not achieved the benchmark for the award? I rejected the Arjuna I was offered after I received the Padma Shri. It was like being offered an SSC [secondary school] certificate after securing a Masters degree.” All of Singh’s medals have been donated to the nation. They were displayed at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi and later moved to a sports museum in Patiala, where a pair of running shoes that he wore in Rome are also displayed. In 2012, he donated the Adidas shoes that he had worn in the 1960 400m final to be sold in a charity auction organized by actor Rahul Bose. Milkha was admitted to the intensive care unit at Fortis Hospital in Mohali on 24 May 2021 with pneumonia caused by COVID-19. His condition was, for a while, described as stable, but he died on 18 June 2021 at 11:30 PM IST. His wife, Nirmal Kaur, had died a few days earlier on 13 June 2021, also due to COVID-19.

Habit 4 Think Win-WinBook by Stephen Covey.

Photo by Kampus Production on Pexels.com

Most of us learn to base our self worth on comparison and competition . We think about succeeding in terms of someone else failing . Here, Balancing between both courage and consideration is required .when it comes to interpersonal leadership the more genuine character is the higher our level of proactivity, the more committed we are to win ,the more powerful influence will be.

In order to establish effective interdependent relationship we must commit to create in Win-Win situation that are mutually beneficial and satisfying to each party .

So one time Stephen was asked to work with a company whose president was very concerned about the lack of cooperation among his people . Stephen was told the basic problem of the company that the people are not cooperative .if this problem is solved, they would definitely be able to produce so much more . Stephen was said to help them to develop a human relations program that will solve this problem . When Stephen looked deeply into this, he found that there was real selfishness and unwillingness to cooperate, a resistant to Authority ,defensive communication .when he look into it ,he found out the reason behind This behaviour of the managers, is it because of the reward which is somewhere for not cooperating or well known that the reward are much more greater for the people who cooperate .

Covey noticed a chart on the wall of the office behind a curtain , were a numbers of racehorses all lined up on a track, super imposed on the face of each horse was the face of one of his managers ,at the end of the track was a beautiful travel poster of Bermuda , once in a week the president use to show them this chart and discuss about cooperation ,about working together and to make more money by their efforts and will asking about the one who is going to win the trip to Bermuda. It was like telling one flower to grow and watering another. he wanted cooperation , he wanted his people to work together to share idea to all benefit from the effort ,but he was setting them up in a competition with each other .One manager’s success means failure for the other managers.

The problem in this company was the result of a flawed paradigm .The president was trying to get the fruits of the cooperation from a paradigm of competition and when it didn’t work he wanted a technique , a program ,a quick fix antidote to make his people cooperate. But you can’t change the fruit without changing the root working on the attitude and behaviour would have been hacking at the leaves so we focused instead on producing personal and organisational excellence in an entirely different way by developing information and reward system with reinforced the value of cooperation.

Whether you are the president of a company or the janitor , the moment you step from Independence to interdependence in any capacity, you step into a leadership role you were in a position of influencing other people and the habit of the effective interpersonal leadership is think Win-Win.

This habit is about working in collaboration with others and not competitively it’s about getting the most out of every relationship you have ,it is where two people form a group because the value gained from sharing ideas thinking collaboratively and finding the winner is so significant developing this habit in was consistently thinking of others ,considering their values and ensuring their thoughts and feelings are at the forefront of your mind. In doing this you can ensure that your behaviour is appropriate given the time in situation and you can work with that person without any healthy conflict or upset but it’s not just about being emphatic it require confidence courage and openness as well.

Stephen covey states that in order to manage our relationship with others effectively we need think win /win . beyond being a technique it is a philosophy .

According to the author there are six Paradigms of human interaction:

1.win / win : all of the parties win agreements and solution are mutually beneficial to everyone involved . With a win/win solution , all parties feel good about the decision and feel committed to the action plan . It sees life as a cooperative , not a competitive arena .

2. win / lose : if I win ,you lose,” win lose people tend to use their power positions and authority to get their way . One alternative to win/win is win/lose, the paradigm of the race to Bermuda . Most people have been deeply scripted in win/lose mentally since birth . There is a place for win/lose thinking truly competitive and low trust situation . But most of our life is not a competition, most of life is an interdependent , reality .most result depend on cooperation between people . And the win/lose mentality is dysfunction to that cooperation .

3. Lose /win : the other way around – “I loose ,you win “. This is the paradigm of people pleasing . Lose – win people seek popularity and validation . Lose/win is worse than win/lose because it has no standards , no demand , no expectation, no vision . People who think lose/win are usually quick to please or appease. Both win/lose and lose /win are weak position , based in personal insecurities.

4. Lose/ lose : both people lose, this happens when two win-lose people get together both of whom as stubborn and ego invested if the philosophy of conflict and war. Lose/lose is also the philosophy of the highly dependent person without inner direction who is miserable and thinks everyone should be too “ if nobody ever wins , perhaps being a loser isn’t bad.”

5. Win / simply think win : people with the wind mentality don’t necessarily want others to lose its is relevant they just want to get what they want. When there is no sense of contest or competition . Win is probably the most common approach in everyday negotiation .

6. Win /win or no deal: if you can’t reach a mutually beneficial agreement then there is no deal. .According to convey , ideal paradigm is to always think Win-Win in any and all situation .As it helps to create better relationship and build character.But many times “it depend” .if you win a football game , that means the other team loses .If you work in a regional office that is miles away from another regional office , and you don’t have a functional relationship between the offices , you may want to complete in a Win/lose situation to stimulate business. However ,you would not want to set up a win /lose situation like the “race to Bermuda” contest within a company or in a situation where you need cooperation among people or groups of people to achieve maximum success . If you value a relationship and the issue isn’t that really important , you may want to go for lose/win in some circumstances to genuinely affirm the other person. Than even you might go for lose/win if you feel the expenses of time and effort to achieve a win of any kind would violate other higher values. Maybe it isn’t worth it .

To best choice , than depends on reality. The challenge is to read the reality accurately and not to translate win/lose or other scripting into any situation .

Five dimensions of win win

1. Character

Covay identifies three traits that he considered essential to win win paradigm

1. Integrity

There’s no way to go for win win in our own lives if we don’t even know in a deep sense what constitutes a win, what is in fact harmonious with our innermost values .and if we can’t make and keep commitments to ourselves as well as others, our commitment become meaningless.

2. Maturity

Maturity Is the balance between courage and consideration. if I am high on courage and low on consideration, how will I think win/ lose .if I am high and consideration and low on courage, I will think lose /win the basic task of leadership is to increase the standard of living and the quality of life for all stakeholders.

3. Abundance

The abundance mentality ,is the flow out of a deep inner sense of personal worth and security . It is a paradigm that there is plenty out there and enough to spare for everybody. it result in sharing prestige, or recognition of profit,of decision making.

2. Relationship

Without trust the best we can do is compromise ; without trust ,we lack the credibility for open, mutual learning and communication and real creativity. This especially true when dealing with someone who has a win /loss paradigm. We have to plan a communicate more and do so with genuine courtesy, respect, and appreciation for that person .even when the point of view clashes with our own .it is also important to listen with great depth not just to hear the word but to really understand the root of other person worldview .

3. Agreement

Covey provides five element for creating win /win agreement.

• Desired result – identify what is to be done and when.

• Guidelines – specify the parameters within which results are to be accomplished.

• Resources – identify the human, financial, technical ,or organizational support available to help accomplish the results .

• Accountability- set up the standard of performance and the time of evaluation.

• Consequences- specify good and bad ,natural and logical what does and will happen as a result of the evaluation

4. System

If you want to achieve the goals and reflect the values in your mission statement ,then you need to align the reward system with these goals and values .It does not matter whether dealing with a business, community, family etc .If cooperation is the goal, the reward system must line up accordingly.

5. Processes

By processes , covey appears to mean , to solve the problem . There is a four step process covey suggest :

• See the problem from the other point of view. Really seek to understand and to give expression to the needs and concern of the other party as well as or better than they can themselves.

• Identify the key issue and concern(not position ) involved.

• Determine what results would constitute a fully acceptable solution.

• Identify possible knew options to achieve those result .

Thank you

Climate Change

In the atmosphere, because ecosystems play a key role in the global carbon cycle and in adapting to climate change, while also providing a wide range of ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Biodiversity can support efforts to reduce the negative effects of climate change. Conserved or restored habitats can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus helping to address climate change by storing carbon (for example, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). Moreover, conserving in-tact ecosystems, such as mangroves, for example, can help reduce the disastrous impacts of climate change such as flooding and storm surges. Ecosystem-based Adaptation Ecosystem-based adaptation, which integrates the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services into an overall adaptation strategy, can be cost-effective and generate social, economic and cultural co-benefits and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Conservation and management strategies that maintain and restore biodiversity can be expected to reduce some of the negative impacts from climate change; however, there are rates and magnitude of climate change for which natural adaptation will become increasingly difficult. Options to increase the adaptive capacity of species and ecosystems in the face of accelerating climate change include: Reducing non-climatic stresses, such as pollution, over-exploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation and invasive alien species. Wider adoption of conservation and sustainable use practices including through the strengthening of protected area networks. Facilitating adaptive management through strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems. Ecosystem-based adaptation uses biodiversity and ecosystem services in an overall adaptation strategy. It includes the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to provide services that help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. Examples of ecosystem-based adaptation activities include: Coastal defence through the maintenance and/or restoration of mangroves and other coastal wetlands to reduce coastal flooding and coastal erosion. Sustainable management of upland wetlands and floodplains for maintenance of water flow and quality. Conservation and restoration of forests to stabilize land slopes and regulate water flows. Establishment of diverse agrofo

Power of life and death in the tongue

Two frogs:A group of frogs was traveling through the woods and two of them fell into a deep pit. When the other frogs saw how deep the pit was, they told the two frogs that they were as good as dead. The two frogs ignored the comments and tried to jump up out of the pit with all their might. The other frogs kept telling them to stop, that they were as good as dead. Finally, one of the frogs took heed to what the other frogs were saying and gave up. He fell down and died.The other frog continued to jump as hard as he could. Once again, the crowd of frogs yelled at him to stop the pain and just die. He jumped even harder and finally made it out. When he got out, the other frogs said, “Did you not hear us?” The frog explained to them that he was deaf. He thought they were encouraging him the entire time.

Moral: There is power of life and death in the tongue. An encouraging word to someone who is down can lift them up and help them make it through the day. So be careful of what you say. Speak life to those who cross your path. The power of words… it is sometimes hard to understand that an encouraging word can go such a long way.

General Science

General science or Science in general is a systematic enterprise, which builds and organizes information and knowledge in the form of verifiable explanations and predictions about the world in general. This body of knowledge is well researched and documented with sufficient evidence. Though, science is usually categorized into: physical, chemical, medical, and life sciences, all these broad areas of science are directly or indirectly linked to natural sciences, as all of them discuss the various natural phenomena of this planet and the universe as a whole. While physical sciences encompass a vast variety of disciplines including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and related subjects, life sciences talks at length about microorganisms (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), plants, animals, and marine life on the earth. Industrialization and associated advancements in the science and technology, have resulted in immense growth in all fields of science including, medicine, engineering, and communication.

Political Science and International Relations

Political Science and International Relations are complementary and inter-related disciplines that explore power and politics in many different contexts. They provide concepts with which to explain, justify and critique the modern world. They examine ideologies such as colonisation and socialism. They explore systems of ideas like the new right, religious fundamentalism, and postmodernism. They analyse social movements that call for justice, development, gender equality or environmental protection. They help us to understand processes of electoral competition, government, and policy- making in New Zealand and a range of other countries across the world. They uncover the structures and motivations behind cooperation, conflict and war in the international system. They dig into issues of power, conflict, diplomacy, arms control, democracy, revolution, terrorism, developmental politics, civil society, human rights, foreign policy, humanitarian aid, and the international political economy.

Globalisation links people, cultures and countries much more closely than they have ever been. International Relations studies the relationships among countries and the roles of governmental and non-governmental organisations and multi-nationals. In an increasingly inter-connected world, people who understand and can work with these complex relationships have a significant advantage.

WHY STUDY POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS?

Studying these disciplines brings many benefits. There is the personal satisfaction and social confidence that comes from training your brain and raising your understanding of not only world events but also the events of daily life. Being able to step back and see a larger (political) process at work is very empowering at an individual level. It can take the sting out of tense or emotional situations and provide you with strategies that enable you to behave constructively and proactively. Being able to rise above difficulties and move on is enormously valuable in any work environment, particularly when professional issues or competing interests are involved.

Political Science and International Relations are embedded not only in social processes and group dynamics, but also different cultural realities. This raises your sensitivity to the taken-for-granted aspects of cultural experience, making you more open to different points of view and value systems. The ability to move comfortably within and between different cultures and political systems is fundamental to international business and trade activities, development support, humanitarian aid and peacekeeping missions. People with this kind of understanding are more likely to be successful in multi-national corporations and professional practices, non-government organisations (NGOs) such as aid agencies, and government agencies including diplomatic services and defence forces. They are also valuable ‘at home’ working in organisations where cultural or ethnic identity has a relationship with other social or political processes.

Both Political Science and International Relations are linked to the media and public perceptions and these connections are studied specifically. Those able to work with spin, impression management and damage control techniques, either for the purpose of debunking them or doing them convincingly, are also dealing with deeper issues of truth, accuracy and the right to know. These issues underpin many political, social and educational institutions, business enterprises and systems of justice, particularly where public accountability is a requirement.

Public administration

Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.

Consumer preferences towards online food products

1 . Abstract :

Food is one of the most common products for human beings. It is a basic source of survival. Today where people are at home or office or maybe at the spot of exchange, online food is one of the best and most productive ways for ordering as well as to satiate the hunger.

. Shopping for food online is a different thing from shopping for other things. Despite most of the population who, are dependent on online food services, many people Or consumers are still concern about the food safety of online food products.

Even where the internet has directly given a positive impact on consumers to get a better amount of satisfaction towards its easy access. However, even today, many factors are affecting the consumer Behaviour towards it, that involve, the prices, the accessibility, the preferences of the individual.

In this running world, online shopping is the only thing that is preferred with a believe of getting most out of whatever people need .

But whenever the term arises for shopping or ordering food products online their attitude lead to An arena in terms of their psychological state in terms of making purchases on internet .

Well , its all depend upon , identifying the problem of deciding to make purchases which are always based on there ever – evolving expectations and need .

Online

Online food products

Online shopping

3. Introduction :

With an advancement of internet, the extension of the online food services has been boosted enabling people to search , compare prices and access to these services conveniently .When compared to physical presence the consumers are more satisfied towards the services provided by online food delivery service and with its products .

In today’s words , the industry are providing a services leading to its 70% in gross domestic product .Nowadays , many online food portal provide the better usage of facilities provided by the restaurant .

Many people , just from the start of the child to an working professional is accustomed to ordering the food for breakfast , lunch , dinner which is rapidly increasing in the metropolitan cities in the country .

One of the reason was for the maximum convenience and transparency .To get through to consumer needs , the person involve in the online food servicing business constrain up with providing with increase facilities and services to them . With an updated knowledge of ones expectations will enable the firm to retain the customers to the greater extent .

The process of delivering a food from a restaurant with the help of cooperative web page created involves in online food ordering , as it takes place .Payment of which is made with either the credit cards and with the availability of cash on delivery. So basically, it’s a platform to reach a customer with their right preferences and their needs .

So , with a growing online, platform to ordered the food products is increasing with the fast pace . Due to the development in the cities and urbanization . Especially with the continuous arrival of professionals the online food products, service segment is now thriving at a Sizzling pace , some of the online food services includes food panda , Zomato , swiggy , just eat etc .

Even the customers , attraction towards the advertisement squeeze their time making them attracted towards it leading to of the factors for increasing sales and buying preferences . Even the most convenient method opted for their attraction was cash on delivery . It get easily delivered their home and with an easily assess to it putting a Breakout time free zone , buy just a top of their Smartphone which get them food home .

The recent creativeness offer online food servicing accent kept them fascinating towards it , Which involves :

Facebook ordering
Mobile ordering
Online coupons
One and only smartphones .

4. Following questions are asked while doing research :

1. Why people are more prone to buy online food products?

2. What factors are affecting customers to purchase or order food online?

3. Why are people so attracted towards buying online food products ?

4. How often customer go ahead to order online food products?

5.OBJECTIVES :-

1. changing attitude of customers from buying food from restaurants to buying

food online .

2. To study which segment is prone towards buying online food products.

3. To know the reason for preference towards online buying of food.

4. To analyse the level of satisfaction towards the consumption or purchase of online food.

Questionnaire

1.Name (optional)

2. Gender :- Male, Female, Other

3. Age group :- 0-10 , 10-20 , 20-above

4. Occupation :- Student , Professional, Other.

5. Education :- Schooling, Graduation, Post graduation, Other.

6. How often do you order online food products :- Regularly, Sometimes, Never.

7. Why you prefer buying online food products? :- Price, Taste, Easily accessible.

8. Do you think buying of food online is an effective substitute? :- Yes, No

9. Are you aware of various online portals that provides the platform to purchase food

online? :- Yes, No

10. If not why don’t you prefer buying food online? :- Quality issues, price, taste, Other ___

11. Which online method do you prefer :- Facebook ordering, Smartphone ordering, Digital Menu Board, Other ____

12. Which online portal do you prefer :- Zomato, Swiggy, Just eat , Other ____

8. OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS :–

Maximum of the respondents are in our survey is students who are pursuing graduation .
Most of the respondents are from 10- 20 years of age.
Maximum of the respondents are aware about online food products and their services.
Most of the respondents prefer online food products.
Maximum of the respondents are choosing to buy online food products and services for quality.
Most of the respondents said that the online food products are meeting their expectations.

9 . Conclusion :

When compared to physical presence the respondents are satisfied with buying online food products .Main reason for the purchase of food products online comes here as to sometime , and with convenient access to it. Both male and female have the same type of behaviour towards liking and purchasing physically . Many of them are students pursuing graduation .Many buyers are attracted towards the advertisement and fascinated towards a delivery faculty at home or the work place. Where main reason for dislike of the food products goes is, the inability to touch and feel the product utmost.

Well all after the other ,a good way of network mainly in this pace of running life. It takes consumer ,all their psychological thinking with a better expectations. Last but not the least is about the new online portals and credit cards give them a one tap access to whatever they are in need. So, it’s a medium of far more accessible than on wandering for it physically providing them comfort zones.

Thank you .

Internet Slangs

Internet Slangs With the increase of use of social media and chatting apps, there also has been an increase in the usage of slangs in the conversations. Internet slangs are basically the unofficial forms of language used among peers or in informal conversations. Since, these slangs are constantly being updated, here are some widely used internet slangs:

• AMA- Ask Me Anything

• ASAP- As Soon As Possible

• ATM- At The Moment

• BRB- Be Right Back

• BBL- Be Back Later

• BFF- Best Friends Forever

• BTW- By The Way

• DM- Direct Message

• DND- Do Not Disturb

• ETA- Estimated Time of Arrival

• FAQ- Frequently Asked Questions

• FIFY- Fixed It For You

• FOMO- Fear Of Missing Out

• FWB- Friends With Benefits

• FWIW – For What It’s Worth

• FYI- For Your Information

• GTG- Got To Go

• HTH- Hope This Helps

• IC- I See

• IDK- I Don’t Know

• IDC- I Don’t Care

• IKR- I Know Right

• IMO- In My Opinion

• IRL – In Real Life

• JAM- Just A Minute

• JFY- Just For You

• LMK- Let Me Know

• LOL- Laugh Out Loud

• MYOB- Mind Your Own Business

• N/A- Not Available

• noob- Newbie

• NP- No Problem

• NVM- Never Mind

• OMG- Oh My God

• OMW- On My Way

• PC-Personal Computer

• Pls-please

• RBTL-Read Between The Lines

• ROFL- Rolling On Floor Laughing

• TBA- To Be Announced

• TBC-To Be Continued

• TC- Take Care

• TIA-Thanks In Advance

• TMI- Too Much Information

• TTYL- Talk To You Later

• TY-Thank You

• WBU- What About You

• w/o- without

• WDYM- What Do You Mean

• XOXO-hugs and kisses

• YOLO- You Live Only Once

AVOIDING JUNK FOOD AND EATING HEALTHY

Health is wealth: this is an adage that is forever true. We are living in an age where everyone lives life in the fast lane. People want to get everything done quickly and on the go. Unfortunately, this attitude is also being applied to our eating habits, which has given rise to fast foods, aka. junk foods.

Of course, junk foods are extremely tasty and offer you a palatable taste and quickly satiate your hunger. They are easily available and have the ability to suit a wide variety of taste buds. But, taste is not everything, and researchers have pointed out that a diet consisting primarily of junk food can lead to many health problems.

Avoiding junk food once you’re used to it can be very difficult, but certainly not impossible. There are many healthy alternatives to junk food that can satisfy your palate as well as provide the essential nutrients that are required for the smooth functioning of the body and mind.

Adopting a diet that is free of junk food brings about many benefits such as weight loss, stronger bones, better digestion, sharper memory and a healthy heart. So, ditch that urge for fast food and hop on to the healthy-eating bandwagon.

What Is Junk Food?

0Why Is Healthy Food Better Than Junk Food?

Junk Food Vs Healthy Food: Advantages, Disadvantages And Healthier Food Choices

October 13, 2020

Many of us love greasy and sugary foods and for those used to eating junk food – cheese, deep-fried, sweetness loaded delicacies are an obsession of sorts.

What Is Junk Food?

Also Read: Craving For Junk Food? Try These Healthy Swaps Loaded With Nutrition – Infographic

Junk Vs Healthy Food

Why Is Healthy Food Better Than Junk Food?

Advantages Of Healthy Foods

INDIAN AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.

There are some basic agricultural practices for crop production -:

Soil preparation
Sowing
Adding manure & fertilizer
Irrigation
Weeding
Crop protection
Harvesting
Storage
Soil preparation

Soil is prepared before sowing the seeds. The soil is loosened to increase the absorption of water and manures. Loosening of soil particles adds humus and nutrients in the soil that increases crop yields. Tilling or loosening the soil is done by ploughs which are pulled by a pair of bulls.

Tools used

Hoe, cultivator , plough

Sowing –

Sowing is a process of planting seeds into the soil. … All these precautions are essential for seed germination – the process of seeds developing into new plants.

The Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry

Metaphysical poetry is a group of poems that share common characteristics; they are all highly intellectualized, use rather strange imagery, use frequent paradox, and contain extremely complicated thought. The most common characteristic is that metaphysical poetry contained large doses of wit. Although the poets were examining serious questions about the existence of god or whether a human could perceive the world, the poets were sure to ponder those questions with humor. In addition, many of the poems explored the theme or carpe diem(seize the day) and investigated the humanity of life.

Delight in novel thought and expression The metaphysical poet deligthed in novel thoughts and expression. As Scott said, they played with thoughts. There is a fusion of passionate feelings and thought in their poems. Instead of the Elizabethan splendor of sound and imagery, the metaphysical employed subtlety of thought and verbal fancies.

conceit Metaphysical poetry uses conceit. A conceit is a far-fetched simile, an ingenious parallel between two highly dissimilar things. It is the ingenuity of a conceit rather than its justness that invites the reader’s attention. A metaphysical conceit is used to prove or define a point. In ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’, Donne compares two lovers to the two legs of a compass. In ‘The Ecstay’ he compares the eye beams of the lovers to a twisted thread that connects the lover’s eyes. This is exemplified in Cowley’s comparison of the experience of loving different women with traveling through different countries.

Concentration Metaphysical poetry is noted for its concentration. The reader is not allowed to pause and muse over the poem; he is required to pay attention and read on. A metaphysical poem tends to be brief. Words and thoughts are compressed. Length of line and rhyme scheme enforces the sense. Hence the reader is expected to concentrate.

Affectation, Hyperbole and Obscurity Metaphysical poetry is characterised by affectation and hyperbole, and occasional obscurity. The metaphysical poets had the license to say something unexpected and surprising. Their fancy and amplifications have no limit. In the task of finding verbal equivalents for their thoughts and feelings, the metaphysical poets often become obscure. As Dr. Johnson said, dissimilar ideas are yoked by violence together leading to obscurity. In Donne’s A Valediction of Weeping’, the use of geographical conceits makes it a little difficult to understand.

Argument and persuasion Argument and persuasion are two of the elements of a metaphysical poem. Every poem two is based on the memory of the experience. A need to argue arises out of it. The argument is done with help of conceit and dramatic presentation of thought and feelings.

The Scholarship of author Metaphysical poetry shows the scholarship of its authors. As Dr. Johnson pointed out they drew their similes and conceit from the recesses of learning unfamiliar to an average reader. The poems of Donne, Marvell, and Cowley especially show their vast learning in philosophy, literature, science, astronomy, and geography.

Love Metaphysical poetry includes the most impassioned love poetry in English. Donne’s poems like ‘The Anniversarie’, ‘The Good Morrow’, ‘The Canonisation’ and ‘The Extasie’ are love poems that raise the great metaphysical question of the relation of the spirit to the senses. Similarly is Marvell’s ‘To His Coy Mistress’. Some of the finest religious poems in English are also metaphysical poems. The poems of Herbert, Vaughan, and Marvell are examples.

https://track2training.org/2022/01/12/the-metaphysical-school-of-poetry/

FREEDOM OF PRESS

Why freedom of press is important? A fundamental need for a democratic society is free press. Freedom of speech is a universal human right. Without fundamental right India would just be another one of the countries like Syria, North Korea and cretain African countries, where there is still dictatorship and one party rule. Jawaharlal Nehru said “I would rather have a completely free press, with all dangers involved in the wrong use of that freedom,than the suppressed or regulated press.” In union of India vs association for democratic reforms the supreme court observed that freedom of speech and expression includes right to impart and receive information which includes freedom to hold opinion. Freedom of press has three essesntial elements.
              1. Freedom of access to all sources information
              2. Freedom of publication
              3. Freedom of circulation.
    The constitution of India gives us the ability to express what we want to say. This is called freddom of speech and expression.But it doesn’t really mean that what we can say or do whatever we want.Freedom of press is not specifically mentioned in article 19(1)(a). However it was made clear by the drafting committee that the press and an individual or a citizen were the same as far as their expression was concerned. In fact the constitution of India enforces a few terms and conditions that come along with this called “reasonable retrictions” This is expressed in article(19)(2) which lists eight restrictions that limits this freedom.
1. SECURITY OF THE STATE
          Speeches which insite or encourage the commission of violent crimes comes under threat to the security of state. Eg: for rebellion, war against the state, breaches of pubic safety etc
2. FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN STATE
           To prohibit unrestrained malicious propaganda against a friendly state which could jeopardize the good relations between the two states.
3. PUBLIC ORDER
             Implies absence of violence and an orderly state of affairs in which citizens can peacefully pursue their normal avocation of life. Thus creating internal disorder or rebellion would affect public order. Law punishing utterences made with the deliberate intention to hurt the relegious feelings of any class of person is valid because it imposes a restriction on the right of free speech in the interest of public order. Since such kind of speech or writing has the tendency to create public disorder
4. DECENCY OR MORALITY
           Sections 292 and 294 of Indian penal code provides instances of restrictions on the freedom of speech amd expression in the interest of decency or morality. These sections prohibit the sale or distribution or exhibition of obscene words etc in public places.
5. CONTEMPT OF COURT
            Restriction on the freedom of speech and expression can be imposed if it exceeds the reasonable and fair limit and amounts to contempt of court.
6. DEFAMATION
           A statement which injures a man’s reputation, amounts to defamation. Defamation consists in exposing a man to hatred, ridicule or contempt.
7. INCITEMENT TO AN OFFENCE
            Freedom of speeech and expression cannot confer a right to incite people to commit offences.
8. SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRITY OF STATE
             The main purpose is to guard the freedom of speech and expression from being used to assail the sovereignty and integrity of the state.

           A free press has a huge responsibility of reporting the truth and shaping people’s opinions. Responsible Journalism must be practiced to stop people from spreading hate and maintaining the harmony of a country.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES

Continue reading “THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES” →

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What is Globalization?

Impact of Globalization on Education

Damaging Impacts of Globalization in Education

Conclusion

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Dip

Starting Before Immersion

Motivational management

Motivation Explained

Promotion to Start a Project

Parkinson’s Law

Commitment device

Stay Motivated

How to proceed

reference

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False Beliefs About Self-Education

Self-Education In The 21st Century

Learning In The Real World

The Sandbox Method for Self-Education

Steps of the Sandbox Method

What Practicing the Sandbox Method Means

reference

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Book Summary

Analysis

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History of Tattoos

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some amazing facts about dogs:

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Does talking about the forbidden word “SEX” go against our culture?

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Symptoms

Causes and Prevention

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Learning how to prioritize

Master lists

Eisenhower Matrix

The Ivy Lee Method

The ABCDE method

Set the tone of the day by “Eating the frog”

Warren Buffett’s 2-list strategy

The sunk cost fallacy

REFERENCE

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“Focused” and “Diffused” Modes

Chunking

Beware of Illusions of Competence

Recall

Bite-Sized Testing

Over-Learning

Interleaving

Process over Product

Metaphors and Analogies

Study Groups / Teamwork

Reference

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