Certain colors have been associated with increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain. So how exactly does color work? How is color believed to impact mood and behavior?

What Is Color Psychology?

In 1666, English scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when pure white light passes through a prism, it separates into all of the visible colors. Newton also found that each color is made up of a single wavelength and cannot be separated any further into other colors.

Further experiments demonstrated that light could be combined to form other colors. For example, red light mixed with yellow light creates an orange color. Some colors, such as green and magenta, cancel each other out when mixed and result in a white light.

If you have ever painted, then you have probably noticed how certain colors can be mixed to create other colors.

“Given the prevalence of color, one would expect color psychology to be a well-developed area,” researchers Andrew Elliot and Markus Maier have noted. “Surprisingly, little theoretical or empirical work has been conducted to date on color’s influence on psychological functioning,1 and the work that has been done has been driven mostly by practical concerns, not scientific rigor.”

Despite the general lack of research in this area, the concept of color psychology has become a hot topic in marketing, art, design, and other areas. Much of the evidence in this emerging area is anecdotal at best, but researchers and experts have made a few important discoveries and observations about the psychology of color and the effect it has on moods, feelings, and behaviors.

For example, while the color white is used in many Western countries to represent purity and innocence, it is seen as a symbol of mourning in many Eastern countries.

The Psychological Effects of Color

Why is color such a powerful force in our lives? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds? While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning.

Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange, and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility.

Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.

How do people respond to different colors? Select a color below to learn more about the possible effects and find reactions from other readers:

• Black 
• White 
• Red 
• Blue 
• Green 
• Yellow 
• Purple 
• Brown 
• Orange 
• Pink

Color Psychology as Therapy

Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy, or the use of colors to heal. Chromotherapy is sometimes referred to as light therapy or colorology.

Colorology is still used today as a holistic or alternative treatment.2 In this treatment:

• Red is used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation.
• Yellow is thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body.
• Orange is used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels.
• Blue is believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain.
• Indigo shades are thought to alleviate skin problems.

Modern Research on Color Psychology

Most psychologists view color therapy with skepticism and point out that the supposed effects of color are often grossly exaggerated. Colors also have different meanings in different cultures.

However, existing research has found that color can impact people in a variety of surprising ways:

• Warm-colored placebo pills were reported as more effective than cool-colored placebo pills in one study.3
• Blue-colored streetlights can lead to reduced crime according to anecdotal evidence.
• Red causes people to react with greater speed and force, something that might prove useful during athletic activities according to researchers.4
• Black uniforms are more likely to receive penalties. Additionally, students were more likely to associate negative qualities with a player wearing a black uniform according to a study that looked at historical data of sports teams and what they were dressed.5

Color Can Influence Performance

Studies have also shown that certain colors can have an impact on performance. No one likes to see a graded test covered in red ink, but one study found that seeing the color red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance.6

While the color red is often described as threatening, arousing or exciting, many previous studies on the impact of the color red have been largely inconclusive. The study found, however, that exposing students to the color red prior to an exam has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance.

In the first of the six experiments described in the study, 71 U.S. colleges students were presented with a participant number colored either red, green or black prior to taking a five-minute test.

Color and Consumer Purchases

Color psychology suggests that various shades can have a wide range of effects, from boosting our moods to causing anxiety. But could the color of the products you purchase ever say something about your personality? For example, could the color of the car you buy somehow relate to some underlying personality traits or quirks?

Your color preferences why buying items might say something about the type of image you may be trying to project. Color preferences, from the clothes you wear to the car you drive, can sometimes make a statement about how we want other people to perceive us. Other factors such as age and gender can also influence the color choices we make.

• White: As many of our readers have suggested, the color white can feel fresh and clean. The color is often used to evoke a sense of youth and modernity.
• Black: Our readers often describe black as a “powerful” color, which might be the reason why black is the most popular color for luxury vehicles. People often describe the color as sexy, powerful, mysterious, and even ominous.
• Silver: It’s the third most popular color for vehicles and linked to a sense of innovation and modernity. High tech products are often silver, so the color is often linked to things that are new, modern, and cutting-edge.
• Red: Dreaming of a red vehicle? Red is a bold, attention-getting color, so preferring this type of car might mean you want to project an image of power, action, and confidence.
• Blue: People often describe blue as the color of stability and safety. Driving a blue car or SUV might indicate that you are dependable and trustworthy.
• Yellow: According to the experts, driving a yellow vehicle might mean that you are a happy person in general and perhaps a bit more willing than the average person to take risks.
• Gray: The experts suggest that people who drive gray cars don’t want to stand out and instead prefer something a bit more subtle.

Of course, the color selections we make are often influenced by factors including price, selection, and other practical concerns. Not only that, but color preferences can also change in time.7

A person might prefer brighter, more attention-getting colors when they are younger, but find themselves drawn to more traditional colors as they grow older. The personality of the buyer can play an important role in color selection, but buyers are often heavily influenced by factors such as price as well as availability.

For example, purchasing a white vehicle might be less about wanting people to think that you are young and modern and more about the climate you live in; people who live in hot climates typically prefer light-colored vehicles over dark ones.

The Nataraj Temple Chidambaram is also referred as Thillai Nataraj Temple. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is in the southern state of Tamilnadu in India. The temple has a deep mythical connection. When the name of the town was Thillai, a Shiva shrine used to be there in the temple. Chidambaram is the name of the city where the temple is now situated literally meaning “clothed in thought” or “atmosphere of wisdom”.

The architecture of the temple represents the link between arts and spirituality. The temple was constructed during the 10th Century when Chidambaram used to be the capital of the Chola dynasty. The Cholas considered Lord Shiva as Nataraj as their family deity. The Nataraj temple has undergone damage, renovation and expansion throughout the 2nd millennium. Although Shiva is the main deity of the temple, it also represents major themes from Vaishnavism, Shaktism and others with all due reverence. The Chidambaram temple complex proudly boasts of being one of the oldest temple complexes in Southern India. The most unique characteristic of the Nataraj Temple is the bejewelled image of Nataraj.

The temple has five main Halls or Sabhas namely the Kanaka Sabha, the Cit Sabha, Nritta Sabha, Deva Sabha and Raja Sabha. Nataraj happens to be one of the most momentous forms of Lord Shiva. Chidambaram is also amongst one of the most celebrated shrines of Lord Shiva in the country. The place also bears a significant importance from both cultural point of view and historical perspective as well.Now R & D, Western scientists have proved that at Lord Nataraja ‘s big toe is the Centre Point of World ‘s Magnetic Equator.

Ancient Tamil Scholar Thirumoolar has proved this Five thousand years ago! His treatise Thirumandiram is a wonderful Scientific guide for the whole world.

​Chidambaram temple embodies the following characteristics :

1. This temple is located at the Center Point of world ‘s Magnetic Equator.
2. amoung the “Pancha bootha” temples, Chidambaram denotes the Skies. Kalahasthi denotes Wind. Kanchi Ekambareswar denotes land. All these 3 temples are located in a straight line at 79 degrees 41 minutes Longitude. This can be verified. An amazing fact & astronomical miracle !
3. Chidambaram temple is based on the Human having 9 Entrances denoting 9 Entrances or Openings of the body.
4. Temple roof is made of 21600 gold sheets which denotes the 21600 breaths taken by a human being every day (15 x 60 x 24 = 21600)
5. These 21600 gold sheets are fixed on the “Vimanam” (Roof) using 72000 gold nails which denote the total no. of Nadis (Nerves) in the human body.
6. Thirumoolar states that man represents the shape of Shivalingam, which represents Chidambaram which represents Sadashivam which represents Lord SHIVA’s dance!
7. “Ponnambalam ” is placed slightly tilted towards the left. This represents our Heart. To reach this, we need to climb 5 steps called “Panchatshara padi ” “Si, Va, Ya, Na, Ma ” are the 5 Panchatshara mantras. There are 4 pillars holding the Kanagasabha representing the 4 Vedas.
8. Ponnambalam has 28 pillars denoting the 28 “Ahamas “as well as the 28 methods to worship Lord Shiva. These 28 pillars support 64 +64 Roof Beams which denote the 64 Arts. The cross beams represent the Blood Vessels running across the Human body.
9. Kalasas on the Golden Roof represent the 9 types of Sakthi or Energies.The 6 pillars at the Artha Mantapa represent the 6 types of Sashtras.The 18 pillars in the adjacant Mantapa represents 18 Puranams.
10. The dance of Lord Nataraja is described as Cosmic Dance by Western Scientists.

Quite a number of legends are associated with that of the Chidambaram Nataraj Temple. A couple of annual festivals and traditions that are celebrated with utmost grandeur and pomp are Aani Tirumanjanam and Margazhi Tiruvaadirai.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was an aerospace scientist who joined India’s defense department after graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology. He was a central figure in the development of the country’s nuclear capabilities and was hailed as a national hero after a series of successful tests in 1998. Kalam served as India’s president for one term from 2002 to 2007, and died of a heart attack on July 27, 2015.

Early Years

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a Muslim family on October 15, 1931, on the island of Dhanushkodi off the southeastern coast of India. He developed an early fascination with flight by watching birds, which developed into an interest in aeronautics after he saw a newspaper article about a British fighter plane.

Despite his modest beginnings – his dad built and rented boats – Kalam was a bright student who showed promise in science and mathematics. He attended St. Joseph’s College and went on to earn a degree in aeronautical engineering from the Madras Institute of Technology.

Rise to the Presidency

His hopes of becoming a fighter pilot were dashed when he narrowly missed out on a spot with the Indian Air Force. Kalam instead joined the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a senior scientific assistant in 1958. After moving to the newly formed Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, he was named project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle designed and produced on Indian soil.

Returning to the DRDO as director in 1982, Kalam implemented the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He then became the senior scientific adviser to India’s defense minister in 1992, a position he used to campaign for the development of nuclear tests.

Kalam was a key figure in the May 1998 Pokhran-II tests, in which five nuclear devices were detonated in the Rajasthan Desert. Although the tests resulted in condemnation and economic sanctions from other world powers, Kalam was hailed as a national hero for his staunch defense of the country’s security.

In 2002, India’s ruling National Democratic Alliance helped Kalam win an election against Lakshmi Sahgal and become India’s 11th president, a largely ceremonial post. Known as the People’s President, Kalam set a goal of conducting 500,000 one-on-one meetings with young people over the course of his five-year term. His immense popularity led to him being nominated by MTV for a Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 and 2006.

After leaving office in 2007, Kalam became a visiting professor at several universities. He formed the “What Can I Give Movement” in 2011 with the goal of creating a compassionate society, and in 2012, his efforts to improve healthcare led to the release of a tablet for medical personnel to use in remote areas.

Death and Legacy

On July 27, 2015, Kalam suffered a massive heart attack while lecturing at the Indian Institute of Management and subsequently died at the age of 83.

Kalam was laid to rest on July 30 with full state honors in his native Tamil Nadu. In honor of the scientist and former president, the southeast Indian state government of Tamil Nadu created a “Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award,” which recognizes exceptional individuals who promote the sciences, students and humanities. The government has also established Kalam’s birthday (October 15) as “Youth Renaissance Day.” Discussion about building a large-scale memorial at his burial site is underway.

Among his many accolades, including honorary doctorates from 40 universities, he was granted the Padma Bhushan (1981), the Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the Bharat Ratna (1997) — India’s highest civilian awards — for his contributions in modernizing government defense technology. He also wrote several books, including the autobiography Wings of Fire in 1999.

PALAKKAD: Bhuvaneswari Amma is 62. But her energy belies her age. She runs around her 24-acre organic farm, barefoot. She enters slushy paddy fields to plant saplings and remove weeds alongside workers, shares food with them in the fields. In between, food is packed and delivered to Covid-affected families. She also helps take patients to hospitals and supply medicines. She tutors students living in the vicinity as well.A resident of Kolayakode, Elapully, Bhuvaneswari’s passion for farming and charity work drives her to go the extra mile. As she walks along briskly, one is tempted to ask: “Where is your footwear?”

“With footwear, I feel like I am moving away from nature,” says Bhuvaneswari.Paddy is cultivated in ten acres and mango orchards constitute a similar area, she says. “Then there is turmeric, jackfruit trees, black gram, black sesame and different flowers.”She also rears hens, ducks and native varieties of cattle, like Vechur, Kasaragod Kullan and Gir. “The manure for the crops comes from the cattle. There is also a one-and-a-half-acre pond where fish is reared.”

Family support keeps her smiling and enjoying the work, she says.Dr N Shudhodhanan, a retired deputy director with the animal husbandry department who resides nearby, says Bhuvaneswari spends generously for the benefit of the sick and the needy. “Every week, she provides more than 100 relief kits and food to families struggling with disease and to old age homes. In the past, people in the area used to be abandoned in one corner of their houses when affected by cancer. Now, she helps take such persons to healthcare centres and give them medicines in consultation with medical practitioners,” he says.It started off with her husband Venkatachalapathy, a maths teacher who retired as the principal of the Government Moyans HSS, receiving a share of the ancestral property in Kolayakode. The couple’s two sons then secured jobs in European countries, and proceeded to ensure their parents’ happiness. They purchased all the adjacent land.Shudhodanan remembers that the land was full of wild growth two decades ago. The couple initially lived in a modest tiled house. Gradually, they implemented scientific methods and converted the land into a fertile plot through sheer hard work. “At that time, organic farming had not received the hype it now has,” recalls Bhuvaneswari, who is now an active member of the Jaiva Samrakshana Samithy.She has four children Sajith, Sabith, Sabitha and Aneesh. The 31-year-old Aneesh was adopted by the family when he was six. Bhuvaneswari is a much-loved volunteer of the Sneha Theeram Palliative unit, says K Revathy Babu, president of Elapully panchayat.she is the super model mother.

By : G Gnana Priya dharshini

     Peer pressure can be both negative and positive. Because if a person is a peer pressuring you for a good cause then it is motivation. Motivation is essential for the growth of a person. While peer pressure for a bad cause will always lead you to a disastrous situation.

Therefore it necessary for a person to not get influenced by the people around them. They should analyze the outcome of the deed in a strict manner. So that they no may commit anything harmful for themselves. As this world is full of bad people, so you need to be careful before trusting anybody.

Advantages of Peer Pressure

* Peer pressure is advantageous in many ways. Most importantly it creates a sense of motivation in the person. Which further forces the person to cross the barrier and achieve something great. Furthermore, it boosts the confidence of a person. Because our brain considers people’s opinions and makes them a priority.

*Many salesmen and Entrepreneurs use this technique to influence people to buy their products. Whenever we are in a social meet we always get various recommendations. Therefore when a person gets these recommendations the brain already starts liking it. Or it creates a better image of that thing. This forces the person to buy the product or at least consider it.

*This peer pressure technique also works in creating a better character of a person. For instance, when we recommend someone for a particular job, the interviewer already gets a better image of that person. Because he is recommended by a person the interviewer trusts. Therefore there is a great chance of that person to get hired.

*Above all the main advantage of peer pressure can be in youth. If a young person gets influenced by an individual or a group of people. He can achieve greater heights in his career.

Disadvantages of Peer Pressure 

*There are various disadvantages of peer pressure which can harm a person in many ways. If any person is not willing to perform a task then the peer pressure can be frustrating to him.

*Furthermore, peer pressure should not be in an excessive manner. Because it lands a negative impact on the person. A person should be of the mindset of listening to himself first. While considering opinions in favor of him.

*Peer pressure in youth from a bad company can lead a person to a nasty situation. Furthermore, it can also hamper a student’s career and studies if not averted. Youth these days are much influenced by the glamorous life of celebrities.

*And since they follow them so much, these people become their peers. Thus they do such things that they should not. Drugs and smoking are major examples of this. Moreover most shocking is that the minors are even doing these things. This can have adverse effects on their growth and career.

*It is necessary to judge the outcome of a deed before getting influenced by peers. Furthermore, peer pressure should always be secondary. Your own thoughts and wants should always have the first priority.

Doctor’s are highly respected in the world, in which they are worshipped in India. By the way, man is not capable of comparing him to God, but the doctor has achieved this status through his work.By the way, life is not human, but death is in the hands of God, but now God has given the right to give experience to a person by making him a doctor. We call this life donor a doctor, who gives birth to us, as well as sometimes saves us from death. In the field of medicine, doctors have progressed day by day. Today, a doctor can cure the most significant disease. With the help of the wonders of science, doctors are able to reach here today. 

Celebrations are made to honour and salute the doctor’s dedication, work, loyalty, honesty, dedication. To know full information about this day and what is its history, look at this article.

History of National Doctor’s Day

Since it is celebrated on different days in different countries, the history of celebrating this day is also our own. Here we are going to talk about the history of Doctor’s Day in India.

Doctor’s Day in India was started in 1991 by the then Government of India. Since then every year, the first date of July is established to be recognized and celebrated as National Doctor’s Day.

This day was ensured to honour and pay tribute to the legendary doctor and other Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, across India. He was born on July 1, 1882, A.D in Patna city, Bihar, and died on this day 80 years later.

He completed his medical graduation from Calcutta and obtained MRCP and FRCP degrees in London in 1911 and returned to India the same year he started his medical career as a doctor in India.

He was a noted physician and renowned educationist of the country as well as a freedom fighter because he participated in the movements made by Mahatma Gandhi, and also took care of him in his fast.

After independence, he became the leader of the Indian National Congress Party and then later became the Chief Minister of West Bengal. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna Award in February 1961. Apart from this, Dr. BC Roy National Award was instituted in 1976 to remember him.

The award was to pay him respect and tribute. Therefore, to honour and remember such a great personality, National Doctor’s Day was started.

10 Lines about National Doctor’s Day

=>July 1 is celebrated every year on this day to commemorate the birth and death anniversary of the most famous doctor of the country Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy (Dr. B C Roy).

=>The Govt of India formally dedicated the day to be celebrated as National Doctor’s Day first time in 1991 A.D as a mark of respect to Roy, a famous physician and 2nd CM of West Bengal.

=>Bidhan Chandra Roy was a renowned educationist as well as a freedom fighter as he joined the Mahatma Gandhi during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

=>The Indian Government honoured him with the highest civilian award Bharat Ratna in 1961 for his immense contribution to the society.

=>The theme of 2019 National Doctors Day is “Zero tolerance to violence against doctors and clinical establishment”.

=>Doctors Day is celebrated on different dates world over. Some countries also observe a holiday on this day.

=>While the United States celebrates the Day on March 30 Iran observes the Day on August 23.

=>In the country of Brazil, National Doctors’ Day is celebrated as a holiday on October 18, the day when the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the anniversary of Saint Luke.

=>In the country of Cuba, National Doctors’ Day is celebrated as a holiday on December 3 to commemorate the birthday of Carlos Juan Finlay.

=>The first Doctors’ Day was observed on March 30, 1933, in Winder, Georgia, US.

Conclusion

Although a person does not visit the doctor for the common cold and mild fever, if the condition worsens, they should not be ignored. Doctor’s need to build trust while performing their duties honestly. I hope you liked this informative Essay on National Doctor’s Day.

The Beginning of Journalism 

Journalism is the gathering, organizing, and distribution of news — to include feature stories and commentary — through the wide variety of print and non-print media outlets. It is not a recent phenomenon, by any means; the earliest reference to a journalistic product comes from Rome circa 59 B.C., when news was recorded in a circular called the Acta Diurna. It enjoyed daily publication and was hung strategically throughout the city for all to read, or for those who were able to read.

During the Tang dynasty, from 618 A.D. to 907 A.D., China prepared a court report, then named a bao, to distribute to government officials for the purpose of keeping them informed of relevant events. It continued afterward in a variety of forms and names until the end of 1911, and the demise of the Qing dynasty. However, the first indication of a regular news publication can be traced to Germany, 1609, and the initial paper published in the English language (albeit “old English”) was the newspaper known as the Weekly Newes from 1622. The Daily Courant, however, first appearing in 1702, was the first daily paper for public consumption.

It should come as no surprise that these earliest forays into keeping the public informed were met with government opposition in many cases. They attempted to impose censorship by placing restrictions and taxes on publishers as a way to curb freedom of the press. But literacy among the population, as a whole, was growing and because of this, along with the introduction of technology that improved printing and circulation, newspaper publications saw their numbers explode; and even though there remain pockets of news censorship around the world today, for the most part, journalistic freedom reigns.

Time passed, and the cost of news gathering increased dramatically, as publications attempted to keep pace with what seemed to be a growing and insatiable appetite for printed news. Slowly, news agencies formed to take the place of independent publishers. They would hire people to gather and write news reports, and then sell these stories to a variety of individual news outlets. However, the print media was soon about to come head-to-head with an entirely new form of news gathering — first, with the invention of the telegraph, then quickly followed by the radio, the television, and mass broadcasting. It was an evolution of technology that seemed all but inevitable.

Non-print media changed the dynamics of news gathering and reporting altogether. It sped up all aspects of the process, making the news, itself, more timely and relevant. Soon, technology became an integral part of journalism, even if the ultimate product was in print form. Today, satellites that transmit information from one side of the globe to another in seconds, and the Internet, as well, place breaking news in the hands of almost every person in the world at the same time. This has created a new model of journalism once again, and one that will likely be the standard for the future.

The Rise of Journalism in the United States

Not everyone was enamored with news reporting. When the earliest colonies were settling into life on this continent, there were many influential leaders that spoke with disdain about the press. One such person was Governor William Berkeley of Virginia who, in 1671, claimed, “I thank God, there are no free schools, nor printing, and I hope we shall not have, these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God keep us from both.” That is not a comment one would expect to hear in the United States today. But this was spoken at a time before technology had altered publication, and the purpose of most municipalities and their leaders was to see to it that people conformed.

Recent History of Journalism

Journalism of the 20th century and this first decade and a half of the 21st century. There is no question that the professionalism of this industry has grown immensely since the days of yellow journalism. There are several factors that are credited with this, including the fact that journalism became a recognized area of study at the university level, giving it a sense of importance missing prior to this. As well, there was an increasing body of knowledge on all aspects of the field of journalism, laying bare its flaws for others to examine, and explaining the techniques of mass communication from a social and psychological viewpoint. At the same time, social responsibility became the hallmark of journalism and journalists themselves elevated the profession through the creation of professional organizations. “A free and responsible press” is the battle cry of the journalist today, as ethics and standards are an important consideration of all who enter the profession.

The news has been changing with the introduction of new technologies. Even with the introduction of radio, and later, television, newspapers remained the most trusted source of information for most Americans, who only supplemented them with non-print media information. That is not so today. Non-print media dominate news acquisition by the public, and it has become more influential than could have been suspected in its infancy. Americans, and others, turn to non-print media to get sound bites of what is happening globally. Newspapers that put time, effort, reflection, and sweat and blood into the process of news gathering and reporting still aim to provide an in-depth look at events. The question becomes, who wants to take the time to ponder the world at the level that newspapers challenge the reader to ascribe to? The term “news,” itself, has taken on new meaning. There is hard news, celebrity news, breaking news, and other categories that have altered journalism from its beginnings.

However, even as the world continues to change, there is an ongoing need for the printed word, even if it is delivered electronically, instead of on paper. That should be some comfort to journalists, for indeed, there is hope that there will always be the need for a free and honest press.

RamNath Kovind is the 14th President of India. He has been served in Indian politics for last 23 years. Associated with one of the leading political parties in India, BJP, Kovind has been selected as one of the nominees for the next President of India. RamNath Kovind belongs to Koli caste from UP. He has succeeded Pranab Mukherjee.

Ram Nath Kovind was born on 1st October in the year 1945. He was born and brought up in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He practiced in Delhi high court for long 16 years as a professional lawyer before he walked into the world of Indian politics in the year 1994.

Career:

*Ram Nath Kovind is a lawyer by profession. He completed his education in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Afterwards he moved to Delhi High Court.

*He practiced as central government advocate in Delhi high court for 2 years. He joined the court in 1977 and till 1979 he served as central government advocate. In the year 1978 he had become an advocate on record under Supreme Court.

*From 1980 to 1993 he worked under Supreme Court as a central government standing counsel. From 1977 to 1993, for a long 16 years, he had been served the Indian Law as an extra ordinary advocate.

Political Career

*In the year 1994, he walked into the India political world when he elected as an honourable member of Rajya Sabha. He elected as member of Rajya Sabha two times. Apart from 1994, he was also elected in 2002.

*He had served Indian politics for 12 long years until now. Along with Rajya Sabha, he was a pivotal part of many other parliamentary committees. Some of them are home affairs, welfare of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, law and justice, petroleum and natural gas, social justice and empowerment and also he was the chairman of Rajya Sabha House Committee.

*From 1998 to 2002, Ram Nath Kovind Ji was the President of the BJP Dalit Morcha. Also he was appointed as the President of All India Koli Samaj.

*In 2015, on 8th of August the President of India had appointed him as the Governor of Bihar. Since then he is serving as the GoB until now.

*On 19th June, 2017, after a couple of years of serving as the GoB, he has been elected as the honourable nominee of the National Democratic Alliance Presidential Election by the Prime Minister of India, Shree Narendra Modi.

*According to the PM of India, he is the most deserving candidate who can hold and carry the position of the President of the nation.

*He had represented India in the year 2002 during the month of October in United Nations in New York, USA. He was there to address the United Nations General Assembly.

Social Work:

During his political career, Ram Nath Kovind has been seen doing various social works especially for the people living in backward classes and such.

*After electing as the Rajya Sabha member, he has worked hard for the development of the basic needs for the infrastructure of the schools and educational institutions across the rural areas.

*Also he had provided government assistance to the local rulers to build up schools and institutions in many places across the state Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

*All these construction of schools and educational institutions were a part of Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme.

*He is also associated with two leading educational institution, one is Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh as an honourable member of the board of management. Another one is the Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata as a member of the board of governors.

1. Proper and good education is very important for all of us .it facilites quality learning all through the life amoung people of any age group ,cast,creed relegion and region.it is the process of achieving knowledge ,values,skills,
2. Better communication is yet another role education.education improves and refines the speech of a person .education makes an individual a better uses of language
3. Education certain determines the quality of an individual life .education improves ones knowledge skills and develop peronally .
4. Education helps in creation of a better society

1) Equestrian

This ‘sport’ involves running, steeple chasing, and vaulting while riding a horse. While most people would love nothing more than to bond with a powerful animal like a horse, this sport is reserved only for the privileged few.

Training and maintaining such a large animal can cost a pretty penny (or paisa). Take into account travelling to events and stabling the animal properly, and you’ll be spending roughly $200,000 (more than 1 crore) every year!

And this doesn’t include the cost of buying a racehorse.

2) Formula 1

To be a Formula One racer, you need to have your own car. And considering that a single wheel of a Formula One car costs more than a regular civilian car, you’ll need a ton of money to be able to get into this sport.

Besides, injuries in Formula One races are no small matter, and a crash can amount to far more than a sprained ankle. But let’s forget about the possible medical costs for a second; to simply enter a Formula 1 race costs roughly $190,000 dollars! And considering that most racers begin practicing on go karts from a very young age, it is evident that this sport requires a minimum investment of a million dollars.

3) Sailing

The best part about sailing is that once you’ve got your own boat, the actual race requires very little investment. The worst part? A boat can cost anywhere between $50 million to $100 million. So you can only enjoy this sport if you’ve amassed enough wealth to actually buy a boat.

Another issue with this sport is that it’s seasonal in most countries, and the boat stays docked for the rest of the year. This is where the real money comes in as the cost of maintaining a boat on deck can be astronomical.

4) Wingsuiting

Wingsuiting is a sport where you fly through the air with the help of a special jumpsuit called a wingsuit. A wingsuit costs roughly $2,500, and while this isn’t cheap, it is by no means an expensive investment compared to the other sports on this list.

But the real cost of wingsuit diving involves hiring an airplane to take you up and paying the pilot for their services. You’ll also have to invest in skydiving lessons and pay for insurance before you can start diving.

Recreational wingsuit diving can cost upto $30,000 (Rs. 18 lakhs), and professional wingsuit diving costs much more.

Education is one of the basic requirements for everyone to stand strong in front of the society. It gives us the confidence and power to be able to fight our fears and insecurities. Being an educated person makes you a strong, independent person who can make his own decisions. The freedom of taking your own decision and fulfilling the needs will be in your hand after getting educated.

Private schools are quite famous of charging high amount of fees. Most of the parents are not able to afford the expenses for education. India being the 2^nd highest populated country, the number of resources available are not enough for the huge population. The scarcity of food, water, shelter used to face very commonly by the poor section of our society. Families who are not able to afford the proper meals, how they can think about sending their children to school. Government schools have changed a lot of perspectives of Poor people. Government is providing free books, food, education to those who are unable to afford. It is giving us wings through which we can fly without keeping our boundaries closed.

High fees were a restriction for every person from getting the basic and proper education. When the country is facing so much challenges because of COVID -19, Government is planning to sponsor free education for those who lost their parents due to the pandemic. It is a great initiative by government for the betterment of children from our country. Even after completing the school education, some people drop their dreams as the university fees are very expensive. To be a doctor, either you need to have the best brain or your need to have lot of money to pay to the Private college. Degrees can be issued by the power of money.

Free education should be must for children as the roots of every should be strong for building the strongest future ahead. Government is doing every bit to promote and spread awareness about the various programmed launched by them in terms of free education.

“Padhega India, Badhega India.”

The blue hole is a large ocean cave or pit formed by carbonate sediments found in river sands or islands. Blue holes are usually made up of waves of pure water, the sea, or a mixture of both. Examples include the South China Sea-Dragon Hole, Belize, the Bahamas, Guam, Australia-Great Barrier Reef and Egypt-Red Sea.

The blue hole formed during the last winter which is 2 million years ago. The current sea level was 100 to 120 meters lower than the current sea level. Then the soil was eroded by the erosion caused by the rains and the chemical footsteps, but these were submerged at the end of the ice age.

There were many types of fossils in the blue hole through which the possibility of many creatures living in the blue hole is found. Other life forms found here include marine life and marine fossils, as well as crocodile and turtle fossils found in blue holes. This place was famous by Jacques Courteau who said it was one of the top five scuba diving sites in the world. He brought a ship in 1971 named Calypso to the hole to make a note on its depths.

From the investigations the holes origin is a typical karst lime stone formation which is formed stages leaving ledges at the depth of 21m, 49m and 91m. The great blue hole initially measured depth was 215m and as expedition by the Cambrian measured it’s hole depth as 124m, this differences in measurement is because of the ongoing sedimentation in measurements.

Two submarines in 2018, December descended into the blue hole which is to map it’s interior and the team was able to complete a 3-D map of 1000 foot wide hole using Sonar scanning. They discovered many things and one among them was a layer of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of 300 feet approximately. The water is at that depth blow is dark and lacking of life.

Devil’s Bridge is used for dozens of ancient bridges, primarily found in Europe. Most of these bridges represent significant technical achievements in stone or masonry arch bridges and ancient architecture. Due to their unusual design, they were the subject of passion and stories in ancient and medieval Europe.

Each of the bridges of the devil usually contains myth-related myths or folk tales about its origin. These stories vary widely depending on the area and beliefs. Some have the devil as the builder of the bridge, relating to the danger or impossibility of such a bridge, which must first last or remain, which can only be built by the devil. Others have the knowledge to build such bridges as a gift from the devil to mankind as part of a deal, agreement or bargain between the devil and the local people, usually in exchange for their souls.

The bridges under Satan’s bridge category are so numerous that they form a special category of myths about them. Some myths, for example, have elements of elements from deceptive oral stories such as The Devil, The Covenant of Spirits and Master Builder Myths. One version of the story presents the bridge builder and the devil as enemies. As it is in the case, that often reflects the fact that the St. Gotthard Pass at Teufelsbrücke, these bridges were built under those challenging conditions that required the bridge to be successfully completed and its glorious position in the effort on the part of the heroic commitment builders and community.

In other versions of the myth he makes a pact with an old woman or a simple herd devil. In this version the devil agrees to build the bridge and instead gets the first soul to cross it. After building the bridge (often overnight) the devil is overpowered by his enemy, for example by throwing bread to lure a dog over the bridge, which will eventually go down into the water and bring peace to the community. In the case of Steinerne Brücke in Reagansburg, Chevy Satan speaks of helping a race between the builders of the bridge and the cathedral (actually a later construction), and there is a slight bump in the middle of the bridge which is said to have resulted from the devil jumping furiously when he was deceived by his gift.

The masterpiece would lead only to the completion of a small stream in Hamburg in Teufelsbrück, the carpenter had a covenant with the devil, who promised the first soul he would cross the bridge. On the day of the inauguration, when the priest and the district councilor were discussing who should get off the bridge first, a rabbit crossed it and the disappointed devil disappeared. A statue represents the legend there.The legend of Ponde della Madeleine in Borgo a Mozano, in the province of Luke, tells of a local monk, often a Saint Julian, who contracted with the hospital, the devil. On the day of childbirth, the monk sets fire to a dog or pig and tricks the devil into crossing the bridge.

At Chen, a thirteenth-century hearer tells of an architect who sold his soul to Satan and then continued to repent. M. of Sense. Le Guerrero cast out the devil with holy water and a demonic formula beginning with the words Wade Retro Satan, which he repented of. This formula was sometimes incorporated into the design of the famous St. Benedict’s Medal. Most bridges that have received Devil’s Bridge appeal are significant in some respects, often overcoming technical barriers to bridge construction, but sometimes serve for its aesthetic grace, or for its economic or strategic importance to the community.

Tourism is the process of traveling from one place to another. According to the World Tourism Organization’s definition of a trip as tourism, a person must travel within a one-year period of “leisure, work, or other purpose away from his or her usual environment. Also, the traveler should not be paid for the place he or she traveled through.”

Tourism is the largest industry in the world. In 2010, 940 million international trips were made. This figure shows a growth of 6.6% over 2009. In 2010, global tourism reached $ 919 billion. World tourism declined from the second half of 2008 to the end of 2009 due to the recession of 2009. The bird flu that rocked the world in 2009 reduced the number of international tourists by 4.2% compared to 2009. Tourism is a major industry in many parts of the world. Tourism Transportation depends on five sectors: food, accommodation, leisure and entertainment and tourism services

The transportation, telecommunications, and hospitality sectors did not expand in ancient times. Thus the majority lived their lives in the villages where they were born. However, veterans, merchants, and religious people had the opportunity to go elsewhere. Many went there when the Chola kings invaded Sri Lanka and South Asia. Notables have been there. Historical records show that Tamil merchants visited many places from ancient times. Tamils ​​went to many places to worship at religious places and to spread their religion.

The travelers stayed with the residents of the place where they went for food and envelopes before getting the business hospitality spread. The houses had shrines. It was customary to feed and accommodate travelers coming home. Feeding, especially for religious elders, was considered the best blessing.

The rich built monasteries and provided food and temporary shelter for passers-by. It is noteworthy that the caste system was maintained in many of these monasteries. Tourism is considered by many to be the most lucrative sector in Third World countries. External contact and interaction are credited to locals. At the same time tourism has many disadvantages and riches.

The third world power business class is building at great expense the high-comfort zones they need to attract Westerners to Third World countries. It is built to push aside essential infrastructure and services. Such zones magnify the imbalance within the country. Critics say tourism revenues go into the realm of power rather than public development.

In countries such as Sri Lanka and Burma, tourism helps governments perpetuate violence. No matter how many ethnic issues erupt, foreign travelers continue to visit Colombo, Kandy and Galle in Sri Lanka. Tourism is also a major source of revenue for Burma’s dictatorship. Many foreign travelers also come to Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Philippines to engage in sexual exploitation. Poor boys and girls are exploited in this degrading manner. The West does not control these.

The Bermuda Triangle is also known as the Satanic Triangle, is a loosely defined area in the upper part of the North Atlantic Ocean where many aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. According to the U.S. Navy, this triangle does not exist and the name geographical names are not approved by the U.S. Board. The general public believes that these disappearances are due to paranormal energy or the action of extraterrestrial life.

There is significant documentary evidence that a number of cases have been inaccurate interpretations or have been compiled by the following author. And the number and nature of these disappearances are similar to any other part of the ocean. A number of official agencies have recorded that the following events, which could not be significantly investigated and explained, remain.The boundaries of this triangle include the Florida Strait, the Bahamas and the entire Caribbean Islands and the Atlantic East to the Azores; Still others [who?] Add the Gulf of Mexico to it.

A place on the Atlantic coast of Florida; [San Juan, Puerto Rico; And the Mid-Atlantic Island of Bermuda are referred to as triangular borders in many popular writings. Most of the crashes are centered on the southern border around the Straits of the Bahamas and Florida.This area is the busiest shipping area in the world. Ships pass through it daily to ports in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. There are a lot of luxury ships. Entertainment planes have always flown between and between Florida and the islands. From the north, a lot of commercial and private flights go to Florida, the Caribbean, and South AmericaAmerica.

The first article in a magazine that expressed triangular thinking in writing was EVW. Mention should be made of the news that Jones published on September 16,1950.Iff had written that many aircraft and ships were missing. It also mentioned that a group of five U.S. Navy bombers, Flight 19, went missing during a training operation.

Writers have used numerous paranormal ideas about the triangle to illustrate these phenomena. One explanation is that this is a technique that survives from the mythical lost continent Atlantis. Sometimes, an underwater rock formation called the Bimini Path on the island of Bimini in the Bahamas is said to be associated with the story of Atlantis. This area is set within the triangle by some definitions. Those who believed in the views of the evaporator Edgar Cayce predicted that the Atlantis source would be discovered in 1968, referring to the discovery of the Bimini Path. Believers call it the formation of a path, wall, or other structure, although geologists say it is natural.

Compass problems are one of the most commonly used terms in many triangular cases. Although some have speculated that abnormal magnetic waves may be present in the region, no such waves are known to exist.Planned extermination operations can be of two types: combat operations and piracy operations. Enemy logs have been checked during a number of incidents; The sinking of many ships is attributed to submarine attacks during World Wars and is documented in various order books. The reasons for many more incidents of this type are yet to be proven.

Human error is one of the most common causes of missing aircraft or ships during official investigations. Knowing that humans will make mistakes, intentionally or accidentally. It ends up going into a great tragedy. The Bermuda Triangle is no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training in the treatment of volatile benzene | benzene waste that VA Fox lost in 1972. Human stubbornness may also have contributed to the loss of business tycoon Harvey Conover’s cruise ship, the Revonok, as he sailed on the edge of a storm on January 1, 1958, in South Florida. Many losses remain unresolved as the broken vehicle is no longer available for inspection. This is a fact that is shown in many official statements.

Thus this Bermuda triangle is a mythical place in the world And no one knows wheather it’s stories are true or it’s just a mythical story, hope the future scientists will put an end to this puzzle.

Le Serpent D’ Océan, I don’t know how many of as knew this. This is situated on the Frenchshore at saint Brevin-les-pins. In that shore a massive metal sculpture of a serpent is situated and it is created by Chinese- French artist Huang Yong Ping, actually this is based on the rough iconography of Chinese mythological dragons and this is a 400- foot long art monster.

This art is posed in a slithering movement which is only a bones of a snakes which is made up of a dull metal frame that gives a life like quality to the sculpture.

The skeletal serpent was unveiled and entitled Serpent D’ Océan, in 2012 as a part of Estuaire art exhibition and involves international artists to create many long-scale sculptures using the environment surrounding the Loire river between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire.

This sculpture has a message which seems to a environmental nostalgia that the man’s mistreatment of ocean not only killing the ocean but also the life of the ocean. The curve of the serpent mirror the twist and turns of the nearly saint Nazaire bridge which links the piece to the very modern improvement.

The serpent D’ Océan which is given it’s location on the shore can be seen strange living creature in the ocean and can be seen as preserved skeleton depending upon the tide level. This is really a scary and also a fantastic art work.

Biography of  Abdul kalam

Early life and education:

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque his mother Ashiamma was a housewife. His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi. Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family. His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Even though his ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders, the family had lost most of its fortunes by the 1920s and was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descendance from arab traders and local women. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a young boy he had to sell newspapers in order to add to the family’s meager income. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home. In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.    After  completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954 He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology .

Scientist :

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO Kamala

was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian

President :

  Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the “People’s President  he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour.

Personal life:

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (5 November 1916 – 7 March 2021) Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed  He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle. He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7 a.m. and sleeping by 2 a.m His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him

AWERDS :

    Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1931, in Tamil Nadu, India. A preeminent scientist, a gifted engineer, and a true visionary, this past president of India is also a humble humanitarian in every sense of the word. Dr. Kalam’s meteoric rise from extremely modest beginnings to the highest levels of science and technology in India’s successful space and defense programs and ultimately to the position of the country’s universally admired and respected president, ( 1981) Padma Bhushan and Padma vibhushan ( 1990 )

DEATH :

   On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on “Creating a Livable Planet Earth” at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed. He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of lifel Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m. On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram‘s Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

By : G Gnana Priya dharshini

Benefit of yoga

The art of practicing yoga helps in controlling an individual mind body soul .it brings together physical and mental disciplines to achieve a peaceful body and mind .it helps manage stress and anxiety and keeps you relaxing .it also helps in increasing flexibility ,muscle strength and body tone .

* yoga imcreases your flexibility

* Yoga helps you to build strength

* yoga improves your posture

* yoga is powerful mindfulness practise

* yoga reduce stress

* yoga lowers blood pressure

while living a modern life your brain is constantly engaged in endless thoughts and never rests in  tranquality .As a result yoi lack focus ,skill and vitality .the yoga calms the brain and enhances its vital functioning .This makes it the most effective and important practice to adopt in modern times .

The COVID-19 virus can spread via direct contact, airborne transmission, or through droplets. There have also been a few reported cases potentially spread through surfaces. But the risk of this is very low. The chance of COVID-19 surface transmission is less than 1 in 10,000.

Different Kinds of Surfaces

It’s unlikely to catch COVID-19 from a surface, but the risk still exists. Lab studies have found that the virus may last on different materials for varying amounts of time. We don’t know if these findings always apply in the real world, but we can use them as a guideline.

What You Can Do ?

It’s a good idea to regularly clean your home to protect you and your family from viruses like COVID-19.

*Clean frequently touched surfaces (like doorknobs, handles, tables, countertops, and light switches) regularly and after you have visitors in your home.

*Clean any surface in your home when it’s noticeably dirty.

*If people in your household are more likely to get sick from COVID-19, clean your surfaces more frequently. You may also want to use a disinfectant in this case.

*Make sure that you use a cleaning product that is suitable for the type of surface. Follow the instructions on the product.

There are also ways that you can reduce the likelihood of surfaces becoming contaminated by COVID-19:

*  Follow guidelines for fully vaccinated people before you welcome visitors into your home.

*Ask that people who haven’t been vaccinated wear a mask inside your home.

*Make sure that everyone in your household washes their hands often, especially when they come back home.

*Keep people with COVID-19 isolated from others.

If Someone in Your Household Has COVID-19 

If you live with someone who has COVID-19 or have had a guest with a positive case in your home within 24 hours, disinfect your house in addition to regular cleaning. This will kill any leftover germs and lower the chance of the virus spreading.

Read the instructions on the disinfectant first.

*Wear gloves while disinfecting and cleaning.

*If your disinfectant doesn’t have a cleaning agent, wash dirty areas with soap first, and then use the disinfectant.

*Wash your hands often for 20 seconds with soap if you’re cleaning a household with a positive COVID-19 case. Always clean your hands after wearing gloves.

*Make sure you have good ventilation while using a disinfectant.

If you’re unable to keep a separate bedroom or bathroom from the person with COVID-19, make sure they clean and disinfect shared spaces after each use. If the sick person is unable to clean, wear a mask and use gloves to clean and disinfect their area only when needed. Make sure to open windows or doors, and use fans, heating, ventilation, and air condition to get proper air circulation.

Once the person is no longer sick, it’s important to cleanse the area they stayed in. Wear a mask when you clean and disinfect. Wait as long as possible before you do this. If you’re able to wait 24 hours before you clean their area, you only need to cleanse that space, not disinfect it.

If you wait 3 days after the person in your household was sick, no extra cleaning (besides routine cleanup) is necessary.

TIRUCHI

Both wholesale and retail traders resumed business at the Gandhi Market here on Sunday night after a gap of about six weeks.In the wake of second wave of COVID-19, the market was closed in the second week of May. The operations were shifted on West Boulevard Road from Kamaraj arch to Marakkadai corner. While wholesale traders carried out business in night, retail traders were asked to transact business from 6 to 10 am.

Though there were no major issues for the traders until the intense lockdown was in force, the retail traders started facing problems after the standalone shops were allowed to reopen their businesses two weeks ago. The owners of hardware, sanitaryware and furniture showrooms on West Boulevard Road had urged the authorities to shift the vegetable traders immediately citing overcrowding, chaos, confusion and congestion on the road Collector S. Sivarasu permitted the wholesale traders to resume their operations from Sunday night. Tiruchi City Corporation authorities opened the main gates of the market. Soon after the opening of the gates, wholesale traders began their trading as usual. Though the retail trading was not officially allowed, retailers too reopened their shops and started transacting business from Monday morning.senior official of the Tiruchi Corporation, who visited the market on Sunday night, had told the wholesale traders to wind up the trading within 3 a.m. on Monday. He reportedly asked the retail traders not to reopen their shops as they were not permitted. But the retail traders refused to listen to him and continued their trading during the day. They threatened to stage a protest by dumping the vegetables and fruits on the road if they were not allowed to trade. However, flower traders heeded to the instructions and decided to wait for one more week to resume trade at the Gandhi Market.
Sources said that business was dull on Monday as many people were not aware of the reopening of the market. Business was expected to be on a full scale from Tuesday.A section of traders have suggested opening all 10 gates of the market so as to ease restrictions on entry and exit of the customers and traders M.K. Kamalakannan of the Gandhi Market Viyabarigal Munnetra Sangam said that the customers could quickly go out or gain entry if all gates were opened. Opening of just six gates of the market would restrict free movement of customers and traders, thereby leading to overcrowding. Moreover, there should not be any restriction on the timing of trading, the covid 19 lockdown time closed the market now only it’s reopened. Market will be activated in morning to Evening 5.30 so we have social distension in the time .

By :G Gnana Priya dharshini

“STUDY CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY: BRAIN SCIENCE IN THE MARKETING MIX”

CINEMA adverts are less likely to affect you if you are eating popcorn. You are more likely to underestimate the calories in a cake if it has a strawberry on top. And you’re more likely to place a higher bid on eBay if the auction website has a red background. These are just some of the recent findings from the world of consumer psychology.We all like to think we are rational, independent shoppers who make objective decisions, unswayed by lighting, music, aromas, packaging or wording.

But it seems science knows us better than we know ourselves. Research by consumer psychologists proves time after time that the way we buy goods and services is influenced by myriad factors. Upbeat music makes us eat faster, for example, (good news for fast-food restaurants) whereas small floor tiles make us walk slower (good news for supermarkets).

Not surprisingly, advertising, marketing and customer experience agencies are desperate to get their hands on this insight and the people who can generate it. In the past they have recruited graduates from either an arts or science background to do the job – people with marketing, arts, humanities, business and English degrees to handle the creative and social side, those with traditional psychology degrees to do the science and mathematicians to crunch the statistics.But increasingly, companies want the whole package, says Adrianne Carter, general manager of UK research and analysis company Shopping Behaviour Xplained.

“We have recruited psychology students and marketing students but it’s those who have actually studied consumer psychology who have the edge,” she said.

Gareth Harvey, consumer psychology lecturer at Glyndwr University in the UK, agrees. From September, he will be leading the new BSc in Marketing and Consumer Psychology course at Glyndwr Business School. The institution, which has campuses in Wales and London, is one of the first in the world to offer consumer psychology at undergraduate level.

“All too often, marketing companies have based their campaigns on gut instinct – their intuition of how consumers will behave,” said Dr Harvey. “Yet to develop a truly effective campaign, you need to know how the mind works, how people make decisions. You also need to be able to test and evaluate the success of a campaign.

“These are the domains of psychologists and statisticians. But traditional psychologists struggle to apply their knowledge to a commercial setting, and statistics alone won’t give you the big picture.

“Increasingly, marketing and advertising companies are looking for a combination of skillsets – people who understand the psychological processes behind consumer behaviour, who can test and evaluate their theories and can turn their insight into effective marketing campaigns.”

“At the moment this big drive is coming from the UK and USA but Germany is also pushing consumer psychology and demand is growing in China.”

NEUROMARKETINNG:

The rise of consumer psychology is being driven by technological advances in the new field of neuromarketing, which studies people’s cognitive and affective responses to marketing stimuli.

Eye-tracking glasses, for example, can show exactly what a person is looking at as he or she walks around a supermarket. The data can be turned into maps that highlight the goods or signs that attract the most attention from shoppers.

Galvanic skin response systems are being used to pick up shoppers’ sweat secretion, which can be a sign that an individual is excited (or nervous) about something.

And functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is being used to pinpoint parts of the brain that are activated by different marketing stimuli.

Some companies have set up their own laboratories or are partnering with universities on major projects using these technologies

-Jerisha. S

“PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ART OR A SCIENCE”

At a first glance it seems easier to accept public administration as an art. It is just the administration of Government affairs and for most part it does not follow the laws of Science like absence of normative value, predictability of behavior and universal application. So, does that mean we cannot list it into a respectable category of scientific subjects?

There are many authors who ferociously defended it and argued that public administration as an area of study is indeed a Science. The earliest of them was Lorenz von Stein an 1855, a German professor from Vienna who said that public administration is an integrated Science and viewing it just as administrative laws was a restrictive definition. In modern times, categorizing public administration as Science found favor with many, the most important one being the father of American public administration, President Woodrow Wilson. We shall read more about the Wilsonian view of public administration in the next article, however he mainly emphasized that the objective of administrative study is to discover what government can properly and successfully do and how it can do those things with utmost efficiency with least possible cost of money or energy.

After Wilson another important argument came from Frederick Taylor who wrote a book called The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) in which he proposed to discover one best way of doing things/operation and thus save on cost on time and energy. Luther Gulick and L Urvick collectively published, Papers on the Science of Administration which reaffirmed its status as a Science. W F Willoughby stated that public administration like Science has certain fundamental principles which can be generally applied and therefore it is a Science.

However, there still remain certain aspects to be established before public administration can be actually and in real terms, be classified as a Science. The places of normative values in public administration should be clearly defined. More efforts should be put in to understanding the human nature and dynamics at play in public administration. Lastly, the principles of public administration should derive references from across the worlds, cultures, type of states etc to make them more universal and free of cultural, religious and political biases.

The advent of the modern welfare state itself has added, to the changing approach to public administration. The kind of activities and sphere of works have never been more varied and dynamic and there has been a never before interest in actually improving the efficiency of the government.

Subject matter experts like Frederick Taylor have opened ways to exploration, experimentation, observation, collection of data and analysis based on which principles and laws can be made. There are increasing number of authors like Metcalfe, Fayol, Emerson, Follett, Mooney, and more recently Drucker etc who have written on the subjects of administration. In-fact Drucker wrote a book called “The Age of Discontinuity” and one of the chapters of the book called The Sickness of Government became the basis of the New Public Management theory popular in 1980s which emphasized the market oriented management of the public sector.

So, one can safely say that with the changing times and more and more studies carried out in the field of social sciences, administration and human relations, the subject of public administration can no longer take the shelter of art and would have to emerge stronger with relevant and fundamental principles like that of Science.

-JERISHA. S

“HOW A DEGREE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP CAN HELP YOUR CAREER”

ALONG with the technological advancements, the entrepreneurship and business landscape has changed considerably around the world. In the United Kingdom in 2014, there has been a record number of start-ups set up, according to Startups.co.uk, with 581,173 businesses being registered with Companies House.

Are you thinking of setting up your own company? Or want to advance in your role in your current company? A master’s degree in entrepreneurship or an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship may be what you may want to consider helping give a boost to your business and management skills.The changes on the jobs market, the changes in how people connect and communicate have also brought about changes in how people work. There are more and more examples of professionals who have decided to venture on setting up their own business. While ‘starting a business is easier, quicker and cheaper than ever thanks to new technology’ (according to the Chairman of the Centre for Entrepreneurs, Luke Johnson quoted on Startups.co.uk), according to a research by RSA quoted by the Telegraph, half of the UK start-ups fail within five years. This is a sign that such projects need well prepared people to focus on long term planning, operations, managing day to day business but also innovation and motivating and engaging employees.

WHAT SKILLS CAN YOU EARN WITH AN ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOCUSED DEGREE?

The goal of a master’s in entrepreneurship or an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship is to prepare innovative professionals to become entrepreneurial leaders and, in many cases, in a global setting. The courses taught range from innovation management, organisational management, finance, business creation and development, marketing for entrepreneurial firms to project management. Their aim is to provide you with the necessary entrepreneurial skills to succeed in a rapidly changing globalised world, granting both professional and personal development.

The programs put emphasis on the development of personal communication skills, team-working and people management as well as presentation skills, useful for future entrepreneurs, who have to be well prepared to convince investors, attract new business and improve their probability of success.

WHAT DEGREES CAN YOU OPT FOR?

Choosing the right program to lead you to your future business career is the most important step before embarking on this journey, so knowing the opportunities available is the first step to take. There is a great variety of business and management related and entrepreneurship related master’s and MBA programs offered by business schools across Europe. If you are considering the UK, for instance, London School of Business offers master’s courses in Strategy and Entrepreneurship, and Organisational Behaviour; Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford gives you the chance to study Organisational Leadership, and Strategy and Innovation. You may also want to check out a master’s focusing on Management Entrepreneurship and Innovation, at the University of Birmingham Business School, Manchester Business School, Imperial College Business School, Nottingham University Business School, or the Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship Master at Newcastle University Business School. If you are looking for an MBA with focus on Entrepreneurship check out the program offered by Nottingham University Business School.

If you are looking for an international learning experience and want to study outside of the UK you can check out master’s degrees or MBAs with a focus on entrepreneurship like the Global Entrepreneurship Program offered by the EMLYON Business School in France, or the Advanced Master in Innovation and Entrepreneurship offered by Solvay Business School in Belgium.

Through such internationally focused programs, you get to gain competitive language skills, you manage to expand a global network, you get to understand and value the different cultures. You learn how to work and live in a multicultural setting and this helps in your business, not just in local markets but in global business cultures.

WHAT CAREER AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE THERE?

The UK, with especially London, but also Manchester and Birmingham, is a real magnet for prospective businessmen. One of the biggest advantages of studying a business and entrepreneurship focused degree is the practical aspect and the connection with the professional world.

Last year, venture capital funding in tech companies rose by 78 percent, according to the 2014 European Tech Report by CB Insights. Based on the report, the UK is leader in Europe, with a total of 225 deals, followed by Germany, with 154, and France, with 63.

There are plenty of career opportunities and a lot of companies organise start-up competitions or incubators to help support new enterprises. To give you some quick examples, check out the London Google Campus, where entrepreneurs go to learn, share ideas, present their business and attract investors or business partners; or accelerators and incubators such as Seedcamp, Microsoft Ventures, Tech Stars, JLAB or Wayra by Telefonica.

Universities and business schools themselves also help students connect with companies and investors through their campus events, incubators and technology and innovation centres.

Such a degree will help you sharpen your logic skills and develop strategic thinking in order to make a change within an organisation, by bringing innovation in, or even set up your own business. You will be given the necessary conditions and framework to develop your entrepreneurial skills and make your business ideas come true.

If you are interested in entrepreneurship focused degrees, check out the entrepreneurship and innovation programs available at institutions in the UK and the rest of Europe in the online directory at QS Course Finder.

-MEREZJA F

“AMERICAN REVOLUTION”

The American Revolution was a war in which the 13 American colonies won their independence from Great Britain. It started in 1775 and ended in 1783. The revolution led to the founding of a new nation, the United States of America.

BACKGROUND AND CAUSES OF THE WAR:

When the first settlers came to the new world in the 17th century they were on their own. They had to choose their own leaders and solve the problems that they faced. Great Britain was not really interested in the colonists and, in addition, faced problems at home too.

In the middle of the 18th century Britain defeated France in a war that spread to the New World. Britain’s victory gave it control over most of the territories in North America. They ruled the New World from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. However fighting against France cost a lot of money and the British government decided that the colonies in America should also pay for this war.

Colonists were angry at the British rulers, not only because they wanted more money from them, but because they also forbade them to settle in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. These regions were reserved for the Indians, whom the British did not want to make angry

TAXES:

After the end of the war with France Great Britain started to make the colonists pay more money in the form of taxes. One of these laws, the Stamp Act, put a tax on documents and newspapers. The colonists got even angrier because they were not represented in British parliament and had no way of expressing their ideas. They wanted to be treated in a fair way and believed they had certain rights that others should respect.

At the beginning of the 1770s Great Britain sent soldiers to keep order in the American colonies. While many tax laws were abolished a tax on tea remained. In 1773 colonists, disguised as Indians, went aboard British ships and dumped all the tea into the harbour of Boston. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

During the 1770s the relationship between Britain and the colonies became worse. The settlers started boycotting everything that the British wanted to sell to them.

THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR:

In 1775 the colonists decided that they had had enough of British rule. They got ready to fight. American soldiers fought the first battle of the war at Lexington, Massachusetts. In the next few months the Americans formed their own army under the leadership of George Washington.

Not all the colonists were in favour of going to war against the British. Those who wanted to stay with Great Britain were called loyalists; those who were in favour of independence were called patriots.

The American colonies were not prepared for war. They were not united and had no central government. As soon as the war stared delegates of all 13 colonies formed a national congress, at which they met.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE:

More and more colonists became convinced that they could not rely on Great Britain to solve their problems. They wanted to be free and govern themselves. On July 4, 1776 the signing of the Declaration of Independence made the colonies an independent country.

MAIN BATTLES OF THE WAR:

During the early part of the war the British army won major battles because they were better equipped and had more firepower. However, on Christmas night, 1776, George Washington’s army won important battles in Trenton and Princeton New Jersey.

In October 1777, The Battle of Saratoga brought an important victory for the colonists. France decided to send ships and soldiers to the New World to help the colonists in their fight against their long-time enemy, the British.

The winter months were very difficult for George Washington and his men. They had little food to eat and suffered from illnesses. But in the end they proved to be the better fighters and defeated the British army in major battles. Thousands of African American slaves also fought for the colonists.

Britain, on the other side, was faced with having to transport soldiers and weapons over thousands of kilometres.

AMERICAN VICTORY AND PEACE TREATY:

In the final years of the war fighting focused on the southern colonies. In 1781 British soldiers were defeated by Americans and the French in Yorktown, Virginia. The British surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the Americans in Paris.

CHANGES IN SOCIETY:
Although over 7000 American soldiers died in the Revolutionary War, independence brought along many changes in American society. Prosperity and growth in a vast new country began.
About 25% of all the slaves were freed. The northern states abolished slavery altogether.
A written constitution, which went into effect in 1789, gave the new country a set of laws and its people political and religious freedom.

-Jerisha. S

“POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION”

We have read about the dichotomy between the politics and administration. Subsequently, we also read about how the later authors and subject matter experts opposed the earlier dichotomy and insisted that politics and administration cannot be viewed in isolation. In this section let us try to understand the relationship between the politics and administration.

According to the political scientist James Pfiffner, the politics and administration are so closely knit together that it becomes difficult to draw the line where one ends and the other begins. Politics is the study of power which is the latest definition of the term. According to Raymond Aron, politics is the study of authority relations between the individual and groups and the hierarchy power which establishes itself within all numerous and complex communities. As per this definition, since, power is kind of omnipresent, it is safe to assume that it has an important say in the matters of public administration as well.

Another important figure in the field was Dwight Waldo, an American political scientist and a prominent figure in the area of modern public administration. In his book: The administrative state: a study of the political theory of American public administration, he explains an interesting phenomenon regarding the evolution of reforms in civil services in USA. The principal concern of early civil service reformers was not greater administrative efficiency but was cleansing and promoting democracy. The primary issue was not increasing efficiency but was protecting and building moral.

There is no argument regarding the fact that public administration emerged as a discipline of political science, the former deals with the output of the Government machinery and the latter with the input. It can also be put as such that, political science provides the framework within which public administration functions. From the academic perspective, both these subjects share a number of common areas of study like constitutional law, administrative law, delegated legislation, government budgeting and local governments amongst many other. So, a comprehensive understanding of both the subjects is mutually inclusive to each other, to learn one, the other has to be mastered as well.

Another important academic field from which public administration heavily borrows and is deeply influenced is the Sociology. It is a branch of study which deals with social order, change, class, conflict, problems, associations and institutions. According to Marshal Edward Dimock, administration takes place in a social setting and it is the society which determines the pattern of administration. He goes ahead and adds that through an administrative leadership however, the society itself can be changed for good. He says that the job of a public administrator is not mere administration but that of a social engineer who can bring about desirable changes in the society.

In the modern times, the various activities which the society governed and administered itself like community welfare, health, security etc have been taken over by the Government and public administration departments. The social control has been replaced by administrative controls and hence, it makes sense for the public administrators to be in sync with societal goals.

We have constantly been referring to diverse subjects to understand public administration better; the reader is now in a position to understand the relevance, importance and vastness of this subject which has an immediate and direct interaction with us in our everyday lives.

– MEREZJA F

THE VIETNAM WAR

The Vietnam War was a long-lasting conflict in Southeast Asia. It started after World War II and ended in 1975. More than one million Vietnamese soldiers and over 50,000 Americans were killed in the war. It also cost the lives of over two million civilians .

BACKGROUND:

Before World War II the French controlled most of Indochina, today’s Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. After Japan had lost the war left the country in 1945 the French wanted to take control of Vietnam again. When China became a Communist country in 1949, Communist influence in Vietnam became stronger too. A nationalist leader, Ho Chi Minh, declared Vietnam an independent country. Soon afterwards a war between Ho Chi Minh’s followers and the French began. It ended after the French had lost an important battle at Dien Bien Phu.

The French were forced out of the country and Vietnam was divided . The Communists controlled the northern part and those who still supported the French controlled South Vietnam. The government in the south was weak and more and more people turned against it. Communist rebels started coming in from the north. They were trained and armed by North Vietnam and called themselves Vietcong.

AMERICAN INFLUENCE GROWS:

During the Cold War America fought Communism in many places around the world. US presidents promised to help countries that were threatened by Communism. They thought that if they let Communists take over the southern part of Vietnam other countries in the region would become Communist too. This was called the “ Domino Theory ”.

President John F. Kennedy saw this danger and started sending military advisers to help the South Vietnamese army. After an American warship was attacked off the coast of North Vietnam Kennedy’s successor , Lyndon Johnson started sending ground troops to southeast Asia.

AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN VIETNAM:

In the following years more and more American soldiers were sent to fight the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army. By 1968, the US had half a million troops in the country.

The United States bombed highways, bridges, railroads and cities in North Vietnam, as well as the Ho Chi Minh trail , a route that led from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to the south. Vietcong guerrillas received supplies and weapons from the north along this route.

The Americans thought that they would win the war quickly because they had modern weapons . They relied on their firepower and bombs to stop Communist aggression. On the other side the North Vietnamese and Vietcong led a completely different war. They could move faster than the Americans and used guerrilla tactics , attacking American troops by surprise.

This was new to American soldiers because they never knew where the enemy really was. The Vietcong also knew the jungle better and got used to moving around in such a difficult terrain .

AMERICA PROTESTS AGAINST THE WAR:

At first Americans at home thought it was a good idea to stop Communism. They supported American involvement . As time went on and more and more American soldiers got killed in Vietnam Americans changed their attitudes about the war. People saw the brutal war on television. Anti-war protests spread throughout the country. Americans believed Vietnam was a place they did not belong in.

AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL:

Towards the end of the 1960s the Vietcong and North Vietnam started attacking the south on a larger scale . Under pressure from the public at home the American government changed its policy . President Lyndon Johnson started withdrawing troops and peace talks began in Paris.

When Richard Nixon became president American bombing of Vietnamese hiding places in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia become even more intense . On the other side he continued bringing more and more troops back home. By this time, Americans at home mostly opposed the war .

END OF THE VIETNAM WAR:

In 1973 North Vietnam, South Vietnam, the United States and the Vietcong signed a peace agreement . However it was not kept. The North Vietnamese army and the Vietcong pushed further to the south. They met little resistance because South Vietnam’s army was too weak and couldn’t fight alone. Thousands of civilians fled from the oncoming enemies. In 1975 Communist troops entered Saigon and the South Vietnamese surrendered .

The war was officially over in 1976. North and South Vietnam were reunited under a Communist government . Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

RESULTS OF THE WAR:

The Vietnam war was a brutal war with many casualties . Many civilians lost their lives and millions became refugees .

Much of North Vietnam was destroyed by American bombs. Chemicals used to clear the jungle destroyed much of the land permanently . After the war the North Vietnamese put many Southerners into prison . As a result over a million civilians fled South Vietnam.

The Vietnam War also changed the United States’ role in the world. It was the first war that the Americans had lost.

Soldiers who came back suffered from psychological problems and had a hard time returning to normal life. While men who came home from World War I and II were seen as heroes , those who came home from Vietnam were seen as losers.

– MEREZJA F