Energy’s deathprint is the number of people killed by one kind of energy or another per kWhr produced. Coal is the worst. Energy’s deathprint is the number of people killed by one kind of energy or another per kWhr produced.According to the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, and the National Academy of Science, the worst adverse impacts on health comes from fossil fuel and biofuel/biomass sources. The World Health organization estimates that air pollution, the primary reason for coal’s high mortality rate, kills 7 million people annually.

This is because fossil fuel and biofuel/biomass cause upper respiratory distress from the carbon particulates that are burned, which is kind of a second-hand black lung. Our lungs don’t like carbon particulates, whether it is from burning coal or smoking cigarettes. The global average of deaths per trillion kWhr is 100,000, while China alone is 170,000. Because the U.S. uses scrubbers, the rate is only 10,000 per trillion kWhr. 

This strong performance is due to the Clean Air Act, passed in 1963, that covers a range of issues, from improving operational safety to limiting harmful emissions. These regulations require new coal-fired plants to capture 98% of Sulphur dioxide produced, and 90% of dangerous nitrogen oxide emissions.

Together, Coal and hydropower are accountable for more than half of the world’s electricity production, and the deathprints of both sectors reflect a similar pattern. Where regulation is stronger, as in the U.S., there are fewer deaths. The hydro mortality rate in the U.S. is just 5 per trillion kWhr. Whereas, the rate is 1,400 around the world. 

This tight regulation of the hydropower industry has helped to minimize unsafe practices. There are rules for the licensing, construction and monitoring of hydropower plants. The Division of Hydropower Administration and Compliance handles the assessments of hydropower facilities once they are in commercial operation, ensuring an element of impartial federal oversight in projects over the long-term.

Power sources such as biomass, which are largely decentralized and common in developing countries, see substantially higher mortality rates, notwithstanding the relatively small-scale nature of these facilities. While biomass produces only 21% of the world energy, it produces 10,000 deaths per trillion kWhr.

Biomass is an essential fuel source for people in under developed countries. More than two billion people worldwide rely on burning wood, charcoal and animal waste to cook food on a daily basis. Because of inefficiencies in these cooking methods, human health is severely undermined. Lack of ventilation and the nonexistence of filters for harmful products, such as soot particles, contribute to the dangers to human health. The World Health Organization stated that around four million people die every year from illnesses associated to household air pollution.

Rooftop solar is much more dangerous than nuclear or wind power. It would be safer if the solar panels were imbedded in the shingles, or if robots could be used to install rooftop solar panels. 1 amp could easily kill a person. Imagine what could happen if you put your hands in the terminal outputs of a solar panel, which produces 6 amps or better. Solar panels cannot be turned off.  There is no switch to cut their voltage to zero. As long as there is sunlight, a solar panel will have open circuit voltage in its terminals waiting to close the circuit, whether it be a wire or heaven forbid, a human hand.  

Wind turbines can also cause injury to humans and wildlife. This is especially true in the immediate area surrounding the tower.  Although it’s rare today, a tower can throw a blade when a blade breaks free of the turbine and becomes a very large dangerous projectile.

Can wind power make people sick? The rapidly spinning blades can produce a faint but distinguishing noise. As the blades spin through the air, a noise is generated. The turbine machinery also makes a noise. Infrasound, is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz or cycles per second. Infrasound is the main issue for those anxious about wind-turbine syndrome. Both the audible sound and the vibrations that come from wind turbines might be a factor with health problems reported by some people who live close to wind farms. Some symptoms of wind-turbine syndrome include headaches, sleep problems, night terror, tinnitus, irritability, anxiety, and concentration problems.

Workers falling off of towers and roofs during installation are the main causes of death. Hydroelectric deaths come from the rare but calamitous dam collapses, such as the Banqiao, China, tragedy in 1976, which killed 171,000.

So, what is the safest energy for the future? This might come as a surprise . . . nuclear energy is by far the safest energy source.  It has more than 330 times fewer deaths than coal; 250 times less than oil; and 38 times fewer than gas. 

How we generate energy in the future will decide if we will destroy the environment, promote political conflicts, and even cause human deaths as unasked for side effects. Even when we include Chernobyl and Fukushima, the math discloses that the amount of energy generated by nuclear is so extensive that it more than outweighs these incidents over the long-term. Nuclear energy results in only one-quarter the number of deaths per terrawatt hour as wind, which is the second safest.

When the reactors at the Fukushima plant in Japan went into meltdown there were no fatalities and no adverse health effects. Although the accident causing zero deaths, it provoked anti-nuclear demonstrations worldwide. The disaster at Chernobyl is unlikely to be replicated, as the safeguards at Chernobyl were deficient, lacking vital layers of containment, which would have confined the tragedy. It was these vital layers of containment that a partial meltdown on Three Mile Island avoided any deaths and no observable long-term health effects.

There are numerous advantages to nuclear power other than just the safety benefits. Nuclear power is clean, efficient and effective. Nuclear power does not discharge harmful emissions into the environment like coal and oil. Nuclear power does not need a daily consumption of resources like coal does. Nuclear power is fueled by uranium, which is a natural material that is abundant throughout the world.

Emotional not rational reasons are why people have rejected nuclear energy. Looking at the basic facts, nuclear energy is the cleanest, safest, and cheapest approach to energy production. The risks of nuclear energy are greatly exaggerated by activists, politicians, and the media, which promote agendas rather than fact. 

Right to food is a human right that protects the dignity of a human being by making sure there availability of food to all, in adequate amounts to feed all, and they are accessible to all in the nearest place possible. This right ensures that no person suffers with malnutrition or food security, and everyone is free from hunger.Right to food is one of the important human rights as food acts as a means of survival to everyone, and it ensures growth and development of a person, only if one is physically fit and healthy, they will be mentally and emotionally strong.  We will be discussing the international and national perspectives of Right to food. 

Internationally, the right to food was mentioned in many conferences and conventions, where there was a connection brought between right to food and human rights. Many stated that human rights can protected effectively and efficiently only if one is healthy, and has been guaranteed the right to food, hence a correlation existed between both of them. The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948 stated that “everyone has the right to a standard living adequate for health and well being for himself and his family, including food..” under its 25th article. Later in 1966 when the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) has stated that the state has an obligation towards its society to ensure standard of living by providing adequate means of survival like food, shelter and clothing, this was given under article 11, this convention came into force on 1976. Then in 1990 when the Convention on the rights of Child was enforced, it discussed about right to food, from a child’s perspective, how it is important for the growth of the child. It said that the state should ensure nutritious food, clean drinking water and proper health care to all the children, and measure have to be taken to reduce the rates of infant mortality rates that are being caused due to lack of care and food to the pregnant women. At the 1996 World Food Summit, which was conducted by the Food and Agriculture organisation of the United Nations at Rome, stated that all the specialised agencies which define the Right to Food, shall also define the ways to implement it, it gave statistical information regarding deaths caused due to malnutrition and hunger, therefore  after the ways were stated the deaths caused due to the above stated reason has drastically reduced, but they still happen.In 2002 Right to Food was defined in a perfect manner by the Special Rapporteur on the Right To Food as “ The right to have regular, permanent and unrestricted access, either directly or by means of financial purchases, to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and sufficient food corresponding to the cultural traditions of the people to which the consumer belongs, and which ensure a physical and mental, individual and collective, fulfilling and dignified life free of fear.” Various conventions and treatises have recognised Right to Food as a human right in the future, however the above stated ones were one of the first ones to do it, and they played an important role in shaping the right.

Now lets look in to the position of Right to Food as a fundamental right in India. The Right to Food is a fundamental right and has been guaranteed under Article 21 of the constitution which gives the Right to Life and Personal Liberty, it is not stated in written but it is assumed that life can go on with dignity only if one has the access and availability to adequate food, and there can be an existence of life only if one consumes food. This article should be read along with Article 39(a) and 47 which are the Directive principles of the State Policy (DPSP), which gives the duties of the state towards its citizens to promote the Right to Food. Article 39(a) states that the state has the obligation towards all its citizens to maintain adequate means of livelihood, and article 47 states the duty of the state to raise the levels of standard of living and nutrition in the society. The above two articles indirectly give existence to the Right to Food as a fundamental right. To achieve the right India has taken many efforts, one of them is by passing the the National Food Security Bill, 2011, which was widely known as the Right to Food Bill, this act ensure that subsidised food was given at different rated according to level of poverty and the least among them were the people below the poverty line (BPL) they were given food items with the least cost, and the distribution of such food would be done through public distribution systems (PDS) they were run by the government, also known as ration shops by the local people. The subsidised food items were only given if one had a ration card, which authorises them as the people who can avail such goods, it was only given to the people who were just above and below the poverty line. This measure was quite successful in India. 

Hence, we can to a conclusion that efforts were taken nationally and internationally to promote Right to Food as a human right, and it has brought a change in the rates of death caused due to hunger and malnutrition, but more measures have to be taken to ensure development and progress in the nation. It is said that only if all the human rights are guaranteed in a nation, it leads to increased welfare of its citizen correspondingly making it a more developed country. 

Covid-19 is a pandemic which has spread its wings all over the world. It is a crisis which is very unique can be termed as a health crisis, and it is an all around crisis, affecting the society in all possible ways. It is causing ruckus and chaos all around, there have been disturbances which have been arising socially, economically, politically, legally , and in almost everything which has to do with the welfare of the globe, it is also disrupting international ties between various countries. Law now does play an important role to fight against the pandemic, only of all the rules and regulations regarding lockdown are codified, people will follow it and then there will be relaxation in the situation. Hence, law does play an important role. Further we will be looking into the  impact of Covid-19 from a legal perspective, and will be discussing some solutions regarding the situation.

The major questions arising which need legal solutions are regarding work from home policies, the policies for how competitive exams and cultural events should be conducted, guidelines for conducting online classes and sessions in private and government educational institutions. Due to rise in use of internet and social media making sure that the cyber laws are stringent and there is a good functioning of the police and legislature regarding the cyber crimes. As we have noticed that during the lockdown there were many issues in employments , they have to be taken care of, by proper implementation of laws for the benefit and welfare of the people, like keeping a margin for firing people, or by making laws that no one could be removed during such a difficult time by including the pandemic under a Vis major (Act of God) clause in the contract of employment, however this is a highly debatable topic. There also has to be policies regarding the procedure on how notifications and orders have to be passed by the central and states governments regarding steps to be taken to relax the situation. If look from the societal aspect we can see many marginalised families and migrant workers suffering due to the situation, and the rates for essential goods and services are also increasing irrespective of the present scenario.

Keeping in mind the above problems which are being faced legally and socially we can establish a link between law and society and how law can be an instrument for social change. Law is nothing but a set of rules and regulation which give particular standards within which we human beings should base our actions, it tells us how e should behave and if we rae not behaving in a particular way what are the consequences that are going to be faced by us. Law can bring social change with effective and efficient legislation and implementation, so the solution to the above problem is to draft laws after thorough discussions and make them in a way most suitable to the present scenario, in this way the problems arising legally which in turn also provide solutions socially can lead to the welfare of the nation. Therefore, proper policies can be framed for the above problems with good implementation and follow up action. 

In today’s world everyone has smartphones, laptops, computer and other electronic devices…we know how to use it….but do we know that how to use them in an eco-friendly manner?? ….No…. we just buy the device from market and keep using it and if it becomes useless after some time then we just throw it in dustbin, here are so many devices like this such as charger,battery,cell etc…..we don’t know that how to exactly dispose them….these devices are not good to be mixed in soil, as these devices pollute the soil by releasing harmful toxins in it….

So there is a technique by which one can sort out this problem…and the name of this technique is GREEN COMPUTING..

Green computing is the environmentally responsible and Eco-friendly use of computers and their resources.
In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact.

Apple is taking the pioneer and the leader to green computing. The New Mac mini is a good start. The Apple Mac Book Pro is the best example of product of green IT.

It eliminated many harmful toxins. For example, the mercury used in CCFL back lights and the arsenic contained in the glass of traditional LCD displays. Apple has removed these toxins from all new Mac Book Pro notebooks, and they’ve done the same for the new Mac Book Air, i Mac, Mac Pro, and Mac mini; Apple LED Cinema Display; and iPod touch, iPod classic, iPod nano, iPod shuffle, and iPhone.

It is highly recyclable. The material of the product is formed from recyclable glass, recyclable aluminum and so on. The raw materials used in new Mac Book are very desirable by recycler and it can be reused in other products.

HOW TO ACHIEVE GREEN COMPUTING?
One should make a habit of the following activities to achieve green computing…

Green use: Using computers and other information systems in an environmentally sound manner such as reduce the energy consumption.

Green disposal: When dealing unwanted computers or electronic equipment, recycle them properly. Old computers are also encouraged to be reuse or refurbished.

Green design: Designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, cooling equipment, and data centers

Green manufacturing: Manufacturing electronic components, computers, and other associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment.

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN COMPUTING:
• Reduces the amount of pollutants in surroundings.
• It reduces the amount of heat produce from the electronic devices.
• It encourages the use of renewable resources.
• It promotes effective utilization of natural resources. It reduces the risk existing in PCs due to chemicals that cause nerve damage in humans.
• Reduces environmental impact (less GHG emissions, less e-waste, fewer virgin resources needed for manufacturing new devices).

Animal Cruelty is when animals are abused, when non humans inflict any sort of pain on animals either by killing them or physically abusing them. Some religions in India even encourage that, however there have been efforts put by the government to do away with animal cruelty by punishimg the ones who have committed it. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 has been implemented with the objectives to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain on animals. The term animal has been defined under the act as any other living creature which is not a human being. However, the irony here is cruelty is nowhere defined the act. Animal welfare board has been established by the central government under this act, for the purpose of fulfilling the objectives stated under the act mainly revolve around animal welfare.

The functions of the members of the board have been clearly specified to frame rules and regulations regarding animal welfare. The other functions have been discussed as follows:

• They were also made responsible to protect animals during transportation, they made certain rules regarding the design of a transport vehicle to reduce the deaths of animals caused during transportation.
• They had to take measures to protect animals by giving their owners financial assistance, providing rescue homes and shelter to all.
• Proper veterinary assistance had to be ensured which also included proper medical attention in animal hospitals.
• Awareness has to provided through various campaigns and programmes to make sure everyone is aware of the law that exists and they can put an end to animal cruelty.
• The board should advice the government in matters related to animal protection and safety.
• It also has a duty to realise various animal welfare organisations, and provide them varoius benefits.

There also another legislation and even the constitution itself which contains provisions to prevent animal cruelty and to promote animal protection. Animal cruelty is a cognizable offence under section 428 and 429 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Article 48A and article 51A(g) of the constitution have also promoted animal welfare, it has been stated that the state is responsible to take care of the livelihood of all animals it is even a fundamental duty of all citizens to protect animals. Other legislations dealing with animal protection are Prevention of cruelty to Animals, (Slaughterhouse) Rules, 2001, and Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which consider slaughtering of animal as illegal.

We can sum up the above information and come to a conclusion that The Prevention Of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 prohibits any person to lay their finger on an animal with bad intentions. The Act also makes to crime to kick or beat animals, it is also illegal to use unfit animals for work purposes, it is also a crime to engage animals in various competitions which may arouse them to fight, and after it causes them pain (specifically many religious competitions). It is also illegal to engage in animal in various competitions where they fall prey to like shooting competitions, where the person has to shoot the animal. Surprisingly it is considered as an offense if the owner is unable to take care of the animal, i.e, nor provide proper shelter or food, abandons them, etc. It gives all around safety to animals, however a question may arise that isn’t the law outdated, and further amendments have to be made considering the present situation, and the answer is yes. The law implemented is considered to be outdated, it has never been amended from 1960, which also means that the punishments and penalties remain the same, which may not be right in the present day. We may hope for further amendments in the particular act in the future.

Hence, it has been proved that efforts were taken and will be taken in the matter of animal cruelty. It is necessary to have a good relationship between the man and nature which consists animals, that’s when there will balance between the human beings and non human beings. Stopping animal cruelty not only saves animals but also reduced the global warming and pollution situations which are prevailing in the present day, if animals exist there will be balance in the nature, as everything is interrelated. Therefore, animals should be given the same importance as of animals.

Senior citizens are considered to be the citizens of India who have crossed the age of 60 years. They almost constitute around 10 percent of the population of the nation, and there have been cases reported where there has been gross violation of their human rights. There are certain set of problems which the old aged face which take the form of economic problems, as they have no or less earning at this age, psychological and physical problems, as in they become physically and mentally weak due to various health problems, and social problems, it is the lack of care towards them. India as a nation, gives a lot of importance to the senior citizens, by giving social and economical benefits, and has put forward a legislation named “The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens” which has been implemented to restore the rights of these people by making it mandatory for their children to provide maintenance to them. Various situations have been reported where old age people have been abandoned by their own children, due to which their is a threat to their survival.

The main objectives of the act is to provide maintenance to the senior citizens for the purpose of their livelihood and survival. It also aims at increasing the number of old age homes at each place for the welfare of these citizens. The bill also defines the terms maintenance, senior citizen, parent and child , relative, etc under the act to give a clear view regarding these terms. The key features of the act have been discussed as follows:

• Takes care of the elderly by giving them the provision of maintenance. This act places an obligation on the children and relatives to give maintenance to the senior citizen in the form of monthly allowance, and other such necessities which are required for their survival. When the senior citizen is unable to take care of themselves and live out of the income he is receiving from his/her property ,  then if they apply to the maintenance tribunal, it can be received from the child or children (if more than one) who  are inheriting the property given by the paren or in this case senior citizen. 
• Provision for Maintenance Tribunal : As stated above, it is required for the senior citizen to apply for the tribunal in order to receive maintenance. The state government will decide upon the number of tribunals to be established to fulfill the purpose of the Act.  After the tribunal looks into the matter, and review the situations, if it deems it fit the application will be granted, and the allowance shall not exceed rupess 10,000 per month. The application shall at any cause be disposed within 90 days. If the tribunal find out any misrepresentation it has the power either to cancel the allowance or alter it accordingly. 
• Appeals can go to the courts which is presided by at least a District magistrate. 
• It is not compulsory for a legal practitioner to represent the senior citizen, they can be represented by a social welfare officers. 
• A list of offences an penalties have been clearly stated in the act. Offences like not providing with maintenance, or abandoning an old age person, then either penalties will be taken or the person will be imprisoned for a specific period of time, or even both.  
• The Act has provided other provisions, like for establishing old age homes, and the rules and regulations which has to be followed by it. Ensure special medical attention to senior citizens in hospitals, and shall bring awareness in people regarding the act by various campaigns.

There are other legislations which support the idea od maintenance and taking care of senior citizens by giving them old age security and they are, Article 41 of the constitution which is a DPSP (Directive Principles of State Policy) which makes the state responsible to look after the livelihood of the old age and sick, and two act namely the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 which contain provisions to relating to the children having an obligation to look after their old age parents, by giving maintenance when they are unable to take care of themselves. 

We can come to conclusion that this act makes sure that every senior citizen has livelihood, but does not consider the mental health of them of they are sent to old age homes. I personally feel that there has to be provision stating that if the children are financial  stable then they should look after their parents no matter what. We have to keep one thing in mind that parents have given us a good life by giving us a good education which leads to a good future, hence, we have to take care of them in the same way they took care of us when we were growing up. This act does not entirely take into consideration of the senior citizen but has played an important role for the old person’s survival. 

We have been seeing the efforts that are being taken by the Parliament to put the rights for women in par with the rights of men, but did it strike to you at least once that are the rights which have been given to women in any way being misused. Are women nowadays at a greater advantage than that of men, and are men being exploited out of certain privileges that are given only to women. We have seen a lot of struggles and movements which have been initiated by the women in the society to get justice due to the unequal treatment between man and a woman, but after getting the rights are they honestly using it or, are they taking advantage of it. These maybe the questions that are arising when you first see the title of the article. 

Being a woman I have seen us getting certain privileges that men apparently do not get. We have separate quota when it comes to educational institution, we have separate such reservations in job opportunities, in politics, even when it comes to sitting in a train, we have a separate women’s coach. Since I was born I haven’t seen anything close to what we have now. There have been many complaints and reports showing that women are beinge, raped, abused, prone to domestic violence and many other such crimes, and correspondingly the parliament of India has taken efforts to prevent such crimes by granting women some rules and regulation due to which the crimes can be prevented. 

Now let us take the case of rape, it it given under section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 that if a male commits a rape against a women, then it is consiered as a non bailable offence, which gives the police power to arrest the man just with the women’s word that he has committed rape. This is highly considered to be sexist firstly as it doesn’t think about the consequences that what if the women lied and he is not the rapist, secondly it doesn’t consider the so call Men’s rape, why?. Reports prove that at least 20% of the rape cases are false allegiances. This proves that women are taking advantages in not all but surely in some situations. This represents the loopholes in law, that when something happens to a women it is considered bad and we are supposed to feel sorry for it, but there is not even a basic consideration that what if all the above crimes to women happen to men. Why don’t we consider the probability that it can happen to man as well, just because we think and consider that men are fearless and strong, shouldn’t we think about the men who are vulnerable and weak. Not only regarding rape but we have seen clear signs of sexism when it comes to other crimes like the wife blackmailing the husband to file a case under the Dowry Prohibition Act, even if there was no abuse or violence, and before the amendment in 2018 adultery which has been stated as a crime under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, it only considered the man as the person aggrieved and never the women, the wife was considered to be the property of the man, and it was concluded that the man should be punished in cases of adultery and never the women as they are considered to be a special category in the society, and there is no harm in giving them special provisions. Only after 70 years of struggle adultery has finally been decriminalised in India. 

Overall, I wanted to say that there are situations where we women have been clearly misusing our rights. I feel that we have come close to a day where being born as a man will be considered bad, due to all the current laws. Feminism truly means to give men and women equal rights, but in some situations women have an edge over men, they are being exploited and affected. This can be solved if our legislature recognises the threat to men also. Our laws should get more stricter and their application should be done in an effective ans efficient way. All, its hight time and sexism against men should also be taken into consideration. 

Censorship is the process of cutting out or suspending parts of either a film, book, or any material that is going to be published, if it is considered to be unappropriate. It can be unappropriate if it is considered to be obscene, or politically and socially wrong, and if it may pose a threat to the nation’s security.There have been debated regarding censorship saying that it is violating the freedom of speech and expression which is stated under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian constitution, however it has been argued that censorship is a part of the reasonable restrictions which is stated under article 19(2) which states that the above right can be invoked if it is in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.

A film is the best form of communication which can represent anything in the form of acting through actions, these are so powerful and they can be even used as a means of change in the society. Some even inspire a person’s mind to look out of the box, to achieve their dreams and goals. Cinema/Movies/Film can be of different genres/topics but for it to be published it has to obtain a certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification to be considered legally valid and to make it available for the public exhibition. This board was established under the The Cinematograph Act, 1952 Act which contains rules and regulations regarding censorship, certification of a film and its publication. The board had the duties to give a certificate to the films spending on it’s content, it could be U which states that is a universal movies for all, UA which states that parental guidance is necessary for children to view it, A which means only adult scan watch it, and S which means it is restricted to a special class of people only. The boars also has the power to totally ban the film if it considers it inappropriate, which has been discussed above, it can be in cases where it is portraying a lot of violence, or degrading religions, has a lot of obscene content, discriminating men and women,if it is too political, causes hatred among people etc. Obscenity is subjective and it will be decided from a common person’s point of view in the society in general. Overall we can say that board is the main authority which looks into the overall impact of the film by viewing it themselves, and it either certifies the film, or totally rejects it. 

One of the cases where the issue of censorship was raised firstly was in the K A Abbas v Union of India and was thereby declared that censorship does not violate the freedom of speech and expression, and pre-censorship is to be considered a vital step towards publication. There are a list of offences or crimes which are not supposed to committed by filmmakers, and they have been discussed below:

• Obscenity: It is the portrayal of certain thing which are not considered to be morally decent in the society, it is considered as offensive in the society (usually display of sexual acts). What maybe obscene today may not be the same tomorrow, it is subjective and it changes in par with the thoughts and opinions in the society. However, if indecent of offensive actions are portrayed it is considered to be a crime under section 292, 293, and 294 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Some sections define obscene content and the other provide for its punishment and penalties. 
• Sedition: The act of publishing information, which bring hate toward the government and incites a person to against the government is called sedition. This is a crime under section 124A of the IPC.
• Defamation: When the content published has defamed a person particularly, it is considered to be a crime under section 499 of IPC.
• If there is any content which promotes hatred towards a particular class in the society on the basis of gender, class, race, religion, caste, place of birth, language, etc then it is considered to be a crime under section 153A of the IPC. 
• When there is a contract or an agreement between the makers of the film and the movie theatres, stating that the film can be published only in certain theatres and not all, this is an offence.

There are other legislations and not only the above sections in IPC  for the above offences and crimes. 

At a conclusion can say that cinema is an instrument which can portray ideas and thoughts in the right way, and censorship is totally valid legally, ethically, socially and morally. It is necessary to review the films before they go out in the public, this is done for the welfare of its citizens. Cinema has the power to influence the public and hence it should take necessary measure to make sure that the wrong content is not being portrayed. Everything has a limit and therefore the freedom of speech and expression should not be used beyond its reasonable restrictions, it also should have a limited use, there has to be balance of the good and bad while we represent anything. Therefore, certification board has been established for the above said reasons, so that it can fulfill its duties to prevent them.

The FSSAI is the abbreviation of Food Safety and Standards Authority of India which has been established under the Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA). The FSSAI is an independent body which is controlled by the Ministry of Health and family Welfare, and its main function is to fulfill the objectives that have been laid down in the act. The FSSA laid down rules and regulations regarding food safety standards, regulates the manufacture, storage distribution, sale and import, of the food products and also makes sure that there is the availability of safe and healthy food for consumption. This act also lays down the punishments and penalties if an offence is committed against the rules laid down in the act, and provides rules regarding the structure of officers in the FSSAI.. This act is a combination of 7 older acts , they are  The  Prevention  of  Food  Adulteration  Act,  1954, The  Fruit  Products  Order,  1955, The  Meat  Food  Products  Order,  1973,  The  Vegetable  Oil  Products  (Control)  Order,  1947, The  Edible  Oils  Packaging  (Regulation)  Order,  1998, The  Solvent  Extracted  Oil,  De  oiled  Meal,  and  Edible  Flour  (Control)   Order,  1967, The  Milk  and  Milk  Products  Order,  1992. The act replaced the above 7 acts. The FSSAI should promote the health of the public by making sure that the food standards are followed by all industries, which can be checked by continuous supervision.  The main office of the FSSAI is situated in Delhi. 

The objectives of the FSSAI are discussed as follows:

• To establish a set of common standards that have to be adhered by all industries producing food, to ensure food safety.
• Establish a information network, to make the consumers aware about all the standards, and practices used in the manufacturing of goods. (Consumer Awareness)
• Regulate the manufacturing, storage, distribution, sale and imports of the food products. 
• Most importantly to to ensure that the rules and regulations under the act are not violated. If by chance offences are committees they have to punished accordingly.

The functions of the FSSAI are: (They have been clearly given under the FSS Act, 2006)

• Issue FSSAI license to all who have followed the standards, this makes the industry more reliable for the consumers. The license acts as a permit to the food industries. This license is only issued if the manufacturing if happening in the safest way possible and if the food is healthy in all possible ways.
• Enforcing all the safety standards that have been laid.
• Laying down mechanisms and guidelines for accreditation of certification bodies engaged in certification of food safety management system for food businesses.
• Laying down procedure and guidelines for accreditation of laboratories and notification of the accredited laboratories.
• Provide advice and support to the central and state government when it is regarding framing policies for food safety and nutrition. 
• Collect data regarding relevant scientific and technical data relating to food and its safety, and providing for measures in case of emergency situations.
• Creating an information network across the country so that the public, consumers, etc receive reliable information regarding food safety.
• Provide training programmes for persons who are involvedor want to get involved in food businesses.
• Contribute to the development of international technical standards for food, sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards.
• Promote general awareness about food safety and food standards.

Food is a good which is consumed by all levels of the society, either rich or poor, as it provides survival to them, therefore it should pe provided in the most safest way possible which makes the population more healthy and strong. To sum it up, the FSSAI is important because it has to fulfill the above stated and objectives and functions. If it does not do it duly then there will be chaos and exploitation related to food and its safety in the nation, therefore the authority playa an important role in regulating the standards set which ensure welfare of the people.  The only way that all the above set of rules will be followed are by legislating it and giving it legal validity. Hence, law plays an important role in developing the society within it. Law scares the criminals, and gives protection to all the innocent in this case the consumers, it protects them from exploitation.

WHAT IS AI?

From SIRI to self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons.

Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.

WHY RESEARCH AI SAFETY?

In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, security and control. Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.

In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionary new technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent.

There are some who question whether strong AI will ever be achieved, and others who insist that the creation of superintelligent AI is guaranteed to be beneficial. At FLI we recognize both of these possibilities, but also recognize the potential for an artificial intelligence system to intentionally or unintentionally cause great harm. We believe research today will help us better prepare for and prevent such potentially negative consequences in the future, thus enjoying the benefits of AI while avoiding pitfalls.

HOW CAN AI BE DANGEROUS?

Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely:

1. The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase.
2. The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.

As these examples illustrate, the concern about advanced AI isn’t malevolence but competence. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren’t aligned with ours, we have a problem. You’re probably not an evil ant-hater who steps on ants out of malice, but if you’re in charge of a hydroelectric green energy project and there’s an anthill in the region to be flooded, too bad for the ants. A key goal of AI safety research is to never place humanity in the position of those ants.

WHY THE RECENT INTEREST IN AI SAFETY

Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?

The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.

Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?

FLI’s position is that our civilization will flourish as long as we win the race between the growing power of technology and the wisdom with which we manage it. In the case of AI technology, FLI’s position is that the best way to win that race is not to impede the former, but to accelerate the latter, by supporting AI safety research.

THE TOP MYTHS ABOUT ADVANCED AI

A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.

TIMELINE MYTHS

The first myth regards the timeline: how long will it take until machines greatly supersede human-level intelligence? A common misconception is that we know the answer with great certainty.

One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.”

On the other hand, a popular counter-myth is that we know we won’t get superhuman AI this century. Researchers have made a wide range of estimates for how far we are from superhuman AI, but we certainly can’t say with great confidence that the probability is zero this century, given the dismal track record of such techno-skeptic predictions. For example, Ernest Rutherford, arguably the greatest nuclear physicist of his time, said in 1933 — less than 24 hours before Szilard’s invention of the nuclear chain reaction — that nuclear energy was “moonshine.” And Astronomer Royal Richard Woolley called interplanetary travel “utter bilge” in 1956. The most extreme form of this myth is that superhuman AI will never arrive because it’s physically impossible. However, physicists know that a brain consists of quarks and electrons arranged to act as a powerful computer, and that there’s no law of physics preventing us from building even more intelligent quark blobs.

There have been a number of surveys asking AI researchers how many years from now they think we’ll have human-level AI with at least 50% probability. All these surveys have the same conclusion: the world’s leading experts disagree, so we simply don’t know. For example, in such a poll of the AI researchers at the 2015 Puerto Rico AI conference, the average (median) answer was by year 2045, but some researchers guessed hundreds of years or more.

There’s also a related myth that people who worry about AI think it’s only a few years away. In fact, most people on record worrying about superhuman AI guess it’s still at least decades away. But they argue that as long as we’re not 100% sure that it won’t happen this century, it’s smart to start safety research now to prepare for the eventuality. Many of the safety problems associated with human-level AI are so hard that they may take decades to solve. So it’s prudent to start researching them now rather than the night before some programmers drinking Red Bull decide to switch one on.

CONTROVERSY MYTHS

Another common misconception is that the only people harboring concerns about AI and advocating AI safety research are luddites who don’t know much about AI. When Stuart Russell, author of the standard AI textbook, mentioned this during his Puerto Rico talk, the audience laughed loudly. A related misconception is that supporting AI safety research is hugely controversial. In fact, to support a modest investment in AI safety research, people don’t need to be convinced that risks are high, merely non-negligible — just as a modest investment in home insurance is justified by a non-negligible probability of the home burning down.

It may be that media have made the AI safety debate seem more controversial than it really is. After all, fear sells, and articles using out-of-context quotes to proclaim imminent doom can generate more clicks than nuanced and balanced ones. As a result, two people who only know about each other’s positions from media quotes are likely to think they disagree more than they really do. For example, a techno-skeptic who only read about Bill Gates’s position in a British tabloid may mistakenly think Gates believes superintelligence to be imminent. Similarly, someone in the beneficial-AI movement who knows nothing about Andrew Ng’s position except his quote about overpopulation on Mars may mistakenly think he doesn’t care about AI safety, whereas in fact, he does. The crux is simply that because Ng’s timeline estimates are longer, he naturally tends to prioritize short-term AI challenges over long-term ones.

MYTHS ABOUT THE RISKS OF SUPERHUMAN AI

Many AI researchers roll their eyes when seeing this headline: “Stephen Hawking warns that rise of robots may be disastrous for mankind.” And as many have lost count of how many similar articles they’ve seen. Typically, these articles are accompanied by an evil-looking robot carrying a weapon, and they suggest we should worry about robots rising up and killing us because they’ve become conscious and/or evil. On a lighter note, such articles are actually rather impressive, because they succinctly summarize the scenario that AI researchers don’t worry about. That scenario combines as many as three separate misconceptions: concern about consciousness, evil, and robots.

If you drive down the road, you have a subjective experience of colors, sounds, etc. But does a self-driving car have a subjective experience? Does it feel like anything at all to be a self-driving car? Although this mystery of consciousness is interesting in its own right, it’s irrelevant to AI risk. If you get struck by a driverless car, it makes no difference to you whether it subjectively feels conscious. In the same way, what will affect us humans is what superintelligent AI does, not how it subjectively feels.

The fear of machines turning evil is another red herring. The real worry isn’t malevolence, but competence. A superintelligent AI is by definition very good at attaining its goals, whatever they may be, so we need to ensure that its goals are aligned with ours. Humans don’t generally hate ants, but we’re more intelligent than they are – so if we want to build a hydroelectric dam and there’s an anthill there, too bad for the ants. The beneficial-AI movement wants to avoid placing humanity in the position of those ants.

The consciousness misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t have goals. Machines can obviously have goals in the narrow sense of exhibiting goal-oriented behavior: the behavior of a heat-seeking missile is most economically explained as a goal to hit a target. If you feel threatened by a machine whose goals are misaligned with yours, then it is precisely its goals in this narrow sense that troubles you, not whether the machine is conscious and experiences a sense of purpose. If that heat-seeking missile were chasing you, you probably wouldn’t exclaim: “I’m not worried, because machines can’t have goals!”

I sympathize with Rodney Brooks and other robotics pioneers who feel unfairly demonized by scaremongering tabloids, because some journalists seem obsessively fixated on robots and adorn many of their articles with evil-looking metal monsters with red shiny eyes. In fact, the main concern of the beneficial-AI movement isn’t with robots but with intelligence itself: specifically, intelligence whose goals are misaligned with ours. To cause us trouble, such misaligned superhuman intelligence needs no robotic body, merely an internet connection – this may enable outsmarting financial markets, out-inventing human researchers, out-manipulating human leaders, and developing weapons we cannot even understand. Even if building robots were physically impossible, a super-intelligent and super-wealthy AI could easily pay or manipulate many humans to unwittingly do its bidding.

The robot misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t control humans. Intelligence enables control: humans control tigers not because we are stronger, but because we are smarter. This means that if we cede our position as smartest on our planet, it’s possible that we might also cede control.

The unemployment or underemployment in the villages has led to influx of rural population to the cities. What is needed is to create a situation so that the migration from rural areas to urban areas comes down. Migration is not always undesirable but it should be the minimum as far as employment is concerned.

Rather the situation should be such that people should find it worthwhile to shift themselves from towns and cities to rural areas because of realization of better opportunities there. In other words, migration from rural areas should not only get checked but overpopulated towns and cities should also get decongested.

Though governments have tried out various schemes for generating incomes in the rural areas such government initiatives have not stopped people from moving out of villages to cities. This is because such government initiatives are not on their own capable of enabling people to earn adequately and ameliorate their conditions. There has to be some committed enterprising individual or a group of people who should be capable of making use of the government policies and schemes for the betterment of rural people. Some individuals who happen to be local leaders and NGOs and who are committed to the cause of the rural people have been catalytic agents for development. Despite all the inadequacies in rural areas one should assess their strengths and build on them to make rural areas places of opportunities. Enabling them to think positively, creatively and Entrepreneurship purposefully is must for the development of rural areas. Young people with such perspective and with the help of rightly channelized efforts would usher in an era of rural entrepreneurship.

To promote entrepreneurs who would take to rural entrepreneurship in utmost earnestness and sincerity is to ensure rural development. Such enterprising people who prefer rural entrepreneurship may or may not themselves belong to rural areas. Entrepreneurs taking to rural entrepreneurship should not only set up enterprises in rural areas but should be also using rural produce as raw material and employing rural people in their production processes. Rural entrepreneurship is, in essence, that entrepreneurship which ensures value addition to rural resources in rural areas engaging largely rural human resources.

In other words, this means that finished products are produced in rural areas out of resources obtained in rural areas by largely rural people.

The entrepreneur may or may not be of rural origin. The entrepreneurs may be from anywhere, but their enterprises have to be located in a rural area, using mainly local resources both material as well as human. Also, the enterprises have to be located in a rural area though it need not be actually using 100% local material and human resources. Some amount of material and some people may be from urban cities. But certainly large portion of material used has to be locally produced and an appreciable number of people engaged in the production of finished goods should be people based or living in rural areas.

Even a unit set up by the government or a large company in a rural area could promote rural entrepreneurship depending on how much opportunities it throws up for entrepreneurs to use local resources, to fulfill the demands of such large units and the multiplier effect such large units create.
Any large unit coming up in rural areas more or less does have an impact inactivating the surrounding economy for entrepreneurs to take advantage of. This is precisely the reason why it is recommended to shift industries from urban centers to neighboring rural areas. Such shifting initially may be a difficult proposition but in the long run beneficial in many ways.

Moreover, it would throw up lots of opportunities in the rural areas and result in decongestion of the urban centers. Urban slums would start disappearing with large number of industries getting shifted to rural areas resulting in increasing opportunities in the rural areas.

Thus, both the rural as well as urban areas get benefited by setting up more industrial units in the rural areas, making rural areas attractive locations for investment.