The term “caveat” has been derived from Latin which means “beware”. According to the dictionary meaning, “a caveat is an entry made in the books of the offices of a registry or Court to prevent a certain step being taken without previous notice to the person entering the caveat”. In other words, a caveat is a caution or warning given by a party to the court not to take any action or grant any relief to the applicant without notice given to the party lodging the caveat. It is very common in testamentary proceedings. It is a precautionary measure taken against the grant of probate or letters of administration, as the case may be, by the person lodging the caveat. Section 148-A of the Code of Civil Procedure provides for lodging of a caveat.

Section 148-A

Section 148-A, as inserted by the Amendment Act, 1976 is a salutary provision. It read as under:

1. Where an application is expected to be made, or has been made, in a suit or proceeding instituted, or about to be instituted, in a Court , any person claiming a right to appear before the Court on the hearing of such application may lodge a caveat in respect thereof.
2. Where a caveat has been lodged under sub-section (1), the person by whom the caveat has been lodged (hereinafter referred to as the caveator) shall serve a notice of the caveat by registered post, acknowledgement due, on the person by whom the application has been, or is expected to be, made, under sub-section (1).
3. Where, after a caveat has been lodged under sub-section (1), any application is filed in any suit or proceeding, the Court, shall serve a notice of the application on the caveator.
4. Where a notice of any caveat has been served on the applicant, he shall forthwith furnish the caveator at the caveators expense, with a copy of the application made by him and also with copies of any paper or document which has been, or may be, filed by him in support of the application.
5. Where a caveat has been lodged under sub-section (1), such caveat shall not remain in force after the expiry of ninety days from the date on which it was lodged unless the application referred to in sub-section (1) has been made before the expiry of the said period.

Object

The underlying object of a caveat is twofold: firstly, to safeguard the interest of a person against an order that may be passed on an application filed b a party in a suit or proceeding instituted or about to be instituted. Such a person lodging a caveat may not be a necessary party to such an application, he may be affected by an order that may be passed on such application. This section affords an opportunity to such party of being heard before an ex parte order is made. Secondly, to avoid multiplicity of proceedings. In the absence of such a provision, a person who is not a party to such an application and is adversely affected by the order has to be taken appropriate legal proceedings to get rid of such order.

The provision related to the caveat would be applicable to suits, appeals as well as other proceedings under the code or under other enactments. It is no doubt true that no order should be passed against the caveator unless he is heard, but if the caveator is not present at the time of hearing of the application and the Court finds that there is a prima facie case in favour of the applicant, ad interim relief can be granted by the Court in his favour. Interim order passed without giving notice to the caveator is not without jurisdiction and is operative till it is set aside in appropriate proceedings.

Who may File?

Sub-section (1) of Section 148-A prescribes qualifications for the person who intends to lodge a caveat. He must be a person claiming a right to appear before the Court on the hearing of the application, which the applicant might move for the grant of interim relief. The language of Sub-section (1) of Section 148-A is wide enough to include not only a necessary party, but even a proper party. Hence, a caveat may be filed by any person who is going to be affected by an interim order likely to be passed on an application which is expected to be made in a suit or proceeding institute or about to be institute in a Court. Thus, a person who is a stranger to the proceeding cannot lodge a caveat. Likewise, a person supporting the application for interim relief made by the applicant also cannot file a caveat.

Rights and Duties

Sub-section (2), (3) and (4) of Section 148-A prescribe the rights and duties of the caveator who lodges a caveat, of the applicant who intend to obtain an interim order and of the Court.

Under Sub-section (2) of Section 148-A, once a party is admitted to the status of a caveator, he is clothed with certain rights and duties. It is his duty to serve a notice of the caveat lodged by him by registered post on the person o persons by whom an application against the caveator for an interim order has been or is expected to be made.

Sub-section (4) of Section 148-A provides that is the duty of the applicant to furnish to the caveator forthwith at the caveator’s expense a copy of the application made by him along with the copies of papers and and documents on which he relies. This provision thus makes it obligatory for the applicant to serve his application along with all copies and documents filed or intended to be filed in support of this application.

Once a caveat had been lodged, under Sub-section (3), it is duty of the Court to issue a notice of that application on the caveat. This duty has been cast on the Court obviously for the purpose of enabling the caveator to appear and oppose the granting of an interim relief in favour of the applicant.

Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world. People have used it for thousands of years for healing and softening the skin. Aloe has also long been a folk treatment for many maladies, including constipation and skin disorders. The cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries use aloe vera extensively, and the plant has an estimated annual market value of $13 billion globally. Each leaf contains a slimy tissue that stores water, and this makes the leaves thick. This water filled tissue is the “gel” that people associate with aloe vera products. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.

ANTIOXIDANT

The gel contains most of the beneficial bioactive compounds in the plant, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants .Aloe vera gel contains powerful antioxidants belonging to a large family of substances known as polyphenols.

SKIN PROBLEMS AND WOUND HEALING

Aloe vera is known for its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic properties. This is part of why it may help heal wounds and treat skin problems. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that topical aloe vera gel can slow aging of the skin. The United States Pharmacopeia describe aloe vera preparations as a skin protector as early as 1810–1820.

REDUCES CONSTIPATION

Aloe vera may also help treat constipation. This time it is the latex, not the gel, that provides the benefits. The latex is a sticky yellow residue present just under the skin of the leaf. The key compound responsible for this effect is called aloin, or barbaloin, which has well established laxative effects.

LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

People sometimes use aloe vera as a remedy for diabetes. This is because it may enhance insulin sensitivity and help improve blood sugar management.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

There are two main schools of Hindu Law, the Mitakshara and the Dayabhaga. The Mitakshara (literally means “a concise work”) is a running commentary on the code of Yajnavalkya. It has been written by Vijnaneshwar (11^th century) and prevails in all parts of India, except in Bengal. The Dayabhaga School, which is followed mainly in Bengal, is not a commentary on any particular code, but is a digest of all the codes. It has been witten in Jimutavahana (12^th century). It may also be noted that the Mitakshara is the orthodox school, whereas the Dayabhaga is the reformist school of Hindu Law. The Dayabhaga ia considered to be a dissident school of the old Benares School.

The Dayabhaga is not divided into any sub-schools. However, the Mitakshara is sub-divided into four schools prevailing in different parts of India. These different schools have the same fundamental principles, but differs in matters of details, especially with reference to the topics of adoption and inheritance. These four sub-schools are as follows:-

1. The Benares School, which prevails in northern and north-western India except in rural Punjab where its authority has been considerably modified by customary law. The main authorities of the school are the Virmitrodaya and the Nirnaya Sindhu.
2. The Mithila School, which has most of its followers in Bihar. The main authorities are the Vivada Chintamani, the Vivada Ratnakara, the Madana Parijata and the Vyavahara Mayukha.
3. The Dravida or Madras School, which prevails in southern India. the principle authorities are the Smriti Chandrika, the Parashara Madhaviya, the Saraswati Vilasa and the Vyavahara Nimaya.
4. The Maharashtra or Bombay School, which prevails in western India. The main principle authorities are the Viramitrodaya and the Nirhaya Sindhu.

Difference between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools

The fundamental points of difference between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools of Hindu Law may be summarised as follows:

BASES	MITAKSHARA	DAYABHAGA
As regards Joint Property	Right to property by birth (of the claimant); hence the son is co-owner with the father in ancestral property. After the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, the daughter can also a coparcener.	Right to property by death (of the last owner; hence son has no right in the ancestral property during father’s life time.
As regards Alienation	Members of joint family cannot dispose of their shares while undivided	Any member of joint family may sell or give away his shares even when undivided.
As regards inheritance	The principle of inheritance is consanguinity (i.e., blood relationship). But cognates are postponed to agnates.	The principle of inheritance is spiritual efficacy (i.e., offering of pandas). Some cognates, like sister’s son are preferred to many agnates.
As regards Doctrine of factum valet	A fact cannot be altered by hundred texts. It is recognised to a very limited extent.	Doctrine of factum valet is fully recognised.

Besides the above points, the other bases of difference between Mitakshara and Dayabhaga arouse out of their differences in the meaning of the word “Sapinda”. According to Dayabhaga ‘Sapinda’ means the same ‘pinda’ means the ball of rice which offered by the Hindu as obsequies to their ancestors. The term ‘Sapinda’ thus connotes those related to the duty of one to offer ‘pinda’ to the other. On the other hand, Vijnaneswara defined ‘Sapinda’ relationship as the relationship arising between two persons through their being connected by particles of one body.

Thus fundamental difference in the term “Sapinda” resulted in the formation of law, which were in material respect quite distinct from each other.

The distinction between a tort and a contract, is clearly brought forth the definition of tort given by Winfield which states “Tortious liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law, such duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressible by an action for unliquidated damages.”

A contract is an agreement, whereby a legal obligation is constituted and defined between the parties to it. It is a legal relationship, the nature, contents and consequences of which are determined and defined by the agreement of the parties, the law giving legal forces and authorities to the agreement. Thus, whereas in tort, the duties are fixed by the law, in the contract, they are fixed by the parties themselves.

In a contract, one party owes duty to another contracting party only (Principle of Privity of contract) while in tort, the duty imposed by law is not towards any specific individual or individuals, but they are towards the world at large. Both in tort and contract, the remedy available is damages, but while in contract, the damages are liquidated (i.e. they are predetermined by the parties), in tort, the damages are unliquidated (i.e. they are not predetermined by the parties), but are awarded by the court.

In certain cases, the same incident may rise to liability both in contract and tort, for example, when a passenger whilst travelling with a ticket is required owing to the railway company’s negligence, the company is guilty of a wrong which is both breach of contract and tort.

In Edwards v. Mallan, (1908) KB, it was held, a dentist who contracts to pull out the tooth is of course liable for breach of contract, if he injures the patient by an unskillful extraction. He is also liable for the tort of negligence, for everyone who professes skill in a amount of such skill.

In such cases, where the same fact resulted in a breach of contract as well as tort, the plaintiff cannot claim the damage twice over. he can either sue for the breach of contract or for the commission of tort. The contractual duty may be owed to one person and the legal duty (duty by law), independently of contact to another. For example, the surgeon who is called by a father to operate upon his daughter owes a contractual duty to the father who takes care. If he fails in that duty, he is also liable for a tort against the daughter.

In Pippin v. Sheppard, (1822), a surgeon was called in by a husband, to treat his wife. The court held that the husband could sue the surgeon for the breach of contractual duty while the wife could maintain an action in tort as the doctor owes a duty of care to his patient .

Thus, liability in tort is fixed by law irrespective of any contract between the parties, although it s possible that in certain circumstances liability in tort may be modified by contract.

“Technology will not replace great teacher’s but technology in the hands of great teacher’s can be transformed”

Education is a form of learning where we can see the transmission of knowledge, skills from generation to generation. 21st century is also regarded as century if technology. Technology brings education to student’s doorstep.

Technology in education can be classified as:

Today the whole World is experiencing an extraordinary situation emerging out of this Global Pandemic and this consequent lockdown. Amid of this unpredictable lockdown has resulted into an abrupt halt, with the GDP curve falling flatter week by week one might have thought the academic world would suffer a lot. For the future is in the hands of learning ones.

In such times students across the world are losing their valuable time in their education during the imposed lockdown amidst fear of pandemic. Because of the forced closer of education institutions, the entire higher education system has been badly affected mainly the board year students and the final year ones.
No wonder, how emotionally and psychologically it might have drained within the children as well as their parents. Thus at this junction the educational institutions are in the need for a rapid evolutions and adaption of the advanced technology. It’s the time for emerging of online learning (or E-Learning), the most effective option for both students/ teachers as well as the college/university management.

Today the whole World is experiencing an extraordinary situation emerging out of this Global Pandemic and this consequent lockdown. Amid of this unpredictable lockdown has resulted into an abrupt halt, with the GDP curve falling flatter week by week one might have thought the academic world would suffer a lot. For the future is in the hands of learning ones.

In such times students across the world are losing their valuable time in their education during the imposed lockdown amidst fear of pandemic. Because of the forced closer of education institutions, the entire higher education system has been badly affected mainly the board year students and the final year ones.

• 

No wonder, how emotionally and psychologically it might have drained within the children as well as their parents. Thus at this junction the educational institutions are in the need for a rapid evolutions and adaption of the advanced technology. It’s the time for emerging of online learning (or E-Learning), the most effective option for both students/ teachers as well as the college/university management.

BENIFITS OF ONLINE LEARNING:

• Competency-Based Education: By Online Education platforms one can learn transferable skills and competencies. This kind of learning provides required knowledge and it is learner-focused teaching. It acknowledges the fact that every student has a different learning style and their own pace of absorbing what is being taught. In this kind of learning every student gets an equal chance to put up question without the hesitation.
• Skill Development: In today’s competitive world one may aspire to acquire skills more than their regular course. Thus for a better career growth online learning has made it much easier for students to develop new skills with continuing with their regular course at a college/university. Online Learning is the key and the best path to upgrade ones skill. It also provided training programmes to make students familiar with practical usage of such skills.

• Quick Assessments:
  This platform provides teachers an easy and quick access to the learning of the students while they are teaching. It even motivates a shy student to actively participating in giving answers for chats avoid the fear of “What will others think if the answers go wrong?” It also enables teachers to know their students in a friendlier manner and host questions rounds to insure a regular learning.
• Less of Distractions:
  Since online learning does not invite friends to be beside them and parents can keep a regular check over the involvement of their child in the class it decreases the chance of peer distractions. Away from competitions and dominating students there is an increase in active participation of students in asking doubts and initiating interactions with their fellow mates. Moreover, some concepts are better taught online. The teachers and students can interact with each other at any time without any limitation of day or night time for study material, clearing doubts or taking test looking into the convince of both the parties.
• Traceable learning:
  The performance of the students can easy be accessed by online records. Since the online mode store data of every student individually it helps in reducing any misunderstanding and is digitally track able which can’t be done in a face to face learning. The analytic tool provides detailed report of each student’s performance and growth. It also benefits the parents to keep a regular check over their child’s behaviour and progress. Enabling teachers to adapt changes into their teaching techniques according to the learning patterns of their students.
• Working platforms:
  It provides students to apply for different online jobs like part-time, internships, full time etc and earn experience certificate for their future benefits and learning new ways of working. It also provides opportunities to earn for themselves in monetary terms. These kinds of jobs don’t seek for qualifications to a large extent but benefit students to improve their CV.
• Transportation charges:
  This kind of educations benefits the most in terms of location problems. Any student from a remote area can study from their own house with a good network connection and a personal computer. It avoids long distance travelling for classes and avoiding the need to pay for transportation charges. All the more, they won’t feel tired due to travelling. Students can fix their online classes times according to their pace and time. This clearly portrays a graph of less pressure and intensity.
• Budget friendly:
  There are numerous courses and resources available for free access which can get rid of any financial issues faced during the lockdown period in respect of fee payments.

• 

It’s a wonderful opportunity for every academician and researcher to create their own Open Educational Recourses which would not only serve the purpose of student’s education but also servers to enhance their professional self-image.
“INOVATION LEAD TO DEVELOPMENTS”

If we think that happiness consisits of material comforts,we are happier than our forefathers. However, if we consider happiness as a state of well being characterized by contentment and joy, our forefathers were far happier than we are.

If our forefathers woke up from their eternal skeep, they would be wonderstruck at the change drought about by their children in this world

Tobacco smoking can lead to lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It increases the risk of heart disease, which can lead to stroke or heart attack. Smoking has also been linked to other cancers, leukemia, cataracts, and pneumonia. Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of cancer, especially mouth cancers.

Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer.

• Estimates show smoking increases the risk:
  • For coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times
  • For stroke by 2 to 4 times
  • Of men developing lung cancer by 25 times
  • Of women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times
• Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased health care utilization and cost.

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease).

• Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of death in the United States.
• Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of cardiovascular disease.
• Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicken and grow narrower. This makes your heart beat faster and your blood pressure go up. Clots can also form.
• A stroke occurs when:
  • A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain;
  • A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts.
• Blockages caused by smoking can also reduce blood flow to your legs and skin.

Smoking and Respiratory Disease

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs.

• Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
• Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer.
• If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse.
• Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers.

Smoking and Cancer

Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body:

• Bladder
• Blood (acute myeloid leukemia)
• Cervix
• Colon and rectum (colorectal)
• Esophagus
• Kidney and ureter
• Larynx
• Liver
• Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)
• Pancreas
• Stomach
• Trachea, bronchus, and lung

Smoking also increases the risk of dying from cancer and other diseases in cancer patients and survivors.

If nobody smoked, one of every three cancer deaths in the United States would not happen.

Smoking and Other Health Risks

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person’s overall health.

• Smoking can make it harder for a woman to become pregnant. It can also affect her baby’s health before and after birth. Smoking increases risks for:
  • Preterm (early) delivery
  • Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)
  • Low birth weight
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death)
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Orofacial clefts in infants

• Smoking can also affect men’s sperm, which can reduce fertility and also increase risks for birth defects and miscarriage.
• Smoking can affect bone health.
  • Women past childbearing years who smoke have weaker bones than women who never smoked. They are also at greater risk for broken bones.
• Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss.
• Smoking can increase your risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye’s lens that makes it hard for you to see). It can also cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is damage to a small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central vision.
• Smoking is a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can make it harder to control. The risk of developing diabetes is 30–40% higher for active smokers than nonsmokers.
• Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, including inflammation and decreased immune function.
• Smoking is a cause of rheumatoid arthritis.

Quitting and Reduced Risks

• Quitting smoking cuts cardiovascular risks. Just 1 year after quitting smoking, your risk for a heart attack drops sharply.
• Within 2 to 5 years after quitting smoking, your risk for stroke may reduce to about that of a nonsmoker’s.
• If you quit smoking, your risks for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder drop by half within 5 years.
• Ten years after you quit smoking, your risk for dying from lung cancer drops by half.

Who is most likely to become addicted?

Anyone who starts using tobacco can become addicted to nicotine. Studies show that smoking is most likely to become a habit during the teen years. The younger you are when you begin to smoke, the more likely you are to become addicted to nicotine.

According to the 2014 Surgeon General’s Report,(SGR) nearly 9 out of 10 adult smokers started before age 18, and nearly all started by age 26. The report estimates that about 3 out of 4 high school smokers will become adult smokers – even if they intend to quit in a few years.

According to the 2012 Surgeon General’s Report:

“Of every 3 young smokers, only 1 will quit, and 1 of those remaining smokers will die from tobacco-related causes. Most of these young people never considered the long-term health consequences associated with tobacco use when they started smoking; and nicotine, a highly addictive drug, causes many to continue smoking well into adulthood, often with deadly consequences.”

Nature is God’s best creation. It is indeed the best gift God has given to us. Sometimes,I am wonderstruck to see how systematically nature activities go on. Mutualistic relationship which exists in nature often amazes me.

Mutualistic relationships are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species, in which each organism benefits from the interaction in some way. These types of interaction are common and ubiquitous throughout all ecosystems, and scientists are increasingly recognizing the important role that they play in ecology.

Mutualism in nature

Cleaner fish and larger fish share a mutualistic relationship. This is because the cleaner fish eats harmful parasites and other small sources of food off of the large fish. This gives the cleaner fish a meal, the larger fish is helped because it no longer has these parasites on them. Often times larger fish wait in “cleaning stations” for the cleaner fish to come and get these things off of them. Some small shrimp can also be cleaners. The picture below shows a cleaner shrimp cleaning a large fish that would normally eat the shrimp if it wasn’t for this mutualism.

Mutualisms may involve either the exchange of resources, such as shelter, food and other nutrients, or they may involve the exchange of services, such as protection, transportation or healthcare.

“

“Clownfish and Sea Anemone” by Samuel Chow under Flickr

Although there are many more mutualistic relationships between marine animals, the last one that I will talk about is the relationship between the Boxer Crab and anemones. In this relationship, the Boxer Crab carries around two anemones that sting and it uses them for protection. The anemones are benefited because since the crab carries them around, it allows them to be mobile which increases their options for finding food.

“BOXING (POM POM) CRAB” BY  LIQUIDGURU UNDER VIMEO

PARASITISM

Parasitism is not a mutualistic relationship because only one of the species is benefited. The parasite gains from the relationship while the other species involved is harmed.

One example of a parasitic relationship is between fish lice and small fish hosts. The fish can be killed if there are too many fish lice attached to it. The lice benefits from the fish by feeding off of their bodily fluids.

“SEA LICE ON SALMON” BY 7BARRYM0RE UNDER  PUBLIC DOMAIN

Isopods can also cause a parasitic relationship. Some isopods will eat the fishes tongue and then live in the fishes mouth so it they can eat whatever the fish is attempting to eat.

“BETTY IN MOUTH” BY UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD PRESS OFFICE UNDER FLICKR

COMMENSALISM

Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits from another species. The other species  is neither harmed nor helped in this relationship. There are many examples of commensalism in the ocean.

One example of commensalism among marine life are jellyfish and small fish. The small fish will typically hide inside of the jellyfish’s stinging tentacles if the stinging does not effect them. The tentacles provide protection for the fish from larger predators. This relationship has no effect on the jellyfish.

“BABY FISH TAKE SHELTER IN JELLYFISH” BY EARTH TOUCH NEWS NETWORK

Another relationship is between shrimp and a featherstar. The shrimp will blend in with the featherstar and use it for protection. As you can see in the picture below, it is very difficult to find the shrimp hiding in there.

“Shrimp in Featherstar” by prilfish under Flickr

MIMICRY

The last kind of symbiotic relationship is mimicry. Mimicry is when one organism that is harmless evolves to look similar to another organism that is poisonous. This stops predators from eating them because they think they are the poisonous species. They can also use mimicry to appear larger than they really are.

The four-eye butterflyfish uses a large eye spot in order to appear larger to predators.

“CHAETODON CAPISTRATUS1” BY CHRIS HUSS UNDER  PUBLIC DOMAIN

Another example of mimicry is between the Sabre-tooth Blenny and Cleaner Wrasses. The Cleaner Wrasse have a mutualistic relationship with larger fish so they don’t get eaten, and the Sabre-tooth Blenny takes advantage of this relationship by evolving to look very similar to the Cleaner Wrasse. Instead of cleaning the larger fish, the Sabre-tooth Blenny will take a bite out the the large fish’s flesh and swim away.

“BLUESTREAK CLEANER WRASSE” BY NEMO’S GREAT UNCLE UNDER FLICKR

“SABRE-TOOTH BLENNY” BY FISH INDEX

On the top there is a bluestreak cleaner wrasse and on the bottom is a sabre-tooth blenny. You can see how similar they look and how fish could mistake them.

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3 THOUGHTS ON “SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE OCEAN”

1. KCANGIALApril 18, 2017 at 11:14 pmBeautiful examples and images of mutualisms here! The sabre-tooth blenny is apparently an ectoparasite, so interesting! And a very cool example of aggressive mimicry! I love the gif of the crab with anemone pom-poms!LikeReply
   1. AOLENDORFEPORTApril 18, 2017 at 11:22 pmThanks! I also thought that the sabre-tooth blenny was interesting. The gif is my favorite part of this post!Liked by 1 personReply
2. HALEYZANGAApril 25, 2017 at 2:58 pmI loved the images in this post! It really showed the affects of the different symbiotic relationships around. Easy to follow and easy to read.Liked by 1 personReply

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If spices are consumed in moderation you can derive health benefits, but an overdose of any spice can lead to indigestion or even ulcers. Media portals are flooded with the health benefits of turmeric or haldi, but today we list out other Indian spices that are healthy and are kept under wraps.
Cinnamon:
This spice is aromatic and has a refreshing taste. You can add cinnamon in curries, pulao and even desserts; it adds spark to a bland dish. But research on this woody spice tells us that it is also diabetes-friendly and if you show symptoms of insulin resistance, cinnamon will help reduce it.
Besides, cinnamon is used to give you relief from indigestion, common cold, diarrhea, poor blood circulation and tension during menstruation.

Cloves:
Every Indian knows that clove is the spice to treat tooth problems since it contains anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Due to these healthy characteristics cloves are an important ingredient in natural tooth pastes.

Perfumers use the oil extract from cloves but it has its health benefits. If you are feeling queasy after indulging in too much food or alcohol, cloves have the properties to put you at ease. Cloves can relieve you from vomiting, indigestion, an upset digestive tract and loose motions.

Cumin:
Tempered cumin or jeera adds the spice that dal fry needs. Most dishes are incomplete without cumin. All the better for us, as cumin is known to relieve you from digestive problems, reduce your chances of anemia and alleviate common cold.

Surprisingly jeera can reduce the problem of piles, serves as a laxative and provides your body with iron, manganese that helps in the absorption of calcium and controls blood pressure.

Black Cardamom:
Do not confuse it with green cardamom; black cardamom is a common spice in briyani. Apparently this spice is also used as anti-venom for snakes and scorpions, but try it out at your own risk.

Black cardamom eases out digestive problems and reduces flatulence, it is known to relieve you from throat problems, chest congestion, and gum infection. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties and the fact that it can alleviate muscle spasms, black cardamom is a saving grace for asthmatics. It is a great ingredient for respiratory problems.
Saffron:
Kashmir is synonymous with the production of the best quality of saffron in India. This ingredient adds colour and spice to briyani or dessert. Saffron is expensive but the health benefits are priceless.

Saffron has the ability to treat depression, prevents loss of vision, and improves memory. The stigma of the flower can relieve you from digestive issues with the help of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-depressant properties.

Nutmeg:

As Indians, we ensure that spices form the base of any dish. We are not satisfied with a dash of salt and a squeeze of sour lime, we need spices.

If spices are consumed in moderation you can derive health benefits, but an overdose of any spice can lead to indigestion or even ulcers. Media portals are flooded with the health benefits of turmeric or haldi, but today we list out other Indian spices that are healthy and are kept under wraps.
Cinnamon:
This spice is aromatic and has a refreshing taste. You can add cinnamon in curries, pulao and even desserts; it adds spark to a bland dish. But research on this woody spice tells us that it is also diabetes-friendly and if you show symptoms of insulin resistance, cinnamon will help reduce it.
Besides, cinnamon is used to give you relief from indigestion, common cold, diarrhea, poor blood circulation and tension during menstruation.

Cloves:
Every Indian knows that clove is the spice to treat tooth problems since it contains anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Due to these healthy characteristics cloves are an important ingredient in natural tooth pastes.

Perfumers use the oil extract from cloves but it has its health benefits. If you are feeling queasy after indulging in too much food or alcohol, cloves have the properties to put you at ease. Cloves can relieve you from vomiting, indigestion, an upset digestive tract and loose motions.

Cumin:
Tempered cumin or jeera adds the spice that dal fry needs. Most dishes are incomplete without cumin. All the better for us, as cumin is known to relieve you from digestive problems, reduce your chances of anemia and alleviate common cold.

Surprisingly jeera can reduce the problem of piles, serves as a laxative and provides your body with iron, manganese that helps in the absorption of calcium and controls blood pressure.

Black Cardamom:
Do not confuse it with green cardamom; black cardamom is a common spice in briyani. Apparently this spice is also used as anti-venom for snakes and scorpions, but try it out at your own risk.

Black cardamom eases out digestive problems and reduces flatulence, it is known to relieve you from throat problems, chest congestion, and gum infection. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties and the fact that it can alleviate muscle spasms, black cardamom is a saving grace for asthmatics. It is a great ingredient for respiratory problems.
Saffron:
Kashmir is synonymous with the production of the best quality of saffron in India. This ingredient adds colour and spice to briyani or dessert. Saffron is expensive but the health benefits are priceless.

Saffron has the ability to treat depression, prevents loss of vision, and improves memory. The stigma of the flower can relieve you from digestive issues with the help of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-depressant properties.

Nutmeg:
Like cloves, nutmeg too has anti-bacterial properties. It helps fight tooth decay. Besides, nutmeg can fight Alzheimer’s and improves your memory. This lesser known spice has the ability to reduce flatulence and improve appetite – a problem that all mothers face when it comes to their child’s fussy eating habits. It can also release the tension in your muscle.

According to the Chinese, this spice can improve impotence; worth a try for those looking for a natural alternative.

Black Pepper:
Once upon a time, black pepper was considered gold, a precious commodity for trade. A dash of pepper can create an explosion of flavours to a bland dish. But consume this fiery spice in moderation.
Black pepper has the ability to increase the production of hydrochloric acid that the stomach needs to help in digestion. You can save yourself from digestive problems, flatulence and constipation. It is also anti – bacterial in nature, reduces blood pressure and contains iron that is beneficial for the body.

NEWS IN
BRIEF 

yoga is a group of physical, mental,and spritual practice or disciplines which orientation in ancient india .yoga is one of the six Astika school of hindu philosophical traditions .there is a board variety of yoga schools, practice, and goal of Hinduism , buddhism and Jainism.

the practice of yoga was starting during the indus-sarasvati civilization in northern india over 5000 year ago .it was first mentioned in rig vada a collection of texts that consisted of ,rituals,mantras ,and songs which was mainly used by brahmans , the vedic priests.

After having staged the most dramatic arrest (indirectly a well sponsored surrender), Kanpur’s famous gangster Vikas Dubey was sure of escaping an encounter at the hands of Uttar Pradesh police using his political and administrative connections. Within 24 hours of being arrested by the Ujjain police and handover to Special Task Force team, Vikas Dubey lay dead on a hospital stretcher with overwhelmed reporters desperate to shoot his body with their cameras.

Among all this chaos the most unfortunate thing was the lack of element of surprise because almost everyone was convinced that Vikas Dubey would not reach Kanpur alive. Uttar Pradesh police had played it cards well and definitely did not care an inch about the questions that media and public would raise. Stopping media vehicles just minutes before the accident, a herd of buffaloes causing just one vehicle to crash although it was a caravan and our antagonist escaping pretty easily from a turned over vehicle along with a police pistol makes up for a perfect Rohit shetty style script and a tangy media debate. But raising questions on this scandalous encounter is not something this piece of writing intends to do.

This article tries to throw light on the public sentiments and reactions over extrajudicial killings. A major section of the society including journalists, politicians, former administrators and the public seemed to have been glorifying the practice of encountering criminals by the police as a righteous act of imparting speedy justice. Who can forget the splendid sight of the brave and courageous policemen of Hyderabad being showered with rose petals as they marched along the city’s roads after having encountered the rapists of a 26-year-old veterinary doctor whose charred body was found on the outskirts of Hyderabad just 7 days ago.

The heinousness of that case immediately brought back the memories of 16 December, 2013 when another daughter of India was brutually raped in the country’s capital. Nirbhaya succumbed to her injuries but her parents’ extraordinary 8 year long battle finally payed off when the accused men were hanged in Tihar jail on 20 March, 2020. The society that day was not only brightened by the sun but also by the inspiring struggle of Nirbhaya’s parents who made brought their daughter’s tormentors to justice not by a police encounter but by a court of law.

The justice brought down by pistols and guns lasts for a few days but when justice is imparted by the ink of pen , even without any noise that struggle remains till the end of time.

Bhubaneswar the capital and largest city of the state Odisha often known as the temple city of India was formally established in 1948. The city of Bhubaneswar has numbers of temple with amazing architecture which might make you stand and admire it’s beauty. But unfortunately not many are aware of this beautiful city, even though it is a capital of a state. Some identify Bhubaneswar as a capital of one of the poorest state where as some don’t even know that a city of this name even exists. But trust me this city is more than what you think and is well developed like any other mega city.

Not many know that Bhubaneswar which got it’s name form Tribhubaneswara ( lord of three worlds) was designed by a German architect and was considered as one the modern and India’s first well planned city but unlike other mega cities this city lacked recognition. Before analyzing the topic i wanted the readers to have an idea about the city and how ideal it can be.

Bhubaneswar with a population of around 8 lac provides a lot of opportunities for people with creative business ideas. A city which is also know as the start up hub has become a great choice for people to start their venture. For somebody who does not want to start a business in a metro city, Bhubaneswar a tier-II city of India is developing fast and is offering great opportunities for them to grow their business.This city was ranked as the best place to do business in India by the world bank in 2014. Also known as the IT hub, bhubaneswar has got some major IT companies such as TCS , INFOSYS, WIPRO and many more which makes this city favourable for young professionals who wants to enjoy their job in a not so expensive city, yes you heard me right bhubaneswar is not at all expensive and is quite affordable .

did you know that this city is also an educational hub, infact has some elite institutions such as IIT , NISER, AIIMS and NIFT. This city provides a variety of options and scope to students and is also known for it’s quality education. Some people might be surprised to know that Bhubaneswar has a literacy rate of 93.15 % which is significantly higher than the national average literacy rate 74.04 %.

In 2017 The times of India listed bhubaneswar in the top 10 city list, i am pretty sure it will soon make it to top of the list. This beautiful city has come a long way from being called as a temple city to a smart city, no doubt this city will become more advanced in the near future.

There’s always a debate going on whether to prefer hard work or smart work. An American religious leader Gordon B. Hinckley once said “without hardwork nothing grows but weeds” which clearly states that hard work is something without which success can not be expected. But when it comes to today’s date do you still believe the same ? Years back people did not have access to proper education, people then managed to survive by working hard either in their fields or by working under merchants. All they knew was to work hard in order to have a simple and happy life but days are not the same now. Everything has changed now, people are way more smart now and are reaching new heights by using their smartness.

People now use their brain more to live a happy life, gone are those days when people physically struggled to get their work done. I believe smart work is something which has taken a great from in recent days. In order to be successful people are now focusing more on their smartness than working hard. It is believed that people who focus more on smart work use their brain more efficiently and try to find out even easy ways to get their work done when compared to hard workers.

Smart work requires a lot of analysis. A few hours of analysis can help a person to achieve success even faster. It is also believed that smart workers not only complete their work in less time with utmost efficiency but also lead a stress free life since they don’t invest more time in working hard. Many world leaders including our very own prime minister believe the concept of smart work is way more successful than the concept of hard work. In fact companies like Amazon, TCS , Infosys and many other similar successful companies are majorly interested to recruit smart workers than hard workers because they understand that only smart workers can achieve the organisational goals in a short span of time. Top business leaders now believe that smart work is the new hard work and hence are now hunting people who are good at working smart.

But is it okay to completely ignore hard work ? no it isn’t because hard work might take a long time to give a positive result but smart work is something whose result might not be positive everytime. Initially when a person tries to work smart it is expected that he/she will be facing failures a couple of times but once the concept of smart work is understood everything becomes very easy. Also as i said hard work can not be ignored in order to have a successful future or in order to balance the work life. Smart work combined with hard work results in fast and long lasting success and thus makes life easier. Well i think the time has come where we have to focus more on smart work than hard work in order to work efficiently.

VOID MARRIAGES

Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides Void marriages as – Any marriage solemnised after the commencement of this Act shall be null and void and may, on a petition presented by either party thereto against the other party, be so declared by a decree of nullity if it contravenes any one of the conditions specified in clauses (i), (iv) and (v) of section 5.

A marriage may be solemnised in the sense that the parties to it have gone through the customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto as laid down in Section 7. However, such a marriage to be valid must in any event fulfill three of the conditions enacted in Section 5. The three conditions are:

• Neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage [clause (i)];
• The parties are not within the degrees of prohibited relationship, unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two [clause (iv)];
• The parties are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two [clause (v)].

Section 11 is not applicable to marriage solemnised before the commencement of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 though such marriage may be void. The present section in terms lay down that non-fulfillment of any one of these conditions render a marriage solemnised after the commencement of the Act, null and void from its inception, and either party to such marriage can obtain a decree of nullity from the Court.

A decree of nullity may be passed by the court at the instance of either party to the marriage solemnised after the commencement of the Act on the ground that the marriage was in contravention of any of the three conditions mentioned in the section. Either party to the subsequent marriage can seek relief and not necessarily the aggrieved party i.e. first wife during the subsistence of whose marriage the husband takes second wife has no right to move for declaration of nullity of the subsequent marriage. However, under Specific Relief Act such a petition could be moved by the wife of first marriage for declaration that second marriage of her husband is illegal and void.

VOIDABLE MARRIAGE

Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides Voidable marriages as – (1) Any marriage solemnised, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be voidable and may be annulled by a decree of nullity on any of the following grounds, namely:

(a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the impotence of the respondent; or

(b) that the marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in clause (ii) of section 5; or

(c) that the consent of the petitioner, or where the consent of the guardian in marriage of the petitioner was required under section 5 as it stood immediately before the commencement of the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978 (2 of 1978), the consent of such guardian was obtained by force or by fraud as to the nature of the ceremony or as to any material fact or circumstances concerning the respondent; or

 (d) that the respondent was at the time of the marriage pregnant by some person other than the petitioner.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no petition for annulling a marriage

(a) on the ground specified in clause (c) of sub-section (1) shall be entertained if

(i) the petition is presented more than one year after the force had ceased to operate or, as the case may be, the fraud had been discovered; or

(ii) the petitioner has, with his or her full consent, lived with the other party to the marriage as husband or wife after the force had ceased to operate or, as the case may be, the fraud had been discovered;

(b) on the ground specified in clause (d) of sub-section (1) shall be entertained unless the court is satisfied

(i) that the petitioner was at the time of the marriage ignorant of the facts alleged;

(ii) that proceedings have been instituted in the case of a marriage solemnised before the commencement of this Act within one year of such commencement and in the case of marriages solemnised after such commencement within one year from the date of the marriage; and

(iii) that marital intercourse with the consent of the petitioner has not taken place since the discovery by the petitioner of the existence of the said ground.

A voidable marriage is a perfectly valid marriage so long it is not avoided. A voidable marriage can be avoided only on the petition of one of the parties to the marriage; if one of the parties dies before the marriage is annulled no one can challenge the marriage. The marriage will remain valid foe ever and children of such marriage are legitimate. But once voidable marriage is annulled the decree is given retrospective effect from the date of the marriage. The marriage is deemed to have been void for all purposes from its inception and parties are deemed have never been husband and wife and children are deemed to have been illegitimate, subject to Section 16 which lays down that the children of annulled voidable and void marriages are legitimate children. (Rameswari Devi v. State of Bihar, AIR 2000 SC).

A marriage may be annulled by a decree of nullity under Section 12 on any of the grounds namely:

• Impotency
• Unsoundness of mind
• Consent obtained by force or fraud
• Pregnancy of the wife by someone else at the time of marriage