• 

Mental instabilities are sicknesses or conditions that influence how you think, feel, act, or identify with others or to your environmental elements. They are extremely normal. Many individuals have had one or know somebody who has. Mental problems are among the most well-known reasons for handicap. The subsequent sickness weight of psychological maladjustment is among the most elevated, all things considered. Psychological well-being and actual wellbeing are firmly associated. Emotional wellness assumes a significant part in individuals’ capacity to keep up with great actual wellbeing. Psychological instabilities, like melancholy and tension, influence individuals’ capacity to partake in wellbeing advancing practices. Thus, issues with actual wellbeing, like constant sicknesses, can genuinely affect psychological wellness and decline an individual’s capacity to take part in therapy and recuperation.

It is typical for youngsters and youth to encounter different sorts of enthusiastic misery as they create and mature. For instance, it is normal for youngsters to encounter tension with regards to school, or youth to encounter brief times of discouragement that are transient in nature. At the point when manifestations continue, it very well might be an ideal opportunity to look for proficient help. There is no single reason for emotional well-being messes; all things being equal, they can be brought about by a combination of natural, mental and ecological elements. Individuals who have a family background of emotional wellness problems might be more inclined to creating one eventually. Changes in cerebrum science from substance misuse or changes in diet can likewise cause mental problems. Mental components and natural factors, for example, childhood and social openness can shape the establishments for hurtful idea designs related with mental issues.

Signs and indications of psychological instability can fluctuate, contingent upon the issue, conditions and different components. Some common symptoms are :

1. Excessive paranoia, worry, or anxiety
2. Long-lasting sadness or irritability
3. Extreme changes in moods
4. Social withdrawal
5. Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping pattern

Taking everything into account the central matters raised are that emotional well-being is all the more wide spread an affliction and that it is shown that it can show itself in a wide range of circumstances both mental and physical. Psychological wellness in some structure can happen to anybody both in its straightforward or its more mind boggling structure. Measurably gaining from the exploration I have acquired, psychological well-being is on the increment locally and at a disturbing rate. This is expected to some extent to the way world/way of life is advancing at an always quicker speed. With monetary foundations and environment control in the day by day news and apparently crazy it is no big surprise individuals are experiencing more psychological wellness issues than they used to do. In this mechanical very quick world that we possess people groups lives are placed in a great deal of pressure and tension accordingly prompting a condition of misery and other actual issues.

• 

Humans are not born blank slates, which makes it incredibly difficult to discover the true nature of human behavior. European philosophers were the first to agree that our actions are not motivated by rationality because they’re blindly driven by emotions. The existence of these two opposing forces is what guided many thinkers toward the study of psychology. Are humans rational or emotional beings? The answer is neither-we are both but one cannot always control the other, so there’s always uncertainty when it comes to predicting future choices and reactions.

The theories which describe our behavior can vary based on the culture or culture in question. For example, North Americans see the world in terms of dualism, while Asians tend to develop holistic views because they believe in harmony and balance. The point is that what you believe is true for your culture or country cannot always be applied to other cultures or countries blindly because each one has its own unique history and society.

Psychology is an attempt at explaining human behavior within the framework of how the mind works, both yours and others’.
Psychology is a science that applies psychological knowledge to explain behavior. It has four main fields: cognition, emotion, motivation and development.
In the subject of psychology, the word “memory” is often used interchangeably with “memorizing”. In fact, they are not exactly the same thing. In psychology, the term memory refers to an event that has been experienced or observed in the past. It may involve all or part of a visual image as well as a sound or smell.

• 

A primary goal of management education is to develop students into managers who can think ahead, exercise good judgment, make ethical decisions, and take into
consideration the implications of their proposed actions.

Premises
Organizations are complex systems.
Where is a need to understand how the system operates esp. in a sociotechnical system – humanity and technology.
Human behavior in organizations is
sometimes unpredictable.
Behaviors may come from deep-seated needs, lifetime experiences and personal value systems ,Human behavior in a organization can be partially understood
And Applying the frameworks of behavioral science, management and other disciplines.

There are no perfect solutions to
organizational problems well, Increase the understanding and skills – work relationships can substantially upgraded

An organization is a collection of people
who work together to achieve individual
and organizational goals. Or it can be a consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people, that
functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

Organizational behavior is actually the study of human behavior in the workplace,
And the interaction between people and the organization, and the organization itself.

It’s basic goals focuses on the behaviour of people under a variety of conditions.as even understanding the reason for the same . Managers need to remember that organizational behavior is a tool for human benefit

Organisational behaviour encompasses three broad areas which are mentioned below
1.The Behavior of People in Organisations

2.Organisational Structure

3.Behavior of organization

Anone studying about the importance of organisation and organizational behaviour will get to know it’s major aspects and Develop its skills to function effectively in the workplace. It even leads in the Growth of personality through insight into human behaviour as well as Enhance overall organizational effectiveness.

Thank you.

• 

The Internet is rapidly transforming the show business in India. the dimensions and effect of the longer-term use of digital content is very large for the country’s mobile user base, led by the launch of three G and 4 G networks and many subscribers. Audiences are using numerous different technologies to look at films, documentaries, and web series on their smartphone devices. Some examples include Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hotstar and Zee5, which provide movies and other video content through internet. it’s become a challenge to the Movie theater industry. Now that theatres are pack up and film releases are suspended during the national shutdown, cinema owners worry that the universal experience of viewing
movies will eventually change digital platforms, resulting in a dip in viewers
visiting once the screens open again.

Over-the-top (OTT) media platform refers to something sort of a digital video platform which is distributed explicitly to consumers bypassing cable, radio and satellite television channels over the web that sometimes act as distributors of these content. Over the past few years, owing to the increase in internet consumption, the media and entertainment sector has seen a
significant push. The fundamentals of the cinema industry are being redefined.

When it involves OTT platforms, on a mean every user holds minimum of
two OTT platforms, most important advantage of OTT platforms is that buyer’s access plenty of content during a freemium model where OTT platforms offer free content with a selected collection and there would be an incentive to modify to the paying subscription. OTT platforms have allowed users, at
their own convenience, to access a spread of content at low expense.
When it involves Movie theatres, Majority of the viewers choose a movie
once very month Viewers are able to spend 500-1000rupees to observe a movie. Majority of the viewers opting to observe a movie within the theatre when it’s a highly content driven movie. Thus, a change in
consumer watching habits is often seen where theatres were highly
preferred for commercial/big star movies, but now it replaced by content
driven movies. From the info, it is often said that folks prefer watching content mostly in OTT platforms and infrequently in movie theatres. Convenience is that the
biggest reason behind the utilization of over-the-top application. Second
biggest reason is choice of wide selection of content. Third on is availability of content on demand.

Conclusion:
The Indian audience’s perception of trends within the Indian media and show business is encouraging. The Indian audience claims that these applications are transforming the Indian media and entertainment sector, and therefore the reasons for these improvements are media
convenience, content efficiency, economical media, and innovative
projects. Research reveals that the longer term of Over-the-Top (OTT)application in India is promising. But certain factors of theatres like Screen size and Sound quality, theatrical experience and ambience can’t be achieved by OTT platforms. So, people will certainly reach bent theatres, but it’ll happen slowly thanks to things, but it can never be completely erased on the existence of OTT platforms. To summarize, the report
suggests that the OTT industry has disrupted the movies industry which
because the industry dynamics changes, both mediums won’t only coexist
but even prosper together.

Thank you.

By Dilip Patel

Position related brutality in India has happened and keeps on happening in different structures. As indicated by a report by Common liberties Watch: Unfair and savage, brutal, and debasing
treatment of more than 165 million people in India has been advocated based on standing. Position is drop based and genetic in nature. It is a trademark dictated by one’s introduction to the
world into a specific rank, independent of the confidence rehearsed by the person. Caste signifies a conventional arrangement of unbending social definition into positioned
bunches characterized by drop and occupation. Caste divisions in India overwhelm in lodging, marriage, work, and gender and danger of social exclusion, financial blacklists, and actual violence. eral social connection divisions that are supported through the training.

The Dalits | Still untouchable
Article 46 of the Indian Constitution.
Today, 68 years after Autonomy, as Dalits keep on enduring the worst part of savagery and segregation featured lately by the appalling self destruction of Rohith Vemula, a Ph.D understudy
in the Hyderabad Focal College who hanged himself, accusing his introduction to the world as a “deadly mishap” in a chilling last note-we were
unable to be any further away from what the Constitution had requested from a free and reasonable India

A ghost of self destruction passed by a few Dalit students was frequenting India. Out of 25 students who ended it all just in north India and Hyderabad since 2007, 23 were Dalits. This remembered two
for the lofty All-India Foundation of Clinical
Sciences in New Delhi, and 11 in Hyderabad city alone. Deliberate information doesn’t exist for such suicides, however the issue runs far more
profound than a couple of understudies choosing to take their own lives in the wake of being crushed by the framework. Dalit problem in India peruses like a whole information sheet of misfortunes. As indicated by a 2010 report by the
Public Basic liberties Commission (NHRC) on the Anticipation of Outrages against Booked Ranks, a wrongdoing is carried out against a Dalit like clockwork. Overall, three Dalit ladies are assaulted, two Dalits killed, and two Dalit houses
consumed. As indicated by the NHRC insights set up by K.B. Saxena, a previous extra boss secretary of Bihar, 37% Dalits live underneath the destitution line, 54% are undernourished, 83 for
every 1,000 kids brought into the world in a Dalit family pass on before their first birthday celebration, 12% before their fifth birthday celebration, and 45 percent stay unskilled. The information likewise shows that Dalits are kept from entering the police headquarters in 28% of Indian towns. Dalit kids have been made to sit
independently while eating in 39% government schools. Dalits don’t get mail conveyed to their homes in 24% of towns. What’s more, they are denied admittance to water sources in 48% of our towns since distance stays a distinct reality
despite the fact that it was abrogated in 1955.

India’s caste system is perhaps the world’s longest enduring social progression. A characterizing highlight of Hinduism, station incorporates an intricate requesting of gatherings of people based on custom immaculateness. An
individual is viewed as an individual from the position into which the person is conceived and stays inside that
standing til’ the very end, albeit the specific positioning of that rank may differ among districts and over the long run. Contrasts in status are generally supported by the strict dictated by one’s deeds in past lifetimes.

today

The infection doesn’t see race, religion, shading, standing, doctrine, language or lines prior to striking”, while this glossed over, apparently fair- minded assertion from the Indian government has
been prevalently embraced and worldwide
worshipped, it doesn’t detract from the way that it was incredibly repetitive and proudly harsh.
Alongside the assertion—the revelation of public lockdown on 25th Walk 2020, the endorsed proportion of social separating, the cross country
burden of Fundamental Products Act, infection testing rules and any remaining activities of the individual state organizations have been in
finished dismissal to the limit contrasts and variety of the nation’s social and monetary set-up Government Initiatives . Deliberately ignoring the
standing class order and their commensurate connection in India, the state’s response to the
infection has been regardless commenced on such natural biases. Guaranteeing that the infection would influence the individuals who are
living on the 24th floor of an extravagance lofts in Mumbai and the Chamars and Musahar people group living in ghetto cum-ghettos similarly, is an endeavor to homogenize the populace while
invisiblising the individuals who are at the lower part of the financial pecking order of the station framework. Hence, the prevalent view that Coronavirus is considerably more fair-minded
than a large portion of us, is itself covered with predispositions which comes from the remaining alive station class advantage. The problem of utilizing social removing as a worldwide popular expression was only a hint of
something larger. There is more than what meets the eyes. Standing framework is that butterfly whose fluttering wings affect a wide range of associations of a person. From the way one dresses and lives and to the manner by which once makes money and makes an occupation, rank is a convincing despot which orders
everything, including this infection. It is standing based positions, for example, rummaging, sterilization, channel cleaning, their ensuing negligible social qualities, lacking compensations prompting unhygienic ghetto based way of life
which makes Dalit and Adivasi people group tortured not simply by their station personalities and its repercussions yet in addition by the deadly dangers of Coronavirus

Government Initiatives

Indian Government has enacted laws to remove untouchability and has also brought in many reforms to improve the quality of life for the weaker sections of society. Few among them are:
• Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental
human rights
• Abolition of ‘ untouchability’ in 1950
• Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Provision of reservation in places like
educational institutions, for employment
opportunities etc.
• Establishing social welfare departments and national commissions for the welfare of scheduled castes and tribes.

Solutions

i. some benefit based training to youngsters from adolescence can tackle the issue of casteism somewhat.
ii. Different social organizations like family,
school, and Broad communications should be given the duty to build up an appropriate, wide viewpoint among youngsters, which will invalidate the sensations of casteism, for instance,
making mindfulness about the evil impacts of sustaining the conventional rank framework.
iii. Scholarly projects should be taken up in rustic territories as the position sentiments, which further propagate casteism, are more in country
regions. These sensations of caste can be limited by the arrangement of social schooling among rural population.

Thank you.

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Politics in the Name of Women’s Reservation. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328X241262562

• 

It all starts with an attempt to go ahead in a path decided with a purpose in the present with severance and striking or facing it.

Life is what you make it . It is said that a human being with a purpose is most powerful than any other ordinary person . In this world , where obstacle strikes back of opportunities , one have to make there own path towards the destination which is to be decided in present for the future . Our value increases  based on our ability to see our worth and when difficulties strike hard in life keeping ourselves with the same pace till the storm passes .

In keeping with the spirit of the festive season, a Pune-based non-government organisation (NGO) is running a pan-India initiative by distributing “Diwali happiness kits” that include groceries and hygiene essentials , In keeping with the spirit of the festive season, a Pune-based non-government organisation (NGO) is running a pan-India initiative by distributing “Diwali happiness kits” that include groceries and hygiene essentials For many it more or less about the donation or charity but it’s not actually what they think it’s actually about this small smile and happiness on the face of the child .

Diwali an occasion, an event is an beginning and cerium of good over event , and bring a plant of hope as a light over darkness as symbolizing the victory . The way comes out with the spark of prosperous and growth many .

 All the way , A hope for small things brings a tremendous smile on a small child . It’s Just takes a matter of time to spend a moment for them . Diwali , an occasion of happiness for everyone , that brings a hope as well as joy for individuals, celebrating it in our customs of growth and prosperous for many .

Just with the one step of an individual will eventually lead a drastic change in their lives . It’s not about the donation or charity one gives , but it’s about the blessings with an opportunity for them to go ahead in their path of destination . It brings smile on the face of a child with an opportunity for them to go ahead .

The organization mainly Emphasis on the growth and development of unprivileged children which eventually lead by providing them support system.

With the start of this prosperous fevital , which brings a glint of hope for many people , children’s and poor , the NGOs are provided them a “Diwali happiness gift” ,which  includes groceries and toiletries

This Diwali let’s one make some contribution to an unprivileged one .

Thank you

• 

Introduction

It focuses specifically on the equality groups set out in the Equality Act 2006: groups which share a common attribute in respect of age, disability, gender, race, religion or belief, or sexual orientation.
Prejudice and discrimination have been prevalent throughout human history. Those who practice discrimination do so to protect opportunities for themselves by denying access to those whom they believe do not deserve the same treatment as everyone else.. Many prejudices seem to be passed along from parents to children. The media—including television,
movies, and advertising—also perpetuate demeaning images and stereotypes about assorted groups, such as ethnic minorities, women, gays and lesbians, the disabled, and the elderly. Prejudices may bring support from significant others, so rejecting prejudices may lead to losing social support. The pressures to conform to the views of families, friends, and
associates can be formidable. In response to early socialization, some people are especially prone to stereotypical thinking and projection based on unconscious fears. People with an authoritarian personality rigidly conform, submit without question to their superiors, reject those they consider to be inferiors, and express intolerant sexual and religious
opinions. The authoritarian personality may have its roots in parents who
are unloving and aloof disciplinarians. The child then learns to control his or her anxieties via rigid attitudes. To date, solutions to prejudice that emphasize change at the individual level have not been successful. In contrast, research sadly shows that even unprejudiced people can, under specific conditions of war or economic competition, become highly prejudiced against their perceived “enemies.” Neither have attempts at
desegregation in schools been successful. Instead, many integrated schools
have witnessed the formation of ethnic cliques and gangs that battle other
groups to defend their own identities.

Prejudice tended to mean having a set of idea about someone that is based
on assumptions or preconceptions, rather than a person’s actual action. For
Example: racism, sexism, ageism, classism, homophobia, nationalism etc.
Prejudices can either be positive or negative—both forms are usually
preconceived and difficult to alter. The negative form of prejudice can lead
to discrimination, although it is possible to be prejudiced and not act upon
the attitudes. Discrimination is the actual behaviour of excluding or restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available for other groups. For
example: age discrimination, sexual orientation, national origin, sexual
harassment etc. Unfortunately due to our past history, discrimination had
been among us from since decades. And it’s still on-going. These things had
led to human conflict which resulted in crime, war, and mass murder such
as genocide. Discriminations affect people’s opportunities and well-being.
Societies continue to make distinctions based on ethnicity, race, sex or
gender and other characteristics that should have no bearing on people’s
achievements or on their wellbeing. Prejudice and discrimination could
affect health of the victim in several ways. Discrimination could determine
groups living conditions and life changes affecting such areas as education,
employment, and housing. As per humanity every single individual existing
should have equal rights and opporcunity in all the areas of life.

conclusion

Therapists are not immune to prejudicial attitudes. Indeed, most schools
offer therapists little training on the role of racism, sexism, and other forms
of prejudice and discrimination in therapy. Prejudice can undermine the
therapeutic process and harm clients. Some examples of how prejudice can
affect therapy include:
Altering perceptions: A therapist’s prejudicial beliefs about a group
can affect their opinion of clients. For example, a therapist who thinks women tend to exaggerate things might not take seriously a woman’s claims of sexual abuse.
Minimizing experiences: A therapist’s prejudicial beliefs about how
prejudice and discrimination affects people can undermine their ability to help. A therapist might underestimate the extent to which police killings of unarmed black people affect black mental health, or
may be unaware of how high-profile sexual assault cases affect sexual
abuse survivors.

Not recognizing power dynamics: A therapist who harbours
prejudicial beliefs or who is unaware of the effects of prejudice might not recognize power dynamics in therapy. For example, a white therapist might not understand why a black person is reluctant to
discuss racism. In family therapy, a therapist who is prejudiced might
not notice power dynamics between male and female romantic
partners.
Gas lighting: A therapist who is blind to the effects of prejudice or who does not recognize their own prejudices may inadvertently gaslight by questioning a client’s experiences or reality.

Prejudice can manifest in other ways, too:
✓ Prejudice directed at a therapist may undermine the therapist’s
ability to help.
✓ A client may seek therapy to deal with the effects of prejudice on
their life and mental health. Prejudice can make virtually every
aspect of life more difficult, and has measurable lifelong mental and
physical health consequences.
✓ Prejudice may be a factor in couples or family therapy. To offer
comprehensive help, a therapist must recognize prejudice and
identify its role in the family.
✓ A client might seek therapy to overcome prejudicial attitudes.
Though prejudice is not a mental health diagnosis, it can have
profound and lasting effects on people and the world.
✓ Prejudice infects an entire society, but making change begins with
changing individual minds and lives.
Thank you

• 

Gender equality, referred to as sexual equality or equality of the sexes,
is that the state of equal simple access to resources and opportunities no matter gender, including economic participation and decisionmaking; and therefore the state of valuing different behaviors,
aspirations and wishes equally, no matter gender. Gender equality is that the goal, while gender neutrality and gender
equity are practices and ways of thinking that help in achieving the goal. Gender parity, which is employed to live gender balance during a given situation, can aid in achieving gender equality but isn’t the goal in and of itself. Gender equality is quite equal representation, it’s strongly
tied to women’s rights, and sometimes requires policy changes.

Gender equality isn’t solely a elementary right, however a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and property world. There has been progress over the last decades: a lot of women area unit planning to faculty, fewer women area unit forced into early wedding, a lot of girls
area unit serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws
area unit being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, several challenges stay: discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, girls still be underrepresented in the
slightest degree levels of political leadership, And one in five girls and
women between the ages of fifteen and forty nine report experiencing
physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner at intervals a 12month
amount.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may reverse the restricted progress that has been created on gender equality and women’s rights. The coronavirus irruption exacerbates existing inequalities {for women or ladies for women} and girls across each sphere – from health and
therefore the economy, to security and social protection. Women play a
disproportionate role in responding to the virus, as well as frontline tending employees and careers reception. Women’s unpaid care work has inflated considerably as a results of faculty closures and therefore the inflated wants of older individuals. Girls are tougher hit by the economic impacts of COVID-19, as they disproportionately add insecure
labour markets. Nearly 60% of girls add the informal economy, that puts
them at larger risk of falling into financial condition.
The pandemic has additionally junction rectifier to a steep increase in
violence against girls and women. With imprisonment measures in situ,
many ladies area unit at bay reception with their abusers, troubled

knowledge shows that, since the irruption of the pandemic, violence
against girls and women – and notably force – has intense to access services that area unit affected by cuts and restrictions. Rising

Gender difference and discrimination to exist in our society. Still there are specific field in which men and women are not treated equally. A lot of people in India are thinks that men and women does not have equal rights and that women are dominated. Women are equally
entitled to live in freedom as well as dignity. It is important to promote common values such as respect for human rights and equality between women and men. While progress is being made to increase gender equality across the globe, people need to be more aware of disadvantages that women still continue two face and take action to promote equality.

Thank you.

• 

“Healthy” food is a term which we often hear by almost everyone. It’s not only that
people are becoming more health-conscious but also following a trend which
supports healthier food. Whether it be your favorite Film star or Youtube and
Instagram influencer everyone is emphasizing how important it is to eat healthy food. From getting a good body to clear and even-toned skin everything depends on your diet which obviously includes healthy food items. So in this age of technology where people spend most of the time on Instagram and other social media where every other influencer is flaunting their good physique and fairness everyone is intimidated to become the same by eating good and healthy food. There’s a trend which is shifting towards healthy food. From physical to mental wellbeing everything is related to healthy food. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of why people are shifting towards healthy food we have done a survey that aims at analyzing and finding opinions and behavior of people towards healthy food.

With Increasing problems in the environment, the concern for consumption of the right food has become the main concern of people. Half of the problems nowadays have only one sole reason for its cause, that is unhealthy food. People now realised how important it is, to keep and maintain a healthy body. Serving your body with healthy food will not only increase your life expectancy but also improve your
mental health. From youngsters to grandparents, everyone is so attentive as to what is on their plate. A pandemic could also be considered as a means to the end, the end is eating healthy. As we are tackling and confronting new types of diseases each day, it has become fundamental to prioritize healthy food over unhealthy. Not only laymen but also companies and everyone who is associated with producing food has
realized the changing environment and shifted their sole focus on either producing healthy food or innovating new methods to make the current produced healthy.

Eating right has now occupied space in the priority list of the people. Good food
provides umpteenth benefits starting from good mental health to healthy living,
which is now believed by a lot of people. So the shift in trend is justified by the
benefits it supplies. A lot of youngsters have started to treat themselves with the
right food so that, it doesn’t affect them adversely in the upcoming future. With
modernization we can see the drastic change in the mentality of all the classes of people, choosing healthy food over fast food. Not only government policies are in
favor of this, but even the corporates have also started paying a huge amount of
attention to it. They’ve experimented so much to provide a good taste with
appropriate nutrients, that now people will not struggle in search of healthy food.
The whole shift of population towards healthy food carries a lot of expectations
such as low-stress level, good body, better living, etc. One shouldn’t let stress
dominate over his or her mind as that has been proven to be one of the causes of
craving for fast food. With all the minute things avoided, one can expect this shift
to occupy more people in it.

Thank you.

• 

British rule produced radical and lasting changes in Indian society and culture. It was unlike any previous period in Indian history as the British brought with them new technology, institutions, knowledge, beliefs and values. The new technology, and the revolution in communications which this brought about, enabled the British to integrate the country as never before in its history. During the nineteenth century the British slowly laid the foundations of a modern state by surveying land, settling the revenue, creating a modern bureaucracy, army and police, instituting law courts, codifying the law, developing communications—railways, post and telegraph, roads and canals—establishing schools and colleges, and so on. The British also brought with them the printing press,and the profound and many-sided changes this brought about in Indian life and thought deserve a volume in itself. One obvious result was that books and journals, along with schools, made possible the transmission of modern as well as traditional knowledge to large numbers of Indians—knowledge which could no longer be the privilege of a few, hereditary groups—while the newspapers made people in different parts of the far-flung country realize they had common bonds, and that events happening in the world outside influenced their lives for good or ill, which eventually resulted in setting up of the removal of barriers.

It is necessary to distinguish conceptually between Westernization and two other processes usually concomitant with it—industrialization and urbanization. On the one hand, there were cities in the preindustrial world, though they differed significantly from the cities of the Industrial Revolution in the West. For one thing, they needed large rural populations for their support, so that ancient and medieval countries remained dominantly agricultural in spite of a few great cities. Again, while the Industrial Revolution resulted in an increase in the rate of urbanization and “highly urbanized areas are generally highly industrialized areas, urbanization is not a simple function of industrialization.”

Finally, while the most Westernized groups are generally found in the big cities, a caution must be uttered against equating Westernization with urbanization. Even in a country such as India, it is possible to come across groups inhabiting rural areas which are more Westernized in their style of life than many urban groups. The former are to be found in areas where plantation or commercial crops are grown, or which have a tradition of supplying recruits to the Indian army.

Westernization results not only in the introduction of new institutions (for example, newspapers, elections, Christian missions) but also in fundamental changes in the old institutions. Thus while India had schools long before the arrival of the British, they were different from British-introduced schools in that they had been restricted to upper-caste children, and transmitted mostly traditional knowledge—to mention only two of the most important differences. Other institutions such as the army, civil service and law courts were also similarly affected. As a result all this included in this as a major aspect for the westernization which took place.

Thank you

• 

Objectives of Government Budget

The government plays a very important role in increasing the welfare of
the people. In order to do that the government intervenes in the economy
in the following ways.
Allocation Function of Government Budget
Government provides certain goods and services which cannot be provided
by the market mechanism that is, by exchange between individual consumers
and producers. Examples of such goods are national defence, roads,
government administration etc. which are referred to as public goods.
To understand why public goods need to be provided by the government, we must understand the difference between private goods such as clothes, cars, food items etc. and public goods. There are two
major differences. One, the benefits of public goods are available to all
and are not only restricted to one particular consumer. For example, if
a person eats a chocolate or wears a shirt, these will not be available to others. It is said that this person’s consumption stands in rival relationship to the consumption of others. However, if we consider a public park or measures to reduce air pollution, the benefits will be
available to all. One person’s consumption of a good does not reduce the amount available for consumption for others and so several people can enjoy the benefits, that is, the consumption of many people is not‘rivalrous’.
Two, in case of private goods anyone who does not pay for the goods
can be excluded from enjoying its benefits. However, in case of public goods, there is no feasible way of excluding anyone
from enjoying the benefits of the good. That is why public goods are
called non-excludable. Even if some users do not pay, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to collect fees for the public good. These non- paying users are known as ‘free-riders’. Consumers will not voluntarily pay for what they can get for free and for which there is no exclusive
title to the property being enjoyed. The link between the producer and
consumer which occurs through the payment process is broken and the
government must step in to provide for such goods.
There is, however, a difference between public provision and public production. Public provision means that they are financed through the budget and can be used without any direct payment. Public goods may be produced by the government or the private sector. When goods are produced directly by the government it is called public production.

Redistribution Function of Government Budget.

The total national income of the country goes to either the private sector, that is, firms and households (known
as private income) or the government (known as public income). Out of
private income, what finally reaches the households is known as personal
income and the amount that can be spent is the personal disposable income. The government sector affects the personal disposable income of households by making transfers and collecting taxes. It is through this that the government can change the distribution of income and
bring about a distribution that is considered ‘fair’ by society. This is the
redistribution function.

Stabilisation Function of Government Budget

The government may need to correct fluctuations in income and employment.
The overall level of employment and prices in the economy depends upon the
level of aggregate demand which depends on the spending decisions of millions
of private economic agents apart from the government. These decisions, in turn,
depend on many factors such as income and credit availability. In any period,
the level of demand may not be sufficient for full utilisation of labour and other
resources of the economy. Since wages and prices do not fall below a level,
employment cannot be brought back to the earlier level automatically. The
government needs to intervene to raise the aggregate demand.
On the other hand, there may be times when demand exceeds available output
under conditions of high employment and thus may give rise to inflation. In
such situations, restrictive conditions may be needed to reduce demand.
The intervention of the government whether to expand demand or reduce it
constitutes the stabilisation function.

It all serves the purpose directly in this field.

Thank you

• 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

At present, a few new terminologies are also being used for economies such as ‘sustainable development’ and ‘green GDP’. ‘Sustainable development’ is a global terminology which is being used to address the global issues of global warming, environmental aspects increased global pollution and ecological imbalances, which are critical for survival of planet earth and is thus a broader concept not relating to any one country but for the world as a whole. It is neither the problem of one country nor can it be solved by one country. It is more macro in nature, which requires to be addressed by countries collectively through a dialogue and a consensus building at a global platform. This is about the present generation’s ability  to meet ‘its’ own needs but without compromising on the ability of the future generation to meet ‘its’ needs. It is about a better environment for the future generation rather than. what the present generation has inherited, to say the least not a worse than that inherited Even though there has been a consciousness on the issue of sustainable development, the real thrust was provided with the Earth Summit during 1992 and then through various international conventions.

All the conventions mentioned so far have flagged the underlying issues especially that of reduction in greenhouse gases emission, which is critical for sustainable development. It also addresses areas of cleaner energy, reduction in biodiversity losses, tree plantation, solar/wind energy and other such global issues in sustainable development.

India has announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) With respect of climate change inclusive of following aspects:

• To put forth and further propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living, based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation.

• To adopt a climate-friendly and cleaner path than the one hitherto followed by others at a corresponding level of economic development.

• To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non- fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

• To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO, equivalent (CO.eq.) through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

• To better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in development programmes in sectors vulnerable to climate change , particularly agriculture , water resources, the Himalayan region, coastal regions, health and disaster management.

• To mobilize domestic , new and additional funds from developed countries for implementing these mitigation and adaptation actions in view of the resources required and the resource gap.

• To build capacities, create domestic framework and an international architecture for the quick diffusion of cutting-edge climate technology in India and joint collaborative R&D for such future technologies.

CLIMATE FINANCING.

Climate finance means local, national or international financing through public, private and alternative sources of financing. It is critical to addressing climate change as large-scale investments are required to reduce climate change induced adversities. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation strategies as there are requirements for significant financial resources to allow countries to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of climate change.

Thank you.

• 

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only. “Mark Twain

India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. It stretches from the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to sun drenched coastal villages of the south and the humid tropical forests on the south-west coast, from the fertile Brahmaputra valley on its east to the Thar desert in the west. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. lt has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last so many years or its Independence. lndia is the seventh largest country in the world and ranks second in population. The country stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give her a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. The total length of the coastine of the mainland, Lakshadweep islands and Andaman and Nicobar lslands is 7516.6 km.

Geographical Background

Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the far east and Bangladesh to the east. sri Lanka is separated from India By a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.  The country can be divided into SIX Zones mainly north, south, east, west,Central and north-east zone. It has 29 states and seven union territories.

Physical Features

The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone,plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern peninsula.

Flora

India is rich in flora. Available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area Surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of india (BSI), Kolkata. The vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover, comprises 15,000 species.

With a wide range of climatic conditions from the torrid to the arctic, India has a rich and varied vegetation, which only a few countries of comparable size possess. India can be divided into eight distinct floristic regions, namely, the western Himalayas, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga plain, the Deccan, the Malabar and the Andamans.

TheThe western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon. Its temperate zone is rich in forests of , pine, other conifers and broad-leaved temperate trees. The eastern Himalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjeeling, Kurseong and the adjacent tracts.

Faunal Resources

India is very  in terms of biological diversity due to its unique biogeographical location, diversified climate conditions and enormous Eco diversity and geodiversity. India’s immense biological diversity encompasses ecosystems, populations, species and their genetic make-up. This diversity can be attributed to the vast variety in physiography and climatic situations resulting in a diversity of ecological habitats ranging from tropical , sub-tropical, temperate, alpine to desert.

India is not only rich in its physical dimensions but even in its cultural aspect .

Thank you.

• 

Education , is the basic necessity for an individual .The essence of human resource development is education, which plays a significant and remedial role in balancing the socio-economic fabric of the country . Since citizens of India are its most valuable resource, the billon-strong nation needs the  care in the form of basic education to achieve a better quality of life. This warrants an all round development of the citizens, which can be achieved by building strong foundations in education. Good quality education is the foundation of new discoveries, new knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurship that trigger growth and prosperity of an individual as well as that of a nation.

To lay emphasis on the educational development of students of weaker section of the society, A number of innovative initiatives have been taken by the ministry.

Among which two are given below:

Adult Education

At the time of independence, 86 per cent of India’s population was illiterate and as such the main focus or adult education had been on its very bottom tier that is, impairing of Basic literacy. For accomplishment of this objective, a series of programmes were introduced since the First Plan period, the most prominent, being the National Literacy Mission (NLM), launched in 1988 for the adults in the age group of l5+. The programme of National Literacy Mission was revamped in 2009 in alignment with new paradigms of lifelong learning as Saakshar Bharat. Considerable progress has been made in raising the Literacy rate of the country but still the levels remain uneven across different states, districts, social groups and minorities. The overall goal of adult education is to establish a fully literate society through improved quality and standard of adult education and literacy.

The National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) is the operating and Implementing organization at national level for all the activities envisaged in Adult Education and Skill Development. During the 12th Five Year Plan, NLMA has been striving to raise the literacy rate to 80 per cent and to reduce the gender gap to less than 10 per cent.

Of 410 districts which quality for coverage under Saakshar Bharat program, the Programme has been sectioned in 04 districts , in which many learners have been enrolled under basic Literacy.

National Council of Educational Research and Training

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) provides academic and technical supports for qualitative improvement of school education. The NCERT was established in 1961 as an apex national body to lead qualitative changes in school education. NCERT has been playing an advisory role guiding central and state governments in formulating policies, acts and government programmes. It has played a crucial role in the development of national policies on education (1968-1986) and national curriculum frameworks. The researches undertaken by the Council have led to building new perspective of schooling and also provided inputs for formulation of policies and programmes. NCERT has been designing and offering innovative and need-Based courses for teachers, teacher educators and counsellors. The curricular and other learning materials developed by the Council have helped in bringing about quality schooling. NCERT has received recognition both at national and International levels in the area of school education owing to its work done in 50 years. It is a unique institution in the country, conducting researches, preparing skilled educational professionals and developing Curriculum and curriculum materials.

Both of the initiatives have given a major impact on the Educational sector .

Thank you.

• 

CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Observing the shape of the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. The symmetry matches
of the coastlines on either side of the ocean. No wonder, many scientists thought of this similarity and considered the possibility of the two Americas, Europe and Africa, to be once joined together. From the known records of the
history of science, it was Abraham Ortelius, a Dutch map maker, who first proposed such a possibility as early as 1596.
However, it was Alfred Wegener—a German
meteorologist who put forth a comprehensive argument in the form of “the continental drift theory” in 1912. This was regarding the distribution of the oceans and the continents.
According to Wegener, all the continents
formed a single continental mass and mega ocean surrounded the same. The super continent was named PANGAEA, which meant all earth. The mega-ocean was called PANTHALASSA, meaning all water. He argued that, around 200 million years ago, the super continent, Pangaea, began to split. Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses as Laurasia and Gondwanaland forming the
northern and southern components
respectively. Subsequently, Laurasia and
Gondwanaland continued to break into various smaller continents that exist today.

A variety of evidence was offered in support of the continental drift are mentioned below:

The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit)
The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.

Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans were found.

The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coast matches
with those from western Africa. The earliest marine deposits along the coastline of South America and Africa are of the Jurassic age.

Tillite

It is the sedimentary rock formed out of
deposits of glaciers. The Gondawana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. At the base, the system has thick tillite indicating extensive and
prolonged glaciation. Counterparts of this
succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia. Overall resemblance of the Gondawana-type sediments clearly demonstrates that these landmasses
had remarkably similar histories.

Placer Deposits
The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of the Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

Distribution of Fossils
When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in fresh water are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution. The observations that Lemurs
occur in India, Madagascar and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass ‘Lemuria’ linking these three landmasses.

All this provided evidences of this theory.

Thank you.

• 

Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational information technology company that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. The company was founded in Pune and is headquartered in Bangalore.Infosys is the second-largest Indian IT company after Tata Consultancy Services by 2020 revenue figures and the 602nd largest public company in the world

On 24th August 2021, Infosys became the 4th Indian company to cross $100 billion in market capitalization.

Infosys provides software development, maintenance and independent validation services to companies in finance, insurance, manufacturing and other domains.

One of its known products is Finacle which is a universal banking solution with various modules for retail and corporate banking.

Glass building in Pune campus

Its key products and services are:

NIA – Next Generation Integrated AI Platform (formerly known as Mana)

•Infosys Consulting – a global management consulting service

•Cloud-based enterprise transformation services •Infosys Information Platform (IIP) – Analytics platform

•EdgeVerve Systems which includes Finacle, a global banking platform

•Engineering Services Digital Marketing

Organizational structure followed in Infosys is a Functional Structure.

Under this structure, company will be organized into three main functions (Global sales function, Global delivery function and business enabling functions). In Infosys divides the industry verticals into following five segments •Financial Services Segment •Manufacturing Segment •Retail Segment •Energy, Utilities, Communications & Services Segment •Life Sciences, Healthcare & Insurance Segment

Functional structures are proved to operate well in stable environments where business strategies are less inclined to changes or dynamism, the amount of bureaucracy makes it tough for organizations to respond to changes in the market quickly . It also conducts Career development practice to help employees to showcase their skills, providing career guidance and career development activities. Infosys provides strong property rights to its employees by providing employee stock option plans. Infosys also provides health and pension benefits, but not at a very lucrative scale. It is in line with the government policies.

For its employees, Long term employment recognition and benefits like Pension Plans, Group Medical Policy, Accident Policy, Bonus, Annual Medical Check-ups, Budgets for quarterly team lunch, Annual outings as part of team building activities and flexible work hours.

Success of the organization :

Digital technology is transforming services and businesses in today’s world. It is fundamentally changing operations and delivering value to consumers. It is also a cultural modification which wants organisations to experiment with various things and get comfortable with downfalls.

Infosys is an information technology consulting company. It is an Indian multinational company that provides information technology, business consulting and outsourcing assistance. It considers itself to be a global leader in next-gen digital consulting. It is the 2nd largest IT company after TCS (Tata Consultancy Services). It is also the 596th biggest company in the entire world based on the terms of revenue.

Infosys is a provider of next-gen services. The company enables clients in more than 50+ countries to stay ahead of the innovation curve and outperform in the game. It has more than 187,000 employees working within it. 

Steps for betterment involved :

Investment Thesis

Infosys is one of India’s most pre-eminent providers of IT services. However, the company has suffered from its slow-moving legacy past (smaller, more discretionary projects) and out-of-date go-to-market strategy, resulting in low revenue growth relative to peers, margin compression, leadership churn, and high employee attrition. In light of these issues, Infosys has launched a number of initiatives to improve its performance. The company has some way to go before rectifying its position, but a number of signs are promising, with revenue growth, margins, client mining, and employee attrition improving. Ø ØEconomic Moat

Infosys’ narrow economic moat results from high switching costs (roughly 96%-98% of revenue is from repeat business and has been around these levels for many years). The company’s commitment to building lasting relationships, embedded systems and processes, and intimate knowledge of clients’ IT infrastructure means customers are averse to switching between vendors. On a gross basis, Infosys continually adds over 200 clients per year, which is an encouraging sign and cements further long-dated business given switching costs. Such switching costs ensure a certain level of operational consistency and the company’s exemplary financial health reflects this. We forecast Infosys to easily generate a return on invested capital in excess of its cost of capital for the foreseeable future, and we believe its lower-cost offshore delivery model allows for this assumption.

Risk Infosys has highlighted issues regarding relatively low revenue growth, margin compression, leadership churn, and high employee attrition. Management has taken steps to remedy this, but it is still early and there is the risk that these problems become inflated.Poor macroeconomic conditions, management turnover, founder disruption, visa restrictions, competitive threats, and foreign exchange movements are also external risks that could generate further downside for the company.

all the way it set out to be in this competitive world.

Thank you .

• 

Rule of Thirds

In photography, the rule of thirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.

What is the Rule of Thirds in Photography

The rule of thirds is one of the most common rules in photography, and one of the easiest to learn and to use successfully. To understand and use the rule of thirds, simply break up an image into thirds both horizontally and vertically, as seen here. The four intersection points of these lines, and the four lines themselves, are where subjects, or strong compositional lines of a photograph, can be placed to create a strong, balanced image.

How to break the rule of thirds

Of all the “rules” in photography, the rule of thirds is one of the easiest to successfully break. Framing an image so that subjects or lines don’t fall on the rule of thirds areas can still create a successful image, as long as the lines and other elements in the image do create a strong overall image, and capture the viewer’s eye using other methods such as leading lines, contrast, color, symmetry, etc.

• 

In our biosphere immense diversity (or heterogeneity)exists not only at the species level but at all levels of biological organisation ranging from macromolecules within cells to biomes. Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociologist Edward Wilson to describe the

combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.

The most important of them are–

(i) Genetic diversity: A single species might show high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range. The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in different Himalayan ranges might be in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine) that the plant produces. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango.

(ii) Species diversity: The diversity at the species level. For example, the Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

(iii) Ecological diversity: At the ecosystem level, India, for instance,with its deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.

It has taken millions of years of evolution, to accumulate this richdiversity in nature, but one could lose all that wealth in less than two centuries if the present rates of species losses continue. Biodiversity and its conservation are now vital environmental issues of international concern as more and more people around the world begin to realise the critical importance of biodiversity for our survival and well- being on this planet.

How Many Species are there on Earth and How Many in India?

Since there are published records of all the species discovered and named, As how many species in all have been recorded so far, but it is not easy to answer the question of how many species there are on earth. According to the IUCN (2004), the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than 1.5 million, but we have no clear idea of how many species are yet to be discovered and described. Estimates vary widely and many of them are only educated guesses. For many taxonomic groups, species inventories are more complete in temperate than in tropical countries. Considering that an overwhelmingly large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered are in the tropics, biologists make a statistical comparison of the temperate-tropical species richness of an exhaustively studied group of insects and extrapolate thisratio to other groups of animals and plants to come up with a gross estimate of the total number of species on earth. Some extreme estimates range from 20 to 50 million, but a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May places the global species diversity at about 7 million.

Since life originated on earth nearly 3.8 billion years ago, there had species been enormous diversification of life forms on earth. Biodiversity to the sum total of diversity that exists at all levels of biological organisation. Of particular importance is the diversity at ecosystem levels and conservation efforts are aimed at protecting diversity.  More than 1.5 million species have been recorded in the world, but there might still be nearly 6 million species on earth waiting to be discovered and named. Of the named species, > 70 per cent are animals, of which 70 per cent are insects. The group Fungi has more species than all the vertebrate species combined. India, with about 45,000 species of plants and twice as many species of animals, is one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.

Various steps and initiatives have been taken by government to conserve it and still contributing towards it.

Thank you.

• 

Most sold product – fruit juice (Tropicana)
Tropicana Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing fruit or
vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents.

Reason
• Segmentation:

The segmentation strategy used by Tropicana is very smart as it tries to
reach the highest profit levels for the company.
Under psychographic segmentation, it targets those health conscious and
those who prefer to drink juice instead of coffee or soda.
• Target:
The main target customers are the adults who are between the ages 21-30
and are more concerned about their health and who choose a nutritious
diet Mainly in this pandemic.
• Positioning:
Tropicana has a global strategy to focus on healthier and nutritious
beverages.
• Strong credibility: this business involves strong credibility.

• Customer analysis
The main consumers of these business are the health conscious youth who
would choose to drink Tropicana instead of unhealthier options like Coke
or Pepsi
• Promotion Strategy
Tropicana promotes itself based on two facts, first that it is 100% pure
drink and second is that it contains a large amount of fruit in each bottle.

Least sold product – soft drink Pepsi,

In India Pepsi was introduced into the market before few months of
Cricket world cup.

Reason
• Consumer analysis
It revealed they are well known about the pepsi but majority of the
people didn’t like Pepsi and for many people the color of pepsi
reflected the color of Kerosene.
• Packaging
More over packaging of the drink also plays a important role in its
sale and promotion and from the findings it is clearly noticed that
the availability is in urban areas only.
• Moreover color is a sensitive matter changing it suddenly and
drastically reflects the sales of the product .
Pepsi failed in the market due to lack of proper advertisement and
it’s colour .

Turnover :
This organisation selling juice direct to consumer can expect about a 50%
– 70% gross margin for a month.
The main thing to increase the turnover depend upon the following:
• Financial Projections
• Customer Demographics

Pricing Strategy:
Its products are manufactured with high quality juices with innovative
processes.
they can be consumed by middle-income group families .
The 200 ml tetra pack is priced at Rs.30 whereas the 1000 ml tetra pack
is priced at Rs. 120. In the recent years, Tropicana sales have been
increasing, as more and more people have become health conscious.

Market Structure
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such
that one or two producers sell products that are differentiated
from one another as goods but not perfect substitutes (such as
from branding, quality, or location)
As a monopolistic competitor this rm takes the prices charged by its
rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the
prices of other firms.

Thank you .

• 

Life becomes utterly insipid and loses its charm and meaning when the worth of an individual is not valued. Having to face a raw deal every day would mean as one is running the risk of living a monotonous life. Every day is the new beginning for something.

We live in a society that sets demands without a frontier. One would evenly poise us between cherishing the outcome and in front of another skyrocketing dream. The urge to go after the best of the best overshadows the sweetness of fruit to be achieved. With the spark of little thought in the mind which leads to open up the heart for the goal striking in life,  gives one opportunity to change the lives of many. We live in a world that sets demands without the frontier, out of which work hard for an opportunity goes beyond the scope which is important for building the youth of the nation.

Y4D is working towards shaping up a society which is sustainable for future generations by working on environment conservation and introducing values in society. It have even committed to empower the underprivileged section of our society by creating an enabling environment through Encouragement, Education and Employment so that citizens can harness their full potential and live happy and healthy lives with dignity and contribute positively to society.

In this world, where obstacle strikes back of opportunities, one has to make there own path towards the destination which is to be decided in present for the future. Development of any nation directly depends upon the youth of the nation, and the works go beyond one scope to encourage them by motivating and empowering them to ultimately prepare themselves for future goals by their full potential.

Starting with just one spark of the glint where one is capable of self-renewal,  life is worthwhile. Education is the basic necessity of an individual, which eventually leads an individual to reach the path of the desired destination.

The same happens as we go ahead without knowing the fact that whatever is going to happen next directly can be expected which is provided by Y4D Foundation which envisions the nation where each of its citizens lives a happy and content life and provides a platform for building children and youth for nation-building. Even, it emphasis on to educate the youth about financial skills and knowledge at an early stage to help them to make informed financial decisions. 

  In today’s world where more and more people are engaged in their respective works. The desired to change the requirements and going out of their goal and improvement for the same needs drastic steps.

Y4D Foundation provides an opportunity for all this, going out of the box and striking for the success and achievement of the desired goal.

Thank you.

• 

Life is what you make it . It is said that a human being with a purpose is most powerful than any other ordinary person . In this world , where obstacle strikes back of opportunities , one have to make there own path towards the destination which is to be decided in present for the future .

In today’s world were more and more people are engaged in their respective works . The desired to change the way of living just go out of their limitations and the improvement in the same seeks the time and discipline at the same time .

Happiness of an immense satisfaction of living a desired life just cannot be expressed in thoughts and words . The way of living depends on the lifestyle they have and maintain it as per the requirements. Living a life includes being happy, energised, as well as facing any situation with strong will.

In the matter of time the most important aspect of an individual’s life is going towards a goal set out . It is always said that a good health is the greatest wealth for an individual more than any thing . So , it’s totally depends on the individual to move towards the path of an successful  healthy lifestyle .

Contributions required :

The investment to our healthy lifestyle we make today will eventually be outsourced in our  future . A healthy lifestyle gives a boost to an individual and to improve their overall health . It includes everything starting from a nutritious healthy diet to adequate sleep with regular exercise .

Even doing the things one is passionate about to avoid stress and anxiety leads to surround  us with a positive energy , maintaining all this is just not difficult nor does it require a lot of work , just the utilisation of some time effectively and efficiently goes important . With the help of daily schedule one can go ahead with this .

With regards to the efforts made by an individual leads an overall development leading to prosperous growth an  individual . Being mentally and emotionally fit is both is part physical fitness . Doing exercise is just not the sole reason for being living a life as an attachment towards the need and desire .

Healthy lifestyle is really important as it not only leads an individual to lead a positive attitude towards everything but even lead an overall positive Improvement and development in their personality  .

Last but not least, have a positive attitude. Do your best to look at life as if “the glass is half full.” One must believe in themselves, have good support systems, and think positively (“I think I can, I think I can…”) to succeed.

Thank you.

• 

When one starts a business with getting the most out of whatever they plan to work out ,only when all the decision regarding the assessment is taken with full potential and with the smart work .

When running a small business or startup its just common for any business to get a most out the the work handling , but it’s for the time being and one have to make plans . Plans are just must . It’s as important for one as the backup , as no profit so , even no loss and at some  space it’s just get into the minds of many .

So , when it comes to run a small business marketing campaign that should not only work out but even  succeed , its come to the effort of an individual which will not only attract them but even make them indulge in it goes with the initiative that exists outside of your ongoing marketing tasks will include the following :

To short out the end goal :

The end should always be assured before starting , as it will not only saves one’s time but even makes anyone to plan things according and increase the success rate .

•     The goal should be decided :

Before going ahead to start a campaign , the aim of the campaign should be decided as what is actually the motive behind the compaign , weather its for the promotion of new product  or to increase the sales or just rasing awareness about the product and brand , . The goal should be decided .

The budget of the campaign should be decided :

As it will not only plan the things according but even reduce the pressure in the spot , .

Why can one afford could be easily be done by setting up the budget .

•  The identification of the audience :

To target the audience came to be an important aspect , not it now depend on the campaign which is actually about , .

So the targeted audience could be child or adult .

•       The channel of conversation :

The channel of conversation goes important as it’s the medium through one can lay out the message to the targeted audience . It can be TV, radio , or just a stage campaign .

•    The result should always be Analysed :

The result from the starting till the end should be analysed and measures could be taken within time for any of the issues .And analysing should the whole campaign , As what was exciting part and what problems did one faced . Than how many customers attracted Should one will be organising it again ,

Well  marketing campaign seems to be easy , but it takes a lot from not only the organiser but from every people involved in this and After a phase it will be successful

Thank you.

• 

It all starts with an attempt to go ahead in the path decided with the purpose present with perseverance and striking tough for it . It can be as effective that one can build an empire by its saying whereas one can eventually lead the breakdown when it just come up with not a wining situation .

Whether one is waging out of the cash from their pockets or hundreds of thousands on the single stand for a timeframe . Sports betting is the largest industry which attracts people worldwide .

It’s just a chance of scope of an individual . So sports betting is all about placing the wager on the outcome by predicting the sports results . It’s not only about betting on limited source but it covers a vast culture which includes from polo , hockey , football , baseball , to mixed arts , races and even more . Every year more than anything is staked out of in this field , in golf courses from around the world .

Almost most of the sports betting being deprived of a history creation .

The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture, with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football, American football, basketball, baseball, hockey, track cycling, auto racing, mixed martial arts, and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels. 

All about it ( how it works )  :

People were more prone to this just crossing their fingers expecting of the results .

It can be both practiced legally and illegally.  For many of the business , the global sports betting business is booming

With its starting , it was appearing just as confusing but let it be and staring from wherever one is goes to be more important way to learn things .It’s just the practice for betting in the same but if one is new to betting , learning and understanding odds goes important , and once one understands of the event likely to happen will able to out with their full potential .

Many of the business revolve around the sports betting as to encourage this to go at a higher position with respect to heading the way towards it , making them to gamble . It’s just the way one starts their business in this field .

For many , it’s more or less about enjoyment , as it’s just not about the bet . They enjoy it and just go ahead with another betting even they go out of failure .

Sports betting reflects out one’s capacity and capabilities to strive hard to reach out to the inclined force.

Thank you.

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Tropicana

Tropicana Products, Is an American multinational company which makes fruit-based beverages and specializes in the production of orange juice.

Swoc analysis:

Strength :

• Strong brand image: Tropicana has created a strong brand image for itself and has positioned itself as a substitute for fresh juice.

• Global Presence: as ,it’s a PepsiCo product.

• Healthy option

• Strong distribution: Tropicana, as a product requires special attention during distribution. This is where PepsiCo helps Tropicana tremendously.

Weakness :

• Considered Costly: Tropicana is considered to be costly as compared to local products in the same quantity.

• Reduced Quantity: Instead of increasing price of products, Tropicana resorted to reducing quantity of product to about 8-10%.

• Low Rural Penetration: Packaged Juices are difficult to distribute and are more dependent on higher margins .

Opportunity:

• Increasing Health Consciousness: Health awareness around the world is increasing.

• Focus on low-calorie drinks: . Tropicana should focus more on low-calorie products by including flavours .

• Tie-ups with restaurants, hotels : Tropicana can look for tying up with large chains of hotels that lead to increase in revenues.

Challenges:

• Presence of Fresh Juice Joints: Fresh juice is still more preferred than packaged juice.

• Promotion of healthy products may affect PepsiCo’s other products: promoting consumption of healthy products may backfire in the sales PepsiCo’s aerated drinks example Pepsi etc.

• Intense competition: Tropicana faces intense competition from many competitors around the world.

Mazaa

Maaza is a Coca-Cola fruit drink brand from India . Its most popular drink is its mango fruit drink.

Strength

• Presence across the world: Maaza has a market in most parts of the world.

• Customer recognition: Maaza through the characteristics taste difference from competitors has been able to secure a fan following in India.

• Powerful branding: The Company has used a variety of tools and channels for branding.

Weakness:

•. Monotonous advertising pitch: Both Frooti and Slice have changed their advertisements and given themselves a much-needed makeover .

•. Single Flavour: Maaza though it tried to launch other flavoured drinks like pineapple and orange eventually withdrew those drinks since they were unable to gain a significant

market share.

• Coco Cola is riding on the success story of Maaza and is overconfident of it is unbeatable. Leads to loss to invest in maaza.

Opportunity:

• shift of preference: Across the world consumers are shifting from aerated drinks to fruit juices.

• unexploited market: unexploited resources should be efficiently utilized .

• Health consciousness

Challenges:

•. Competition: The Company faces a lot of competition from brands such as Slice and Frooti who are in a constant struggle to become market leaders…

• The threat of substitution: There is a lot of negative marketing on how flavours used in fruit drinks are toxic to the body. This makes people substitute these drinks with juices made from ,Challenge sudden spurt of growth: Frooti which was number three in the Indian market overtook its nearest rival Slice in 2016 through a new logo and a change of strategy.

Thank you.