n the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly yet still commonly known as the Food Stamp Program, is a federal program that provides food-purchasing assistance for low- and no-income people. It is a federal aid program, administered by the United States Department of Agriculture under the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), though benefits are distributed by specific departments of U.S. states (e.g. Division of Social Services, Department of Health and Human Services, etc.).

SNAP benefits supplied roughly 40 million Americans in 2018, at an expenditure of $57.1 billion. Approximately 9.2% of American households obtained SNAP benefits at some point during 2017, with approximately 16.7% of all children living in households with SNAP benefits. Beneficiaries and costs increased sharply with the Great Recession, peaked in 2013 and have declined through 2017 as the economy recovered. It is the largest nutrition program of the 15 administered by FNS and is a key component of the social safety net for low-income Americans.

The amount of SNAP benefits received by a household depends on the household’s size, income, and expenses. For most of its history, the program used paper-denominated “stamps” or coupons – worth $1 (brown), $5 (blue), and $10 (green) – bound into booklets of various denominations, to be torn out individually and used in single-use exchange. Because of their 1:1 value ratio with actual currency, the coupons were printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Their rectangular shape resembled a U.S. dollar bill (although about one-half the size), including intaglio printing on high-quality paper with watermarks. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), provided by private contractors. EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004. Each month, SNAP benefits are directly deposited into the household’s EBT card account. Households may use EBT to pay for food at supermarkets, convenience stores, and other food retailers, including certain farmers’ markets.

Eligibility

SNAP is a means-tested program, recipients must meet all eligibility criteria in order to receive benefits. There are income and resource requirements for SNAP, as well as specific requirements for immigrants, elderly persons and persons with disabilities.

Applying for SNAP benefits

To apply for SNAP benefits, an applicant must first fill out a program application and return it to the state or local SNAP office. Each state has a different application, which is usually available online. There is more information about various state applications processes, including locations of SNAP offices in various state, displayed on an interactive Outreach Map found on the FNS website.Individuals who believe they may be eligible for P.O.SNAP benefits may use the Food and Nutrition Services’ SNAP Screening Tool, which can help gauge eligibility.

Eligible food items under SNAP

As per USDA rules, households can use SNAP benefits to purchase:

• Foods for the household to eat, such as:
  • fruits and vegetables;
  • breads and cereals;
  • dairy products;
  • meats, fish and;
  • poultry
• Plants and seeds which are fit for household consumption.

Additionally, restaurants operating in certain areas may be permitted to accept SNAP benefits from eligible candidates like elderly, homeless or disabled people in return for affordable meals.

However, the USDA is clear that households cannot use SNAP benefits to purchase the following:

• Wine, beer, liquor, cigarettes or tobacco
• Certain nonfood items like:
  • hygiene (soaps, deodorant, menstrual care)
  • paper products, household supplies, and
  • pet foods
• Hot foods
• Food items that are consumable in the store
• Vitamins and medicines

Soft drinks, candy, cookies, snack crackers, and ice cream are classified as food items and are therefore eligible items. Seafood, steak, and bakery cakes are also food items and are therefore eligible items.

Energy drinks which have a nutrition facts label are eligible foods, but energy drinks which have a supplement facts label are classified by the FDA as supplements, and are therefore not eligible.

Live animals and birds may not be purchased; but live fish and shellfish are eligible foods. Pumpkins are eligible, but inedible gourds and solely ornamental pumpkins are not.

Gift baskets containing both food and non-food items “are not eligible for purchase with SNAP benefits if the value of the non-food items exceeds 50 percent of the purchase price. Items such as birthday and other special occasion cakes are eligible as long as the value of non-edible decorations does not exceed 50 percent of the price

Multiculturalism has been happening for countless centuries, however the amount of it has drastically increased in volume since the post-war era, mainly as a result of refugee’s and issues that came along with the cold war. Since the first Iraq war, and general the modern period after the cold war, many minorities from non-European backgrounds have been moving slowly west in an attempt to get away from extremist beliefs and collapsed cities which have now become warzones. This is especially true in nations previously in conflict with Russia, such as Afghanistan. This essay aims to look at the reasons why there is a clash between ethnic minorities across western civilizations.

That acknowledgment can take the forms of recognition of contributions to the cultural life of the political community as a whole, a demand for special protection under the law for certain cultural groups, or autonomous rights of governance for certain cultures. Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern democracies and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion, discrimination, and oppression. Most modern democracies comprise members with diverse cultural viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority cultural groups have experienced exclusion or the denigration of their contributions and identities in the past. Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture.

Multiculturalism’s Impact On Education

Some examples of how multiculturalism has affected the social and political spheres are found in revisions of curricula, particularly in Europe and North America, and the expansion of the Western literary and other canons that began during the last quarter of the 20th century. Curricula from the elementary to the university levels were revised and expanded to include the contributions of minority and neglected cultural groups. That revision was designed to correct what is perceived to be a falsely Eurocentric perspective that overemphasizes the contributions of white European colonial powers and underemphasizes the contributions made by indigenous people and people of colour. In addition to that correction, the contributions that cultural groups have made in a variety of fields have been added to curricula to give special recognition for contributions that were previously ignored. The establishment of African American HistoryMonth and National Hispanic Heritage Month in the United States is an example of the movement. The addition of works by members of minority cultural groups to the canons of literary, historical, philosophical, and artistic works further reflects the desire to recognize and include multicultural contributions to the broader culture as a whole.

Ahistorical example of multiculturalism was the Habsburg monarchy, which had broken up in 1918 and under whose roof many different ethnic, linguistic and religious groups lived together.

Cultural diversity has been present in societies for a very long time. In Ancient Greece, there were various small regions with different costumes, traditions, dialects and identities, for example, those from Aetolia, Locris, Doris and Epirus. In the Ottoman Empire, Muslims were the majority, but there were also Christians, Jews, pagan Arabs, and other religious groups. In the 21^st century, societies remain culturally diverse, with most countries having a mixture of individuals from different races, linguistic backgrounds, religious affiliations, and so forth. Contemporary political theorists have labeled this phenomenon of the coexistence of different cultures in the same geographical space multiculturalism. That is, one of the meanings of multiculturalism is the coexistence of different cultures.

The term ‘multiculturalism’, however, has not been used only to describe a culturally diverse society, but also to refer to a kind of policy that aims at protecting cultural diversity. Although multiculturalism is a phenomenon with a long history and there have been countries historically that did adopt multicultural policies, like the Ottoman Empire, the systematic study of multiculturalism in philosophy has only flourished in the late twentieth century, when it began to receive special attention, especially from liberal philosophers. The philosophers who initially dedicated more time to the topic were mainly Canadian, but in the 21^st century it is a widespread topic in contemporary political philosophy. Before multiculturalism became a topic in political philosophy, most literature in this area focused on topics related to the fair redistribution of resources; conversely, the topic of multiculturalism in the realm of political philosophy highlights the idea that cultural identities are also normatively relevant and that policies ought to take these identities into consideration.

On 31st December 2019, Wuhan reported a number of pneumonia cases that eventually lead to the identification of the novel Coronavirus. In no time, this disease found its way to different parts of the world. It was responsible for a record number of positive cases and multiple deaths. The lack of a vaccine, resulted in a huge impact on a global level, World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Coronavirus was officially declared as a pandemic worldwide.
India remained untouched from the virus in spite it being a close neighbor of China until the students who had just returned from Wuhan were tested positive. It started testing passengers flying in from different parts of the world only after fourteen Italians in Jaipur were tested positive. Most reported cases were of people who had returned from foreign travel. A couple of positive cases resulted in a domino effect. The situation became much worse, such, that a traditional colonial legislation was brought to the limelight. Its application highlighted the defects of the act. In this article, I’ll throw light on the many defects the act has and amendments that need to be incorporated. India was completely unprepared for its fight with coronavirus. Many states have enforced the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 to contain the spread of the virus.
History of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 carries a colonial baggage. It was introduced during a time when Colonial India witnessed over 10 million deaths due to the disease that had its birth in Hong Kong.3 Western medicine proved to be largely inefficient against the Bubonic Plague of 1896. The neglect of the Colonial Government cost them hundreds of lives each day. The Plague’s mortality rate of 60 percent made it obligatory for the Government to not only find a cure, but also control the spread of the disease.

Looking at the magnitude of damage, a Plague Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Prof. T.R. Frasor, Professor of Materia Medica at the University of Edinburgh.4 They made a report that documented the effect of the disease and the means to curtail transmission. The report concluded that the disease was highly contagious and recognized human transmission as a means of spread. The commission recommended necessary preventive measures to disinfect and evacuate infected places, to put a control over mass transit, and to improve sanitary conditions. The commission also suggested strengthening of public health services and development of laboratories. It was John Woodburn who first introduced the Epidemic Diseases Bill to the Governor General and the Council. The Governor and the Council hastily passed the bill in February 1897 to have better control over the situation. The executive of the presidency towns had discretion to adopt any measures that could aid in limiting the transmission. The extraordinary nature of the act was considered well suited to the extraordinary situation at hand. Various researches were conducted, Plague Research Committees were formed. Their findings showed that the chief cause of the spread was lack of hygiene and poor sanitation across the country. Plague Research Laboratory was also set up in Bombay, to find a vaccine for the plague.
The Present Scenario
According to the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, the act is enforced to control and prevent an epidemic. The silence of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 speaks volumes about its defects. The most basic defect is that there is no definition of the word ’epidemic’. What constitutes as an epidemic? A definition is essential to show exactly when the act is applicable. For example, the Disaster Management Act, 2005 includes the provisions for how and when the act will be applicable. Further, an epidemic and a pandemic have different meanings. An epidemic is defined as “an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population.” The term pandemic relates to geographic spread and is used

to describe a disease that affects a whole country or the entire world. This difference must be highlighted in the definition. WHO does recognize several diseases as epidemic or pandemic prone, such as Ebola, Yellow Fever, Plague, Spanish Flu, Cholera, Influenza, SARS, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya etc. However, a developing tropical country like India, can have many diseases that are prone to its geographical nature and the name of such a disease might not find its way on the WHO outbreak website. Thus, a definition cut out for our country is a necessity. The act gives discretionary powers to the government, what if the lack of a definition is misused by our power hungry representatives. The haste of the Colonial Government is very evident in this poorly drafted act because a legislation that is supposed to control epidemic or pandemic having a global impact, only has four sections. Currently, the act is giving both general and specific power to the government to take discretionary measures when the law is insufficient. One such power is segregation of infected people from the healthy. Colonial Government misused this vast power to arrest freedom fighters. What if history repeats itself? There is a never ending political and religious feud going on in the country. Who is to say that the government might not take a page from the books of the Colonial Government?
Every act requires a legal framework that specifies the duties of the government and the rights of the people. An epidemic may be an emergency in its true sense but it’s not an emergency as per the constitution. What happens to the basic rights of the people? Can they be suspended without a declaration of an emergency? The act makes no mention of the people’s rights because it was created by a government that had no regard for the rights of the people. It is a policing act rather than a safeguard. The exact duties of the authorities, the extent of rights available or suspended, modes to enforce or infringed rights ought to be mentioned. Further, the exact method of how and when the act applies needs to be jotted down.
The act is very outdated for this day and age. It has completely neglected the scientific aspect. Smallpox, once an epidemic, is now completely eradicated because of science. Prevention
Ibid. of diseases umbrellas scientific methods to help fight the disease. The act should provide for scientific advancement for disease at hand by setting up special laboratories and form research groups of doctors eager to find a cure. If a disease, prone to a pandemic or an epidemic is communicable, it should be made obligatory for the medical practitioners to notify the government whether it’s a public hospital or a private hospital. A notification benefits in surveillance of the diseased and the potential harm they can cause to ones close to them. All the hospitals in an area might not be equipped to treat a disease, the government must make it their duty to provide aid to as many hospitals as possible so more number of hospitals can provide their expertise and care.
The Supreme Court believes that private laboratories must be philanthropic. While hearing a PIL (Shashank Deo Sudhi v. Union of India & Ors.), a Bench of Justices Ashok Bhushan and Ravindra Bhat of the Supreme Court passed an interim order requiring that all private laboratories conducting COVID-19 tests do so free of cost, similar to the government laboratories.11 This interim order raises the question of the roles played by the court system, how they work and what decision making powers they have during such times. This too remains unexplained.
It’s a great decision that India has taken at the cost of its economy in order to protect the health of its citizens. As good as a step it is, the unorganized sector suffers a lot from such an economic setback. The government should create transparent relief funds that aim to benefit the economically challenged. Currently, the government is allegedly helping the unorganized sector with money and ration but the news coming from these sectors speaks otherwise.Thus, transparency in allocation of such resources should be mandatory especially when the government asks the people to contribute. They have a right to know how their money is being utilized.
National Heath Bill was introduced in 2009. This bill voices the need of a better act with respect to the health of the citizens. It incorporates everything that has been missing in the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897. The bill recognizes health as a fundamental human right and states that every citizen has a right to the highest attainable standard of health and well-being.12 It lays Avani Bansal, “Free COVID-19 Testing: Does the Supreme Court’s view on ‘Philanthropy’ have a legal basis?”
down the obligations of the government authorities, it calls for respect of the rights of health care providers, and for the establishment of National level and State level Public Health Boards, it provides for a mechanism to monitor the government and many other provisions that are entirely absent in the colonial legislation.
Conclusion
Health is a very important aspect in a man’s life and it shouldn’t be compromised just because the legislature couldn’t create an act for the same. COVID-19 is a wakeup call that illustrates the desperate need for a new and a better legislation. Epidemic Diseases Act doesn’t make a huge difference and thus, I believe that it should be repealed. The amendments and additions that need to be made in the act are all provided in the National Health Bill. Instead of amending the Epidemic Diseases Act and providing for similar provisions in the bill, the act should be repealed and National Health Bill should be passed to form a legislation. What amounts to a pandemic or an epidemic should be well defined. Provisions for proper rights of the people should be mentioned. Rights of the people and those of health care providers must be respected. It should be more of a safeguard for the people than a policing act. The government has taken commendable measures to tackle the problem and such measures should be itemized as duties of the government. I hope to see a tomorrow where India is better equipped with a law that can battle any disease that comes forth. I hope that the government stresses on the National Health Bill and its importance especially after the experience it has with the current disease.

Reliance Industries Chairman, Mukesh Ambani announced that the new operating system is aimed at developing new affordable smartphones

Google and Jio and coming together to launch a new Android-based operating system which will be used to build affordable smartphones.

Reliance Industries Chairman, Mukesh Ambani announced that the new operating system is aimed at developing new smartphones that will be accessible to massive Indian population that still uses 2G. The chairman claimed the Jio plans to make India ‘2G mukt’ by using this new operating system.

Jio Platforms and Google have entered into the commercial agreement to jointly develop an entry level affordable smartphone with optimizations to the Android operating system and the Play Store.

The company claims they will rethink the enitre process from the ground up. The new initiative aims at making majority people in India owners of smartphones.

Mr. Mukesh Ambani, Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries, said, “Google has empowered millions of Indians to access helpful information and, like Jio, is a force for change and innovation. We welcome Google onboard and are excited about our partnership for what it can deliver to Indians, from universalising Internet usage to deepening the new digital economy and providing a prime mover to India’s economic growth. Together, we hope to play a strong facilitative role in the transformative journey of building a new, Digital India.”

Google CEO Sundar Pichai also spoke at the Reliance AGM, confirming the tech company’s strategic partnership in India with Jio Platforms.

Mr. Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google and Alphabet, said, “Reliance Industries, and Jio Platforms in particular, deserve a good deal of credit for India’s digital transformation. The pace and scale of digital transformation in India is hugely inspiring for us and reinforces our view that building products for India first helps us build better products for users everywhere. Google is proud to invest ₹ 33,737 crore into Jio. I am excited that our joint collaboration will focus on increasing access for hundreds of millions of Indians who don’t currently own a smartphone while improving the mobile experience for all.”

By: Shashikant Nishant Sharma

An early-career researcher typically refers to an individual who is in the early stages of their research career, often shortly after completing their doctoral studies or obtaining their terminal degree. This phase of a researcher’s career is characterized by a focus on building expertise, establishing an independent research agenda, and gaining recognition within their field. The term may be used somewhat differently in various academic and research contexts, but generally, an early-career researcher is someone who is in the early years of their professional research journey.

Key characteristics of early-career researchers include:

1. Ph.D. or Terminal Degree:
   • Early-career researchers typically hold a Ph.D. or other terminal degree relevant to their field of study.
2. Limited Research Experience:
   • They are in the early stages of their research career and may have limited post-doctoral or professional research experience.
3. Establishing Independence:
   • Early-career researchers are often in the process of establishing their independence as scholars. They may transition from being part of a research team to leading their own projects.
4. Building a Research Agenda:
   • They are actively working on defining and building their own research agenda, which includes identifying research questions, securing funding, and conducting original investigations.
5. Securing Funding:
   • Early-career researchers may be in the process of applying for and securing research grants or funding to support their projects.
6. Publishing Research:
   • Publishing in peer-reviewed journals is a significant aspect of an early-career researcher’s work, as it helps disseminate their findings and establish their reputation within the academic community.
7. Networking and Collaboration:
   • Building professional networks and collaborations is crucial for early-career researchers. Collaborating with established researchers can provide mentorship and opportunities for growth.
8. Navigating Career Pathways:
   • Early-career researchers are often exploring different career pathways within academia or related research fields. This may involve balancing teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities.
9. Career Development:
   • They are engaged in ongoing professional development, attending conferences, workshops, and other events to stay current in their field and enhance their skills.

Early-career researchers play a vital role in advancing knowledge within their disciplines, and they contribute fresh perspectives and ideas to the academic community. Institutions and funding agencies often provide support and resources specifically targeted at early-career researchers to help them navigate the early stages of their research careers.

References

References

Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Research Writing and Uses of Research Methodologies. Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.

Sharma, S. N. (2023a, October 7). Understanding citations: A crucial element of academic writing. Track2Training. https://track2training.com/2023/10/07/understanding-citations-a-crucial-element-of-academic-writing/

Sharma, S. N. (2023b, October 15). Leveraging GIS for enhanced planning education. Track2Training. https://track2training.com/2023/10/15/leveraging-gis-for-enhanced-planning-education/

Sharma, S. N. (2023c, November 15). How to embark collaborative journey of action research. Track2Training. https://track2training.com/2023/11/15/how-to-embark-collaborative-journey-of-action-research/

Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2023, November 13). Guidelines for writing a good term paper. Track2Training. https://track2training.com/2023/11/13/guidelines-for-writing-a-good-term-paper/

Outcome based education (OBE) is student-centered instruction model that focuses on measuring student performance through outcomes. Outcomes include knowledge, skills and attitudes. Its focus remains on evaluation of outcomes of the program by stating the knowledge, skill and behavior a graduate is expected to attain upon completion of a program and after 4 – 5 years of graduation. In the OBE model, the required knowledge and skill sets for a particular engineering degree is predetermined and the students are evaluated for all the required parameters (Outcomes) during the course of the program.

The induction of India in the Washington Accord in 2014 with the permanent signatory status of The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) is considered a big leap forward for the higher-eduction system in India. It means that an Engineering graduate from India can be employed in any one of the other countries who have signed the accord. For Indian Engineering Institutions to get accredited by NBA according to the pacts of the accord, it is compulsory that engineering institutions follow the Outcome Based Education (OBE) model. So, for an Engineering Institution to be accredited by NBA it should compulsorily follow the OBE model.

The method of assessment of the candidates during the program is left for the institution to decide. The various assessment tools for measuring Course Outcomes include Mid -Semester and End Semester Examinations, Tutorials, Assignments, Project work, Labs, Presentations, Employer/Alumni Feedback etc,. These course outcomes are mapped to Graduate attributes and Program outcomes based on relevance. This evaluation pattern helps  Institutions to measure the Program Outcome. The Program Educational Objective is measure through Employer satisfaction survey (Yearly), Alumni survey (Yearly), Placement records and higher education records.

The adoption of OBE at engineering institutions is considered to be a great step forward for higher education in India but the actual success lies in the effective adoption and stringent accreditation process to ensure the quality of education is maintained.

Benefits of OBE

Clarity

The focus on outcomes creates a clear expectation of what needs to be accomplished by the end of the course. Students will understand what is expected of them and teachers will know what they need to teach during the course. Clarity is important over years of schooling and when team teaching is involved. Each team member, or year in school, will have a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished in each class, or at each level, allowing students to progress. Those designing and planning the curriculum are expected to work backwards once an outcome has been decided upon; they must determine what knowledge and skills will be required to reach the outcome.

Flexibility

With a clear sense of what needs to be accomplished, instructors will be able to structure their lessons around the student’s needs. OBE does not specify a specific method of instruction, leaving instructors free to teach their students using any method. Instructors will also be able to recognise diversity among students by using various teaching and assessment techniques during their class. OBE is meant to be a student-centered learning model. Teachers are meant to guide and help the students understand the material in any way necessary, study guides, and group work are some of the methods instructors can use to facilitate students learning.

Comparison

OBE can be compared across different institutions. On an individual level, institutions can look at what outcomes a student has achieved to decide what level the student would be at within a new institution. On an institutional level, institutions can compare themselves, by checking to see what outcomes they have in common, and find places where they may need improvement, based on the achievement of outcomes at other institutions. The ability to compare easily across institutions allows students to move between institutions with relative ease. The institutions can compare outcomes to determine what credits to award the student. The clearly articulated outcomes should allow institutions to assess the student’s achievements rapidly, leading to increased movement of students. These outcomes also work for school to work transitions. A potential employer can look at records of the potential employee to determine what outcomes they have achieved. They can then determine if the potential employee has the skills necessary for the job.

Involvement

Student involvement in the classroom is a key part of OBE. Students are expected to do their own learning, so that they gain a full understanding of the material. Increased student involvement allows students to feel responsible for their own learning, and they should learn more through this individual learning. Other aspects of involvement are parental and community, through developing curriculum, or making changes to it. OBE outcomes are meant to be decided upon within a school system, or at a local level. Parents and community members are asked to give input in order to uphold the standards of education within a community and to ensure that students will be prepared for life after school.

Drawbacks of OBE

Definition

The definitions of the outcomes decided upon are subject to interpretation by those implementing them. Across different programs or even different instructors outcomes could be interpreted differently, leading to a difference in education, even though the same outcomes were said to be achieved. By outlining specific outcomes, a holistic approach to learning is lost. Learning can find itself reduced to something that is specific, measurable, and observable. As a result, outcomes are not yet widely recognized as a valid way of conceptualizing what learning is about.

Assessment problems

When determining if an outcome has been achieved, assessments may become too mechanical, looking only to see if the student has acquired the knowledge. The ability to use and apply the knowledge in different ways may not be the focus of the assessment. The focus on determining if the outcome has been achieved leads to a loss of understanding and learning for students, who may never be shown how to use the knowledge they have gained. Instructors are faced with a challenge: they must learn to manage an environment that can become fundamentally different from what they are accustomed to. In regards to giving assessments, they must be willing to put in the time required to create a valid, reliable assessment that ideally would allow students to demonstrate their understanding of the information, while remaining objective.

Generality

Education outcomes can lead to a constrained nature of teaching and assessment. Assessing liberal outcomes such as creativity, respect for self and others, responsibility, and self-sufficiency, can become problematic. There is not a measurable, observable, or specific way to determine if a student has achieved these outcomes. Due to the nature of specific outcomes, OBE may actually work against its ideals of serving and creating individuals that have achieved many outcomes.

Involvement

Parental involvement, as discussed in the benefits section can also be a drawback, if parents and community members are not willing to express their opinions on the quality of the education system, the system may not see a need for improvement, and not change to meet student’s needs. Parents may also become too involved, requesting too many changes, so that important improvements get lost with other changes that are being suggested. Instructors will also find that their work is increased; they must work to first understand the outcome, then build a curriculum around each outcome they are required to meet. Instructors have found that implementing multiple outcomes is difficult to do equally, especially in primary school. Instructors will also find their work load increased if they chose to use an assessment method that evaluates students holistically.

                                                                                                                         -SHUBHANKAR

A game that creates legacies, Football is much more than that. A game loved by millions around the world, football is like a heartbeat for its lovers. Football has seen many clubs from different countries dominate the world football, be it Real Madrid from Spain or Bayern Munich from Germany. But as is very well said by someone that Success doesn’t last for long, and that has been the story of one of the most prolific and greatest club in football history, i.e., Manchester United. The England based football was established in 1878 and was named Newton Health LYR F.C, later changed to Manchester United. The past decade saw Manchester United slip from being one of the best teams of the world to now competing for a Champions League spot.

How I see it, the difference between the Manchester United from the 2012/13 season (Last time when they won the League Title) to now, is the wrong managerial transition they had from that season. The 2012/13 was the last for the legend, Sir Alex Ferguson. When the legend left, the board replaced him with David Moyes, a veteran who managed Everton for 11 long years before joining Manchester United. The term of David Moyes didn’t last long as his 6-year long contract ended just after not even completing a full season as he was sacked in the 2013/14 season. The veteran manager didn’t settle at all in Manchester United and the team finished 7^th in the Premier League, meaning no European Football action straightaway after Sir Alex Ferguson left. Moyes majorly struggled with the transfers that season as he signed Marouane Fellaini for a whooping 27.5 million Euros. But the move didn’t work well as he didn’t get any goals in the 21 matches he played that season.

The search for a manager which could recreate the legacy of Manchester United as Sir Alex Ferguson did continued as the board brought in the Dutch manager Louis van Gaal. The Dutch manager steadied the ship but couldn’t help Manchester United win the premier league. The surge for a premier league title continued on as the club legend Wayne Rooney’s form saw a dip and worsened the case for Manchester United winning the Premier League title before he moved back to his boyhood club Everton in the 2017/18 season. The dip in his form can be seen in the graph below:

The above graph clearly shows how the graph of Wayne Rooney’s goals dropped down drastically leaving Manchester United in a somewhat of hopeless position to challenge for the premier league title. After the arrival of Jose Mourinho as a manager, Wayne Rooney found that the new manager had no special interest in the legend and wanted to rebuild the team and then he went onto his boyhood club Everton. Jose brought in Romelu Lukaku as a preferred striker for the red devils and formed a new striking partnership for Manchester united by pairing Romelu Lukaku with Alexis Sanchez. The result was a very effective one for the Reds as they finished the 2017-18 season at the 2^nd spot in the premier league, behind the rivals Manchester City who were way ahead of them securing 100 points that season. That season was a glimpse of what world class manager like Jose Mourinho could do at Manchester United but the 2018-19 season didn’t went as planned as Jose was sacked mid-way into the season.

According to me, the sacking was way too early and harsh by the Manchester United board as Jose was the one who brought Manchester United closet to the premier league title after the retirement of Sir Alex Ferguson. The main reason for his sacking were the media reports about rising conflicts between him and the star midfielder Paul Pogba. The rumours were right as on many occasions Mourinho even benched Paul Pogba and that didn’t result well for him as well as the team. The sacking of Jose Mourinho was more of a player-based sacking rather than the board sacking him. This decision by the board didn’t help the cause as he was the one who could have helped Manchester United recreate those glory days back. Currently the situation has definitely improved under Ole Gunnar Solskjaer who has brought in loads of young talent in the squad and has given the academy players to shine, be it Marcus Rashford or Daniel James or the new signings like Aaron Wan Bissaka or the latest signing of Bruno Fernandes which has completely changed the outlook of the team. The team can challenge for even the European Title if the youngsters are properly groomed by Ole and can bring those old glory days back at the Old Trafford.