Artificial Intelligence- Benefits and risks

WHAT IS AI?

From SIRI to self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons.

Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.

WHY RESEARCH AI SAFETY?

In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, security and control. Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.

In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionary new technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent.

There are some who question whether strong AI will ever be achieved, and others who insist that the creation of superintelligent AI is guaranteed to be beneficial. At FLI we recognize both of these possibilities, but also recognize the potential for an artificial intelligence system to intentionally or unintentionally cause great harm. We believe research today will help us better prepare for and prevent such potentially negative consequences in the future, thus enjoying the benefits of AI while avoiding pitfalls.

HOW CAN AI BE DANGEROUS?

Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely:

The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase.
The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.

As these examples illustrate, the concern about advanced AI isn’t malevolence but competence. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren’t aligned with ours, we have a problem. You’re probably not an evil ant-hater who steps on ants out of malice, but if you’re in charge of a hydroelectric green energy project and there’s an anthill in the region to be flooded, too bad for the ants. A key goal of AI safety research is to never place humanity in the position of those ants.

WHY THE RECENT INTEREST IN AI SAFETY

Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?

The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.

Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?

FLI’s position is that our civilization will flourish as long as we win the race between the growing power of technology and the wisdom with which we manage it. In the case of AI technology, FLI’s position is that the best way to win that race is not to impede the former, but to accelerate the latter, by supporting AI safety research.

THE TOP MYTHS ABOUT ADVANCED AI

A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s clear up some of the most common myths.

TIMELINE MYTHS

The first myth regards the timeline: how long will it take until machines greatly supersede human-level intelligence? A common misconception is that we know the answer with great certainty.

One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.”

On the other hand, a popular counter-myth is that we know we won’t get superhuman AI this century. Researchers have made a wide range of estimates for how far we are from superhuman AI, but we certainly can’t say with great confidence that the probability is zero this century, given the dismal track record of such techno-skeptic predictions. For example, Ernest Rutherford, arguably the greatest nuclear physicist of his time, said in 1933 — less than 24 hours before Szilard’s invention of the nuclear chain reaction — that nuclear energy was “moonshine.” And Astronomer Royal Richard Woolley called interplanetary travel “utter bilge” in 1956. The most extreme form of this myth is that superhuman AI will never arrive because it’s physically impossible. However, physicists know that a brain consists of quarks and electrons arranged to act as a powerful computer, and that there’s no law of physics preventing us from building even more intelligent quark blobs.

There have been a number of surveys asking AI researchers how many years from now they think we’ll have human-level AI with at least 50% probability. All these surveys have the same conclusion: the world’s leading experts disagree, so we simply don’t know. For example, in such a poll of the AI researchers at the 2015 Puerto Rico AI conference, the average (median) answer was by year 2045, but some researchers guessed hundreds of years or more.

There’s also a related myth that people who worry about AI think it’s only a few years away. In fact, most people on record worrying about superhuman AI guess it’s still at least decades away. But they argue that as long as we’re not 100% sure that it won’t happen this century, it’s smart to start safety research now to prepare for the eventuality. Many of the safety problems associated with human-level AI are so hard that they may take decades to solve. So it’s prudent to start researching them now rather than the night before some programmers drinking Red Bull decide to switch one on.

CONTROVERSY MYTHS

Another common misconception is that the only people harboring concerns about AI and advocating AI safety research are luddites who don’t know much about AI. When Stuart Russell, author of the standard AI textbook, mentioned this during his Puerto Rico talk, the audience laughed loudly. A related misconception is that supporting AI safety research is hugely controversial. In fact, to support a modest investment in AI safety research, people don’t need to be convinced that risks are high, merely non-negligible — just as a modest investment in home insurance is justified by a non-negligible probability of the home burning down.

It may be that media have made the AI safety debate seem more controversial than it really is. After all, fear sells, and articles using out-of-context quotes to proclaim imminent doom can generate more clicks than nuanced and balanced ones. As a result, two people who only know about each other’s positions from media quotes are likely to think they disagree more than they really do. For example, a techno-skeptic who only read about Bill Gates’s position in a British tabloid may mistakenly think Gates believes superintelligence to be imminent. Similarly, someone in the beneficial-AI movement who knows nothing about Andrew Ng’s position except his quote about overpopulation on Mars may mistakenly think he doesn’t care about AI safety, whereas in fact, he does. The crux is simply that because Ng’s timeline estimates are longer, he naturally tends to prioritize short-term AI challenges over long-term ones.

MYTHS ABOUT THE RISKS OF SUPERHUMAN AI

Many AI researchers roll their eyes when seeing this headline: “Stephen Hawking warns that rise of robots may be disastrous for mankind.” And as many have lost count of how many similar articles they’ve seen. Typically, these articles are accompanied by an evil-looking robot carrying a weapon, and they suggest we should worry about robots rising up and killing us because they’ve become conscious and/or evil. On a lighter note, such articles are actually rather impressive, because they succinctly summarize the scenario that AI researchers don’t worry about. That scenario combines as many as three separate misconceptions: concern about consciousness, evil, and robots.

If you drive down the road, you have a subjective experience of colors, sounds, etc. But does a self-driving car have a subjective experience? Does it feel like anything at all to be a self-driving car? Although this mystery of consciousness is interesting in its own right, it’s irrelevant to AI risk. If you get struck by a driverless car, it makes no difference to you whether it subjectively feels conscious. In the same way, what will affect us humans is what superintelligent AI does, not how it subjectively feels.

The fear of machines turning evil is another red herring. The real worry isn’t malevolence, but competence. A superintelligent AI is by definition very good at attaining its goals, whatever they may be, so we need to ensure that its goals are aligned with ours. Humans don’t generally hate ants, but we’re more intelligent than they are – so if we want to build a hydroelectric dam and there’s an anthill there, too bad for the ants. The beneficial-AI movement wants to avoid placing humanity in the position of those ants.

The consciousness misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t have goals. Machines can obviously have goals in the narrow sense of exhibiting goal-oriented behavior: the behavior of a heat-seeking missile is most economically explained as a goal to hit a target. If you feel threatened by a machine whose goals are misaligned with yours, then it is precisely its goals in this narrow sense that troubles you, not whether the machine is conscious and experiences a sense of purpose. If that heat-seeking missile were chasing you, you probably wouldn’t exclaim: “I’m not worried, because machines can’t have goals!”

I sympathize with Rodney Brooks and other robotics pioneers who feel unfairly demonized by scaremongering tabloids, because some journalists seem obsessively fixated on robots and adorn many of their articles with evil-looking metal monsters with red shiny eyes. In fact, the main concern of the beneficial-AI movement isn’t with robots but with intelligence itself: specifically, intelligence whose goals are misaligned with ours. To cause us trouble, such misaligned superhuman intelligence needs no robotic body, merely an internet connection – this may enable outsmarting financial markets, out-inventing human researchers, out-manipulating human leaders, and developing weapons we cannot even understand. Even if building robots were physically impossible, a super-intelligent and super-wealthy AI could easily pay or manipulate many humans to unwittingly do its bidding.

The robot misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t control humans. Intelligence enables control: humans control tigers not because we are stronger, but because we are smarter. This means that if we cede our position as smartest on our planet, it’s possible that we might also cede control.

What Color is your Personality ?

The five fingers in our hand are different . So , are we human beings. What is it that makes us different ? It is PERSONALITY , the difference maker and it is in your Genes. It creates the involuntary behavioral patterns necessary for you to function and to survive , and represents both your genetic coding and the outward direction you will take in life. Your personality affects all aspects of your life : your lifestyle , your work habits, your relationships, your stress responses , and your health.Your personality has two aspects : traits and characteristics. Traits are the result of inherent genetic coding that determines the way your brain functions around mental processing , which is how you gather and process information and make decisions.Characteristics are the flexible parts of personality that allow you to adapt and survive.It is driven and controlled by the boundaries predetermined by your personality traits.

There are four distinctive personality styles : RED , ORANGE , YELLOW and GREEN.

Red Personality (Red stirs the senses and passions )

Hard work is the hallmark of reds – they make things happen.They are hardworking , ambitious people who are driven to conquer. Reds are rapid-fire thinkers and become impatient with too much planning. They are fiercely competitive .In their rush to win , they may simply push others aside or run over them.With a conservative approach to life, they live more in the past than the present , and are concerned with personal safety and security.They are firm-minded, practical, stubborn , and assertive.It represents aggression , passion , strength , and action . The color red excites and represents the blood of life.Reds move the world.

Orange Personality ( Social color of service to mankind)

They are , by nature , caretakers. They are more solicitous , more sensitive or more concerned about basic human emotional needs .They are devoted , considerate , and ever-so-helpful team players.They make decisions based on how they feel about things. Orange energy seeks harmony and cooperation between people , and focusses on family and on the building of relationships that are mutually beneficial . They live more in the present than the past and plan for the future. They are jealous and protective of their things and the people they care about. They have a strong need for personal praise and seek social acceptance. They are friendly , welcoming , and approachable.

Yellow Personality ( Color of intellect , innovation )

Yellows are self-confident personalities. They are intuitive and challengers. They challenge the way things are done , and they challenge authority.They are both conceptual and analytical thinkers who pride themselves on their ability to solve problems. They live in both the present and the future. Yellow in the energy system reflects intellect and is a synthesis of both linear thinking and creativity. They are stimulated to explore new directions. Emotionally , from a positive perspective , yellow represents optimism and joy. They are idea people who have the capability of turning ideas into reality.Negatively , it represents lack of courage and fear of criticism.

Green Personality (fresh emblem of well-founded hopes)

They are open and receptive to new ideas.They are continually looking for new interests .They are expansive in their thinking – idea people who thrive on change and are constantly seeking new experiences. They are continually hopeful and optimistic that they will find their place in society , since they need conflict-free environments and relationships , and are driven by their need to be liked.Greens seek energetic social contact and approval. They live in the past and future. They are continually impatient with the present because it is too slow to catch up with their futuristic thinking. They have a deep longing for spiritual fulfillment. They continually seek to understand what their life’s purpose is , the significance of life itself , and also mental , emotional , and spiritual expansion.They are most interested in the extrasensory and the supernatural.

The final words….

New scientific evidence in the fields of behavioral and energy medicine is supporting the premise that the real cause of illness lies in our thoughts and emotions.Personality ties behavioral and emotional responses to the body. The body responds by creating weak sites predictable by personality color.If we have the knowledge and understanding of our personality colors, we have an increased awareness of the vulnerability of our state of wellness.

Kindly check the book titled

“What color is your PERSONALITY ?” – Carol Ritberger, Ph.D.

INDIAN SCENARIO OF CHILD ABUSE

In a nation wide survey on child abuse across 13 states of India report released in 2007 by Ministry of Women and child development Government of India in which 12447 children participated, more than half, 53.22% subjected to one or more forms of sexual abuse. The age wise distribution showed abuse started at 5,gained momentum 10 years onwards, peaking at 12 to 15 years. In 9 out of 13 states reported higher percentage of sexual abuse in boys as compared to girls, Delhi reporting a figure of 65.64% boys. Children at work faced the highest at 61.61%.Out of the total children interviewed 20.90% were subjected to Severe form including sexual assault. Preadolescent to Adolescent children seemed to be more at risk of suffering Severe form. It was also distributing to note that age 6 to 10 years also face severe form of sexual abuse.

Assam, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar reported maximum sexual abuse. There is no legislation on child physical abuse but its moral duty of all adults to report the abuse and stop further harm to the child.

Child sexual abuse is a Universal problem with grave life long outcomes. Is a complex life experience, not a diagnosis or a disorder. An array of sexual activities is covered by the term CSA.

After the enactment of the new law “Protection of child against sexual offences (POCSO) Act 2012” the concept and management of child sexual abuse (CSA) in India has changed a lot safeguarding best interest of the child in every respect at each step including rehabilitation, compensation and all legal procedure.

This law applies to all persons up to 18 years of age, is gender neutral, gives set of guidelines for all the stakeholders to perform their role as even the maintaining silence to allow sexual abuse to happen to the child is a crime and punishable offence under the law of the land, law of the land does not allow consensual sex to any person under 18 years of age, there is provision of mandatory reporting to the police under the Act.

The first step towards prevention is awareness and save the child from further abuse. Hence, stringent measures should be taken for the prevention and control of this hidden public health issue.

The abuser can be of any age, gender and socio – economic class, at times can be a family member. Sexual abuse may not be necessarily penetration, force, pain, or even touching. Most sexual abusers know the child they abuse.

World wide reports have indicated boys are equally abused as girls and have suggested that protective shield should be provided not only to the girls but also to the boys right since they are born. Children can be sexually abused even by their lawful guardians.

Unemployment in India.

Ellen Wilkinson quotes, “Unemployment is bigger than a political party. It is a national danger and a national scandal.”

Unemployment is at a very alarming state in India, there are people who have necessary skill and talents, dying to get hired but everyone of them in vain because there are not enough jobs. The competition of the world is increasing very rapidly and everyone wants to be the best in everything. India caters to a whole bunch of creative generation who is frustrated, shattered because their work is not in the right hands. It’s because of this factor that poverty and development is coming into the cheek of our nation. There is a lot of growth in the educational sector but due to slow growth of technical and vocational facilities, a huge number of manpower is unnecessarily diverted towards general education leading to a peculiar educated unemployment problem in the country. The employment of the nation is slowly rising but how far is it true than only in statistics. We still have cases of suicide by the young generation because even after studying so hard they can’t even earn their living and feel worthless and helpless. Unemployment reduces the long run growth potential of the economy. There is loss of self-confidence, frustration, negative attitudes towards common things when there is loss of income, and a person’s self-esteem gets hurt due to these mental illnesses. People lose their skills due to no usage and it causes human capital loss. It brings tension at home; people cannot meet their financial obligations on time and it brings frustration among family members. India is now a home not only to not only a diverse group of people, but also to a large bunch of unemployed youth.

India is moving at a very faster rate of growth. Employment too should be a partner of the youth of today. We want our nation to reach at its peak, so education and employment is the first seed of it. Youngsters should be given more opportunities as the true charity is not giving bread or money, but providing employment.

Polution of corruption

In India the humongous tree of corruption finds it’s roots in none other than the very opportunistic mindset of the common middle class man, which is passed on to his child at a very tender age, that he should study and strive not in order to contribute something to the society but in order to get a secure, well paying government job, entitling him/her to a prerogative called “upar ki kamai” (a jargon ironically referring to the bundles of notes exchanged under the table as bribe). As the child grows up watching his elders falsifying his D.O.B. in records of educational institutions, using political influence to get things expedited, furnishing false income/caste based certificates, milking loopholes in the system etc, his own psyche is imbibed with the same opportunism and guile.
But then, this common middle class man has such attitude because he is the one at the receiving end of a system full of deceit and inefficiency, where he needs to lock horns with red-tapeism and bribery, on daily basis, to meet even his very rightful requirements. He can teach his child honesty and dedication only at the peril of exposing a gullible child to a reckless world where straight trees are cut down first.

Are women safe now ?

‘Women’ the word which originally originated from the word ‘men’, describes an adult human female basically whose dictionary meaning if searched quotes “a man’s wife, girlfriend, or lover.” In this twenty first century where the mindset of numerous humans has changed and many humiliations have reduced but we still see that it has not completely wiped up till now.

So, what is humiliation? Humiliation is majorly brought through intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act.

Some of the social practices where women are subjected to numerous humiliations are,

Body shaming- Women are supposed to have perfect body where their body holds a perfect hour glass figure. Their waist must be slender and should not be bulgy at all. The girls who don’t come into this category are regarded and judged as not beautiful and are called various names because they are not zero figure, or when they sit their stomach poops out. Sometimes body shaming is so harmful that the person decides of taking their life too. We need to wipe out all our imperfections with makeup because women are supposed to be fair, they are supposed to have good skin with good shade of color in them. It leads to a cycle of judgment and criticism if they do not have that. Comparison with other women their own peer leads to more insecurities, especially in times of marital matters. Body shaming is thus a major problem where women are not only humiliated physically but also mentally, where it leads to many other numerous unruly circumstances.

Domestic violence- According to Wikipedia, Domestic violence is violence or other abuse by. one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. It may be termed intimate partner violence when committed by a spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other partner. Globally, the victims of domestic violence are women, and women tend to experience severe forms of violence. Domestic violence often occurs when the abuser believes that abuse is an entitlement, acceptable, justified, or unlikely to be reported. We see many women being assaulted by men, because after marriage as the girl goes to the boys house the boy thinks that the girl is his property and can do anything with her. So, after marriage the boy does anything and everything, women is treated as a commodity and product to him which has no right of voice and desires. Marital rape follows, they feel that as the bride has married him so he has every right with his women. Therefore, domestic violence faced by women is not only a humiliation for them but a crime to every mankind.

The new generation has reached to great height where women is treated as a Maa Durga, and women is empowered, we have movies of superwomen and also get to see many superwomen in our daily lives. Women is as equal to as male in the society, we can say far stronger and wiser because they not only deliver their babies but also raise them as a informed human. Still there are many humiliations which a female woman faces we have this huge social practice where the society still judges women in various aspects, and I feel this should be not only greatly reduce but stop this practice. As quoted “A women not only educates herself, but also the whole generation.”

Problem of Indian education system

Our present system was designed after the Industrial Revolution, when factories and offices needed a lot of people and you will spend your whole life doing one thing. For instance, you will spend years studying about accounting so that you will become an accountant for life. Or carpentry, engineering or medicine. One skill, learned for life.

The concepts from college hardly changed in decades and thus you could afford to memorize stuff hard once in your life and then do, do, do throughout life.

However, technological progress is rendering this workflow irrelevant. You cannot just learn one career path during a 4 year college and expect to do that for 40 years. Career paths change once every 5-7 years for modern workers. I was a developer, then an entrepreneur and now a product manager -3 careers in a span of 5 years. Many of the new career paths don’t need years at college.

That means we need to interleave learning with working, instead of seeing these as separate things. The work should be carefully monitored so that you are doing the stuff you like, are good at and get challenged at the right level

AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

The initial trial data for the COVID-19 vaccine that has been developed in a joint collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca. The data has been widely awaited as the world looks forward to some good news on the front of a vaccine that could shield people from the deadly coronavirus outbreak that has already infected over 14 million people worldwide and killed over 6 lakh.

The potential vaccine is already in large-scale Phase III human trials to assess whether it can protect against COVID-19, but its developers have yet to report Phase I results which would show whether it is safe and whether or not it induces an immune response. The developers of the vaccine said this month they were encouraged by the immune response they had seen in trials so far and were expecting to publish Phase 1 data by the end of July.

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How does the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine candidate work?

When someone is infected with the Covid-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2), the reason it spreads in the body easily is because of the spikes on its surface. These spikes, known as the ‘spike protein’, allow the virus to penetrate cells and, thereafter, multiply. The vaccine developed by Oxford and AstraZeneca, which belongs to a category called non-replicating viral vector vaccines, tries to build the body’s immunity against this spike protein. The idea is to create antibodies to fight this spiked surface so that the virus does not even have the chance to penetrate the cells. The vaccine uses a different virus — in this case, a weakened version of a common cold virus (adenovirus) that infects chimpanzees — to carry just the code to make the spike protein, like a Trojan horse. The adenovirus, genetically modified so that it cannot replicate in humans, will enter the cell and release the code to make only the spike protein. The body’s immune system is expected to recognize the spike protein as a potentially harmful foreign substance and starts building antibodies against it. Once immunity is built, the antibodies will attack the real virus if it tries to infect the body.

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Since the Covid-19 vaccine has been developed by a United Kingdom-funded university, UK will have intellectual property rights. Other countries such as India will need to enter into commercial deals or understanding via foundations such as Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). AstraZeneca also entered a deal with the Pune-based Serum Institute of India to supply one billion doses for low-and-middle-Income countries, with the first 400 million nicely before the end of 2020. It is not yet clear how many doses India will be able to land at first since the rollout of the vaccine will be subject to considerations that are commercial as well as that of equity. The World Health Organization’s chief scientist has described the Oxford vaccine as the leading candidate in a global race to halt the coronavirus pandemic that has killed more than 600,000 people. More than 100 vaccines are being developed and tested around the world to try to stop the coronavirus pandemic, which has killed more than 600,000 people and ravaged the global economy.

Equity share and Debentures

As companies need fund for the business operations it will raise funds from equity and debentures. As equity shares will sold in market by bringing IPO and FPO. Debentures will be sold in market and raised fund. Equity shares holders will get the dividend as the return on investment. Debentures will leave fixed rate of return. if the business is running very well the share price will go up in market and there is chance of dividend so investors in equity will get capital appreciation along with dividend. But for the debenture holder what ever will be business condition they will get interest payment. If business is running in loss equity investors capital may depreciate in market. what ever the condition the business need to pay the ii interest for the debentures. But the payment of dividend will be wish of the company. Equity share holders are the owners of the company and Debenture holders are the creditors of the company.

The Modern Problem of Cyberbullying

In this technology-saturated era, communication and trade have moved online and with the pandemic, we will see an increase in the number of people who use online platforms for their everyday activities which hitherto relied on other physical materials. This has various advantages and has greatly accelerated the process of the entire world becoming a global village. However, it is also important to note that scammers, frauds, unethical hacking, and cybercrimes are on the rise. One of the major problems faced in virtual spaces is cyberbullying. It is not a new phenomenon but with more of our everyday interactions going to be virtual, it is important that we know what it is and how we are to handle it.

Cyberbullying refers to the practice of bullying over digital devices such as phones or laptops, and electronic means such as via text, SMS, or on social media and public forums. It is also known as cyber-harassment and is akin to the kind of bullying one might experience at school, only on a different platform and potentially much more dangerous. A cyberbully uses technology to threaten, harass, ridicule, or embarrass an individual or a corporation. This is done by sharing harmful or false content about them or posting things designed to hurt or demean someone else. Some cyberbullying behavior that goes off-limits is considered criminal and is taken as a serious offense liable to police action. Living in a society in which more than half of its members use social media platforms, sharing photos, videos, and other personal content online has become a very common thing. However, one should be cautious of this data being misused, particularly when not just our friends or followers but even strangers are able to access this information. Online forums and chat rooms were the spaces where cyberbullying was most rampant. But now it is social media platforms like Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram and others that top the list for the greatest number of cyberbullying cases.

internet screen security protection — Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

One of the challenges when dealing with cyberbullying is our lack of awareness about it. Very often, people tend to dismiss or sideline these issues when they first appear. However, it only aggravates with time and usually leaves a permanent mark on the reputation and image of the person once he starts engaging with it. Such harassment via electronic means will only increase with more of our time spent online and it is necessary that we take note of it. If left to itself as a problem that will go away in time, cyberbullying can have long term consequences, destroying a person’s mental health, making him feel helpless, information, photos, and details being sold for money, manipulating public opinion, and destroying careers. It is difficult to combat it since the bullies usually remain anonymous and it is difficult to ascertain what their range of activities have been.

If you become a prey to cyberbullies, one of the first things you can do is to draw attention to the issue, speak about it with others, and seek professional remedy if necessary. Report it to authorities. Also try to not keep engaging since that only leads to them having more bait to agitate us. Keep a record of everything that happens in that space so that you will have proof even if they take down whatever they had done or posted. Let others know what is happening and seek their support as well. This is a crime that can be fought together if we are vigilant and willing to be there for each other. Let us make sure that cyberbullies are held accountable and removed, and that the internet is a safer and more welcoming space for all people.

Different ways in which companies raise the funds

Money is the very important factor to start the business and run it. Companies need fund in each step of its activities. So companies will look for different ways where company can get the money along with that interest or cost of capital need to be taken in consideration.

Share capital : Share capital is the fund that is brought by the owners of the company. In addition to that company can get investors who will invest in companies capital. By issuing equity and preference share capital company can get the funds. Company can bring Ipo and Fpo in market where fund can be raised.

Loans from Banks : To meet the working capital company can get the long and short term loans. But need to pay interest on such loans.

Venture capital : when campany has potential to succeed in future company can contact venture capitalists from them fund can be brought in to the company in the form of equity or debentures.

Debentures : Company can issue the debentures in the market. According to credit worthiness the fund can be raised and interest can be fixed. By issuing debenture company need to pay interest to debenture holders.

Bonds : Company can funds from issuing bonds in market where the company need to pay the interest. But for such bond the assets need to be backed as security.

Previous profit: Using the previous years profit will be great idea for business where paying interest is not required.

Angel investors : By approaching angel investors company can raise the fund. They can invest in equity or debentures according to the safety of the fund they have in business.

Raising fund has many ways but companies need to consider the interest payments need to made on such fund. If interest payments are less it will benifitial for business.

Dalgona Coffee: The Latest Instagram Fad

While the lockdown has ignited various trends on social media, one that has received a major global following is #DalgonaCoffee.

If you’re avid user of social media, chances are that you have come across the Dalgona Coffee wave perhaps when a friend uploaded a story on Instagram, flaunting a beautiful cup of coffee; a glass full of milk topped with a fluffy and creamy layer of whipped coffee or when you came across posts of people sharing their attempts (especially on TikTok) at making this quarantine-chic drink. This frothy DIY coffee drink is a cheap and cheerful viral trend that everyone these days seems to be whipping up at home.

So, what even is Dalgona Coffee?

The frothy, light as air drink is known as Dalgona coffee. The name ‘Dalgona’ originated from a South Korean toffee by the same name – a sugary toffee with a thick sponge-like exterior and it took off from there. The trend was first popularized in South Korea, spreading across the world as more countries started recommending that people engage in social distancing. This latest Instagram food trend is meant to be made at home and shared online, which might be why you are seeing it all over social media.

One might wonder what’s with the sudden obsession?

Well, first of all it’s coffee. Some like it chilled and cold brewed, while others prefer their filter coffee. Some can’t do without their morning cappuccino, while others still swear by the humble latte. However it is enjoyed, Dalgona coffee is an interesting new recipe for the caffeine addicts to try. Coffee connoisseurs basically united to create a new recipe that ended up going viral on social media, globally and in India. Second of all, it looks beautiful and in this day and age if something is Instagram-worthy, well then you put it on your social feed and it spreads like a wildfire. Third of all, it’s a bit of a treat. Having a cup of coffee that feels like silky moose. What’s not to love?

Perhaps the main reason Dalgona Coffee became so viral was because of its simplicity. Practically anyone could make it. You don’t need any fancy tools, extensive knowledge about coffee, or any sort of special skill. After all, it requires little more than pantry staples and patience to create.

Additionally, the Dalgona Coffee trend emerged in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine. An easy, fun, and delicious drink you could make at home with your family and friends? It was the perfect recipe (both literally and figuratively). People shared their successes and failures of making the drink online, which piqued a lot of curiosity and sense of community. With a lot of people self-isolating or quarantining themselves during the lockdown, the only thing left to do is spend more time in the kitchen upgrading your usual recipes. So, how do you make it?

Ingredients:

All you need is four simple ingredients and your delectable frothy coffee is on the table to enjoy. This recipe is made using just ingredients –Instant Coffee, Sugar, Warm Water and Chilled Milk.

Instructions:

Mix sugar, coffee and warm water in a bowl.
Use a whisker or be prepared to whisk your way through this coffee. Keep whisking the coffee for at least 15 minutes until it has a very creamy texture.
In a glass, pour cold milk with ice and then add the frothy coffee mixture on top of the milk. Enjoy!

This fledgling new trend of the aesthetically pleasing South Korean coffee has given people and coffee lovers all across the world an interesting project to invest their time and break the monotony during the quarantine period.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY : BOON ??

As we know that science & technology have filled our life with too many wonders…this has made our life so easy & fast…..from bullock cart to aeroplane….from postman to message….it has changed everything….. but as we know that every coin has two sides….
Science & technology have so many disadvantages also either it is related to health,privacy & security,emotional disturbance or it is related to nature..

according to the America’s optometric association the more use of computer, laptop, phone is the cause of eye strain and dry eye.

According to national cancer institute over use of phone can be the result of brain cancer.
2.4% of deaths are caused by using phone during driving…

from the negative impact of science & technology children and teen s are affected very badly….according to the times of India a 16 year old boy get suffered by cardiac arrest while playing PUBG…from so many previous newses we get to know that don’t know how many children get affected by THE BLUE WHALE GAME …because of this don’t know how many children committed suicide and don’t know how many children got depressed….

when the tech was launch in to the market then who thought that which type of days it will going to see us …..let’s take a real life example…EK TIME THA JAB BACCHE APNA HOME WORK GURU KI MADAD SE POORA KARTE THE OR AB BACCHE GURU KI MADAD SE NAHI GOOGLE KI MADAD SE APNA HOME WORK KRTE HAIN………because of this their thinking power is going to be less and they are not using their mind fully to do any task!!!!!

There was a time when people used to say that BOOKS ARE OUR REAL FRIEND… but in today’s scenario people say that PHONE IS OUR REAL FRIEND…..
Science & technology even though has decreased the geographical distance but it has increase the distance of people’s heart’s…..and its example is SOCIAL MEDIA…..which provides us the facility to connect with every one wither we know them or not…we meet our new friends or old friends everyday on this platform…we also get connect here with our relatives….but this platform also interrupts in our personal life….according to research those persons who use social media a lot they feel more isolated in the society…..so here we can say that APNO SE JUDNE KI WAJAH SE APNO SE HI DOOR HOTE JA RAHE HAIN……

science & technology not only affected the beauty of relations it has also ruined the NATURE’S BEAUTY….just think who had thought hat we have to BUY OXYGEN ONE DAY…..it’s living example is our country’s capital DELHI…..there is a oxybar named as OXYPURE.. the high use of tech not only affect the humans it is also harmful for the animals , plants , birds and for every thing in this world …..climate change is also the result of over use of technology. Because of science & technology our privacy is also get affected….there are some apps who requires the accessibility of our location, identity, contacts, messages……with the help of this they can misuse the data also and they are doing this we can see this in today’ situation….there are some people who shared just everything on social media an this can be cause of trouble for them….as we have seen that rates cyber crime and theft of data are increasing day by day….and which can be very harmful for the future….there are some words of poet about tech…
24 HAATHON WALA LAGTA MUJHKO YE AVATAR..
12 HAATHON MEIN HAI SURGEON, 12 MEIN HATHIYAAR…

In reality if science & tech have given the eyes to a blind person then it is the science who made the person blind by the blue strain light (which comes from phone)…..if the science & technology have given the legs to a handicapped then it is the science who made the the person handicapped who drives during calls..if science & technology have given the power of hear to a deaf…then it is the science who made a person deaf with highly use of earphones..in reality science & technology is not a good or bad thong…it depends on us…it depends on it’s user’s intentions…the tech was invented to make the human life easier we invented it to make complete our tasks fast..we invented it to use it as a servant but in today’s scenario…..WE HAVE BECOME THE SERVANT OF THIS….so from now TREAT THE TECHNOLOGY AS A SERVANT OF YOURS NOT AS YOUR BOSS ……

The right use of science & technology and in the right direction can make the earn heaven and with the over and wrong use of it can make the earth hell….

over use of anything is always dangerous here are some lines of a poet

ATI KA BHALA NA BOLNA, ATI KI BHALI NA DHOOP…
ATI KA BHALA NA BARSANA, ATI KI BHALI NA CHOOP…

SO CHOICE IS OURS …IF GOD HAS GIVEN US A BEAUTIFUL HOME TO LIVE THEN IT IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY THAT WE SHOULD LIVE IN IT AS A RESPONSIBLE PERSON AND AMONG THE CREATIONS OF GOD ONLY HUMAN HAS MIND AND POWER TO DO SOMETHING AND HERE OUR RESPONSIBILITY INCREASES THAT WE SHOULD MAKE THE EARTH MORE BEAUTIFUL MORE THAN BEFORE…….

Importance of Undertaking an Internship

“I hope your internship lands you the affair of your dreams.”
– Shashikant N Sharma

The above quote has a very deep meaning which shows your career and your dreams. Really internship is an important part of a student’s life. As this is the first step in any person’s life towards his or her career. So this is really very essential in everyone’s life. Before starting further first we should know that What is Internship? Internship is a professional learning experience and a temporary job generally provided to students so that they can gain real time work experience in the field of study or career interest. It is generally for a limited period of time. These internships are generally undertaken by students and graduates who are looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. It provides them the opportunity for career exploration and development and helps in deciding them whether they are liking the job or not. As it is said by Confucius –

Photo by Christina Morillo on Pexels.com

“Choose the job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life.”

Internship also helps the organisation and employer too as it gives the opportunity to bring new ideas and energy into the workplace, a new blood enters into the organisation with new opinions, develop talent and builds a path for future full-time employees if they work hard with dedication and commitment. As we know that internship is for a short duration. It can be as short as a week or as long as 12 months. Internship can be paid or voluntary. Internship can be done in the following sectors like sales, marketing, engineering, management, IT, etc. The internship helps in developing a variety of skills like communication skills, presentation skills, problem solving and influencing skills. In today’s scenario, more emphasis is given on theoretical knowledge rather than practical knowledge. But implementing these theoretical knowledge in practical field is more important and impactful. So these ‘On-the-Job’ experience can be as valuable as anything learned in your studies. As we cannot really understand what a job is unless and until we have worked in that environment. Internship provides you a platform so that you can confirm if this is what you want to do in the long term. In simple language it acts as a ‘ try before you buy ‘ option. An internship can be used to create a professional network that can assist with letter of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities. The benefit of bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already familiar with the company, its culture, work – environment, position and they require little to no training. Internship has many benefits and they are:-

It provides the students with professional work experience with the help from experts. Generally, an intern works under the guidance of worksite mentors. He is the one who will train a student that how he has to work.
Internship helps a student to practice and improve their skills as it helps in providing a practical exposure in your desired field.
It helps students to master in soft skills like communication, time management, etc. As these are the skills which acts as a key to success.
Internship acts as a confidence builder for a student. As we have a tendency of forgetting things which we have studied but the things which we do practically has a very deep impact as this helps in raising our confidence level.
Through internship students can learn the roles and responsibilities of a particular career in which they are interested.
If an intern completes his or her internship successfully and according to the expectation of employer. This makes the candidates more attractive to employer. This is because many interns have acquired good work habits, excellent soft skills and have higher technical and industry skills due to this internship.

So lastly through this internship students not only learn new things and new skills but also get to know how the things work. So, the best way of learning about anything is by doing as said by Richard Branson.

CAT A DOOR OF IIM

Cat is a very popular exam for enrollment of MBA, every year many of students conduct this exam for taking admission in their dream college.

CAT is the entrance examination for management aspirants at the national level and is carried out on a rotational basis by the Indian Institute of Management. The cat examination will be tentatively conducted in the month of November in various cities across India.

The CAT examination opens the doors for candidates not only to be admitted to 20 IIMs but to more than 1000 B-Schools across India, making it one of the most crucial examinations for every management aspirant.

Apart from the IIMs, the CAT is also a prerequisite for admissions into numerous other prestigious management colleges across India which includes institutes like S.P Jain Institute of Management and Research (SPJIMR), Faculty of Management Studies (FMS), Management Development Institute (Gurgaon), Institute of Management Technology (IMT), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), International Management Institute (IMI), National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) and several others.

CAT is one of the most important exams, and its preparation should not be taken lightly. One of the first questions that strike the mind of a candidate sitting for this examination is whether to prepare independently or take the help of a coaching center.

Before taking any important decisions regarding your preparation, you must reflect on your behavior in previous situations. You must evaluate yourself and think of whether you are disciplined and can stick to a plan or are more prone to procrastination and over-thinking. Depending on your caliber, you may clear CAT in a short duration, or it might take two to three attempts to crack it.

Depending on your tendencies, you must make the appropriate choice. The flexibility of self-learning is best suited for those candidates who are well aware of their learning and can set goals and achieve them, while also improving the performance.

CAT Exam Eligibility

Should Hold a Bachelor’s Degree and have secured a minimum of 50% marks or equivalent CGPA. The students belonging to any of the reserved categories like Scheduled Tribe (ST), Scheduled Caste (SC), and Persons with Disability (PWD) or Differently Abled (DA) category must have at least 45% marks.
The degree has to be awarded by any of the Universities included by an act of the central or a state legislature in India, or any other educational institutions established by an act of Parliament or are declared to be deemed as a University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956, or hold an equivalent qualification recognized by the MHRD, India.
Applicants who are appearing for the final year of their bachelor’s degree and the candidates who have completed their graduation degree requirements and are awaiting results are also eligible to apply.

· CAT Exam Syllabus

CAT Quantitative Aptitude

CAT Logical Reasoning & Data Interpretation

CAT Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension

· Eligibility Verification

Mark sheets and Degree Certificate

Reservation Category Requirements

Candidates in the Final Year of Graduation

It should be noted that individual IIM shortlists candidates for their second stage of selection independently. The selection process includes a Written Ability Test (WAT) and a Personal Interview (PI). The performance of individuals in CAT exam will be an important component in the overall selection process. IIMs also consider previous academic records of the candidates, relevant work experience and other similar inputs while shortlisting and ranking the candidates at various stages during the admission process.

Throughout the journey of CAT preparation, you use to ensure that your mind is stable, and you can cope with the entire ordeal of studying long hours and putting in your all for an examination.

There is no proven methodology in CAT for scoring a good percentile. There are plenty of students who worked alone and cleared the CAT in their first attempt.

Cat exam need your hard work, dedication, and how much time you devote for crack this exam it’s all up to you, if you decided to clear this exam so you can do, but you should study for this exam with smart work and lots of focus. Before investing any amount of time or money in coaching, assess yourself and crack this exam with a target of get admission in IIM’s.

Situation Of Valet Parking Service In India

The situation of valet parking service in india is improved after the judgement of Taj Mahal vs United India Insurance Company Ltd. Ors, the judgement was given in the favour of the consumer and the hotel had to pay all the expenses to the consumer because of its irresponsible management of the hotel. As this is the said to be a land mark case in the context of valet parking therefore the situation is a bit improved. In our country there are no valet parking rules but we can ask for our compensation or justice under other rules and regulations.

Recent Case Of A Theft In Ahemdabad:

Businessman from Usmanpura gave keys of his SUV to a staff of a renowned hotel in bhodakdev, who had fled away with the car and valuables that were kept inside in a grab of valet parking. However, the accused, Nitin Malviya,28, a native of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh, had called up the businessman and informed him that he had dropped the car at the parking space of Ratlam Railway Station. Vastrapur police russed to Ratlam railway Station and came back with the SUV but the cops are yet to nab the accused.

In his FIR with Vastrapur Police, Rutul Sha, 35, resident of Usmanpura who runs an IT firm, Said that he had gone to the hotel pride Plaza in Bodakdev at around 11.30am to participate in an exbition. When he went to park his car, a hotel staff came to him and asked for car keys for valet parking.[1]

At around 12.50am, he came out from the exhibition and asked foe his keys from the hotel staff but they could not find the keys. When they enquire about the staff member – Malviya, who had taken the keys, they found that he had gone to have his meal.

As Malviya did not return after a long time, he enquired and found that Malviya had fled with his car and other valuables having total worth of RS 16 Lakh.

When Shah checked CCTV footage, he came to known that though CCTV camera was installed at the place of incident but the camera was not functioning.

Sha states that in the FIR that the staff member of Hotel Pride Plaza had breached his trust and cheated him. After this, the police registered an FIR but did not get any concrete clue until the accused called Shah up and informed that he had left the car at Ratlam railway station in Madhya Pradesh.

A police official said that Malviya reached Ratlam and when checked inside the car, he found valuables and RS.95000 cash. At Ratlam Raliway Station, he parked the car in the railways parking area where he was asked for documents. Suspecting that he would be caught, he left the car there and then called up the owner, said a police official. A team of Vastrapur police went Ratlam and got the car.[2]

The above case is a very appropriate example for the situation of valet parking in India. As we see in the above case there was no precaution taken by the hotel for the service of the valet parking, as there are no rules and regulations in India. Rules and regulation for valet parking is the need of the hour in India because of the number of robbery taking place in Indian by the valets who cheat the consumers, therefore our country needs rules and regulations for valet parking.

[1] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-man-gives-keys-for-valet-parking-hotel-employee-flees-with-car/articleshow/72726512.cms

[2] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-man-gives-keys-for-valet-parking-hotel-employee-flees-with-car/articleshow/72726512.cms

Pradhan mantri Jeevan jyoti bima yojana

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY ) is a social benefit scheme launched on May 9, 2015, by the government. The PMJJBY scheme is a life cover for a fixed amount of Rs 2 lakh for an annual premium of Rs 330 and is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years having a bank account. The life coverage will be available until the age of 55 years. The one-time payment towards the PMJJBY will be automatically debited from one’s account. Therefore, one has to enable auto-debit while signing up for the scheme.

The life cover of Rs. 2 lakh shall be for the one year period starting from 1st June to 31st May every year. The PMJJBY scheme is a yearly renewable scheme and to continue one has to give the consent to the banks in the month of May every year.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana with a aim to provide financial support through cheaper term insurance to empower the disadvantaged and economically low strata of society, with motto of “JanDhan se Jan Surakhsha”.Term insurance is a type of life insurance, provides coverage for a certain period of time or years. If the insured dies over the policy tenure a death benefit (or sum assured) is paid out.

This scheme will be linked also to the bank accounts opened under the Pradhan mantra jan dhan yojana scheme. Most of these account had zero balance initially. The government aims to reduce the number of such zero balance accounts by using this and related schemes.

Now all Bank account holders can avail this facility through their net-banking service facility or filling a form at the bank branch at any time of the year.

But, there are some problem create by this, the banks have complained that revenue received will be very low. Some bankers have claimed that amount they are receiving is not sufficient to cover the service costs. Since this is a [group insurance] scheme, banks have not received instruction regarding cases where excessive claims are in a year. Insurers have also pointed out that no health certificate or information of pre-existing disease is required for joining.

Government Contribution

Various other Ministries can co-contribute premium for various categories of their beneficiaries out of their budget or out of Public Welfare Fund created in this budget out of unclaimed money. This will be decided separately during the year.
Common Publicity Expenditure will be borne by Government.

The premium paid towards the pmjjby scheme is applicable for tax exemption under sec 80c of the income tax act

If the bank account has become inoperative or there are not sufficient funds, the coverage will lapse. Those who exit the scheme may re-join later by furnishing a declaration of good health and paying the annual premium.

If the insurance cover is ceased due to any technical reasons such as the insufficient balance on the due date or due to any administrative issues, the same can be reinstated on receipt of appropriate premium subject, however, to the cover being treated as fresh and the 45 days lien clause being applicable

For the cover period 1st June 2019 to 31st May 2020, subscribers are required to enroll and give their auto-debit consent by 31st May 2019. As on 23.04.2018, gross enrolment reported by banks subject to verification of eligibility, etc. was nearly 5.3382 crore, while the total number of claims received was about 100,881 and the total number of claims disbursed was nearly 92,089.

Even though the sum assured is very low, one may get it to supplement existing coverage. Ideally, as a thumb rule, one should have a life cover of at least ten times of one’s annual take-home income.

So, these all information covered under Jeevan jyoti bima yojana .and that is really an achievement of government to give them facility and financial support for under privileged people.

Regulations That Govern Valet Parking In The United States

Regulations That Govern Valet Parking In The United States:

In the United States, two regulatory bodies make the rules and regulations when it comes to valet parking – the National Valet Parking Association and your local municipality. The National Valet Parking Association (NVPA) provides guidelines for the standards and best practices in the industry. Your municipality will also have a say on how valet parking companies should operate.

In this post, we will look at the regulations provided by both the municipality and the National Valet Parking Association. Local municipalities are taking an increasing interest in the valet parking service companies concerning how they follow parking laws and regulations. For example, in Los Angeles, companies are required to have permits and insurance before they can drive the customers’ cars.

The valet parking permit:

Valet parking permits must constantly be in order. In the event that your permit has expired, you will be required to submit information like proof of insurance, location and number of spaces required, contact info, days and hours of operations, estimated number of vehicles and other bits of information that the municipal department will ask for. Should the city municipal decide to carry out a search on companies that have permits, you will be on the safe side of the law and you will not have to pay the heavy fines that will be imposed on you.[1]

Employee management:

This is perhaps one of the hardest standards to adhere to and one of the most important. Before you hire employees, ensure that you check their driving records, their referrals and most importantly, come up with a system to test the honesty and integrity of the individuals. After you have hired your employees, take them through a training program. The topics that you could cover in the program include customer service standards, how to appropriately handle cash, maintaining a safe working environment, and how to report unsafe conditions to management.^[2]

Consequence of Misconducts Performed By the valets Or Valet Parking agency:

Indemnification.

The Permittee, and any person acting under or pursuant to a Valet Parking Operator’s permit, agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, release and defend (even if the allegations are false, fraudulent or groundless), to the maximum extent permitted by law, and covenants not to sue, the City, its Council and each member thereof, and its officers, employees, board and commission members and representatives, from any and all liability, loss, suits, claims, damages, costs, judgments and expenses (including attorney’s fees and costs of litigation) which in whole or in part result from, or arise out of: (1) any use or performance under the permit; (2) the activities and operations of the Permittee and its employees, subcontractors or agents; (3) any condition of property used in the permitted operation; or (4) any acts, errors or omissions (including, without limitation, professional negligence) of the Permittee and its employees, subcontractors or agents in connection with the Valet Parking operation.[3]

Disciplinary Action – Additional Grounds. The following acts committed by a Permittee shall be grounds for disciplinary action in addition to the grounds listed in Section 103.35:

1. The Permittee, its agents or employees, through carelessness, negligence or failure to make proper provision for the safeguarding of vehicles left in their custody, have knowingly or unknowingly facilitated or contributed toward the theft or conversion of any such vehicle, or of the contents thereof, or the damaging of any such vehicle; or

2. The Permittee, its agents or employees failed to cooperate with the police to aid in the investigation of any theft or other crime committed on a parking lot used by Permittee, or which arose out of the conduct of the business for which the permit was issued; or

3. The Permittee, its agents or employees knowingly delivered a vehicle in their custody to a person not the registered owner or entitled to possession of such vehicle; or

4. The Permittee’s Valet Parking operation negatively impacted traffic or disrupted the peace and quiet within any area of the City; or

5. The Permittee failed to comply with any City business tax and parking occupancy tax laws; or

6. The Permittee failed to comply with any of the operating requirements in Subdivision (d) of this section, or any rules or regulations adopted by the Board governing valet parking.

Violation. Violations of the operating requirements in Subdivision (d) of this section, or any rules or regulations adopted by the Board of Police Commissioners governing valet parking, shall not be prosecuted as misdemeanors, but shall be subject to administrative sanctions and civil remedies as provided by this Code, or at law or in equity, or any combination of these.

Any person operating as a Valet Parking Operator without a permit as required in subdivision (b) of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.[4]

Severability:

If any provision of this ordinance is found to be unconstitutional or otherwise invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction, that invalidity shall not affect the remaining provisions which can be implemented without the invalid provisions and, to this end, the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable.[5]

The above extract from the ordinance of valet parking in Los Angles gives us the information how the valet parking rules and regulations in united States help consumers or protects consumers from theft or any misconducts which are done by the valet parking agency. The rules regarding the valet parking in U.S.A are amended in consideration with the prospective of consumers.

[1] https://valetonly.com/blog/regulations-that-govern-valet-parking-in-the-united-states/

[2] https://valetonly.com/blog/regulations-that-govern-valet-parking-in-the-united-states/

[3] Los angels ordinance on Valet parking

[4] Los angels ordinance on Valet parking

[5] Los angels ordinance on Valet parking

Maybe we all were ‘the same’

We have often heard the saying, “Everyone is unique”. But let’s try to question this. Is this really true? Okay, very much debatable! But, let’s proceed with it slowly.

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We grow up in a society where we face comparison knowingly or unknowingly. No one can escape the trap of comparison. Comparison with a second person for grades, for projects, for skills, for the job, for salary, and whatnot. But, then we decide, or let’s say realize that this is not the correct way we are seeing things. We now understand that each of us is unique. Yes, it is true to some extent. We are unique in the way we think, in the way we perceive a situation, the talent we have, the skills we acquire, and the level of our creativity. But, this uniqueness is not out of birth, it is developed.

When we say each of us is different, we start imagining a situation, where we all have everything different. We think that the kind of situations we are in is less likely to be experienced by others or maybe, at least not at that point in time. Sometimes, we come across some difficult situations and we are stuck, we might feel low and might feel that we are the one who is stuck here, there are people out there with a very smooth and happy life with no difficult situation arising in their life. But, the thing is that life offers the same set of problems in each one’s life and the no. of problems with the same difficulty level is also the same. We all experience ‘the same‘. We all come across similar situations in our lives and then label them as “good” or “bad” according to our personal opinion. Now, we call them, good or bad experiences and then count the number of bad experiences we had, to classify our lives as a ‘happy life’ or ‘struggling life’.

To better understand, think of life as a game. We all are players of the same game. Initially, we don’t know whether we will find the game interesting or not but, we all need to start playing. Then, we proceed with playing the game. We all come across different levels of the game in order of increasing difficulty. Some are playing the game with great enthusiasm and interest, collecting a lot of gems, health/lives, and rewards, which will be helpful for them in coming levels. While some are going at the same pace with quite low enthusiasm, hardly collecting gems and lives, or they are stuck at a particular level. Those who have collected rewards and lives can now use these in the difficult levels of the game too, to easily clear that level. But, those who were not able to collect rewards are stuck there watching their fellow reaching higher levels. Some of those in the lower levels of the game can again try the previous levels and collect gems, learn the strategy, and move forward, while some of them are tired and can’t play the game more and they quit. This is how the game goes on.

GettyImages-employeeexperience700-700x450

So, we all are playing the same game. We all come across the same situations and the same difficulties. The thought that we are the one coming across the difficulties of life arises because we don’t have enough knowledge of others’ lives. We only see their lives from outside. We can say we know the points of each player in the game (it is there on the scoreboard), but what we actually don’t is the details, i.e. how much gems, lives, and rewards each of them have collected. We all started from the same point and proceeded along the same direction but eventually end up getting different results. The gems, lives, and rewards that we collected on our way and the attempt we made for it kept us making different from each other. So, if you look at those who reached the final level, they may have different skills and talents because of the way in which they proceeded but they have similar perceptions.

Anxiety-Mind’s own prison

Nowadays people associate the word anxiety only with mental illness but anxiety is just an emotion like happiness, sadness, etc. It is quite a familiar emotion which we come across seldom in our day to day life like, before taking a test, pressure at work. Occasional anxiety is “OK”. But anxiety disorders are different with constant fear and overwhelming.

Causes

Stress at workplace
Emotional trauma such as the death of a beloved one
Use of prohibited drugs like cocaine
Maybe a symptom of heart related problems
Emphysema or Pulmonary embolism,etc.

Symptoms

Feeling nervous, restless or tense
Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom
Having an increased heart rate
Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
Sweating
Trembling
Feeling weak or tired
Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems

During this lockdown, the levels of depression and anxiety are much higher than usual in the society. Surprisingly, exposure to the coronavirus itself has had minimal impact on people’s mental health rather, the social disruption had a much more effect. People confined in their houses has both negative and positive impacts; positive because people can spend more time with their families than before and negative as humans are social animals and disconnecting from the outside world, friends, relatives is the cause of a frustrating environment in the house. This change in scenario might fuel anxiety and depression.

GAD-Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder. It is characterized by persistent, excessive worrying about everyday events and activities which the person finds difficult to control. People with GAD find that their worry is excessive (blowing things out of proportion), difficult to control and pervasive. People are often tempted to avoid threatening situations, but if you do, the anxiety will be worse the next time you are in that situation. The best strategy is to confront the feared situation. Usually, it is better than you thought, and if not, you will have learned valuable coping skills by confronting your fears.

People with GAD should work toward challenging their beliefs and assumptions about themselves. For example, your worry might be “I’ll never be prepared in time,” which may be accompanied by the assumption that “if anything goes wrong, it’s my fault” and the underlying belief that “I am a failure.” Cognitive therapy strategies can help you identify and challenge these assumptions and develop alternative and more realistic beliefs.

The Six Structured Problem Solving Technique-

This technique is a simple yet as effective as medication for people dealing with GAD or any type of anxiety.

Write down exactly what you believe the main problem to be.
Write down all possible solutions, even bad ones. *
Think about each solution in practical terms.
Choose the most practical solution.
Plan how you will carry that solution out.
Do it.

image courtesy-TOI

Stop judging women by her attire

Women are always judged and labelled as character less by her clothes or attire. The length of their clothes decide their character.

The character of a woman is being labelled by the people of the society. Whatever a women wears, she is being judged and are always surrounded by uncomfortable stares.

If a girl is wearing shorts, she is being called hot or available you can say. If a girl is wearing onepiece or a skirt, she is a slut. If a girl is wearing jeans, she is modern. If a girl is wearing a salwar kameez or chudidar, she is known as sanskaari. And if she is wearing a saree then she is called beautiful. At times the blouses also decides the character of a women. Backless, strapless blouses or modern blouses,etc.

A woman is always told to wear decent clothes by the family so as to protect themselves from being molested or eveteasing. Woman are always told to hide their bodies with their clothes. If you are revealing your body then you are making available yourself.

A women can’t wear whatever she wants. They always have the fear of getting touched by anyone or the stares that are passed at them which makes them uncomfortable. They are not allowed to wear the clothes they wish because of the devils that are disguised in the form of men.

Women have to compromise their wishes for these devils outside. Parents do now allow their daughters to wear clothes they want to in fear of something will happen to them.

Modern families do allow their daughters to wear anything they like but traditional families are not allowed to wear as per their choice. Still many women dreams of wearing clothes they always wanted to. And the ones who wear clothes as per their choices are judged by the people.

Judging a women by her clothes is totally incorrect. Why does she have to change herself for someone else? Why can’t a woman wear something of her own choice?

Why don’t we judge men for their clothes instead of judging women for their clothes? A man is allowed to wear anything they wish to as they are not stared or eveteased by anyone outside. They are not made uncomfortable. They are not labelled character less by their attires. Just because a woman has breasts and a figure that needs to be hidden right or else the society would not leave her alone.

If a woman’s cleavage is visible, all the eyes would be on her cleavage. If she is wearing something short that reveals her legs, all the eyes would be on her legs. If a woman is wearing backless, all the eyes would be on her back. If she is wearing a strapless top or a spaghetti then too she is being watched by every passer by. If she is wearing something bodyfit, all the eyes would scan them as if they are able to see from inside out. If she is wearing a saree and her waist is visible, still people wouldn’t miss that chance too.

Even if a slightest body part is revealed they will make sure that they would take the opportunity to watch it.

There is no freedom for women to wear whatever they want to and freely roam wherever they feel like. The judgemental society can never rest.

Instead of stopping womens to wear what they want to, stop the mens to think about women in such a way. Stop the mentality of men towards the women in the society. Stop judging women for their clothes and stop making labels in your minds.

If a man is made understood at their early stages that womens are not a show piece and have to be respected for what they wear then it could bring atleast small changes.

Remember, the second line in the pledge of our country. All indians are my brothers and sisters. This should be fitted in the minds of the male members of the society from their early childhood by their families so that they never judge a woman and treat them with respect as they would have treated their sisters. It is all in our hands. The way the mens are raised from the beginning they tend to be following that till the end.

The day men changes their mentality about women and her clothes would give each woman atleast some sort of relief.

Women have a right to wear whatever they want to. It is her choice. Stop judging them for their attires.

What I do when I fail

My favorite quotes on failure is this: “If you’re not prepared to be wrong, you’ll never come up with anything original.” — Ken Robinson

I fail at all of that stuff, and it feels just as horrible for me as it does for anyone else. I get down on myself, feel guilty, try to avoid thinking about it, would rather hide it from everyone else. Failing at things can really suck. And yet, I get back up and try again.

I fail at eating healthy on a regular basis, but I keep trying again. I’m pretty good these days at sticking to an exercise plan, but I failed and tried again, regularly, for years and years.

I fail at loving myself. But I don’t give up on that.

I fail at being a good daughter, sister, girlfriend, seemingly multiple times a day. But I continue to try, and sometimes I succeed. When I try over and over again, once in awhile I succeed. So what’s the secret? Well, there isn’t any. You just have to keep trying.

That said, here’s what I’ve found to work:

I learned a more flexible mindset. When you are rigidly trying to stick to a plan or achieve a goal, and things don’t go according to plan, then you feel like crap and things can get derailed. But if you have a more flexible mindset, and think, “I might not be able to go according to plan but that’s OK because things change,” then it’s not a disaster when you get off track. There’s no single track that you have to stay on.
I came to realize that every attempt is about learning. When you fail, that’s actually really good information. Before you failed, you thought that something would work (a prediction), but then real-world information came in that told you it didn’t work. That means you now know something you didn’t know before. That’s excellent. Now you can adjust your plan, figure something new out, try a new method. Keep learning.
Ask for help. When I’m struggling with something, I know that I can either give up, or I can figure out a better way. But it’s not always easier to figure out a better way, so I reach out to my wife, friends, trusted family members, and I ask them. They might give me simple, obvious, why-didn’t-I-see-that advice that I need, or brilliant tips, or accountability. Whatever happens, my friends and loved ones never seem to fail me.
I give myself a break. If I’m struggling, sometimes my mind or body just needs a break from the discipline. So I’ll take a day or two off, or a week, or even more. There’s no set time that’s right for every situation, so I’ve been learning to go by feel. For some things, I’ve taken a month or two off from trying to learn something.
I remind myself why it’s important. It’s easy to give up on something, because not doing it is always easier. But giving up means you’re losing something important, like helping someone, and so if my reasons for doing something aren’t just selfish (pleasure, vanity), then I will renew my vigor for the struggle. This alone is often enough to get me going again, especially if I’m doing it to help someone important, like my kids.

Well unfortunately, for most people who try something and fail, that failure actually reinforces their feelings of regret. They think, I never should have done this. Why did I even try this? How stupid can I be? It reinforces their insecurities and fears. They return to a rut. They get negative. They might never try anything again.

I think the biggest obstacle to success for most people is they never do anything. They just exist and go through life and never take a chance or do anything different. They go from one day to the next and just exist in life because they’ve failed in the past and are afraid to try again, or because they’re too scared to take a chance in the first place.

The most successful people in the world are only successful after so many failures; you wonder how they ever kept going. If you really study their failures, you think, How could they survive that?

The best way to deal with failure is to focus on what’s next. Move forward, chart a new path and get excited about what’s next.

Two of the great emotions in life are excitement or enthusiasm. It’s easy to get down, where your attitude is that nothing’s working and life is terrible. Keep your excitement and enthusiasm about the future and about where you’re going.

How do you do that? Talk about that next thing. Write it out. Share it with people who can help you get excited. Post it on your mirror every day, if that’s your thing. But make sure you place your thoughts on the next goal, the next journey, and stop rehashing that last failure in your mind.

Beating yourself up for your lack of success or declaring yourself a hopeless cause leads to unhelpful feelings, like shame or resentment. And it can lead to unproductive behavior, like staying inside your comfort zone.

The key to recovering from failure is changing the way you think. When you think about failure differently, you’ll be able to turn your biggest setbacks into your best comebacks.

Always remember: you have more than one shot to create the life you want

You will screw up at some point in life, and that’s okay so long as you learn from them and figure out a different path towards the same goal.

The biggest screw up you can make is to just give up and accept that you can’t succeed because of you who you are or where you come from. If you are going through hell, don’t stop. And if you catch hell, don’t hold it.

So start again when you get it wrong. People who overestimate what they’re capable of are far more likely to actually, get off their ass and try. You will stumble, you may fail, but you are not your failure!

One thing is absolutely certain, if you REALLY want to succeed in life, if you want to do something special, something incredible, if you want to fulfill your dreams… failure is inevitable.

RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The unemployment or underemployment in the villages has led to influx of rural population to the cities. What is needed is to create a situation so that the migration from rural areas to urban areas comes down. Migration is not always undesirable but it should be the minimum as far as employment is concerned.

Rather the situation should be such that people should find it worthwhile to shift themselves from towns and cities to rural areas because of realization of better opportunities there. In other words, migration from rural areas should not only get checked but overpopulated towns and cities should also get decongested.

Though governments have tried out various schemes for generating incomes in the rural areas such government initiatives have not stopped people from moving out of villages to cities. This is because such government initiatives are not on their own capable of enabling people to earn adequately and ameliorate their conditions. There has to be some committed enterprising individual or a group of people who should be capable of making use of the government policies and schemes for the betterment of rural people. Some individuals who happen to be local leaders and NGOs and who are committed to the cause of the rural people have been catalytic agents for development. Despite all the inadequacies in rural areas one should assess their strengths and build on them to make rural areas places of opportunities. Enabling them to think positively, creatively and Entrepreneurship purposefully is must for the development of rural areas. Young people with such perspective and with the help of rightly channelized efforts would usher in an era of rural entrepreneurship.

To promote entrepreneurs who would take to rural entrepreneurship in utmost earnestness and sincerity is to ensure rural development. Such enterprising people who prefer rural entrepreneurship may or may not themselves belong to rural areas. Entrepreneurs taking to rural entrepreneurship should not only set up enterprises in rural areas but should be also using rural produce as raw material and employing rural people in their production processes. Rural entrepreneurship is, in essence, that entrepreneurship which ensures value addition to rural resources in rural areas engaging largely rural human resources.

In other words, this means that finished products are produced in rural areas out of resources obtained in rural areas by largely rural people.

The entrepreneur may or may not be of rural origin. The entrepreneurs may be from anywhere, but their enterprises have to be located in a rural area, using mainly local resources both material as well as human. Also, the enterprises have to be located in a rural area though it need not be actually using 100% local material and human resources. Some amount of material and some people may be from urban cities. But certainly large portion of material used has to be locally produced and an appreciable number of people engaged in the production of finished goods should be people based or living in rural areas.

Even a unit set up by the government or a large company in a rural area could promote rural entrepreneurship depending on how much opportunities it throws up for entrepreneurs to use local resources, to fulfill the demands of such large units and the multiplier effect such large units create.
Any large unit coming up in rural areas more or less does have an impact inactivating the surrounding economy for entrepreneurs to take advantage of. This is precisely the reason why it is recommended to shift industries from urban centers to neighboring rural areas. Such shifting initially may be a difficult proposition but in the long run beneficial in many ways.

Moreover, it would throw up lots of opportunities in the rural areas and result in decongestion of the urban centers. Urban slums would start disappearing with large number of industries getting shifted to rural areas resulting in increasing opportunities in the rural areas.

Thus, both the rural as well as urban areas get benefited by setting up more industrial units in the rural areas, making rural areas attractive locations for investment.

The Cyber City is Struggling to Keep The Scammers Away

“I was making more money than a MBA graduate.”

– Confessed a call-centre scammer

Recently BBC Panorama released a documentary called ‘Spying on the Scammers’ which features a hacker who gained access to the recorded scam phone calls as well as CCTV footage and exposed the scammers at work. The cyber vigilante, who uses the alias ‘Jim Browning’, went through hundreds of hours of video footage from the office in Gurugram, near Delhi, and listened to 70,000 phone calls. The documentary reveals that there are centres set up for the sole purpose of scamming, though I would imagine that they are small in size. It’s, thus, needless to say that such scams are thriving and flourishing businesses in India.

It makes one wonder why India has come to be a hub of call-centre scams.

There are several social aspects contributing to it. Technology is indeed a double edged sword & India is a country which ushered into the field of Information Technology in the past few years, and has large number of people with IT skills. However, due to huge population of approximately 1.3 billion people in this country, those who are qualified and skilled have to face cut-throat competition and, thus, despite having skills in IT, they fail to secure a job. Thus, there are too many people becoming educated and too few jobs to satisfy the supply of employment seekers. Owing to unemployment, some of them are led down the wrong path like scamming and using their technical skills to dupe people to earn easy money. Most of businesses hire low-level support staff who can be fired easily, and many a times they don’t even know they are scamming people. So, many people who desperately need money and jobs will join “tech companies” in search of employment. Some know it’s a scam before they start. Some don’t. But it’s putting food on the table, when many couldn’t even get lowly entry level jobs to begin with. And at the end of the day, money is the same, whether you earn it or scam it. Moreover, people in the country possess adequate fluency in English.

Apart from this, since there are many legit outsourcing and customer service businesses here, many parts of country offer good infrastructure for cheap. What’s interesting is that, many of these scammers are ex-employees of call centres and have good grasp over the standard procedures and working of tech support. Plus, they may still have the means to access the customer data somehow.

Now coming to the legal aspect of things, they’re quite untraceable by targets unless the target is experienced in something like hacking or tracing by other means. It’s also because the people they’re scamming are too far away to have them arrested or taken to the court. They are in a sense de facto immune from the law by location. Scammers may choose to operate out of countries that have weak law enforcement relations (or simply weak local law enforcement when it comes to having the resources necessary for locating them) with the target countries of their scams. Weak relations make it harder to track down the scammers, and even of they are found, it makes it difficult to prosecute them. Plus for scam purposes, it’s obviously easier to evade US’s and other target country’s law enforcement by being thousands of miles away and with a local police force that may be unable or unwilling to take action against them.

The lack of adequate fear among the scammers can also be a contributing reason as to why so many call-centre scams are mushrooming in India. They feel safe and confident enough that they cannot be caught and punished, thus, they continue to do this. Most of the times this kind of scams take birth from the loop holes of any business process. Scamming is an organized crime. In an organized crime, it is very hard to catch a criminal because they are already familiar with ways to avoid geting caught. But, one should understand that the stronger wins. If the law is stronger, it will improve itself to counter attack the new approaches by scammers. A failure to do so, will keep the crime alive.

Also, there’s no proper technology available in India to catch these criminals as Indian law enforcement is already burdened with huge amounts of unsolved cases more heinous than tech scamming, so LEA can’t give proper attention to frame these convicts even if they got caught. This inevitably leads to feeling of safety among tech criminals as there’s very little possibility of them getting caught and even lesser possibility of getting any punishment, if caught, due lack of stringent IT laws in India. Needless to say, law enforcement isn’t up to the point.

Thus, the risk vs. reward conundrum works out in their favour as the chances of getting caught are almost negligible, while the profit margins are high.

The biggest issue, however, is that scamming just happens to be so easy, owing to the mediocre security measures from the banks and the lack of technical knowledge on the part of the elderly and digitally challenged which make them easy targets to these scams. To top it off, Technical Support Companies pay a very great deal of money in the form of incentives, once the salesman achieves the allotted target. Although, it should be mentioned again that, some people working in such firms don’t even have the slightest of an idea that this no more than a scam.

People often forget ‘with power comes the responsibility’ and wrong use of technology leads to tech crimes like scamming which are cognizable offences under India Penal Code IPC – section 420 and IT Act 2000 (Amendment 2008) section 66, but then again, these laws are as good as a toothless tiger as they have repeatedly failed to be stringent towards the criminals .

The scammers not only give India a bad rap but also present a sorry manifestation of the failure of the government policies who cannot provide enough jobs and quality education for the youths, pushing them to adopt such fiendish ways of making money and risking their reputation by getting inevitably busted.

LIVES MATTER A LOT: WAR ISN’T THE SOLUTION TO BE AT THE TOP

-SHUBHANKAR

Attrocities, destruction, damage and what not, War brings with it all the sadness and destruction at one go on the whole world. But, do the people of this generation understand the intricacies which war could bring with it. I don’t think so they do. We have seen that in matter of no time if there’s a political dilemma between two nations, the first thing what people want is to have a war. But they don’t understand that the level of damage which a war could cause to both the countries engaging in war. The loss of life is the biggest damage one can face everytime war happens. Loss of property can be compensated for, but not the loss of life.

Well, people should understand that its not always war that will determine a solution to a problem. War is one such solution which would result in so much of pain and sacrifice. Have people ever understood the pain one goes through when they lose someone close to them. War isn’t the solution one should look for. There are many other things one can do other than indulging in war, be it diplomatic talks or some other solution. Some wars are fought for the greed of the people in power, which doesn’t result in them being having any sort of pain or grief, but the common people and the soldiers who fight the war, they as well as their families suffer the most. The greed maybe of more resources, more land under their control, etc. but the cost of gaining these greedy needs is the life of someone, life of an innocent, which isn’t right at all.

Why for the greed of power of the so called powerful people, the soldiers and its families suffer? Why can’t a solution without a war been fought can be found out? These are some of the questions which need to be answered because someone’s life is more important or I say very important than the mere greed for which powerful people use their armies for intriguing into a war. It’s not just the armies who get affected, it’s the whole nation which is indulging in a war. Be it the destruction of property or the loss of life of common people, the destruction is irrepairable. This destruction needs to be stopped and the time is running out I suppose. With all the nations having greedy needs, its high time we try to stop this before we get onto a point where war can’t be stopped. If the world has to stop war and erase the word ‘War’ from the dictionary, the time is now. I would just suggest don’t be greedy because greed can sometimes take lives of people which can’t be replaced by any monetary or property gains.

In the end, I want to say that lives of people matter, don’t make people suffer just because of the greed of people in power, because its all about caring for each other rather than fighting against each other. Yes, there can be differences between opinions, but never ever make war the ultimate solution.

The Asur

The Asur are tribal groups of India. They come from Jharkhand state and are counted as Primitive tribal groups. Belonging to the dense areas of Jharkhand like Latehar, Palamu, and Gumla districts, they have divided themselves into three sub-groups – Bir, Birjia and Agaria. Traditionally, the Asur’s were slash-burn cultivators in earlier days and have also been known for iron smelters. Now, at present, they started living in villages in a group. There is no doubt, The Forest act has changed their life completely.

What is the family structure?

It is patriarchy in structure. The inheritance rule is patriarchal, the father is the head of the nuclear family and the inheritance goes from father to elder son.

Religion- They mainly practice Sing Bonga and Marang Bonga’s religious traditions. The main festivals of this tribal group are -Sohrai, Sarhul, Kathadel, and many more. For prosperity and peace, they celebrate the festival of Sarhi Kutaisi. It is mainly celebrated by them concerning the “Iron Smelting”.

Death- During the funeral, Asur bury the dead body and the purification feast goes for ten days.

How To Survive 2020

COVID-19 has infected millions of people. The economy is in the worst shape it has been in over a decade. Forest fires, job losses, murder hornet, locusts, 2020 has been difficult, strange and a traumatic year. And as the cherry on top, many of us have to stay at our homes or practice social distancing. If you’ve been witnessing or suffering through any of these events, you may be looking for answers on how to get through them.

With 2020 being such an abnormal year, there is a good chance it is taking a toll on your physical, financial and mental health. Here, what could be practiced to stay informed and survive 2020-

Address Your Health- During 2020, you’re probably not going going outside often and spending time with your family and friend is more rare than ever. It is natural for these conditions to take a toll on your mental health. To help with all this, find ways to cope with how you are feeling. It is always important to talk to people you love through voice or video calls or texts, do your best to workout at home, and take your time out of the day to do things you love. And also, stay away from social media if all the negative news becomes too much for you.
Organize Your Finances- If you have lost, or at risk of losing your job, it is good idea to minimize your spending. You can do this by breaking up your spending into essential and non-essential purchases. This will help you figure out your survival number, which is the lowest amount of money you need to survive. Look at other types of spending you can cut out, like your gym membership as your gym may not be open during the pandemic.
Learning a New Skill- There is a good chance that you have a lot of time in your hands now and what better way to use it than utilizing it in learning something new? You can take an online coding course or even learn to knit. Learning something new and staying productive is hugely helpful to your mental health. You can also create a side hustle from it, allowing you to earn money, and if can not earn money from it, you can learn a new skill that saves you money like growing your own food or being able to fix appliances.
Pay Attention- Even though what’s going o in the world can be extremely negative, it is important to stay informed. Use multiple, reliable news sources to educate yourself about what is going on. It can help relive some anxiety when you are more informed. That being said, don’t get overwhelmed by the news. Looking at COVID-19 stats or civil unrest all day can become exhausting, limit yourself to checking news just once in a day, and leave it to that.
Reach Out- Remember that this year has been hard on all of us, and everyone is struggling in some way or another. Don’t be afraid to reach out if you are having a hard time, and remember to check-in on your loved ones to see how they are coping with this crazy year. We are all in this together, stand up for what is right. Support local businesses and donate to charity or your favorite causes if you can. Once, this is all over we’ll finally come back to normal. And hopefully, the new normal will be a better world than ever.

BEAUTY IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER.

Art in all of its form has been beautiful, it’s also terrifying. Beauty is a characteristic particular to an object that appeases the human senses. There is beauty in the way that we always catch something different each time we look at it, it’s terrifying because you didn’t catch it in the first place; it’s almost that beauty reflects what the eye of the beholder is feeling. You can find meaning in how you can distinguish melancholy from sadness in a painting, the way the music feels different. Art is beautiful not for the way that it was painted or how a song was sung or how a person danced but how the way you think of it, how your eyes sparkle when you talk about it. Art in all of its forms is beautiful for its ability to make someone happy just by looking at it even if that piece of art was made in sadness. It’s beautiful not for the way everyone said it is but for the way how everyone looks at it, it’s almost like you are staring right at your soul. Haruki Murakami said that “Have you ever had that feeling – which you’d like to go to a whole different place and become a whole different self” this saying is the essence of art. Art always makes us feel more human than we all are because we are always sticking their emotions in things that have no emotions.

It’s the human hopes and beliefs that make art beautiful; it’s how humans crave words and depth, desires, and fears. It’s how you love art in a way you don’t understand. That’s why art is beautiful and we humans quiver before it because of how art consumes us, unstrings our emotions. Life without the existence of art is painful and bland, the different of expressions art give birth to human identity and our creative powers with which human identity is meaningless.; art gives humans a chance to show and display important facets of their identity, show why they believe that certain issues must be paid more importance, why they vehemently stand for who they are. Art is for everyone and art is a display of human being’s capacity for empathy and honesty, open understanding. We make art because we want to be relatable and oddly humane despite all our flaws. Of course, all of us aspire to be an elegant person who is well-read, fluent in many languages, knowledgeable in the art, and always smells exquisite like roses. But we also aspire to be a woman in the cottage in the countryside who drinks wine, reads old novels, loves the feeling of warmth of a hot cup of tea by the window, is humble, and bakes the best biscuit ever. That is art is a relatable and bizarre concoction of feelings that we feel, we feel complex feelings but art makes our feelings more e defined, a bit sharper, a bit easier to understand, and explains to others about it. It’s basically a sardonic commentary of the spectrum of human emotions. They are powerfully glorious mysteries and yet art fulfills every human desire ever. We humans despite all our flaws are marred creatures who create fascinating works of art based on emotions and watch them in awe and be amazed. Whatever we do ends up being art, it’s always fascinating that anything we humans are good at ends up becoming art. We call cooking art when it’s beautiful, we call painting art when it’s beautiful. More importantly, art is different for each and every one of us, the difference in our perspective gives us a different outlook on art. Everything around us becomes art if we look at it pretty.

The idea of true love

What is true love?

A true love is something that makes you complete. True love can be from anyone. It can be from your parents, friends, lover, siblings,etc. Generally, true love is expected by a lover or partner.

True love makes you feel that you are loved truly by that one person more than anything in this world. It makes you feel special and at top of the world. It makes your simple life into a magical one.

True love is like that one thing which everyone tries to pursue but only few succeed. It is a beautiful feeling when you get that true love in your life.

Every person dreams or wishes to have a true love in his or her life where he can be loved so much and truly by one person. That one person would give him or her the love they needed or waited for so long.

True love is like a two soulmates connected to each other. They can do anything to make each other happy and are at their best when with each other. True love is like two people who are destined to be together.

True love is beyond saying those three magical words to each other. A love that makes your life worth it and amazing. A love that was made for you.

Does it still exist?

Gone are the days where true love existed. A love where two people could die for each other. A love where two people could do anything for each other.

Today in the modern world, the idea of real love has lost. The love that was earlier has disappeared. The kind of love where emotions, feelings, were real and not just for sake. Where two persons were together in love with real feelings. Where physical relation was not of much importance than their strong feeling towards each other.

Today, love is just another word for lust. Love took the place for physical relationships.

Love is compared with physical relation between two people. There is nothing like true love today because here true love starts from being intimate with each other.

Love is present where the intimacy is strong. Strong relationships grow due to this and not because of love today. Sometimes, ‘love’ word is misused for getting physical with someone and the whole idea of love has been made a joke.

True Love is way beyond getting intimate:

True love is not always having sex or being intimate with each other. True love is way beyond that.

Having a physical relation with someone just because you love them is really common nowadays.

The concept of true love is compared with sex. If you love someone, you have to do it. No!

True love is a feeling where you genuinely care about the other person and want that person to be happy with or without you.

True love is more than just physical relationships. There has to be a lot of trust and mutual understanding with each other. There needs to be an unbreakable bond with each other.

True love should be like where you do all the small things which makes your partner happy. Its like where you have to constantly make each other special everyday. Where both of you treats each other equally.

It should make you bring the best version out of you. Ofcourse, intimacy is required too. But one should understand that only being physical is not love.

True love is always about making constant efforts for each other and never giving up on each other no matter the fights. A love where both the persons have to respect, care for each other, motivate each other, continously support each other and stand up for each other at both good and worst times.

Someone who can walk in hand besides you and never make you feel worthless or unwanted.

So, find your true love. And if you find them give your best and never let them go.

Life – changing Tricks

“The purpose of our lives is to be happy” – Dalai Lama. So, implementing certain good habits in our daily life won’t certainly do any harm. The key for betterment of living lies entirely in your hands. Leading a normal and simple life along with a few tricks here and there helps you to achieve your goal. Enhancing your lifestyle in every aspects of life is a answer for proper subsistence. Lets start following these tips from today onwards –

1) Drinking enough water – This is the first and foremost point to start the whole theory with. At least 8 glasses of water is mandatory for a day. You just cannot ever compromise on this part. Drinking less water is a serious issue for sure. A person who often drinks a lot of water everyday stays more healthy and fit rather than the rest. According to doctors, around 60 per cent of human body consists of water. This basically hydrates your body and helps in getting rid of all harmful toxins. Hydration for your body is a must. Water is such a fluid which helps in proper digestion and also helps in assists you in the weight loss game. Do not harm your body consuming alcohol, cold-drinks e t c , replace those with Water from today onwards.

2) Exercising everyday – This is such an essential step to be followed daily. You need not join a gym or workout like a beast no you need not do that. Just take a few minutes out from your schedule and just perform some free hand. Also, try to stretch in the morning before leaving the bed. This is going to make a lot of genuine difference in your life. This is not only makes you physically fit but also boosts up your confidence, improves your focus towards the target. Exercising motivates you to get better everyday. When your body says you No, your mind says you to push yourself further. Exercising is the most crucial steps for the aged group of people too and this helps to remove pain or stress.

3) Cleansing, toning, moisturizing – Let me tell you this step is Not just for the girls out there, very much for the guys too. As they seem to do absolutely nothing for the skin, just know that skin is the largest organ of your body. You are liable to do this much for your skin. This process is simplified as follows… 1stly, apply a Face wash, any one of your choice to remove the dirt and debris. After that apply to tone down your skin a bit. Now apply the hydration, a Moisturizer to your skin to lock in all the goodness. I promise you this is life – changing.

4) Applying sunscreen – Another step for treating your skin, applying a sunscreen. Won’t take even a minute but this has a hundreds of benefits. Protect your skin from the harsh sunlight and keep it safe. Whether you go off to your workplace or playground. Apply some sunscreen before leaving and make sure it is of a good brand. Keep reapplying your sunscreen after every 2-3 hours if you can manage to do so. Skipping a sunscreen will make you pay a lot as it will worsen your skin condition. Sunscreens with UVA and SPF protections is the best.

5) To-Do-List – Yes, maintaining a To Do List and pre-planning everything beforehand makes your life way more easier. Suppose you have got a meeting the next day, sort everything out, the timings, the work and jot it down in a paper or in a diary. Now make a list of all necessary things to be done and check the list after you have finished tasks of the day. The more you will write the more you finish. You can never go wrong with a To Do List. This routine will give you to explore more scopes of life. Also, write down all your dreams, aspirations, your needs so that you have the urge to finish each one of them within a given span of time. Being unpredictable and having no ambitions won’t certainly help anyone in the long run.

6) Enhancing your skills – if you really want to achieve bigger and better in your life, you have to have some skills. Not stressing on the part of scoring good marks, but having any particular skill is a MUST for the youngsters. The skill can be anything, knowing more than 1 languages, mending parts of a car, knowing computer well, making new paintings or whatsoever. the point here is… brush up your skills, your passion and never leave it in the midways. if you can excel in this part, you surely will make a huge difference. Your skill is what makes you recognizable in a field of work. This will also cut down your laziness and make you happy.

7) Believe in yourself – If you cannot practice this, the above mentioned points won’t come handy for you. ‘Believing in your self is the 1st secret to success’ . You have to keep faith and keep believing that you can be better, you can do better. Make your mindset so determined from the very beginning that life is going to thank you for the same. Start working hard from today onwards and make no more excuses. If you fail to believe in yourself today, you are being answerable to your life after 30s for sure.

8) Read a lot – Nowadays, the kids do not practice proper reading. Going through the School text books or Course books before exams does not justifies the term “reading” . This concept is vast and cannot be achieved only by reading subtitles of Netflix or surfing google. You have to slow down a bit and go through some world Class- literatures or Novels. Reading new journals or news everyday will become your best friend someday only if you get addicted to this. This is going to help you so much by increasing your command on the language, enhancing vocabulary. Reading is like doing something productive to yourself.

9) Organizing your closet – This is a grooming tip for our generations as we certainly get no time for this and keep everything way too dirty especially if someone stays in a hostel or a mess. Cleaning your shirt, Ironing them properly adds so much more dignity to your overall personality. We often hear the term , 1st impression is your last impression, hence this is evident that whatever you wear, it should be fitted and taken care of. You won’t have to wear a high end gown for the same, the trick here is to be clean and real. Appearance is the game changer and never ever mess this up in your life.

10) Help them out – Helping never signifies doing something for someone expecting anything in return, or to show yourself superior in any ways. Helping out means genuinely coming to someone’s rescue and being empathetic. Just help out of your own willingness, help your family, your friends, show love to the plants, feed the animals. Doing all this is in turn serving God indirectly. Having a golden heart is rare- make sure you are one of the few.

Top 7 Web Development Trends To Watch Out In 2020

Digital revolution sets up new trends in technology , programming languages etc. And , people are eager to know about the latest trends and to keep them in sync with it (without getting outdated) and to get ahead of the rising competition .Some of the recent web development trends are as follows.

Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)
Chatbots
Web Assembly
Single Page Applications (SPAs)
Motion UI
Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP)
JavaScript and Python.

Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)

A progressive web application is a web app that makes use of the latest web capabilities to provide an app-like experience. Progressive web apps are being considered as the next big thing for the users of the mobile web. They are replacing native mobile Apps.A progressive web app combines the best of both web and mobile apps. You can consider it as a website that acts and feels like a mobile app. Experts define progressive web apps as responsive, connectivity-independent, safe app-like web experiences.

It offers an app-like experience, allowing faster loading time and improved conversion rate in comparison to native apps.
It costs less than the native option.
It allows users to continue browsing even in the absence of a network.

Significant features :

Progressive internet apps are website pages that appear like mobile applications for users. Then your individual can access them without any internet connection if they’re preloaded on the device. The feel will be got by the users of using an application as opposed to the website.The purpose of these Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) is to produce a experience that is native-like the users on all platforms. It combines the very best associated with web and native applications providing a feel that is great the users.The brand identity will probably be noticeable in a more powerful way.

The publisher shall have the complete liberties of these push notifications, and additionally they can deliver them when necessary directly to the user’s mobile. This way users will be able to also link to your website whenever they want, permitting them to re-engage with your website. This is usually extremely hard with normal websites. Users will manage to share this site content for any apps which are present on the mobiles. The sharing isn’t only confined to apps like Twitter or Facebook. Users will be able to do all these plain things with no data connection via PWAs. This is among the best reasons why you should rely on PWAs.

It is fast, can work online or with a poor internet connection, and is relatively low cost. A PWA supports interactions, allowing users to enjoy a high-end experience without ever realizing that they are still using the browser. These modern web applications load like regular web pages or websites but have a high level of functionality. They can load instantly, regardless of the network state and browser choice because they’re built with progressive enhancement, a strategy for web design that emphasizes core web page content first.It can be shared via a URL and can re-engage users with web push notifications.

Examples

Here are some of the world-known companies that have already built a PWA and leverage its benefits for their business: Alibaba , Forbes , Twitter ,Pinterest, Uber, and Flipkart . In a nutshell, PWA is a website which, however, offers functionality traditionally available to native apps (e.g. push notifications, offline access, hardware access).These companies mark the following results from PWA strategy adoption: increase in conversions and a decrease of load time.

Technology to Use

If you want to follow the latest web development trends and build a PWA, here is the list of popular technologies for this purpose: Angular , React and Polymer .

CHAT BOTS

Chatbots can give online support to the users of their website , with which it is integrated. They can address customer support requirements quite effectively and you can count on bots for 24/7 assistance. There is no need to hire a full-time online customer service representative.These programs are made to interact with people. Integrating these with your websites will assist in generating increased traffic and making the site even more attractive. Chatbots are creating a larger effect than one may expect. Users these days want quick solutions and aren’t interested to waste their time. The thing that is best as you are able to do in this situation is integrating your internet site with a chat bot. These chatbots will answer questions that customers have. They always focus on supplying better engagement of users on the website and providing them with a experience that is good. The latest AI and machine learning will additionally produce a difference that will add much more capabilities to this.

Huge B2C companies already use the technology to serve their customers – official page chatbots inside Facebook messenger , WhatsApp and Skype. A bot could also be integrated into PWA , regular website etc.A chatbot is a piece of software that processes and simulates human conversation. It allows people to interact with devices, apps or websites. A chatbot can be just a basic program that replies to a simple query or it may be a complex piece of software that can provide a high level of personalization to users.

To deliver responses to requests, chatbots make use of natural language processing (NLP), artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML). For businesses, chatbots enhance operational efficiency and save money. As many customer queries can be easily answered by chatbots, businesses require less number of customer service professionals.

We shall cover the remaining web development trends in the next article.

Summing up :

Progressive web applications provide less website loading time and works with poor or no Internet connection , if data is already pre-loaded from the site. They are like native apps but much more friendly and provide push notifications , It is cost-effective compared to the native mobile applications. Chatbots provide online support to the visitors of the website and 24/7 assistance. They use AI , machine learning and NLP and answer simpler to more complex queries instantly and engage the website visitors.

For further information, please refer the link given below.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4221621

Why I Can’t Get Over F.R.I.E.N.D.S

It happens with just about everything in my life: After enough time of taking note of an equivalent song over and once again or having an equivalent thing for lunch every day of the week, eventually, I get disgusted by the repetition. Eventually, I need a break or a change of scenery. But the one thing that I never get disgusted during this life is watching Friends episodes because I could watch that show again and again. No matter what percentage times I watch that show — regardless of what percentage marathons I host — I will be able to never get disgusted watching Friends. There is no season I wouldn’t watch, no episode I wouldn’t tease. That television program is my lobster: the thing I select to like for the remainder of my life, for the remainder of eternity.

And I have some pretty good reasons for it.

1. All the characters in FRIENDS are simple, with no extra fluff, the spoiled but independent Rachel, the neat freak and formerly fat Monica, the goofy and lovable Chandler, the weird hippie Phoebe, the intellectual Ross, and the lovely, food lover Joey. You connect with them in some way or the other. All the characters are downright lovable and they grow on you.

2. The situations they went through are realistic for every twenty-something. All of the characters were struggling either with their careers or their love lives, or both simultaneously.

3. Their jokes are evergreen, I laughed once and I will laugh a 1000 times at the same joke. The humor is intelligent, the sarcasm is unbeatable. It was not like only one or two characters were entitled to a good punch line, in fact the writers made sure that every good joke and punch line was distributed equally among all the characters.

4. Some of the dialogues, phrases and scenes are undoubtedly iconic, be it the “PIVOT” scene, “WE WERE ON A BREAK”, Monica’s “I KNOW, I KNOW”, Janice’s “OH MY GOD”, Joey’s “HOW YOU DOIN” they are simply the best.

5. It makes you believe in love, no matter how much of a cynic you are. If Chandler can find a soulmate, so can you. And that falling in love with your best friend can eventually end beautifully. When you have your lobster, hold on to them.

6. But most importantly, FRIENDS continues to re-instill the faith in us that eventually, we will all have a happy ending. There is no other sitcom that can make you feel as wonderful as FRIENDS, because it’s a reflection of our lives- a story of 6 20-somethings trying to find their way in the world, just like we are, and of finally making it. Their happy ending is the best happy ending anyone could ever ask for. The show may have ended, but the legacy will always remain. And that makes every FRIENDS fan ecstatic.

Transgenders

Transgenders are the gender category that do not fall in either female or male category. They are of a gender where they have a combination of both male and female. They aren’t either completely male or completely female.

Some transgenders are born with male body and feel like a woman from inside and vice-versa. Some transgenders change their identity from female to male or male to female as per their preferences.

Transgenders have a different community where all the transgenders stay together with each other leaving their families. Over the years, transgenders have got their identities as a transgender category in the sex section.

Transgenders live in a seperate place where all the transgenders live together as the society has still not accepted them completely. Even today, we hear people calling them kinnars, chakkas, hijras, meetha,etc. Nobody calls them or uses this English word ‘Transgenders.’

Earlier, transgenders were not allowed to get educated or work somewhere. Today, they can work somewhere and also get educated. But, the question is will they get that respect ever they deserve or need in the society? Will the society ever accept them completely? Will the society ever consider them equal to us?

We say, we have developed our nations,countries, technologies,etc. What about our minds? Has it changed over these years? Even if law has passed to grant education to transgenders or permissions to work. The mindsets of the people are still the same.

Transgenders are still being called by names or such tags that they really have got used to it by now. The society still consider these genders as untouchable. As soon as a transgenders passes by someone, all eyes are on that person. They get thousands of stares looking at them everyday when they roam to earn.

Transgenders are called as ‘God’s curse’ to them by the people of the society and that same transgender is found lucky to give blessings on any auspicious day. Strange, isn’t it?

Well, did they knew before that they would be born as transgenders? No, right? Then, how can we judge them every single day? Who gave us the right to judge them and make them hate their lives?

Nobody knows what gender we are going to be born with. Is it their fault that they were born with such body and genes?

Transgenders just need respect and the freedom to live their life as per their own just like we males and females live. Even they are humans and are a creation by Gods too. Nobody is cursed.

They do not have a choice so they live seperately as their own families disown them after being aware of their genders. The laws are being changed but the mindsets of the people needs to be changed more for them.

Transgenders do have dreams, do have goals the same way we have. They get hurt too. They eat the same food we have. They have a heart too. They do not have any different hearts compared to us. Still, they are not treated with due respect.

Transgenders should be given the freedom to live a normal life. They do have a life of their own. They should be treated with respect and dignity. The only thing they still are fighting is for is ‘respect.’ The respect in people’s eyes for them. The respect to work anywhere and live peacefully.

Wherever they go, people should treat them as normal human beings just like them and not make constantly make them feel that they are not a part of our society. But, yes all this would not happen. It is very easy to say this but this is really not possible until the minds of the people are cleared.

All they want is respect and to be accepted by the society. Will they ever receive the respect they deserve? Will they ever be treated as equal? Will they ever be called by their actual names instead of the names given by the people?

CORONA WARRIORS

As we all are familiar with today’s ongoing situation….we have faced a horrific lock down time….but that was essential for us… freak out is very risky even in today’s situation…
We have seen that how we had spent that time of lock down even while we had everything…. food on our dining table… hopefully no one was suffering from COVID….. clean water to drink…. by the blessings of GOD …but think about those who had nothing to eat…who hadn’t the purified water…..even they were struggling for their EK TIME KI ROTI…
When we were in our home due to the fear of corona there was some people who were fighting to corona for us on front foot…….they were not only fighting…. they were also get injured but they were still fighting with corona….
We had given a name to them ….yes everyone knows….WE CALLED THEM CORONA WARRIORS…

There is list of corona warriors who not only helped us as well as they provided the best ever possible facility to us in the tough time……

So from here the list starts…….

DOCTORS- We all compare doctors with GOD as they save lives… and in this pandemic we have seen that doctors are really just like GOD…
They provided us the best possible treatment by put their lives on risk. Just suppose how a person can remain in ppe kit all the time in this sunny season, just suppose how they feel… they were the front foot fighters and today they are the front foot fighters…..

NURSES & OTHER HOSPITAL STAFF- If doctors are the fighters then nurses, ward boys, & other hospital staff are their helpers….they support the doctor in every case without them even doctors can’t work efficiently….nurses and other staff were also risking their lives ….they also provide service like doctors even they have to clean all the waste ……just think about those corona patients who faced disgusting behavior from their own family members….these nurses and other staff are taking care of them…. they are motivating them that they will get well ….

POLICE- Police always kept its image of a fighter ..and no doubt they are really a fighter….but in this pandemic we have seen the another side of police and that side was of a caretaker of needy people …… they are always ready to help public in any time…either delivering ration to the homes or awaring the public by different ideas just to keep them safe…..police have their families too…so just thin k how their family feels when a member of their family is remain outside by risking his / her live.
FARMERS- In India we call farmers as ANNADATA.. and they are …in this pandemic when there was no working in the whole world….there were frames,… who were providing us food….and always whatever the situation is they always do their duty without complaining…….

MEDIA- Media is also corona warrior because they have done reporting in many hotspots….they updated us every minute of the day about the world’s situation…they are also risking their lives ….we don’t have any idea about their efforts ….they have to do reporting in very serious condition places….it is easy to comment about anyone but ask them… what they are paying for their duty…

VENDORS- Yes, vendors are also corona warriors…they provide us vegetables and fruits at our home so that we don’t have to go anywhere……they are also risking their lives….don’t know which type of people they met every day in which circumstances they have to do their work ….

DAILY NEEDS SHOPKEEPERS- When there was lock down in the whole country then there was the daily shopkeepers who were providing us every daily need things just like vendors don’t know how many different-different types of people they meet but they keep their service on…..

THE LIST IS NOT OVER HERE….THERE ARE SO MANY PERSONS LIKE SWEEPERS, CLEANERS,SOCIAL WORKERS…… WHO HAVE DONE THEIR JOB GREATLY..AND THEY ARE STILL PROVIDING THEIR SERVICE….THANK YOU IS A VERY SMALL THING IN FRONT OF THEIR EFFORTS ….WE SHOULD APPRECIATE THEIR EFFORTS…WE SHOULD RESPECT THEM ..AND WHENEVER WE MEET THEM WE SHOULD SALUTE THEM…..BECAUSE BY THEIR EFFORTS WE HAVE A GOOD RECOVERY RATE AND WITH THE HELP OF THEM AND WITH COOPERATION OF PUBLIC HOPEFULLY WE WILL WIN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORONA ONE DAY…

MANN MEIN HAI VISHWAS…POORA HAI VISHWAS……HUM HONGE KAAMYAAB EK DIN…..

student life on online classes during pandemic.

Online education is very treading during pandemic season has been increasing in popularity over the past decade. By the according of studies the number of college student taking online classes double over the past five years high school student enrolled in students are online courses are steady increases as well, and then direct middle school have jumped on the type of e-learning bandwagon. The minds of parents and educators is the weather or not of online courses can give on student the discussion-rich, rounded and learning experience traditional classrooms can.

BENEFITS –

The online classes are specially college online courses, can be quite beneficial for busy student. The flexible as far as give time management because student don’t have to commute and class at a given time during of a week. Classes can often be a more cost- effective than traditional than the classes are done by at a pace student is comfortable.

For middle and high and middle school as college student are the logistics of online courses also be a beneficial. Adding online classes to their regular class load help struggling or risk students make failed other wise make credit attributable to being transient. By able to play the online student can graduate on time with the classmates.

BAD IMPACTS DURING THIS PANDEMIC SEASON –

But the student accustomed to an of a learning are already exists of concern over the loss of social, interactive of education. Logging form the home problems for some students. of other internet access of the campus have been the vacate.

The during corona virus pandemic has an a unprecedented rise in screen time and Dr. Howard Taylor said by the strict containment measure mean and more are replying on the technology and digital solution to the children learning, entertained and outside world but not have necessary knowledge, skills and resources of themselves safe on online.

Their are more than children and young and elders have been affected by school closures. Many those student are now taking the classes as well socialization more more than online.

The long of lock down for the pandemic time has been closed school, colleges, institute and citywide classroom of the ten thousand students are cities and also villages, towns are in computer and smartphone through screen take to online apps tutorials and assessments. And, the E-learning poses as a challenge of both teachers and over technology access, but keeping by everyone buys with workshop, lectures and assignment. Some of the institute are uploading lectures to you tube, while lectures on DTH online to the help of student, And Andhra pradesh is trying tap Doordarshan remove access barriers. The some institute have a adopted the zoom app, google classroom, google meet,Yet are the instruction are unable to say how effective and not every tuning in here of system has rolled out. The parents are finding are difficulty to adjust of online system of children. ?Due to lock down. Some parents says are the school are going only justify the fees in April. Without textbook of new session on studying material as terse message.

Types of compansation

Compansation is payment given by the companies to its employees for doing work.it may be in different form.they are as under.

Basic salary : Basic salary or basic pay is the payment made by the employer to its employees for working in the organisation or company. It may be according agreement .
Commission: Communication is the extra payment made by the employer to employee in percentage basis according to additional performance the employee. Commission is highly practiced in sales organisation where commission will be given by the company to sales person according to sales target reached by him.
Bonus : Bonus is the payment made by company as the sharing part of the companies profits with its employees. It may be because of the good performance from the employees.
overtime payment : Overtime payment is the payment made by company to employees for the additional work done by the employees.
Stock issuing : some of the companies will give its equity shares to the employees as appreciating work of the employees. And treating them as the owners of the company.
Allowances: It is the payment made by employees as to cover the expenses which are incurred by employees which are related to work.

What is right? , What is wrong ?

What is right and what is wrong in life?
There is nothing right and there is nothing wrong, there is nothing good and there is nothing evil.

Morality is a human invention and is applicable only to humans. It is a guided set of rules aimed at making humans more civilised. Just because humans have objectively classified things into right and wrong doesn’t necessarily mean that these classifications actually exist in nature.

These guidelines, and thus the perception of right and wrong keep on changing with time as the opinions of the majority of humans change. There is a statement delivered by Brad Pitt in the movie, 12 Monkeys, “There’s no right, there’s no wrong, there’s only popular opinion.” Once there was a popular opinion was that Earth was flat and that notion was considered “right”. Then, there were times when the sun revolving the Earth was a common opinion, and the ones opposing that, were considered crazy. While cannibalism, public torture, and blood fights were widely accepted in many societies in the past, these are now considered heinous acts. Until recently, or even today, homosexuality and atheism were/are considered wrong. Today, marijuana and prostitution are illegal(in most parts of the world). Who knows, tomorrow the “popular opinion” changes and what is considered wrong today would be considered right tomorrow.

Humans are subjected to cultural conditioning. Children often throw their food, scream, and blatantly talk to others before they are conditioned to the “right” and “wrong”. After the stage when children start to develop the ability to process conditioning, throughout their lives, morality is continuously shoved into them through parents, teachers, society, religion, and education. This conditioning, in one way, is essential to keep humans within the bounds. But this means that morality is something which is taught to humans since childhood, and not something which is inherently present in them.

Morality is to humans what geographical coordinate system is to world geography.

Now, maybe you are thinking that murder, rape, and violence are outright “wrong”. I would ask you to have a good look at nature. Animals often kill each other over territory or for mates. We don’t call it wrong, we call it the “survival of the fittest”. There have been instances of rape among animals, many times when it doesn’t even seem to be one, and yet it seems perfectly natural. Animals often don’t allow members of different clans in their group. This is what we call “racial discrimination” today. Nature often strikes with earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes, which we would call “violence”. If murder, rape, racism, violence are “wrong”, shouldn’t that “wrong” be applicable to all the species and nature as well. If humans didn’t exist, would morality hold any significance at all? As humans grew intelligent, they invented morality to keep themselves civilised, and as humans grew arrogant, they started believing that morality is a universal thing.

For further reads:

Your newborn may be vulnerable to these 6 serious diseases.
All of our lives, we’ve been struggling with just how it is that we ought to decide. Are there lists to be made–columns of “good results” and “bad results” to be conceived, compared, and contrasted? Are there rules to follow–do this; don’t do that? Are there good ways to be–be patient; don’t lose your temper? We struggle not only with what in fact we ought to do, but also with how in the world we are to decide whether it is right to lie just this once.

We all tend to approach decisions about right and wrong in one of three ways. First, there are those folks who think that the results make all the difference. Why won’t you lie? It will hurt people; the results are bad. Second, there are those people who follow the rules. Why won’t you lie? There’s a rule that says to always tell the truth, “to do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” And, thirdly, there are those individuals who aren’t much interested in either results or rules. They are interested in the kind of person you are–a person of compassion or courage. Why won’t you lie? Because I’m an honest person, a truthful person; that’s just the kind of person I am. Results; rules; character traits–all are important parts of how we decide.

Part of what makes decisions about right and wrong so difficult for us is that we don’t all go about it in the same way. That is just fine, really. Such diversity in how we decide reflects the rich tapestry of resources we each bring to our decision making. Although some may argue for good results and others for following the rules, one thing is certain: Ethics is always more than just what we might like or dislike, always more than rash opinion. My choice never to eat spinach is not an ethical choice; it merely has to do with the chemistry of my taste buds and a particular leafy green vegetable. I don’t like spinach! What ethics requires of us is making judgments that we can explain, making judgments that rely not on opinion or our taste buds, but on results or rules or good habits. We need to remember that how we decide is just as important as what we decide.

Talk To Them

I have read many articles on depression. And being a psychology student, I can say most of them are extremely helpful.

These articles usually talk about there are signs and if we pay enough attention, we can notice who is battling with depression and who is not. According to American Psychiatric Association (APA), Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.

There are signs that if observed carefully, can be identified. In India, mental health has just started getting important for the general public. Even now, in several rural (and even urban for that matter) areas, people live in utter denial of there being such a thing as mental health. In a study, it was seen that 1 out of every 3 school children withing the ages of 13-18 were struggling with some sort of mental illness. A major chunk of these kids, suffer from depression. Seriously! This is the age where children have the right (literally) to be children! Play outside with friends, making new aqaintances, talking comfortable with their sexual preference and even create some harmless ruckus of their own!

This is not the age where kids should be burdened to study so hard that they don’t know what to do with their free time i.e. if they get any. They should have the freedom to explore their fields of interests. Even if they are childish, let them be! Instead of expecting something that is practically impossible for them to achieve, ask then what they want to become. Because if we don’t let kids be kids, we are basically pushing them towards the edge. Don’t expect them to be mature at such a young age that they lose sight of what they are actually supposed to be.

“But we provide you with a comfortable lifestyle. You have everything! You don’t have a right to complain. Neither do they have a right of having a mental disorder!” These are some of the many common dialogues parents or guardians use when a child tries to talk to them. Again, most of the parents are supportive and they indeed try to help their child as much as they can. But there is still a huge chunk of people who go around throwing these phrases at their kids.

People, when your child tries to talk to you about their mental health, please don’t tell them you are busy. Please. And even if you are busy, think about this. All the efforts and hard work you put in, is ultimately for your little one’s benefit. What will you do with all the money and success if you don’t have your own child with you at the very end of your journey of success. Who will you share your happiness with if they are no more?

To have a healthy child parent relationship, oneust be open to communicate. Talk, listen, and then form a judgement regarding your child. You never know what your child is going through. Show physical affection. Spend healthy time with them. Tell them your life stories. Make them laugh. Make them happy. Make them feel like they are not alone. Like you are there for them. There with them. If they come to you with a problem, try to give them a healthy advice.

We don’t realize this but parenthood is what is responsible for building the kid’s personality. If you spoil them with too much love, they will grow up to become brats. If you ignore them, they will ignore you. If you maintain a healthy balance, they will be loving and smart at the same time. Just talk to them.. It’s really important that we do that now before it’s too late.

The Root of crime

You know who is responsible for all the crime that happened in our society , No . I’ll tell you who is responsible , who is the traitor in between us wait wait just a minute ……

So The main reason of crime is us yes you right you me and all the society ,what do you know about crime infact what is crime , The crime is a desease that is the wrong use of our brains , how , The main reason behind all the criminals are they had suffer with lot of pain that’s why they are going to be criminal , criminals are not born they made by us if we want to clear all the crime we will have to be criminal you know all have two sides inside us , one is the normal decent person and second one the dark side of us that is an aggressive side , the dark side come out when we loss something means when we loss something more important than our life that things are our family mambers our closed once what was the motive of this whole is to make people aware about their strengths we all are superpower full untill and unless we make it come outside , And believe me if you want to win you will have to win in any condition , if you loss then you’ll feel guilty for whole your life so what do you choose choice is yours ..

Job Evaluation

Job Evaluation is an important part of Human Resource Management. It is a comparative process. Job Evaluation is a formal and systematic way of determining the relative intrinsic value or worth of a job in relation to other jobs in an organisation. It is a process which is very helpful for framing compensation plans by the personnel manager. Job Evaluation begins with job analysis and ends at that point where the worth of a job is ascertained for achieving pay equity between jobs and different roles. The objective of job evaluation is to determine which jobs should get more pay than others. Job Evaluation is usually based on compensation factors rather than on the employee which means that job evaluation is done for ranking of job and not the job holder. As job holders are rated through performance appraisal. Several methods such as job ranking, job grading and factor comparisons are employed in job evaluation. Job Evaluation forms the basis for wages and salary negotiation. The value or worth of the job varies from time to time and from place to place under the influence of certain economic pressure. Some of the features of job evaluation are it helps in building a base for salary negotiation, it assesses the job and not the employee, Job Evaluation is done by a group of experts and not individuals, Job Evaluation is the output provided by job analysis, last but not the least it helps the management to maintain high level of productivity and satisfaction among employees which motivates them to work hard. The main point which must be understood is that job evaluation is about relationship and not absolutes it cannot be the sole determining factor for deciding pay structure. As there are many other external factors like labour market conditions and collective bargaining. The objectives of Job Evaluation are –

To help in measuring the “intrinsic” worth of the job. This is based on the degree of complexity of job content and requirements.
To provide a rational basis for equitable remuneration within an organisation.
To rank the job in order of importance like job duties and responsibilities.
It helps in providing framework for periodic of wage rates and its revision too.
It helps in providing a benchmark for career planning of the employees in the organisation.
To identify a ladder of progression for future movement to all employees interested in improving their compensation.
To develop a base for merit or pay for performance.

Job Evaluation as a process is advantageous and important to a company in many ways:-

Helps in Wage and Salary Fixation – Job Evaluation helps the management so that they can establish a rational and consistent wage and salary structure. It lays down the base or foundation for wage incentive plan.
Helps in Recruitment and Selection – Job Evaluation provides useful information for recruitment of new employees. It is also helpful at the time of selection of candidates as the factors which we have determined for job evaluation can be taken into consideration while selecting the employee. Likewise, promotion, transfer and so on can be made on a rational basis for different employees in the organisation.
Improves Labour-Management Relation – Job Evaluation helps in eliminating wage inequalities within the organisation. And thus it helps in bringing and maintaining harmonious relationship between Employee and Employer
Fair Distribution of Rewards – As each and every human likes to get rewarded same goes with employees. They should be rewarded fairly in relation to others in the organisation and it helps to ensure that rewards are allocated without any discrimination.
Helps in Analysis of Company – It acts as a valuable tools for the analysis of a company. As it helps in identifying that whether there is any gap or overlap in responsibility.

As we know Job Evaluation is a very important part of Human Resource Management as it determines the worth of the job in the organisation.

The Forgotten: The Stranded Migrant Workers

There is no section in our country that remains unaffected by the difficulties caused by the affliction that is COVID- 19, however it’s safe to assume that, the most gravely affected by the crisis are the underprivileged labourers and workers. Their agony, their pain, their ordeal cannot be expressed in words. Who amongst us cannot understand and feel what they and their families are going through.

More than 92.5% labourers, including daily wage earners, have lost work and are unemployed owing to the lockdown imposed by the country, according to a survey of migrant workers in north and central India. This is despite the labour ministry’s plea to owners and contractors not to retrench workers.

Why are the migrant workers so hard hit during lock down?

The answer is pretty simple, while many people have lost the jobs, it’s the migrant workers that have lost their only livelihood without any fall-back support. They don’t have any fixed income, health insurance ot savings. They get paid in wages, only if they work, most of them being employed in the informal sector. They are also devoid of sufficient monetary resources to sustain themselves and their families (who are dependent on them) during the unemployment period. Further, they are the only groups who have been displaced from their normal place of residence. Nearly six lakhs migrant labourers are stranded in government camps. They are more vulnerable to corona virus infection as they have repeatedly failed to observe social distancing die to their special living conditions and full dependence on public transport.

The aforementioned consequences may have the following impact if they aren’t monitored and checked by the government and the respective agencies. They might have to draw loans in order to sustain themselves with their home or land they own as the collateral. It might push them further into economic insecurity and instability. The education of their children will also be affected, even during the post lockdown period as they might be unable to afford the fees. If left unaddressed, it might put the migrant labour under tremendous mental pressure and strain, leading to a substantial rise in mental health issues in the community. It’ll also widen the gap between the rich and the poor, thus leading to increased economic inequality. There are possibilities of increased exploitation in terms of employment compensation in the post lockdown period, when a lot of people will be looking for work in an economy which was already suffering from unemployment.

How did their future become so grim?

When the Indian government announced a lockdown with just a four hours warning, large numbers of migrant workers all over the country were left stranded, with no idea of where to go and what to do. No arrangements had been made for them, whether to transport them back or to house them in shelters. As a result, there were tragic consequences. Panicked migrant workers going to buses and train stations and getting beaten by Police or being sprayed with bleach. Thousands of migrant workers trying to walk back hundreds of kilometres to their villages, with many dying on the way. I guess the decision makers seemingly forgot about the most vulnerable people while deciding, why? When they could arrange transport for pilgrims and students, why was no thought put in about what would happen to migrant workers? Why is it that only the NRIs were retrieved from affected areas? Is it because they are voiceless and they don’t have a pressure group.

Even if they were forgotten about while planning the lockdown, there was still a means to rectify the mistake. Day after lockdown, a relief package was announced by government for the vulnerable section, which ended up being too little and too late. As soon as the lockdown was announced, this section immediately lost their jobs and because of the sustenance nature of livelihood, they immediately ran out of food and basic necessity. The moment lockdown was announced, all the relief should have been announced simultaneously. The gap between the announcement of lockdown and the announcement of relief package was enough to create panic in these sections and due to uncertainty they started taking the extreme step of walking back on foot to their home. And soon the situation got out of control. Because remember, we are not talking about a handful of people, not even thousands, they are millions in number.

There was still a scope of avoiding the unfateful. All the states had enough resources and means to take care of all these workers but they failed to pacify and communicate to them. The situation came to a point that state government had to announce for hundreds of buses to carry them home in such a condition, loosing the very purpose of lockdown. The risk of people dying of hunger became believe than the outbreak itself.

Fair, But Not So Lovely

Either as your grandmother’s favourite piece of advice or through the perpetual barrage of fairness cream advertisements on television, if you’re an Indian, it’s hard to miss the magical myths of fair skin is everywhere. One such myth that I came upon, that struck a cord with me was that ‘fair skinned persons don’t lie’, which, needless to say is enough to reveal the fair-skin obsession that plagues the young minds of our society.

Consumer brand Hindustan Unilever announced on June 25 that it’s dropping the word ‘Fair’ from its popular skin-whitening cream brand ‘Fair & Lovely’ to achieve a ‘more inclusive vision of beauty’. However, it’s still a change that only goes skin deep as the change, by all accounts, remains at the level of branding. It was also announced that announced, the emphasis would be shifted from “fairness” to “glow”. But words such as “glow” and skin “brightening” have long been used by cosmetic products as more acceptable alternatives for treatments that aim to lighten skin tone.

Banning anything that goes against the norm seems to be the pitch of the season. The barrage of criticism against the way fairness creams are being promoted in the advertisement is the ‘height of creative low’. Instead of projecting a healthy thought, these ads seem to be promoting stereotypes and problematic beliefs such as fairness being a resume-worthy quality. The ads play big on the connect people have with skin fairness and the job they do. It is blatantly projected though the numerous ads where the girl gets rejected from an interview for the role of a flight attendant-fashion model-teacher. Armed with fairness cream, the renewed zeal of the woman gets her the job she aspired to do. How convenient! These ads must be banned for glorifying skin complexion as part of the resume. It also seems to convey very ambiguous messages. Are dark-skinned individuals the only consumers who use fairness creams? Even those born with the ‘quality’ use dollops of cream and expect to retain their fairness for ever. Despite this fact, the ads continue to project the creams as a Messiah for dark-skinned people. It breeds contempt among users and potential customers. The advertisements also seem to portray that the wonder creams have the ability to get you married or turn you into a star overnight!

However, at the end of the day, they exist because people buy them, and since there is a market for them…like all products or services. But yes, they do feed into the existing prejudice and preference against a darker complexion.

Products like these, make people ashamed of their originality. It’s a shallow concept and its propaganda is ignominious. Some people make a fair skin tone as the yardstick of a person’s success. A woman once hinted me that I am excelling in a lot of places because I am fair skinned. Thank you, fairness creams ads. The question isn’t about the fact that whether or not dark is beautiful. The question is about an individual’s dignity. Let’s not stoop this low to believe in the authenticity of such a biased idea of beauty. So, should the skin-whitening products be allowed to take such a significant place in our society?

I guess, the answer is pretty simple. We don’t need products which make people diffident and which make people shallow in their perseverance of beauty. At the end of the day, they are just devouring off our backward mind-set, insecurities and inferiority complex.
Dropping of fair in the name of a face cream is, thus, only symbolic. It does not change the social bias towards fairness specially for women. They’re just as problematic. Such changes may lend these products a glow of wokeness. But it only whitewashes the in-built prejudices that are yet to be challenged in any meaningful way.

In a country obsessed with fairness creams, people should be educated to find beauty beyond skin colour.

MSME POLICY IN INDIA

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) contribute nearly 8% of the country’s GDP, 45% of the manufacturing output and 40% of the exports. They provide the largest share of employment after agriculture. They are the nurseries for entrepreneurship and innovation. They are widely dispersed across the country and produce a diverse range of products and services to meet the needs of the local markets, the global market and the national and international value chains.

The Ministry has a number of programmers to help and assist entrepreneurs and small businesses. If anyone is planning to set up business, one may contact National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NI- MSME), Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) or the Development Commissioner (DCMSME) for details about their programs. If one is an existing entrepreneur and would like to improve one’s competitiveness, one may contact DC, MSME who can be of assistance in various ways. If one is willing to set up a village industry or want to know more about Khadi or Coir Products, one may contact KVIC or Coir Board.

Ministry of MSME encourages and honors innovation and enterprise. It work in close coordination with the State Governments, Industry Associations, Banks and other stakeholders through its numerous field offices and technical institutions to help the ‘engines of growth’ throughout the country.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSME) Act was enacted in 2006. It provides the first-ever legal framework for recognition of the concept of “enterprises” (comprising both manufacturing and services) and integrating the three tiers of these enterprises, viz., and micro, small and medium.

It also provided for a statutory consultative mechanism at the national level with wide representation of all sections of stakeholders, particularly the three classes of enterprises. Under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act 2006, the definition and coverage of the MSE sector consisting of micro and small enterprises were broadened significantly. Further, the Act also defined the medium enterprises for the first time. Medium enterprises are those which have investment in plant and machinery exceeding Rs 5 crore.

Salient Features of the MSME Development Act, 2006 :

· The MSME Act provides the first legal framework for recognition of the concept of “enterprise” and integrating the three tiers of these enterprises, viz., micro, small and medium.

· Under the Act, enterprises have been categorized broadly into those engaged in :

-> Manufacturing

-> Rendering of Services

Both categories have been further classified into micro, small and medium enterprise based on their investment in plant and machinery or in equipments as under:

· Manufacturing Enterprises: Micro Enterprises investment upto Rs 25 lakhs, small enterprises investment above Rs 25 lakhs and upto Rs 5 crore. Medium Enterprises investment above Rs 5 crore and upto Rs 10 crore.

· Service Enterprises: Micro Enterprises investment upto Rs 10 lakhs, small enterprises investment above Rs 10 lakhs and upto Rs 2 crore. Medium Enterprises investment above Rs 2 crore and upto Rs 5 crore.

· The Act provides for a statutory consultative mechanism at the national level with wide representation of all sections of stakeholders, particularly the three classes of enterprises, and with a wide range of advisory functions and an Advisory Committee to assist the Board and the Center/State Government.

The other features include:

· Establishment of specific funds for the promotion, development and enhancement of competitiveness of these enterprises.

· Notification of schemes/programs for the purpose.

· Progressive credit policies and practices.

· Preference in Government procurement to products and services of the micro and small enterprises.

· More effective mechanism doe mitigating the problems of delayed payments to micro and small enterprises.

· Simplification of the process of closure of business by all the three categories of enterprises.

Passion and Emotion: Sports has it all

-SHUBHANKAR

Well, call it passion or emotion, sports brings it all out of a person. People say sports is like entertainment, watch it for entertainment, get entertained and leave it there. But ask people who follow sports passionately, who have a special place for a team in their hearts, for them, sports brings out the real emotion and passion. And those people I’m talking about are millions in numbers. People get attached with a team so much that they feel that a team’s victory is theirs victory and losses hurt them hard. I’m not just talking about Indian fans, but fans from around the world. Be it any sport, cricket or football or lawn tennis, passion remains the same, intensity remains the same.

Why do we often see players give their 200% for the team, get their bodies on the line for the team, this is because they play for their fans, those passionate fans which are behind them even when the team or player doesn’t play well. When Dhoni got runout in the 2019 Cricket World Cup, not only his fans cried, the whole nation cried. What I mean by cried is literally, they cried. That’s the emotion a game brings, a player brings into fans. People might find it crazy when someone who doesn’t have any connection with the team, no connection at all, still cries when his favourite teams loses, because of the emotional connection the fan has with that team. Sports has a huge fanbase and the fanbase is what makes sports a worth while thing to watch and play. Without fans, no sport is even worth playing. Players play for the very fact that their fans are watching them and they want to win for their fans, their country and make their fans as well as their whole nation feel proud.

In India, people don’t have that much craze for football, but ask those fans who watch the Indian Super League (ISL), they will tell you how much they pray for the fact that their team wins and how they feel when their team loses. Sports has a different feeling altogether, ask those who breathe sports, obviously metaphorically but that passion and emotion tells us all that. There are times when stakes ae high in a game, but your favourite teams plays pathetically bad, they lose without even giving a tough fight, that’s when the fans emotions play a very crucial role. Some fans are so angry after those performances that they make their team so weakened by claiming that they are bad and they don’t know how to play and stuff like that, but that isn’t what true fans do. True fans are those who are behind their teams even in situations when they are losing and not winning. That’s the time passion comes into play, when you as a fan are behind your team supporting them, be it any situation.

Yes, losses hurt, yes getting and cheering for the team when they are losing in an important game is very hard and difficult, but if you have that emotion and passion for the game, for your favourite team, then you will always be the 12^th man for your team, be it on the ground or watching from home. The best example of it could be the game played yesterday between Manchester United and Chelsea in the FA Cup semifinal. Chelsea won the game emphatically by 3-1, and the team they beat were the favourites to win, on a 19-game unbeaten streak, but they lost, quite convincingly they were beaten. All over Manchester United fans were angry, they were frustrated and this is the time they have to be behind their team because when hard times comes, that’s when true supporters remain behind their teams. That’s the passion and emotion I was talking about, which sports brings out of people.

BLUIS (Bhubaneswar Land Use Intelligence System)

The Bhubaneswar Land Use Intelligence System is a geo-tagged repository that would monitor and detect all government lands in Bhubaneswar. This will be done by using high-resolution satellite imagery. For safeguarding government lands from encroachments by land grabbers- the launch of BLUIS makes Odisha the first state in the country to use satellite technology and artificial intelligence. Any attempt to change the use of government land in Bhubaneswar, BLUIS will raise alarm and guide the enforcement staff to the exact location of encroachment. ‘BLUIS’ and ‘Litigation Management System’ are among the 8 Technology-driven Solutions that were launched under the 5T initiatives by the Chief Minister.

Odisha-CM-Naveen-Patnaik-launches-BLUIS

Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik on 8 July 2020 unveiled BLUIS which would monitor changes in all government lands in Bhubaneswar by leveraging high-resolution satellite imagery. Along with that, he launched 8 technology-driven solutions under 5T initiatives for Home and GA & PG Departments through video conferencing. Along with BLUIS, the chief minister launched applications like e-Pravesh, e-Bhawan, e-Atithi, HRMS 2.0, HRMS mobile app, LMS 2.0, ORTPSA to improve public services. The 5T Initiative (Technology, Transparency, Teamwork, and Time Leading to Transformation) model of governance, launched in August 2019, requires each department of the State Government to draw up an annual work-plan for faster, better public service delivery systems leading to achieve transformational goals. Launching the services, Patnaik said that the 5T model of governance along with Mo Sarkar has brought about a perceptible improvement in the quality of governance and has eased the delivery of public services.

Encroachment of government land in the capital city of Bhubaneswar will no more be easy for land grabbers as the Bhubaneswar Land Use Intelligence System (BLUIS), a web and mobile-based solution, launched by Odisha government would raise alarm over attempts to change the land use. According to the government, BLUIS is a geo-tagged repository of all the government lands in Bhubaneswar, created through high-resolution satellite imagery to detect all changes taking place on government lands.

Odisha becomes the first state in India to use high-resolution satellite imagery utilizing space technology and artificial intelligence to monitor government lands. The lack of transparency and accountability of the enforcement in the current mechanisms and the increasing encroachment of government lands in Bhubaneswar resulted in the development of BLUIS.

images

“Bhubaneswar is one of the fastest-growing cities in India witnessing land-use changes on a daily basis. In the process, precious public land is prone to encroachment. The present mechanism of detection and enforcement lacks adequate transparency and accountability,” a senior officer said emphasizing real-time monitoring. A mobile application would alert the enforcement authorities of any new construction on government lands. The GPS on the application guides the enforcement staff to the exact location. Evidence of enforcement is uploaded on the application as geo-tagged images and videos,” he said. As per follow-up action, a case will be filed for removing encroachment. The Litigation Management System, an online application to record information on legal cases and enable end-to-end communication between government officials and advocates during different stages of a case, was also launched. It provides a smart technology solution to monitor court cases from initiation, online appointment scheduling, and allotment of the case to government advocate for preparation and submission of counter-affidavit.

Mob Lynching

The word ‘lynching’ is originated in mid-18^thcentury America. Origin of ‘lynching’ is traced by Willam Lynch who lived in Virginia in the U.S. Back then lynching referred to vigilante justice meted out to black people. Before the America Civil War brought an end to slavery, several instances of black slaves being lynched where reported in the U.S. In some cases whites were also lynched for opposing slavery of black people.

What is Mob Lynching?

‘lynching’ shall mean any act or series of acts of violence, whether spontaneous or planned, committed to inflicting extrajudicial punishment or an act of protest and caused by the desire of a mob to enforce upon a person or group of persons any perceived legal societal and cultural norms/ prejudices.

‘mob’ shall means a group of two or more individuals, assembled with an intension of lynching.

Law related to Mob Lynching

In India there was no specific act which describe the punishment concerned with the heinous crime of mob lynching. Recently we came across many such cases of mob lynching which was shocking for the whole nation. This kind of cases comes to limelight when it is shared on social media and I think that’s the worst part of it. Then we share the post and make it viral after all this the ministers, police start investigation of the case and then the action is taken if any.

There are states like Manipur, Rajasthan which has passed an act of Mob Lynching in which the role of police, punishments, trails are all explained in detail manner.

There was a PIL filed in 2016 on which in 2018 three bench of Judges have issued a guidelines for prevention of mob violence and lynching

A. Preventive Measures.

(i) The State Governments shall designate, a senior police officer, not below the rank of Superintendent of Police, as Nodal officer in each district. Such Nodal Officer shall be assisted by one of the DSP rank officers in the district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching. They shall constitute a special task force so as to procure intelligence reports about the people who are likely to commit such crimes or who are involved in spreading hate speeches, provocative statements and fake news.

(ii) The State Government shall forthwith identify Districts, Sub-Divisions and/or villages where instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past, say, in the last five years. The process of identification should be done within a period of three weeks from the date of this judgment; as such time period is sufficient to get the task done in today’s fast world of data collection.

(iii) The Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall issue directives/advisories to the Nodal Officers of the concerned districts for ensuring that the Officer In-charge of the Police Stations of the identified areas are extra cautious if any instance of mob violence within their jurisdiction comes to their notice.

(iv) The Nodal Officer, so designated, shall hold regular meetings (at least once a month) with the local intelligence units in the district along with all Station House Officers of the district so as to identify the existence of the tendencies of vigilantism, mob violence or lynching in the district and take steps to prohibit instances of dissemination of offensive material through different social media platforms or any other means for inciting such tendencies. The Nodal Officer shall also make efforts to eradicate hostile environment against any community or caste which is targeted in such incidents.

(v) The Director General of Police/the Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall take regular review meetings (at least once a quarter) with all the Nodal Officers and State Police Intelligence heads. The Nodal Officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP any inter district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues at the State level.

(vi) It shall be the duty of every police officer to cause a mob to disperse, by exercising his power under Section 129 of CrPC, which, in his opinion, has a tendency to cause violence or wreak the havoc of lynching in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.

(vii) The Home Department of the Government of India must take initiative and work in co-ordination with the State Governments for sensitizing the law enforcement agencies and by involving all the stake holders to identify the measures for prevention of mob violence and lynching against any caste or community and to implement the constitutional goal of social justice and the Rule of Law.

(viii) The Director General of Police shall issue a circular to the Superintendents of Police with regard to police patrolling in the sensitive areas keeping in view the incidents of the past and the intelligence obtained by the office of the Director General. It singularly means that there should be seriousness in patrolling so that the anti-social elements involved in such crimes are discouraged and remain within the boundaries of law thus fearing to even think of taking the law into their own hands.

(ix) The Central and the State Governments should broadcast on radio and television and other media platforms including the official websites of the Home Department and Police of the States that lynching and mob violence of any kind shall invite serious consequence under the law.

(x) It shall be the duty of the Central Government as well as the State Governments to take steps to curb and stop dissemination of irresponsible and explosive messages, videos and other material on various social media platforms which have a tendency to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.

(xi) The police shall cause to register FIR under Section 153A of IPC and/or other relevant provisions of law against persons who disseminate irresponsible and explosive messages and videos having content which is likely to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.

(xii) The Central Government shall also issue appropriate directions/advisories to the State Governments which should reflect the gravity and seriousness of the situation and the measures to be taken.

B. Remedial Measures.

(i) Despite the preventive measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately cause to lodge an FIR, without any undue delay, under the relevant provisions of IPC and/or other provisions of law.

(ii) It shall be the duty of the Station House Officer, in whose police station such FIR is registered, to forthwith intimate the Nodal Officer in the district who shall, in turn, ensure that there is no further harassment of the family members of the victim(s).

(iii) Investigation in such offences shall be personally monitored by the Nodal Officer who shall be duty bound to ensure that the investigation is carried out effectively and the charge sheet in such cases is filed within the statutory period from the date of registration of the FIR or arrest of the accused, as the case may be.

(iv) The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC within one month from the date of this judgment. In the said scheme for computation of compensation, the State Governments shall give due regard to the nature of bodily injury, psychological injury and loss of earnings including loss of opportunities of employment and education and expenses incurred on account of legal and medical expenses. The said compensation scheme must also have a provision for interim relief to be paid to the victim(s) or to the next of kin of the deceased within a period of thirty days of the incident of mob violence/lynching.

(v) The cases of lynching and mob violence shall be specifically tried by designated court/Fast Track courts earmarked for that purpose in each district. Such courts shall hold trial of the case on a day to day basis. The trial shall preferably be concluded within six months from the date of taking cognizance. We may hasten to add that this direction shall apply to even pending cases. The District Judge shall assign those cases as far as possible to one jurisdictional court so as to ensure expeditious disposal thereof. It shall be the duty of the State Governments and the Nodal Officers in particular to see that the prosecuting agency strictly carries out its role in appropriate furtherance of the trial.

(vi) To set a stern example in cases of mob violence and lynching, upon conviction of the accused person(s), the trial court must ordinarily award maximum sentence as provided for various offences under the provisions of the IPC.

(vii) The courts trying the cases of mob violence and lynching may, on application by a witness or by the public prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, take such measures, as it deems fit, for protection and for concealing the identity and address of the witness.

(viii) The victim(s) or the next of kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall be given timely notice of any court proceedings and he/she shall be entitled to be heard at the trial in respect of applications such as bail, discharge, release and parole filed by the accused persons. They shall also have the right to file written submissions on conviction, acquittal or sentencing.

(ix) The victim(s) or the next of kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall receive free legal aid if he or she so chooses and engage any advocate of his/her choice from amongst those enrolled in the legal aid panel under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

Current situation

There are guidelines made by the Supreme Court but it is followed by none. Making videos about mob lynching in public, showing that type of videos to the society through social media, newspaper, news channels is just promoting this kind of things. Its better we make people understand a guidelines made by the Supreme Court through various sources this will encourage the people to support Indian Judiciary and also work accordingly to the said guidelines.

We all are aware of Palghar Lynching case where two Sadhus and one driver killed by the villagers. As the people of the village assumed them to be child kidnapper who are engaged in organ harvest business. This also came across us through social media and then it takes a political turn. But no one unfolded the guidelines which was given by the apex court THAT’S THE CURRENT REALITY. News channel, social media do not explain the solution of the problem they just exaggerate it in every manner possible.

Balance life with balance

‘Balance’, a word, simple and easy to understand but yet difficult to put in reality. The most crucial thing for the smooth running of life is ‘to maintain balance’, balance in everything, the balance of emotions, the balance of relations, the balance of food, the balance of thoughts, the balance of exertions, and whatnot. As we grow, we discover that a mistake we did earlier in life was due to a lack of balance of certain things at that point in time. Any problem that we face can be solved if we are able to identify what all things need to be balanced to manage this problem.

how-to-improve-work-life-balance-for-your-employees

Life is all about maintaining a balance between various factors/parameters that govern our life. And this balance is unique for each individual, in the sense that the importance of various elements of one’s life is different for different people. No one can decide it for us that how much importance to give to certain things that to others to maintain a balance. The balance of various things of our life that we make depends on our priorities, our comfort, our boundaries, and our mind and heart. The balance of things for a perfect life for two different people can often be very different.

We can understand it in this manner: whenever we cook food, we add all the spices in some specified amount according to our taste depending on the level of spicy food we prefer. Also, we add salt according to taste. If we try to add more of any particular spices, let’s say red chili, then it may ruin the taste of food for us as we can’t eat that spicy. However, the same food can still be found yummy by some other person who loves to eat spicy and is comfortable with eating spicy food. The same is the case with adding more or less salt. Here salt and various spices are similar to the various important elements of our life.

A perfect balance is a solution to every problem. But the reality is, it is quite difficult to figure out what is a perfect balance for us, what will work for us. It is a process of self-learning and self-realization. We can learn this only after making some mistakes as we move forward in life.

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Let’s discuss some of these balance that we need in brief:

The balance between various relations – We humans hold tons of relations in our entire life. It starts from the day we are born and it keeps on increasing as we grow. Each relation is important and can be maintained through proper balance.
The balance of thoughts – We need to balance between positive and negative thoughts. Though it is said always to be positive and always think positively, it is not true. It is also important to have some negative thoughts. It helps us to make back-up plans, it makes us aware, it can also boost us sometimes. But, again, a balance between the two is important.
The balance of emotions – We are humans and emotions are the gift we got that make us different from other creatures. Each human gets all types of experience. Even if you are a saint, you will find yourself getting angry. The thing is how you took your emotion and how you are managing it to bring the best out of you.
The balance of food – We need a balanced diet to maintain good health. A balance of various nutrients namely, protein, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, etc is important for a healthy lifestyle.
The balance between work and home – Another important balance is the balance between work and home. Our work helps us to improve and grow and it keeps us focused, our home is our strength, it is our backbone and provides us emotional support. It is important to have a balance between the two.

So, the trick is to figure out the balance which will work for us in life and work with it. We should also understand that what might be a perfect balance for us today may not be a perfect balance for us tomorrow. So, it needs to be a bit flexible. We must realize that the small word ‘balance’ has a big importance for the smooth functioning of our lives.

Viral story of MENTOS + COKE

How Mentos and Coke go viral? It was in 2006 when a youtube video was uploaded by two students. One was Fritz Grobe and another was Stephen V. both were science students. In 2006, they experimented with Mentos and coke. There were no private companies or no brand management was involved, they were simply experimenting and they uploaded it on their YouTube channel. The experiment involved, taking some Mentos and dropping it into 101 Diet Coke bottles, resulting in mini-explosion from which they created a great Ad.

The video, at last, got viral and it resulted in winning the Webby award for the best viral video and it was also nominated for Emmy Award.

A RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN…….

As we know that in our constitution of India there are fundamental rights and duties of citizens of India…
But we have also seen that so many people talk about only fundamental rights….hardly some people talk about fundamental duties…..why??

Why we always thought that …what the government has done for us?….. Why we don’t think about that… what we are doing for our nation??

If we are aware about our rights , Then we should also get aware about our duties..

So , the fundamental duties are listed below :

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES:

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India –

(a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

(b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

(d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities. To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

(g) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures.

(h) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

(i) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

(j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.

(k) To provide opportunities for education by the parent the guardian, to his child, or a ward between the age of 6-14 years as the case may be.

So, if we know our rights then we should also know our duties… we should know that what are our responsibility being an responsible citizen of India .
We can see in our surroundings that in today’s time we need these duties… we need human responsibilities… to make a better society…. to make a better nation….. to make a better reputation of our nation in the whole world… so that we can proudly say

SAARE JAHAN SE ACCHA HINDUSTAN HAMARA….HUM BULBULE HAIN ISKE YEH GULSITAAN HAMARA.. HAMARA…

5 BOOKS YOU MUST READ BEFORE YOU TURN 20

Turning 20 means that you are embarking on your big 20s of your life where you can go to bars, make bad decisions, thrive in college, fall wildly in love which most of us won’t do because we are adults with responsibilities, society is crushing our soul and we have no money but nevertheless, before you embark to your 20s you must read these books that will lend you a helping hand in your 20s. These books will help you figure out or make you feel normal when everything around you is changing or give you advice to sought out your problems or comfort you. So, pick any one book….

1.THE ART OF WAR BY SUN TZU
The art of war is a military manual written by sun Tzu back in the 5th century BC. You may ask why a military manual is useful for us common people? Sun Tzu was a military general who believed that war was based on rules of spirituality and compassion. His writings are filled with wisdom on how to tackle a tough situation with elegance and ease. It’s a beautiful book that gives us an immense understanding of how we should strategize and intercept our problems. As a teen who is stepping into adulthood, this book offers plenty of advice and know-how but most importantly teaches us grace and elegance.

2.THE KITE RUNNER BY KHALED HOUSSEINI
The book is filled with life lessons and will resonate with you as you get older. This book is beautifully painful and will touch your heart. This book is heart touching, filled with heartbreak but poignant story of two boys. Despite the sadness that shrouds the story the book still ends on an optimistic note and sometimes that’s all we can do.

3.NORWEGIAN WOOD BY HARUKI MURAKAMI
The running theme in the book is nostalgia and searching for our inner identity. The book is marked with understanding why we humans feel the way we feel and how each of us deals with sadness and regret in different ways. This book retains the main truth of life that life itself is a bittersweet journey.

4.CATCHER IN THE RYE BY J.D SALINGER
This book captures the story of teenager Holden Caulfield who has been kicked out of is school and runs away to New York city to avoid meeting his parents. The book is a poignant tale about the ‘phoniness of the world we live in “. The book deals with angst, depression, and how its difficult to find a human connection in this phony world. This story is something any teen can understand and go through.

5.THE DEVIL WEARS THE PRADA BY LAUREN WEISBERGER
This story is about a recently graduated girl who struggles to cope with the world and has to change herself to fit in but eventually realizes that her worth. This book holds true to the world cut-throat job market, crazy bosses who hate everyone, and an overworked employee who doesn’t have any time. This book is a heartwarming story that stays true to the ethics of the real world.

Pradhan mantri Ujala scheme

The full form of UJALA is Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All.

UJALA scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 1st May 2015 under the government of India. The Ujala Scheme was established by replacing the Bachat Lamp Yojana is a joint initiative of Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under the Union Ministry of Power and the Electricity Distribution Company.

The UJALA scheme also known as the LED-based Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP) aims to promote the efficient usage of energy for all i.e., its consumption, savings and lighting. This scheme is considered as the world’s largest program. According to the UJALA scheme, LED bulbs would be distributed by the Electricity Distribution Company at subsidized rates to every grid-connected customer with a metered connection.

This scheme launched by the Union government’s Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) and LED Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP), marked their fifth anniversary on 5^th January 2020.

Both schemes have been spearheaded and implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited(EESL), a joint venture of PSUs under the Ministry of Power, Government of India.
These programmes have bagged global awards like the South Asia Procurement Innovation Award (SAPIA) 2017, CIO 100 award 2019, the Global Solid State Lighting (SSL) award of excellence.

The Centre’s ambitious National LED programme – Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) – will be implemented across the country by 2019, Minister for Power and Coal, Piyush Goyal said on Saturday.

“Since the UJALA scheme was launched a year ago on May 1, a total of 9 crore LED bulbs were sold in the country, which means people will get the benefit of Rs 5,500 crore in their electricity bills.

The cost of a 9-W LED bulb under the scheme is Rs 85 only .

The world’s largest solar power plant, the minister said, is coming up in Madhya Pradesh’s Rewa district and the state government is making all efforts to get it inaugurated by the Prime Minister.

This scheme become successful, some key pints are:

Replacing 200 million ordinary light bulbs by LED bulbs.

Load reduction of 5000 MW.
To reduce the emissions caused by greenhouse gases by 79 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.

People also get these purchasing benefits of every grid-connected consumer having a metered connection from their respective Electricity Distribution Company can get the LED bulbs at about 40% of the market price under the UJALA Scheme. Consumers also have the option of paying for the LEDs in equated monthly instalments.

For getting led bulbs, the enrollment procedure are:

Photo copy of the latest electricity bill
A copy of photo ID proof
A copy of residential proof (The address on the residential proof must match the address on the electricity bill.)
Cash advance in case of on-bill financing (balance amount recovered from the electricity bill) or full amount in case of upfront payment for each LED. In case of upfront payment, address proof is not mandatory.

This is the greatest benefit for every Indian consumer to purchase this led bulbs. LED bulbs have very long life (> 15 years if used of 4-5 hours every day) and are not likely to fuse. However, if the LED bulb stops working due to a technical defect, EESL will be providing free of cost warranty for all technical faults for three years. And the replacements shall be done through designated retail stores that will be communicated after the distribution ends. During the distribution, replacements can be done through any of the DELP distribution counters that would be operating within the city. Any EESL LED bulb can be replaced with any other company’s EESL LED bulb.

Right of education(21-A)

Education is one of the important part in each and every human life. If a person was educated he acquires knowledge, learns behavioral activities and methods to survive in the society. In simple manner, a person will be respected if he had some dignity in the society, and the only way to attain dignity and personality is educating himself. Education is a basic human right for all and is important for everyone to make the most of their lives. Other human rights include the right to freedom from slavery or torture and to a fair trial.

Having an education helps people to access all of their other human rights. Education improves an individual’s chances in life and helps to tackle poverty.

Education reduces poverty, decreases social inequalities, empowers women and helps each individual reach their full potential.

It also brings significant economic returns for a country and helps societies to achieve lasting peace and sustainable development. Education is key to achieving all other human rights.

After Independence only it was raised to great extent. According to the 86th Amendment Act 2002, right to education was justified under the Article 14 and 21 as a part of fundamental right guaranteed to all citizens.

Right to Education – Article 21(A):
This article says state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards.

Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE Act incorporates the words ‘free and compulsory’. ‘Free education’ means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education.

The administration activities in educational department in India was not much active. It must be developed by the proper planning by the executives. Though it was planned it does not exercise it properly, due to the corrupted hands in administration level. This situation must be deserted to the development of India in education system.

Every person is entitled to a quality education without discrimination, which means:

A compulsory free primary school education for every child
Secondary school (including technical training) must be available to everyone – states must work towards providing this for free
Higher education must be equally accessible, with countries working towards the goal of making this free
Fundamental education for those who missed out on primary school should be encouraged and available

It also means parents have the right to choose schools for their children and for individuals and organizations to set up schools that meet minimum standards.

Governments must provide good quality education and make sure all children can access it, without discrimination.

This is an international legal obligation and governments can be held accountable for failing to provide education for all its citizens.

Governments have to make sure all children can get the education they are entitled to by doing the following:

Removing anything that prevents access to quality education, such as repealing laws that cause discrimination
Preventing individuals or groups from stopping children from being educated
Taking steps to make sure children can get a quality education – this could include building schools or training teachers

The prominent organizations around the world striving for promotion of Right to Education are:
1. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
2. United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
3. World Bank
4. International Labour Organization (ILO)

The child is a soul with a being, a nature and capacities of its own, who must be helped to find them, to grow into their maturity, into a fullness of physical and vital energy.

Every generation looks up to the next generation with the hope that they shall build up a nation better than the present. Therefore education which empowers the future generation should always be the main concern for any nation. It is now an undisputed fact that right to education can be realized on a national level only through compulsory education.

A way to shop online

In this paramedic everyone try to neglect go outside.so in this time there is only solution to save life’s that is online shopping .Online shopping is a part of e commerce. If you wants to purchase anything you can order from it on a market reasonable prices. But the thing is, if online marketing charges high price no one attract on it, because the customer needs a reasonable markets prices.

Internet shopping is a phenomena that is growing rapidly nowadays. A peep into the exponential growth of the main players in this industry indicates there is still a large reservoir of market potential for e-commerce.

Online marketplaces provide a new and more convenient venue for the exchange of virtually all types of goods and services.

It is a process whereby consumers directly buy goods, services etc. from a seller without an intermediary service over the Internet. … Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day and many consumers have internet access both at work and at home. So it is very convenient for them to shop Online.

Online stores are highly competitive, not only with other online stores but also with brick-and-mortar competitors. Price-comparison websites make deal hunting easier and also help guide shoppers to online stores with the best reputations by posting reviews submitted by other shoppers.

Point-of-sale advantages include stores offering no shipping charges and free ship-to-store options. A lot of online stores do not pass on sales tax (unless required by the state) to customers, which can add up substantial savings for those shoppers who buy primarily online. Other advantages of shopping online include:

The stores are almost never closed.
Shoppers can shop in their pajamas.
Online shoppers save on gas.
There are no parking hassles.
Online shoppers rarely have to deal with aggressive salespeople.
There are no annoying crowds.

If anything has an advantages so there is disadvantages also:

Online shopping, takes longer to ship a product back to an online store than it does to return it to a local shop, this might be the deciding factor on where to make the purchase.

Online shoppers do not have the ability to physically inspect or try on the items being considered for purchase.
Online shoppers sometimes lose the power to negotiate the price and payment terms that may exist in local stores.
Items ordered online are sometimes back-ordered, but shoppers may not find out until weeks later. This is particularly problematic when buying gifts.
Online shoppers do not always know if a site is a legitimate retail store and if is safe to shop.
Restocking and shipping costs are often charged on returns.
Online shoppers often do not have a person (or the same person) to talk to when dealing with a problem.
It is sometimes easier to get money refunded locally when the item purchased drops in price within the guaranteed price period.

Sometimes a deal that looks great falls short of what has been advertised. Communicating dissatisfaction can be difficult online and often takes enormous patience and tenacity to achieve satisfaction. Problem-solving face-to-face with local store employees is often faster and more satisfying. Contacting the next level of management is much easier at local stores than online.

Shoppers will save money and frustration by taking the time to learn the policies of both online and local stores before making purchases. Sometimes there are hidden charges like restocking fees at some online and local stores. The restocking fee may increase the longer it takes the shopper to return an items.

But, this time the only convenience for shopping that is online shopping because corona virus has changes many things, so if you are doing online shopping so beware from frauds and dangers, do compare prices of products.

Both businesses and customers have embraced online sales as a cheaper and more convenient way to shop, but just like anything associated with the Internet, there are benefits and dangers associated with shopping online.

Why Caste Reservations?

The caste-system is something that has been ubiquitously identified with Indian society. It has its roots in ancient traditions and has seen changes over time under various dynasties and regimes. However, the essential notions of assigning position in society by virtue of birth have more or less remained the same. This has led to lower-caste communities becoming victims of the whims of those above them, living lives in deplorable conditions, forced to work in menial jobs, and even considered untouchables who will pollute the higher castes and thus have to live on the fringes of society. Over time, many have fought against the caste system and worked for the upliftment of downtrodden communities who have been exploited and oppressed by those in power.

In the 21^st century, many popular media narratives and discourses among privileged sections of society would make it appear that the caste system does not still have a hold in India’s societal structure. Many believe that with the Constitution giving equal rights to all citizens and abolishing untouchability, all caste-based discriminations have ceased to exist. Merit should be the basis for all opportunity, not caste or background, is a common objection. Others opine that it is greatly misused and many who are economically well-off use their caste in-order to get advantages. Still others say that it gives students of lower castes an unfair advantage in academic spaces and other situations. All of these anti-reservation voices work on the fundamental assumption that caste is not an issue in modern-day India. But if one is willing to look into how caste differences are manifested, it will become all too apparent within a very short period of time that this notion of caste-based discrimination still runs deep in our systems and our attitudes. It is a stark reality for millions in this country and is an evil that dehumanizes the individual.

Caste-based reservations exist in order to combat the effects of systemic discrimination and disadvantage that the lower castes have been and continue to be subjected to. Lower caste individuals are even today subjected to discrimination in all spheres from education to employment. Many of them struggle to afford basic education and are often the sole providers for their families by the time they reach college. However, they are faced with difficulties there as well, be it a background of education that has not been as good as that of their peers or even elitist hiring practices in universities that silently discriminate. They continue to face difficulties from various sides even after they enter campuses. Lower caste individuals have barely any representation in public offices and services. Upward mobility for the majority of them is still a dream too far away to reach, and they are continuously caught in structures that are designed to not accommodate them.

It is to improve economic status and living conditions, but also to correct the many wrongs they have been meted out with, and the denial of fundamental rights and opportunities, that reservations seek to address. When one argues that economic status should be the criteria rather than caste, one forgets that in a system fraught with biased attitudes, this will only lead to more higher-caste but perhaps economically backward individuals getting the reservation seats and lesser being available to those of the lower caste. While economic ability is an issue, it is not the same problem as caste issues and has to be dealt with separately even if the two might overlap. Condescending attitudes of apparent saviors who belong to higher castes but who speak ‘for’ the lower castes instead of creating an opportunity for them to speak for themselves is also a bane that has to be resisted.

The continuing existence of the caste system in India is a reality that many would rather not address or even acknowledge since it makes them uncomfortable. It is also this attitude that makes reservations and affirmative actions all the more important. They work towards ensuring a more egalitarian society and should not be done away with until we achieve the end goal of no discrimination. This will require empathy, understanding, and even giving up of privileges taken for granted by many middle- and upper-class folk unless you are able to make it accessible to all sections of society. Social reform, reservation, educating the masses, dismantling of structures designed for the elites, and public awareness of how rampant this issue is would propel this fight for change. We cannot heal wounds that have been inflicted over centuries overnight but we can work towards creating spaces for healing and also ensure that these scars are never inflicted again.

SIGNIFICANCE OF NIA

It is a central agency to counter terrorism under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India. In all countries there are investigation agencies like this. It is not easy to write about all agencies in the world. So, mention here is about the NIA in India. It was created in 2008 after the Mumbai terror attack that year. It can investigate terror cases without the permission from the states. It specially investigates terror offences, waging war against the country offences on nuclear facilities. It can be put into fence only after the country passes an act or the ruling authority gives permission. Always it keeps the global standard.

It is also a storehouse of information on terrorism. With regard to NIA its headquarters at New Delhi, and 8 other regional offices across the country. Always it is headed by a Director General (an IPS Officer). It uses the most scientific methods to investigate cases. There is an utmost importance to human rights and dignity. Facilities a speedy and effective trial. It maintains a cordial relations with the central and state governments and other law enforcement agencies of the country. It also helps the states with the investigation of terror related cases. There was an Amendment Act of NIA in 2019. Now it has to investigate the following new offences.

1.Counterfeit currency or bank notes related offences.

2.Sale or manufacture of prohibited arms.

3. Human trafficking

4. Cyber terrorism

5. Offences under the explosive Substances Act 1908

Now it has the authority to investigate offences that are committed outside Indian territory subject to International treaties and domestic laws of other nations. There is also a special court to conduct trial of scheduled offences. Now there are 38 special NIA courts across the states and seven across the union territories.

Now NIA is dealing with gold smuggling case in kerala.

Dark pages of Lockdown

Due COVID-19 pandemic, in India lockdown was announced on 24th March 2020 by honourable PM. It lastly ended on 31st May. A lockdown is an emergency rule/protocol that prevents people from leaving a particular area. A full lockdown will mean you must stay where you are and not exit or enter a building or that particular area. But it allows for essential supplies, grocery stores, pharmacies and banks to continue to serve the people. All non-essential activities remain shut for the entire period like travel ban, shutting of public places etc.

This lockdown was for decrease the rate of spreading of COVID-19. It also impacted positively on environment i.e cleaner river, greener environment, improvement in Air Quality Index. It also increased in use of technology in education, work and governance.

But it has also impacted people badly. Due to lockdown generally people faced problems which are mentioned below:

Joblessness: many daily wage workers/migrant workers lost their job. Most of the poor still struggling to survive i.e have not food or essential need. Farmers also faced problems of sale of their crops,vegetables etc.

Uncertainty about their salaries: Private employee facing this problem either they will paid or not.

After forced Isolation many peole faced high level of Stress, frustration, anxiety and other mental health problems.

There is also rise in Domestic violence. It involves a pattern of psychological, physical, sexual, financial, emotional abuse.

These problems must be tackle properly and government should launch initiative to overcome the joblessness and improve educational method of learning.

Thanks.

Plea Bargaining

A new chapter,that is Chapter XXI1 on Plea Bargaining has been introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code. It was introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, which was passed by the Parliament in its winter session. It became effective from 5thJuly 2006. Originally Plea Bargaining is an American concept its origin can be traced back in America during the 19thCentury. Over the years Plea bargaining has emerged as a prominent feature of the American Judicial System.

What is Plea Bargaining?

Plea Bargaining can be described as a process whereby the accused may bargain with the prosecution for a lesser punishment. In simple words, Plea Bargaining is an agreement (contract) between the accused and the prosecution regarding disposition of the criminal charge levelled by the prosecution against the accused. In layman’s language, it is bargaining done by the accused of a serious and severe offence, with the authority for a lighter punishment in lieu of a full-fledged trial.

An agreement as a result of negotiation between the prosecution and defence (at time, also the judge) which settles a criminal case, usually in exchange for a more lenient punishment. Typically the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime or for a fewer charges than originally charged, in exchange for a more lenient punishment than the defendant would get if convicted at trial. It is seen as a win-win for all the parties as the prosecution has a certain conviction on the record, the defendant is provided a more lenient sentence than the risk of a higher one at trial and the judge is freed to move to other cases and dispute to resolve.
Plea Bargaining can conclude a criminal case without a trial. When it is successful, Plea Bargaining results in a plea agreement between the prosecutor and defendant. In this agreement, the defendant agrees to plead guilty without a trial, and, in return the prosecutor agrees to dismiss certain charges or make favourable sentence recommendation to the court. Plea Bargaining is expressly authorized in statutes and in court rules.

Features of Plea Bargaining

It is applicable on the offense which is punishable with imprisonment for not more than 7 years.
Deposition of the case on mutually agreed terms.
A possible concession to accused or culprit by the prosecuting authority.
The negotiation must be done under judicial purview.

Types of Plea Bargaining

Charge Bargaining
Sentence Bargaining
Fact Bargaining

Benefits of Plea Bargaining

i. Time saving

ii. Money saving

iii. No mental strains

iv. Guaranteed solutions

Who can file Plea Bargaining?

Plea Bargaining is an application for all those whose trail is pending. The accused should be eighteen years or more. The accused should have commit offense for which the punishment is not more than 7 years.

When it can be filed?

It can be filed before the commencement of the actual trail or on any point of the pendency of trail.

Exceptions

I. The acts which are Scio-economic in nature some are as follows :

1.Sati Prevention Act

2. Dowry Prohibition Act

3. The immoral Traffic Prevention Act

4. The Army Act, 1950

5. The Explosive Act, 1884

6. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offense Act, 2012.

According to IPC :

Section 115, Section 119, Section 302, Section 305 etc the offense which carry punishment for more than seven years.

Recent case on Plea Bargaining?

Tablighi Jamaat Case

A Delhi court allowed some foreign nationals from Thailand to walk free on the plea bargaining process after they accepted mild charges in connection with a Tablighi Jamaat congregation at Nizamuddin Markaz here. Metropolitan Magistrate Gagndeep allowed 34 Thailand nationals to walk free on plea bargaining and imposed a fine of Rs, 6,000 each while seven Thai nationals claimed trial.

The foreign nationals from Thailand were represented by advocate Ashima Mandla. The fine has been paid to the PM CARES fund as per the direction of the court, Mandla said.

The court had earlier said that there was prima facie sufficient material on record to proceed against the accused persons under Section14 (b) Foreigners Act, 1946, under provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act, the Disaster Management Act, and the Indian Penal Code.

Thereafter, the court had summoned all the 41 accused of Thailand who were charge-sheeted in 48 charge sheets and 11 supplementary charge sheets, filed by Crime Branch of Delhi Police in the matter. The court had directed them to physically appear from the court.

The court has recently granted bail to many foreign nationals in connection with the cases related to Tablighi Jamaat congregation in March this year, which had reportedly become an epi centre of COVID-19 spread across the country.

Retention Policies

Repository Administrators can define document retention and archiving policies. A retention policy allows repository administrators to permanently delete (purge) older documents or documents that meet a certain criteria. For example, a policy could be created to mark documents of a particular matter type for deletion when a specified number of days or years has passed after the matter closed date.

Retention Policies will support policies based on matter type, matter closing date, and other criteria. Administrators will have a chance to confirm a mass deletion before purging documents when retention policies indicate they should be purged.

Creating and Activating Retention Policies

When the document retention policies feature is enabled, a link will be available on the Repository Administration page:

The “Document Retention Policies” page will appear as follows:

Click “Add a new policy” to define a new policy:

The policy’s fields are described below.

After defining a retention policy, click OK. The dialog will close and the underlying page will update to show the new retention policy.

Name:

The policy name field will allow only letters, digits, spaces, dashes, and forward slashes. The maximum name length is 25 characters.

Description:

Administrators can add a description to retention policies in the description field on the Retention Policy dialog. Policy descriptions are limited to 120 characters.

“Policy is active” defaults to unchecked.

Document Criteria:

The document criteria dropdown contains the names of all the repository’s custom attributes except for Notes type field. There will be an additional entry for each attribute with “ Type” appended to the attribute name.

If there are no non-Notes type custom attributes in the repository, a message will display saying “Profile attributes must be defined before retention policies can be added.”

Retention Period:

The first field on the Retention Period line will accept numeric entries between 1 and 9999. The first Retention period dropdown’s values are “years” and “days”; the default is years. The second retention period dropdown’s values are “last modified date” and “xxx closing date”, where xxx is the attribute selected for Document Criteria.

Using Parent-Child Attributes

If a linked parent attribute is selected in the Document criteria dropdown of the Retention Policy Definition dialog, an additional set of fields for the child attribute will be displayed:

The child attribute drop-down lists the child attributes of the selected parent attribute plus a blank entry. The 2^nd Retention period drop-down will include a closing date entry for the child attribute if one is selected, and a closing date entry for the parent attribute if no child attribute is selected.

Using Lookup Buttons

On the retention policy definition page you will be provided with a lookup buttton. The retention period is keyed off the workspace attribute’s closing date even when the workspace attribute is not used in the selection criteria.

The lookup button on this dialog acts like it does on the Advanced Search page. If multiple values are selected, then each value is automatically surrounded by parentheses and an OR operator is automatically inserted between values.

If workspaces have been enabled for any cabinets in the repository the trigger date listbox will include an entry for the workspace attribute closing date, i.e. “Matter closing date.” If the document criteria attribute is the same as a workspace attribute, the attribute will not be listed twice in the listbox.

Activating Policies

When “Activate selected policies” is clicked, all the marked policies will be set to active.

When “Deactivate selected policies” is clicked, all the marked policies will be set to inactive.

When “Delete selected policies” is clicked, a confirmation message box will display asking if the user is sure he/she wants to delete the selected policies. If he/she confirms the deletion, the selected policies will be deleted.

When you click OK on the Document Retention Policies page, all the changes will be saved. Clicking Cancel will discard the changes. You will be returned to the Repository Administration page.

Retention Policy History

An unalterable record is available of all changes made to purging rules.

Each activation and deactivation of a document retention policy is recorded. Edits and deletions of active retention policies (but not of inactive deletion policies) are recorded. Each of these records will include the current date/time, the user who performed the action, the name of the policy, and the policy’s criteria and retention period. If the policy name is changed both the old name and the new name are included in the log entry.

A link to view the Retention Policy Log is found at the bottom of the Retention Policies page:

A Retention policy history will look like this: (with records sorted chronologically)

NOTE: A repository’s retention policy log is deleted automatically when the repository is deleted.

TOXIC POSITIVITY

We live in a world where being positive is supposed to be one of the most important characteristics of an individual can possess. But is it normal to be positive round the clock? Is it healthy? We see multiple posts on social media to be positive and the famous line “Good vibes only” as a common caption under such posts. These posts suggest that the only way to deal with life is to be optimistic all the time and disregard any other complex feeling you might be feeling. Positivity is different for everyone but it is also healthy to recognize other feelings of despair or sadness or feel hopeless. A lot of us feel the pressure to feel and be happy all the time as though we are living the best time of our life covering up what we actually feel. Normally, we feel sad or desperate or lonely at times, that’s human nature. There is no one way to feel happy but quotes like “good vibes only” seems to put us a layer of fake happiness rather than acknowledging them
What is toxic positivity?
Toxic positivity is a culture or concept where being positive all the time regardless of the situation is promoted as an ideal way to live and any feeling that causes negative feelings is neglected or disregarded. It seems like quite a plan to deal with tough situations but ignoring unpleasant feelings only makes them bigger. Ignoring unpleasant feelings can lead to bigger problems such as depression and anxiety. Toxic positivity makes you feel like you are flawed if you don’t feel happy all the time and being happy all the time is the only true way to live. Good vibes only, smile more, or think happy are part of the idea that you ignore any other uncomfortable feelings.
Neglecting any feeling makes them a bigger problem because they are unprocessed. It is normal for us as human beings to feel a wide array of feelings. Snubbing any emotion doesn’t do well to our mental health. We need to recognize the complex feelings that we feel.

Toxic positivity during lockdown –
Many people have openly and extensively discussed on social media that they will use this time of lockdown to learn a new language or read a book or learn new skills, while this is nothing wrong but it makes a large chunk of us who use this time to recuperate or use this period to rest feel like we are a failure and flawed beings because we don’t do the same things. Promoting the idea that we always have to be productive during a lockdown steals our right to have bad days. Rejecting emotions when you should have addressed put a damper in the mood. It’s completely okay to treat the lockdown as vacation and sleep all day or if we learn a new language. There is no one right way to feel emotions as all of us are different and have different ways we care about ourselves and others.

Ways to avoid being toxic positive person –
We first need to accept our negative emotions and figure out why we are feeling that way. Speaking to a friend or parent or writing down our feelings positive and negative decreases the intensity of emotions. We need to give our self permission to understand and feel all complex emotions. We need to learn to be kinder to ourselves and our flaws. We need to acknowledge our pain, we should not shame ourselves or others for feeling the way we feel. This is our first pandemic and sadly we don’t have self-help books to help us through this pandemic. We all are new to this situation; we should be kinder to others and ourselves. This lock-down has been hard for all of us and the world could use some kindness in any way form. We need to understand that we are not pleasant all the time and pay attention to our fleeting emotions and understand them.

Modi calls for reformed multilateralism at UN

While high speaking a dialogue in UN’s Economic and social council (ECOSOC) has called for reformed multilaterlism . During this address the prime minister has spoken about India’s efforts against the Covid -19 pandemic and he has highlighted how the multilaterlism institutions such as the UN are outdated and he has reminded the world that this multilateral institutions are the relic of the world war era.In this context the prime minister has given a call for reforming Multilaterlism by providing opportunities for emerging powers such as India and he has made case for a permanent seat at the UN security council . This push for reformed multilaterlism given by the prime minister is inline with India’s long standing complain that united nations and other multilateral platforms they do not reflect the current geo-political realities and they are outdated institutions that date back to the world war era .

ECOSOC was established in 1945 as one of the six main organs of the United Nations.This council deals with the social and economic initiatives of the UN council and is said to the very heart of the UN council as it is promoting all the three dimensions of the sustainable developments -economic development ,social developments and environmental developments.It formulates the policies recommendation address to achieve internationally agreed goals and works with various other multilateral institutions such the World bank ,IMF etc.It acts as a platform for fostering debate and innovative thinking and it tries to built the consensus on the ways forward,and coordinating efforts to achieve internationally agreed goals under the sustainable development goals of the UN.The council is made of 54 member states, which are elected yearly by the UNGCA assembly for overlapping three year terms.seats on the council are allocated ensuring equitable geographic rotation among the united Nation regional groups. The President of the council is elected for one year term and the convention is that it is always chosen from the small or mid sized countries in order to give the greater voice for the smaller power when it comes to addressing the socio -economic challenges of the world.The presidency rotates among the United Nations regional groups in order to ensure equal representaions.

WHAT IS AI?

WHY RESEARCH AI SAFETY?

HOW CAN AI BE DANGEROUS?

WHY THE RECENT INTEREST IN AI SAFETY

THE TOP MYTHS ABOUT ADVANCED AI

TIMELINE MYTHS

CONTROVERSY MYTHS

MYTHS ABOUT THE RISKS OF SUPERHUMAN AI

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How does the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine candidate work?

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Ingredients:

Instructions:

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· CAT Exam Syllabus

· Eligibility Verification

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Always remember: you have more than one shot to create the life you want

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Ministry of MSME encourages and honors innovation and enterprise. It work in close coordination with the State Governments, Industry Associations, Banks and other stakeholders through its numerous field offices and technical institutions to help the ‘engines of growth’ throughout the country.

Salient Features of the MSME Development Act, 2006 :

· The MSME Act provides the first legal framework for recognition of the concept of “enterprise” and integrating the three tiers of these enterprises, viz., micro, small and medium.

· Under the Act, enterprises have been categorized broadly into those engaged in :

-> Manufacturing

-> Rendering of Services

Both categories have been further classified into micro, small and medium enterprise based on their investment in plant and machinery or in equipments as under:

· Manufacturing Enterprises: Micro Enterprises investment upto Rs 25 lakhs, small enterprises investment above Rs 25 lakhs and upto Rs 5 crore. Medium Enterprises investment above Rs 5 crore and upto Rs 10 crore.

· Service Enterprises: Micro Enterprises investment upto Rs 10 lakhs, small enterprises investment above Rs 10 lakhs and upto Rs 2 crore. Medium Enterprises investment above Rs 2 crore and upto Rs 5 crore.

The other features include:

· Establishment of specific funds for the promotion, development and enhancement of competitiveness of these enterprises.

· Notification of schemes/programs for the purpose.

· Progressive credit policies and practices.

· Preference in Government procurement to products and services of the micro and small enterprises.

· More effective mechanism doe mitigating the problems of delayed payments to micro and small enterprises.

· Simplification of the process of closure of business by all the three categories of enterprises.

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