As the name suggests I think you can get a idea what are we talking about. In book we read only if ideas, thoughts and experiences of other person. The knowledge thus acquired is theoretical. In day to day life, we cannot be successful with mere theoretical knowledge. We must also know about the habits, manners and ways of living of other persons. We can learn about others by coming in contact with them. Travelling takes us from the field of bookish knowledge to the field of practical knowledge.

An individual who has never gone out of home has very narrow outlook. He feels his own way of living to be the best and perfect. He also fails to understand the effect of environment on the life of man but a well travelled man sees for himself the life of different people their culture, tradition and taste. He can easily understand the point of view of others. By travelling mental outlook is broadened.

There are various difficulties when anyone is away from home. Sometimes he doesn’t find a suitable place for his lodging or the food is not hygienic and not according to the taste preference. Language barrier is often a common problem. But these barriers make the person more resourcefulness, initiative taking and develops a positive approach towards them.

That education is good which make a man readily adjustable to changed circumstances. We cannot acquire this ability from books while travelling, we have to adjust ourselves to the new conditions in different difficulties which we meet, various new problems which arise in our way, make us really adjustable. This is the greatest advantage of travelling.

A traveller must keep his mind open on his tour. He must not imitate the fashions, manners habits of other people. He must adopt the things which are good. He must tell his experiences to others in a realistic way. Travelling can be useful for the young as well as for the old age, only if they keep their minds open and start exploring.

That’s all for today… Thank you keep reading, keep knowing…

I have read many books by different authors. But Shakespeare and John Bernard Shaw among English authors. Dinkar Nirala and Tagore are my favorite among Indian authors. Rabindranath Tagore is one of the greatest poets of the world. Let’s come to know something more about Rabindranth Tagore.

Rabindranath Tagore belongs to a very respectable family of Bengal. He was born on 7th May, 1861 at Jorsanko in Kolkata. His father’s name was Shri Devendranath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore received elementary education at two schools of Kolkata. They were the oriental seminary and Calcutta Normal. Tagore sailed for England in 1871 for higher education. He joined the university of London. Tagore ‘s family life was very sad. He was married in 1888. But his wife died in 1902. His second daughter died in 1904. His father passed away in 1907. These sad events in life made Tagore more and more religious.

Rabindranath was a great writer. He was the editor of several magazines. Tagore ‘s “Gitanjali ” is one of the best books. Some English poets like W. B. Yeats and Stopford Brook praised Tagore ‘s Gitanjali. His poems combine the tender humanity with a deep religious touch. And the Nobel Prize was awarded to him by the Swedish Academy. Balka and Purabi are his great creations. One of his greatest poetical dramas is Chitrangada. He also wrote some beautiful short stories.

Rabindranath was a great lover of India. He raised his voice against the Britishers. He fought the war for freedom through his writings. Tagore was a great educationist also. He founded the Vishwabharti in 1901. He wanted to make India a home of culture and education. It has become the famous university of the world. But this great son of India died on 7th Aug, 1941. Tagore is my favorite author. He was a writer, educationist, social reformer and patriot – all combined in one.

Above all, was Rabindranath ‘s love for children. He used to lose himself in joy when he taught little children. He was indeed a Gurudev, a great teacher in this earth. To more than a generation of Indians he stands in the position of a great teacher who taught them to learn a beautiful language to the finer shades of poetic art. He opened up to us beauties of nature in a way which no one else did before.

Thank you for today….!!!

Today’s article is about books. We all know that man is social in nature and can’t live alone . A company is needed at times . He wants a friend who may share his joys and sorrows. But in the modern age man has grown selfish and tries to serve his own interests. At that time a traditional company can be beneficial. Yes they are books. Books are our best companion and we know that there are no complains and no demands from them…. Hahaha but apart from jokes book is proved to be our best friend.

Books take us into a different world of imagination. They give us plenty of joy and improve our standard of living. They tone up our intellectual taste they make our outlook broad. They encourage us at our worst times, doesn’t make us feel depressed and inspire us to work hard with hope and courage. Books enrich our experience and sharpen our intellect. They remove our ignorance and add to our knowledge.

It is important to differentiate between good and bad books as bad books ruin our intellect and may mislead or misguide and that will not be beneficial. We must try to read good and inspiring books that make our mind to think about that in our way. The book reading time must be fully utilised and must be understanding. A good book is our ‘ friend, philosopher and guide ‘.

I would also like to review a book that I have read. The book is well known to you ‘SITA – The Warrior of Mithila ‘by the author ‘Amish ‘. It changed the whole thinking about Sita and I must suggest that you should also read it once. She was not only a princess, a wife, a daughter in law but much more than that. She lived as a warrior in disguise. She was talented, calm, intelligent and a pious. A woman should consider her as her own ideal.

A well read man is loved by all. He is a store house of information and can give extraordinary facts what he has understand by reading several books. Books are of different kinds. A general reader likes to read books of general nature. They give us knowledge and pleasure.

Thank you and yes keep reading..!!!

“Which blooms once in a bluemoon like the kurinji flower but remains etched in memories forever to be sought for again and of course hard to pursue….”

~Shree abhy

Kurinji is a shrub that is also called Strobilantheskunthiana or neelakurinji. Found along the Western Ghats in the Shola forests in South India, the specialty of the flower is that it blooms in 12 years. The rare sightings of the flowers have been rigorously demonstrated in the years 1838, 1850, 1862, 1874, 1886, 1898, 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 and 2018 respectively.

To put things into perspective, the neelakurinji flowers were documented first in 1858 and since then, they have bloomed only for 15 times. The last time the flowers were bloomed in 2006, you witnessed Saddam Hussein being executed by the American Armed Forces, Italy won the football world cup and Pluto was declared a dwarf planet.

In India, there are 250 different types of kurinji flowers and 46 types of neelakurinji in India. The red and maroon kurinji flowers are also available but it is the blue, azure neelakurinji that is widely popular and most-coveted.

The flowers are purple-blue- showering the valley with the sublime purple haze when they bloom. A rarest of the rare sight, which happens once in a blue moon literally!  The blooming of kurinji flowers happens during September-October. People from all over the world come to Neelgiri Hills to see this rarest phenomenon unfolding in front of their eyes. The Neelgiri hills or the Blue Mountains get their name from the blue Kurinji flowers that cover the entire landscape during the period of 12 years.

KURINJI FLOWER HAD UNUSUAL BLOOMING CYCLES

In the world of flowers, such plants with unusual blooming cycles with long intervals are called plietesials. Besides, the blooming cycle, the plant shows other signature characteristics of being one such as gregarious flowering, supra-annual synchronized monocarpy and mast seeding. Mast seeding of Strobilanthes refers to the reproduction of the seeds once during their lifetime.  The synchronized monocarpy implies flowering once in a lifetime and dying after fruiting.

Similarly , strobilanthescuspidatus, other kurinji species, blooms once in every seven years and then subsequently, wilts and dies. The seeds take seven years to sprout, grow and bloom. Each species of kurinji flower takes different time to mature. Neelakurinji takes 12 years to grow and bloom gregariously.

The kurinji flower is a bright coloured, bell-shaped blue flower. In the local language, it is called Kunthiana, referring to the river Kunthi that flows through the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala.  Kurinji flowers grow in the lower expanse of the valley that has no dense tree forest.

The plant of kurinji is a bushy shrub with hairless reddish branches. The leaves are hairless and have a leathery texture. Elliptic in shape, the size of the leaves are 6 x 3 cm.

In the 19^th century, Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck first discovered and described the genus, Strobilanthes.The flowering periods of Strobilathes vary from one species to another, as explained in the journals like Indian Foresterand Journal of Bombay Natural History Society.

All species belonging to this genus have an unusual flowering patternranging from annual blooming cycle to the longest with 16-year! The flowers grow in the cluster of 2-5 and have woolly texture. The flowers are hairy and grow in a linear pattern. The lance-shaped petals are almost 2.5 cm long and are attached to the spikes 3-5 cm long.

The plant is usually 25 to 60 cm high and grows at an altitude of 1,300 to 2,200 metres.

KURINJI HONEY

The flowers are pollinated by honey bees. The honey collected by these bees is very sweet, nutritious and has high medicinal value.

Butterflies, eastern honeybees and insects love these nectar-filled blue flowers. The nectar collected by the honeybees is regarded to be superlative and healthier. This rarest honey can last for more than 15 years.  The indigenous tribe Paliyan harvests the honey from hives. The tribe calls it ‘liquid gold’ for its value. Unlike other brands of honey available in the market, it is transparent and a bit greenish-yellowish in colour. The taste is unique and so far, it hasn’t been artificially cultivated at all. Besides, the honey is only available when the flowers bloom once in 12 years. For now, you need to wait until 2030 to get some.

BLOOMING SEASON FOR NEELAKURINJI

Covering the 3,000 hectares of hills in blue-purple carpet and filling the air with intoxicating sweet fragrance, this is a phenomenon that only happens in India!

The most interesting fact about the blooming phenomena of kurinji is that scientists and botanists have failed to arrive at any conclusion that how these flowers manage to adhere to their blooming periods, which range from 3, 7, 12, 17 to even 36 years!

The plants begin flowering in the last phase of Monsoon. By the time rains vanish, the valleys are covered with neelakurinji flowers. India receives the last rains of monsoon season during September and October, so if you want to witness this beauty first-hand, this is when you should visit Munnar or any Southern hill station.

However, with the erratic climate situation, we are dealing with, the blooming of neelakurinji flowers too has been impacted. It is advised to check the monsoon schedule before you make any plans.

HABITAT OF KURINJI FLOWERS

Earlier, kurinji flowers used to envelope the entire landscape of Nilgiri Hills, Bababudangiri, Cardamom Hills, Palani Hills and Anamalai Hills. There were times when one could witness the splurge of purple shade throughout the Chandra Drona Hill Range in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka and Datta Peeta. With private real estate and plantations, their habitat has become limited in the area.  Apart from the Western Ghats, the magical growth of Kurinji flowers can be seen in the layout of Eastern Ghats namely Idukki district, Agali hills, Palakkad, Sanduru Hills in Bellary, Karnataka.

Ootacumend, the Queen of Hills or Ooty is home to 33 varieties of kurinji flowers and is popularly called Blue Mountain for kurinji flowers that cover the landscape.  Apart from Ooty, one can see the blue, bright flowers in their glory in Coonoor, Lamb’s Rock and Kothagiri. 

Thanks to these flowers and their unique blooming period, the sleepy town of Munnar, Kerala made it to the list of “Top Places to Visit in Asia in 2018” by the Lonely Planet.

THE WESTERN GHATS AND KURINJI FLOWERS

The Western Ghats wrap in an extraordinaire world of endemic fauna and flora. The alpine climate of plateaus and hills promote the growth and habitat of a wonderful ecosystem above 1,500 meters, known as the Shola. According to S.K. Seth and H.G. Champion, the sholas are the wet temperate stunted evergreen forest. The trees have crooked branches with an abundant supply of moss, lichens, orchids, epiphytes and pteridophyte, making the entire system hygroscopic- the phenomenon of attracting and absorbing water from the surrounding atmosphere. To avoid the high-velocity western monsoon winds, the shola trees have developed interlocking branches. The grasslands, where kurinji plants grow are open meadows and valleys-in the midst of misty hills.

Some botanists and experts refer to this ecological climate of the Himalayan range as “Islands in the Sky” because these habitats are divided by several low-lying inhabitable areas, making the grassland vegetation and fauna of the Southern Western Ghatare unique, highly evolved and nothing like other.

The Flora of British India enlists more than fully detailed species of Strobilanthes species in this region. Similarly, James Sykes Gamble, the noted botanist of the British era has also detailed 46 species in his book Flora of Madras Presidency.

SIGHTING OF NEELAKURINJI FLOWERS

Neelakurinji was sighted in the year 2006 after 12 years, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Kurinji flowers of Strobilanthescuspidatus species were again witnessed in their full glory in the year 2016 in Udhagamandalam.

In Munnar, the last mega kurinji bloom was spotted in 2006. In 2017, the purple flowers were recorded in their full glory in Bellary, behind Kumaraswamy temple.

In 2006, the neelakurinji flowers were last bloomed in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The flowers were spotted after 12 years. To commemorate this rare sighting, the state government released a stamp and declared the year as the “Year of Kurinji.”

The flowers were seen again after exact 12 years in South India in the year 2018.

The next flowering season in Munnar will be in the year 2030.

REFERENCES IN LITERATURE ABOUT NEELAKURINJI

Since Kurinji flowers have their home in Tamil Nadu, the Tamil literature is rich with their references and similes. In Tamil Nadu, Kurinji is the part and parcel of everyday life. A temple is dedicated to the flower deity called Kurinji AndavarTemple in Kodaikanal. Commonplace references to the deity and kurinji flowers can be found in Kurunthogai, the classic Sangam Age literature of Tamil Country. The blooming season of kurinji is celebrated with small-scale and big-scale festivities among locales, who believe it to be the enduring symbol of secret love and romance. For a tribal community in Munnar, the neelakurinji is the symbol of self-awakening of a woman.

The Tamil Country literature classified the land into five types, which were Kurinji (mountainous), Mullai (forested), Marutham (agricultural), Neithal (coastal) and Paalai (desert) – based on their geographical topography and the plants found in these ecosystems.

In a classic Tamil Literary piece, Kuruntokai- the flower is used indirectly for the poetic verse, Red Earth and Pouring Rain. In Clare Flynn’s novel, Kurinji Flowers, the flowers’ association with clandestine love affair is used as a backdrop to narrate a fictional account of a tragic romance in India of the 1940s.

WHY DOES NEELAKURINJI FLOWER BLOOM AFTER 12 YEARS?

It is called survival mechanism in botany. The longer pollination helps the plant to survive through the periodical blooming, natural calamity as well as protect it against the predators. The plant is a favourite of birds and mammals, rendering it vulnerable and at a great threat. In such a scenario, the annual pollination may not be a favourable condition for the plant and leave it more defenceless and weaker. The extended period of blooming is determined by the internal mechanism clock of the plant. The neelakurinji plants, much like bamboo plant, follow the records of daytime, variation in monsoon season and bloom accordingly. Until the kurinji plants are ready, they may or may not bloom at all.

On the recommendations of “Save Kurinji Campaign Council,” the Kerala cabinet has decided to increase the 3200 hectares and redraw the boundaries of the sanctuary. The cabinet also took decisions to appoint a settlement officer and conduct drone surveys on a regular basis. A decision was also taken on the Kerala Promotion of Tree Growth in Non-Forest Act 2005 to stop the encroachment of other plant species to steer clear of the ground for kurinji flowers.

Besides, the need to educate people is the must. Responsible tourism is still not a thing in India and because of this, the growth of kurinji flowers gets affected adversely. The influx of tourism affects the environment and natural habitat of the flowers. Be it at the micro-level, it changes the structure of soil and nutrients to a level that it alters the blooming pattern of flowers and affects their pollination cycle.

Around 3,500 people were allowed to visit the Eravikulam National Park in 2006. There were reports that they plucked the flowers and took them home- just for the thrills.  This impact of this encroachment of this will be seen later when the next round of blooming period will occur…or not.  The managing committee of National Park, Munnar Wildlife Division has provisioned a fine of Rs. 2,000 on damaging the plants under Section 22 of the Wildlife Protection Act.

According to the local people in Munnar, the climate of the hill station was cool and a balancing mix of mist and rain- favourable to the growth of neelakurinji flowers. However, it is not anymore. The climate is also rapidly changing and becoming unpredictable, making the flowering of neelakurinji flowers big guesswork.

” The bamboo that bends

is stronger than the oak that resists”

Bamboo – the giant grass

Bamboos popularity has risen in recent years fuelled by its myriad of practical uses and aesthetic features. Bamboo is the fastest growing and most versatile plant in the world with many nations depending on it for their livelihood. However, in western countries (particularly Australia), bamboo has been somewhat misunderstood and even seen as a pest due to the early introduction of so many running species.

There are about 1500 bamboo species in the world, however approximately half of these are monopodial (running or invasive) species. It is unfortunate that in the past, so many of these running species have made it into Australian gardens, as it is these species that has tarnished the reputation and acceptance of bamboo. However with the introduction of more and more sympodial (clumping or non-invasive) species to Australia, people are slowly learning that there is a huge variety of bamboos which are perfectly safe and that will not take over your garden. With bamboo species ranging in height from 3 meters to 30 meters and in a variety of colours and shapes, there is sure to be a bamboo to suit everyone and every application.

Bamboo is the world’s fastest producer of biomass and can be used for anything between production of paper or clothing, used as a building material such as flooring, bench tops, fences and screens, or even as a food source in the form of the edible shoots for your favourite curry or stir fry. In China, bamboo leaf extract has a long history of food and medicinal applications and its potential can only be speculated in a global market. Due to the large variety of bamboo and their remarkable ability to adapt, there is a bamboo suitable for every application.

Growing habits

Bamboo is in fact a type of grass – a very fast growing and giant grass. Bamboo grows in a short but strong growth spurt during summer and then remains near dormant over winter. During the ‘growth spurt’, a bamboo will start with new shoots from the ground which will grow to full height in two to three months. Due to some of the largest bamboo species being capable of reaching over 30 meters in height, during peak growth a bamboo shoot can grow up to 1 meter per day.

Planting a new bamboo is a very rewarding experience since each yearly generation of culms usually double in diameter and nearly double in height from that of the previous year. This continues until the plant reaches its full mature size. For smaller bamboos, this only takes 3 or 4 years while for larger bamboos, it may take 5 to 6 years. Nonetheless, a 30 meter plant in under 6 years is certainly something to boast about. After reaching its full potential, a bamboo will keep generating shoots of the same size year after year with the only possible causes for fluctuations being factors such as water, temperature, humidity, etc.

As a bamboo clump ages, it will slowly grow in size (diameter) as new shoots emerge on the outskirts of the clump. Some bamboos, even though clumping, will grow into large diameter clumps, while other varieties will stay in a very narrow clumps. This is why careful species selection is crucial when planning what bamboos to plant. You obviously wouldn’t want to plant a bamboo which has a tendency to form a clump 2 meters in diameter in your narrow garden bed along your driveway.

Bamboo terminology

Sympodial (Clumping): Sympodial or clumping bamboos are those that DO NOT spread and form tight clumps which only slowly expand in diameter each year.

Monopodial (Running): Monopodial or running bamboos are the dreaded bamboos that will not only take over your garden or property, but quite possibly also your neighbours. Bamboo groves of running bamboo can be very beautiful, but only in areas where space is not an issue or where they can be controlled.

Rhizome: These are the underground stems of a bamboo from which culms, roots and other rhizomes can grow.

Culm: This is the name given to the stems of a bamboo.

Shoot: This is the name given to a young culm as it emerges from the ground from the rhizome.

Node: Nodes are the diaphragms that separate the hollow bamboo culms into compartments. These are the visible ‘rings’ on the bamboo culms.

Internode: The hollow sections between the nodes. These vary in length from species to species.

Culm Sheath: This is the name give to the protective leaves which wrap around new shoots / young culms as they grow. They give the culms strength during the initial growth period until the culm matures and the timber hardens. Once this has happened (usually once the culm has reached its full height) the culm sheaths start falling off. Culm sheaths are also an excellent aid in identifying bamboo species – but that’s too much to go into detail here.

Bamboo for construction…a timber resource

In many developing countries, bamboo is traditionally considered as the poor man’s material. This is obviously due to the abundance of bamboo forests and the relative low level machinery and expertise required to obtain a usable building material in its natural form (ie. round poles). It is used for everything from house framing, flooring, thatch cladding for walls and ceiling, and even as shingles for the roof.

However, in many other countries where bamboo has not traditionally been used in the past, bamboo timber is starting to establish itself as a more exclusive building material into a niche upper-class market. The superior strength and durability of bamboo has earned its successful use as a timber for flooring and bench tops. These applications are utilising the more processed bamboo timber (ie. laminated strips of bamboo) but bamboo timber even in its natural form (round poles) are in high demand as people are wanting to use it more and more for construction of gazebos, fences, screens, etc.

The strength and hardness of bamboo timber is equivalent to hardwood timber whilst the cost is also comparable to hardwood timber. So why then should people be considering growing bamboo on a commercial level? The simple answer is that it has the potential to be a direct substitute for hardwood timber and thus reducing the pressure on natural hardwood forests.

Bamboo shoots for eating

Bamboo shoots is an important food source in many Asian countries with Thailand, China and Japan being the biggest consumers. Bamboo shoots are not yet part of traditional Western food, however most people have at some point eaten bamboo (perhaps without knowing it) as it is found in most curries and many other Asian dishes.

Currently, Australia imports vast quantities of bamboo shoots to supply restaurants and markets. Most of this however is in tins, despite fresh shoots being far superior and preferred among consumers. Very little of the bamboo shoots available in Australia is grown in Australia, leaving an obvious gap in the market ready to be filled by the entrepreneurial farmer. As bamboo produces new shoots in summer or autumn here in Australia, corresponding to Winter time in China and Japan, there is also an opportunity for export to these countries during their off-season.

Bamboo shoot production does not need to be on commercial scale, in fact it is also a great small crop for the common gardener – even on small suburban blocks. By choosing species which suit your garden (ie. ornamental or screening varieties) that also produce good shoots (or timber), you can combine a multitude of uses in the one clump of bamboo. A very versatile plant to have at your disposal.

Most bamboo species produce edible shoots – though some species produce naturally sweet shoots whilst others tend to be fairly bitter tasting. For clumping species which produce good edible shoots, please refer to the species descriptions in the Catalogue.

Enviromental Restoration

Bamboo is a pioneering plant in that it can be grown in full sun and tolerates high winds. This enables its use as a starting point in restoring cleared land which may have been damaged by overgrazing or poor farming. Because of the bamboos fast growth and dense foliage, it will quickly deposit a thick layer of leaf litter covering the ground, which will then start restoring degraded soils and re-establishing a cooler micro-climate.

Bamboo for erosion control, windbreaks and noise barriers

A bamboos root system grows into a dense ‘mat’ of fine roots which is shallow but wide spread. This means that its ability to hold soil together is excellent, even in areas where erosion caused by flowing water is a problem. It will hold soil together along fragile river banks, deforested areas, dam walls and spillways. There are no tap roots on bamboo plants, thus they are not going to cause any problems if planted on dam walls (like so many other trees will).

Many clumping bamboo species have very erect (straight) growth whilst still tight clumping and bushy. These species are ideal for use as windbreaks around orchards, sugar cane fields, etc. There are bamboos that will grow very uniformly to whatever height is desired. So whether it be a short hedge (so that crops aren’t shaded) or a tall barrier (to prevent storm damage from high winds), there is a bamboo to suit.

Waste water treatment

Bamboo has the capacity for very high nitrogen uptake. This makes it ideal for mitigation of waste water pollution and disposal of effluents. Waste water from manufacturing, livestock farming and sewerage treatment plants can be used to irrigate bamboo crops, thus converting the waste water into useful biomass.

It can also be used to treat water run-off from agricultural land. Most farming adds soil nutrients to waterways from pastures and cultivated fields. This water clouds and poisons clean water. Planted alongside rivers, creeks and ditches and holding dams, bamboo can catch these excess nutrients in the run-off water thus preventing harmful run-off from entering nearby streams.

Good heavens, my bamboo is flowering!!

You may not have heard that bamboo flowers, or if you have, then you may have been told that if this happens, then its all over for your bamboo and it’s going die. Though this does hold true for some bamboo species – it is not true for all.

The flowering of a bamboo is usually quite an extraordinary event – not because they produce spectacular flowers (quite dull actually) but for the simple reason that it very rarely happens. A bamboo can have one of 3 flowering patterns dependent of genera and species.

The first (and most impressive) pattern is that called gregarious flowering. Many of the big timber bamboos flower in this way. Each species has an inbuilt genetic time clock keeping track of its life cycle which may vary from anywhere between 20 to 120 years. Once a particular species reaches its life expectancy, it will start to flower which is then followed by the development of seeds. A bamboo flowering in this way spends an enormous amount of energy producing the flowers and seeds which usually stresses the plant to such an extent that it will actually die. This, of course, is all part of the bamboos genius plan. A particular species can flower (and die) all over the world at the same time. This happens because all plants originating from a particular source are clones of the mother plant (since bamboo is usually multiplied via cuttings or clump divisions). What this means is that the bamboo that you have just planted in your garden is not actually a young plant (unless grown from seed), rather it could be a 100 year old bamboo. This is the magical phenomenon that is.

Another type of flowering pattern that some bamboo varieties undergo is sporadic flowering. As the name suggests, there is very little pattern to this type of flowering and it seems that it is brought on my environmental factors (such as drought or cold) rather than genetics. Flowering is usually not wide spread but can happen to either singular plants or all of the same species within a localized area. Sporadic flowering rarely results in the production of viable seeds but on the upside, the plants very rarely die after the event.

The third and last flowering cycle is annual flowering. A select few bamboos (usually only some of the Schizostachyums) undergo this type of flowering. A particular species may keep flowering year after year without any effect on the plant itself. Viable seeds are a rarity with this type of flowering but not impossible.

“The first year it sleeps.

The second year it creeps.

The third year it leaps.

So time to value our natural resources. Today we will know about the Mountains and Rivers of India. Great poets have sung songs in the praise of mountains and rivers of India. They are a boon for us. The rivers and mountains are source of great pride and joy for every Indian. India is blessed with the natural beauty as a whole which makes it different from other countries.

If we look at the map of the country, we find long ranges of mountains in the North. They are the Himalayas .They remain covered with snow throughout the year. They have some of the highest peak of the world. In Central India also we find big mountains. They are the Vindhyanchal and Satpura range. They separate Southern and Northern India. Besides these, Araveli and Nilgiri Hills are slow famous.

Mountains are useful from various points of view. First the high Himalayas are called “The Sentry of India ” they are so high that go enemy could invade India by crossing them. So they are like a natural wall which separates India from Tibet. Sharpa Tenzing an Indian citizen was the first to conquer the highest mountain peak of the world MOUNT EVEREST. He made history and so did Bichendri Pal the first woman to conquer this peak.

Like mountain and their ranges, our rivers are also world famous and well known. In the North, we have the Ganga (Ganges), the Yamuna, the Brahmaputra and their numerous tributaries, the Ganga is regarded as sacred by the Hindus and thus called Ganga Maa. South has famous rivers like Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada. Many of our big cities are situated on the banks of these rivers. Varanasi, Haridwar and Allahabad are important pilgrimage sites.

Rivers and mountains are real wealth of the country. Thanks to them. We are sure to make great progress in the near future. These natural resources should be fully utilised according to the necessary needs and try to save them. Hope you will like reading it.

Thank you!!

So I think you must have the name by the title…. Yes you are absolutely right none other than Ur. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Dr. Avul Pakir Jainul Abideen Abdul Kayam, the missile magician who became the President of India (2002-2007). His name is synonymous with India’s technological development in satellite launch vehicles missile, main battle tank and light combat aircraft.

He was born on 15th October, 1931 in Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. He graduated from St. Joseph in Trichy and later specialized in aero – engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology . His only stunt abroad was a four month visit to NASA in the United States. In 1958 , he joined the Defence Research Organization (DRDO) and five years later he joined the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Dr. Kalam left the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in 1982 and joined the Research and Development Establishment Hyderabad as Director. It was here he conceived Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme and laid a solid foundation for indigenous design development of critical technology projects. In 1986 the Guided Missile Board took the decision to take up Missile Technology Control Regime from there on the short range anti tank Nag, surface to air Trishul and Akash 250 km, range Prithvi and Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRDM) Agni came into existence.

Over the 15 years the Kalam team has delivered five missile to the nation of gradually improved efficiency and this was primarily due to the kind of leadership and vision that, Kalam provided. The nuclear test conducted on May 11 and 13, 1998 by the joint efforts of DRDO team led by Dr. Abdul Kalam and the atomic energy team had made India the 6th nuclear in the world.

He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, highest civilian award of the country in 1997. He was a man of victory who was at peace with himself. He never changed himself. His simplicity, politeness, humility and thoughtfulness is still remembered and alive among us. On 27 July, 2015 while delivering a lecture at Indian Institute of management, Shillong he was collapsed and then died of sudden cardiac arrest. Dr. Kalam was basically a man of peace.

” If you truly love

nature, you will find

beauty everywhere “

Custard apple, also known as “sitaphal” in Hindi, is a delicious fruit that is popular for its creamy, sweet flesh. This soft and creamy fruit has a hard rind and is full of nutrients. The fruit contains antioxidants and is high in nutrients like magnesium and potassium, offering a plethora of health benefits. In this post, we have outlined some of the most amazing health benefits of custard apple along with its nutritional value, and an easy recipe to go with. 

Nutrition Value of Custard Apple 

Custard apples are a rich source of nutrients and minerals required by the body. Let’s take a look at the table below to understand the nutritional values of the fruit. 

A fresh, 100-gram custard apple contains:

• Calories – 94
• Proteins – 2.1 gms
• Dietary Fiber – 4.4 gms    
• Total Fat – 0.0 gms
• Carbohydrates – 23.6 gms    

With that in mind, let’s discuss the potential health benefits of consuming custard apples. 

Health Benefits of Custard Apple 

There are several advantages to eating custard apples. Various research and studies have proven the potential health benefits of custard apples. Listed below are some of the known health benefits of consuming custard apples. 

1. Better cardiovascular health 

Custard apple is one of the few fruits that contain a well-balanced ratio of potassium and sodium that helps in regulating and controlling blood pressure  fluctuations in the body. The high magnesium content in custard apple relaxes the smooth heart muscles, thus preventing stroke and heart attack. Moreover, fiber and niacin in the fruit help in lowering bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol in the body. Most importantly it helps in preventing the absorption of cholesterol in the gut and averts the free radicals from affecting lipid.

2. Helps fight fatigue 

Fatigue can result from a number of factors, including daily lifestyle as well as diseases. A 100-gram serving of custard apple contains 101 kilo calories (Kcal), which is roughly around 5% of the recommended dietary allowance. The fruit will keep you going with your day to day activities without any hassle.

3. Boosts eyesight 

Custard apple is a rich source of vitamin C and riboflavin, two most essential nutrients that are responsible for keeping the eyes healthy. They also help in fighting free radicals from damaging the cells. As we age, weak eyesight is a common problem. In this day and age where we are glued to the screens of our phone, TV, tablets, and laptops, it is important to take good care of your eyes. The essential nutrients in custard apple prevent your eyes from drying out allowing them to function properly.   

4. Boasts natural anti-cancerous properties 

Custard apples are rich in flavonoids which are helpful in treating numerous types of tumors and cancers. The fruit also contains elements like alkaloids and acetogenin that are known to reduce the risk of renal failure and cancer. The antioxidant properties of custard apple act against cancer-causing cells, without affecting the healthy cells. Bullatacin and asimicin are two antioxidant compounds that have anti-helminths and anti-cancer properties. They help in counteracting the effects of free radicals, thus avoiding cancer. 

5. Lowers the risk of arthritis 

Custard apples are a rich source of magnesium. When consumed, magnesium helps in equalizing the water balance in the body, therefore eradicating acids from the joints. This ultimately helps in reducing the symptoms of arthritis  and rheumatism. According to experts, regular consumption of the fruit also helps in fighting muscle weakness. Custard apples also contain calcium which is essential for bone health. 

6. Custard apple for better brain health 

Custard apples contain B complex vitamins in abundance. B complex vitamins are known for controlling your brain’s GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neuron chemical levels. This is what influences different emotions, including depression, irritability, tension, and stress. The B complex vitamins help the brain to calm down, especially when you are stressed about something or are depressed. According to experts, it is a great food to have to protect against Parkinson’s disease. 100 gms of custard apple contains 0.6 gms of Vitamin B6 which is 15-20% of the daily recommended value.  

7. Remedy for inflammatory diseases 

Custard apple is a highly recommended fruit for people suffering from inflammatory diseases like gout and rheumatoid arthritis. The antioxidants present in the fruit can help curb pain related to auto-inflammatory diseases and conditions. Not only the fruit, but the leaves of custard apple have also been known to possess anti-inflammatory properties. 

8. Keeps skin youthful and delays aging 

Eating custard apple has shown to stimulate and increase collagen production in the body. Collagen is a protein that gives the skin its elasticity, plumpness, and smoothness. As we age, collagen production becomes slow. This results in the formation of crease lines on the skin, sagginess of the skin, and wrinkly skin. Consuming custard apple thickens and stimulates the production of collagen, therefore reducing the fine lines and wrinkles. The compounds present in custard apple slow down the breakdown of collagen, improving the elasticity of the skin and keeping the skin hydrated. The presence of antioxidants in the fruit ensures that signs like blemishes and age spots are delayed. Last but not least, it is essential for the regeneration of the skin cells, which keeps the skin look youthful all the time.        

9. Prevents anemia 

Anemia occurs due to a disorder within the body. It leads to the body having less than regular amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells in the body. The red blood cells use hemoglobin for transporting oxygen all around the body, allowing the body to perform numerous functions. Lower amounts of red blood cells or hemoglobin result in the blood lacking an adequate amount of oxygen. This makes the lungs and the heart work harder to produce more oxygen. Custard apple is known as a haematinic as well as an expectorant, which helps in dealing with conditions like anemia.  

Best Ways to Consume Custard Apple 

While custard apple is better served raw and fresh, it can be used as seasonings or dressings. You can mix the white creamy pulp with other fruits in salads or can use the pulp as a topping for your ice cream.

Custard apples are not only delicious but also boast several health benefits. From lowering the risks of arthritis to fighting cancer-causing cells, preventing inflammation, boosting brain health, and more. Custard apple is among the top foods that can help you lead a healthy life. It is filled with mineral, nutrients, and vitamins in the right amounts that make up for your daily recommended intake. You can have it raw or as dressing for salad and shakes.

” Happiness is

Getting

Custard Apple to eat”

~ Helen

A “real” women aren’t defined by their  height, weight & curves,

She should get the respect which she totally deserves!

No one’s perfect, not even the person himself who’s body shaming!

Everyone has come up with distinctive features so , NOW JUST STOP BLAMING!

– SUKHMANI PANESAR

“Body shaming” this word has broken many hearts out there. Body shaming is something disguise and disheartening one can ever feel in his her life. It is something which eats your out completely, it makes the person insecure, uncomfortable, not confident in their own skin or body, less motivated and every thing that can make a person to doubt on his/her body and to hate the body.

Body shaming is an act of mocking or criticizing one’s physical appearance. The culture of body-shaming is generation old and an ongoing social practice irrespective of social status, education, creed, etc. The reach of body shaming is wide and is not restrictive to only the shape of the body, it includes looks, the colour of the skin, height shaming, one’s muscularity or absence of masculinity, the list goes on and on. These clichés still dominate India’s mindset. This is a big part of our school and college life, and it will never mellow down however we educate ourselves. It is very common in family functions, in schools, the workplace, among close friend circles, relatives, and social media. This practice diminishes the love for our own body, love towards self and we struggle to be socially acceptable. Society has set artificial standards of beauty. It hampers one’s psychology of looking at self. Body shaming is not limited to only females, but males also do go through this trauma of body shaming. But it is more stressful for females in India since our society is patriarchal. Media plays a very notorious part in spreading this disease. We all are social media addicts, the way advertisements preach about looking perfect, has the power to affect someone’s mental health. The most recent and biggest example of media playing a key role in this aspect is the replacement of the word “Fair” to “Glow” and renaming it as “glow and lovely”. All these years they have promoted the concept that fair is beautiful. Body shaming carried on frequently affects the person’s mental health badly, it can cause depression, anxiety, lack of confidence, and social isolation. A person may suffer from panic attacks or depression disorders. Body shaming can lead to eating disorders. Body shaming is the act of suggesting that someone’s body isn’t good enough, and that they should not be satisfied or comfortable with its current composition, proportions, or exposure to the gaze of others. It is rude and disrespectful behavior, and there is no body type that creates an exception that would make body shaming less rude or less disrespectful (even if that body is, in fact, unheathy). A person’s body is their own. It is none of your business. You are not their medical practitioner, and you are neither assisting nor improving the lives of anyone by boorishly sharing your opinions and “helpful” intentions. There is no person on the planet that is not keenly aware of the ways in which their body does not meet the current standard. There is not one person who needs you to point it out.

Please choose kindness. Choose empathy. See the beauty in every body, and choose to spend your time bringing people and ideas together. We each have a staggering array of our own flaws on which to focus — let us not mock others for the state of their earthly form.

The word ‘reservation’ can be defined as an act of reserving or keeping back or holding something. It is a kind of process to provide facilities to the people belonging to the weaker sections of the societies in the areas of education, scholarship, jobs, and government service and in other spheres in which they are not being represented properly. The reservation system is under the control of constitutional laws, statutory codes, local rules and regulations.In India, this system is also known as ‘Quota System’, meant for the people attached to the reserved category. Reservation is a form of Affirmative Action a certain percentage of seats are reserved in Parliament, State Legislative Assembly, Central and State Services, Public Sector Units and in all Public and Private Educational Institutions except in the Minority and Religious Educational Institutions for the reserved categories. The Constitution of India provides three types of reservations i.e. Political, Educational and Employment and the percentage for the reservation of these has been fixed by them.

In India, the reservation is being provided by the Government on the following basis: (1) Caste (2)Religion (3) Domicile and (4) Gender (5)Economic Condition

India is one of the few countries of the world that offers job and educational reservations to the minor and backward communities of the country, so as to uplift them. This technique has received worldwide praise and generally positive views. However, this system has its own merits and demerits to offer. Firstly, our country is a developing one, and as a result, the people often tend to narrow-minded. Age-old traditions of not letting women be educated or work, and beliefs that originated from the infamous Varna system, still prevail. Therefore, strenuous and money-consuming efforts by the government often do not befit the minor citizens.

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Disadvantages of Reservation System.

1. It divides our country on the basis of caste, religion and gender and hence threatens our national unity. People often see benefits according to their caste, religion and gender and hence for the sake of benefits people often end up having disagreements and fights with each other. Being a secular country, this kind of behaviour can break our unity and the the respect for the nation. It totally divides our country and threatens the national unity, which always have its own consequences that can tear up the unity and the prosperity of the nation.

2.For the benefits, many people make their fake certificates of being an OBC, ST or SC. Which not only disrespects the castes but also it makes the system dirty and unfaithful. This is something terrible that can be done for the sake of advantages and benefits. Making fake certificates is something very disheartening to the respective castes and a kind of disrespecting their own religion and caste. This breaks the unity among the citizens and hence become the reason of discrimination among the citizens.

3. The attempt of goverment is that all the people in our country live without any discrimination on any basis, but reservation will not let that happen. It creates the feeling of superiority and inferiority among different class of people. Since SC, ST and OBC have their own respective advantages and benefits but on the other hand the general category always suffers. General category has become now the most inferior category as compared to all the categories. Being from a general category and still getting admission is a very extreme accomplishment that an adult can praise for the rest of his/her lives.

4.Beneficiaries of reservation are largely from dominant class in backward castes.Marginalised section still remains marginalised. The real benefits and advantages usually got prevailed only by the dominant classes in the backward castes and on the other hand the lower section of people remains the same. This shows how much the discrimination is their in every part of the castes and society and how only the extreme weaker section people always suffers.

For some of you, journaling may seems something old fashioned, or something that the people of 1960 may had done. Even a lot of us might have had a habit of putting down their thoughts, feelings in a dairy, but then eventually when we grew up we stopped writing. But now again, journaling is making a huge comeback. It’s filling Pinterest boards and also making headlines. You can even see on the explore feed on Instagram, about how journaling is now getting popular again. Many people have made their journal accounts on Instagram in order share their thoughts, and how aesthetically they decorate that diary page with lots of stickers, aesthetic tapes, stamps, flowers, leaves, novel pages and what not! Seeing such beautiful and aesthetic pages can make you fall in love with the idea of journaling even more.. back then in 1900s people were soo into journaling, they had a habit of doing it so. Even most of the mysteries or some real facts were discovered only through the journal books that were written by the people back then, the facts which we study in our books or the theories, the history everything that we read today was deciphered in the light brown pages of the dairies back then. Journaling affects you mentally & physically, writing down important events of life, your personal feelings, your experiences, the lessons you’ve learned leaves a permanent impact on your mind and on your personality. The experiences that you’ve faced in your life , and what you’ve learned from them makes you even stronger and stronger with more and more experience ahead. Journaling and writing notes soothes you, it takes all the heaviness your heart has, it gives you a shoulder to lean and cry on to the extent by writing only half of the problems always disappear.

1. Journaling helps your injuries to heal faster.

Journaling helps older adults heal faster after a medically necessary biopsy, researchers in New Zealand have shown. Researchers noted that writing about stressful events helped patients make sense of tragedy and reduced their distress. Long-term upset can increase your body’s level of stress hormones like cortisol, which weakens your immune system. So writing about distressing experiences lowers your cortisol levels and allows you to heal quicker.

3. Journaling reduces your stress and Anxiety.

Journaling lets you work through your anxious feelings and obsessive worries before you descent into rumination and stress. When you ask yourself how likely the worst-case scenario is, you gain a more realistic perspective on life. Getting your thoughts down on paper helps you identify stress-inducing thoughts and beliefs that are distortions of reality. You begin to notice when you’re in a bad mood or when you overgeneralize with words like “always” or “never” to describe your experiences.

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3. Journaling helps you learn from your experiences.

When you journal and reflect on the day, you’re more likely to draw lessons from what you’ve gone through. And in this digital age when you’re consuming massive news and information, journaling lets you step back and actively engage with ideas you’ve encountered. It connects you with complicated concepts when you’re able to phrase them in your own words.

4. Benefits of journaling for students

The practice of writing can enhance the brain’s intake, processing, retaining, and retrieving of information. Through writing, students can increase their understanding of complex material, overcome their insecurities, unfamiliar concepts and subject-specific vocabulary. Vocabulary can definitely be improved by writing daily. Vocabulary is something that should always be up to mark and through journaling through writing you can use different words, and can also get to know about more and more words daily.

5. Journaling improves your communication skills.

When you journal, you learn to better express yourself. And this lets you better communicate your feelings with others. The more self-aware you become, the more you can make yourself understood to others. Writing leads to clear thinking – which in turn leads to clear communication. Journaling can also benefit you in relationships and marriage, where so many problems come from misunderstandings. Journaling is used in classrooms to help students learn to better express themselves. Writing increases self-efficacy and promotes a healthy sense of control over one’s life, which is vital for child and adolescent development. Journaling is an incredible tool for people of all ages to learn to label their thoughts and emotions, which in turn makes it easier to communicate with others.

6. Journaling improves your memory too.

It’s proven that students who take notes during lectures retain information better. Just writing something down improves your ability to remember it. Journaling is also a great way to remember specific moments in time and phases of your life. When you write by hand, it stimulates a collection of cells called the Reticular Activating System (RAS). Your mind then puts whatever you’re focusing on at the forefront and processes it at a deeper level. The physical act of writing brings information centerstage and lets your brain know it should pay close attention. When you’re writing, you’re letting your brain know your words are important.

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7. Journaling boosts your creativity.

Journaling lets you explore uncharted thoughts and emotions. Writing about your recurrent thoughts gets them out of the way and clears your mind to make room for other ideas. Writing on paper also lets you examine your ideas from various perspectives. Journaling helps you keep track of your ideas, inspirations, quotes and sketches. They may be just scribbles when they stand alone, but they add up to powerful insights over time. A journal is a safe space for honesty that will free you from thinking about what you should be writing. It also frees you from endlessly comparing yourself to others. Writing puts you into your own lane and boost your self-esteem. It makes you less likely to worry about pleasing others. Journaling is also great for brainstorming, dreaming out loud and just letting your mind wander. Journaling can also be used to record your ideas and take notes on inspirations. These notes give you content to inspire your own work.

“I love performing for kids, but you can’t play down to them, of course. Then it would be ‘Captain Kangaroo”

~ Rita Moreno

Kangaroos are large marsupials that are found only in Australia. They are identified by their muscular tails, strong back legs, large feet, short fur and long, pointed ears. Like all marsupials, a sub-type of mammal, females have pouches that contain mammary glands, where their young live until they are old enough to emerge.

Kangaroos are in the Macropodidae family, which also includes tree-kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, quokkas and pademelons. When people think of kangaroos, the four species that typically come to mind are in the genus Macropus: the antilopine kangaroo, the red kangaroo, the western gray kangaroo and the eastern gray kangaroo. They are sometimes referred to as the “great kangaroos” because these species are much larger than other kangaroos. 

However, there are 12 species of tree-kangaroos in the Dendrolagus  genus, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. And, bettongs, in the Potoridae family, are called rat-kangaroos.  

Size

The largest kangaroo, as well as the largest marsupial, is the red kangaroo, according to National Geographic. The length from the red kangaroo’s head to its rump is 3.25 to 5.25 feet (1 to 1.6 meters) long. Its tail adds another 35.5 to 43.5 inches (90 to 110 centimeters) to its length and its entire body weighs around 200 lbs. (90 kilograms).

The smallest kangaroo is the musky rat-kangaroos. It is only 6 to 8 inches (15.24 to 20.32 cm) long and weighs only 12 ounces (340 grams). Its ratlike tail adds another 5 to 6 inches (12.7 to 15.24 cm) to its length.

Habitat

Most kangaroos live on the continent of Australia, though each species has a different place it likes to call home. For example, the musky rat-kangaroo likes to nestle down in little nests on the floor of the rainforests in northeastern Queensland. Gray kangaroos like the forests of Australia and Tasmania, on the other hand. The  antilopine kangaroo  can be found in the monsoonal eucalyptus woodlands of extreme northern Australia. Tree-kangaroos live in the upper branches of trees in the rainforests of Queensland, as well as on the island of New Guinea. 

Habits 

Kangaroos are the only large animals that hop as a primary means of locomotion. Their springy hind legs and feet are much stronger and larger than their arms (or “forelimbs”). According to the San Diego Zoo, kangaroos can cover 15 feet (7 m) in a single hop and can hop as fast as 30 mph (48 kph). Usually, 20 mph (32 kph) is considered their cruising speed. When feeding, kangaroos use a slower, walking movement, and for that they use their muscular tail as a kind of fifth leg, pushing off the ground as they move along.

Kangaroos are social and live in groups called a mob, a herd or a troop. Kangaroos in a mob will groom each other and protect each other from danger. If a kangaroo suspects there is danger in the area, it will stomp its foot on the ground to alert others. If it comes to blows, a kangaroo will box and kick its opponent. 

Diet

Kangaroos are herbivores. They eat grasses, flowers, leaves, ferns, moss and even insects. Like cows, kangaroos regurgitate their food and re-chew it before it is ready to be totally digested. 

Offspring

Probably the best-known fact about kangaroos is that they carry their young in a pouch. A female kangaroo is pregnant for 21 to 38 days, and she can give birth to up to four offspring at one time,  though this is unusual. 

At birth, the baby, called a joey, can be as small as a grain of rice, or as big as a bee, at 0.2 to 0.9 inches (5 to 25 millimeters), according to the san Diego zoo. When the joey is born, it is guided safely into the comfy pouch, where it gestates for another 120 to 450 days. 

Inside the pouch, the joey is protected and can feed by nursing from its mother’s nipples. Joeys urinate and defecate in the mother’s pouch. The lining of the pouch absorbs some of the mess, but occasionally the mother will need to clean it out, which she does by inserting her long snout into the pouch and using her tongue to remove the contents. A young joey will remain attached to a nipple while the mother does this, but any older ones will be temporarily kicked out. 

Another interesting fact about the mother kangaroo is that she is able to suckle two joeys at different developmental stages at the same time with milk that has different nutritional content, the New York Times has reported. 

Joeys grow quickly, though, and at 14 to 20 months for females or 2 to 4 years for males, they will be fully matured.

Classification/taxonomy 

The taxonomy of kangaroos, tree-kangaroos and rat-kangaroos, according to ITIS, is:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Subkingdom: Bilateria  
• Infrakingdom: Deuterostomia  
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Infraphylum: Gnathostomata  
• Superclass: Tetrapoda  
• Class: Mammalia
• Subclass: Theria
• Infraclass: Metatheria  
• Order: Diprotodontia
• Suborder: Macropodiformes

‘Great kangaroos’

• Family: Macropodidae
• Subfamily: Macropodinae
• Genus & species: Macropus fuliginosus (western gray kangaroo; three subspecies), Macropus giganteus (eastern gray kangaroo; two subspecies), Macropus antilopinus (antilopine kangaroo), Macropus rufus (red kangaroo)

Tree-kangaroos

• Family: Macropodidae
• Subfamily: Macropodinae
• Genus: Dendrolagus
• Species: 12, including Dendrolagus bennettianus (Bennett’s tree-kangaroo), Dendrolagus goodfellowi (Goodfellow’s tree-kangaroo), Dendrolagus matschiei (Huon tree-kangaroo) and Dendrolagus spadix (Lowlands tree-kangaroo).

Rat-kangaroos

• Family: Potoridae
• Genera & species: Aepyprymnus rufescens (Rufous bettong or Rufous rat-kangaroo), Bettongia (four species of bettongs, or short-nosed rat-kangaroos), Caloprymnus campestris (desert rat-kangaroo)

Musky rat-kangaroos

• Family: Hypsiprymnodontidae
• Genus & species: Hypsiprymnodon moschatus

Kangaroo ancestors

There is a rich fossil record for kangaroo ancestors and ancient relatives; giant kangaroos plodded through the Pleistocene (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) and the Pliocene (5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago). And about 20 million years ago, tiny ancestors of modern kangaroos and a related group of kangaroos with fangs scurried through dense forests in northwestern Queensland, Australia, a region that is now arid outback.

In a study published in February 2016, scientists described a new kangaroo genus, Cookeroo, and two new species: Cookeroo bulwidarri, dated to about 23 million years ago, and Cookeroo hortusensis, which lived between 18 million and 20 million years ago. These ancient kangaroos’ bodies probably measured about 17 to 20 inches (42 to 52 centimeters) long. C. bulwidarri and C. hortusensis didn’t hop, navigating their forest home on all fours and sharing it with a diverse collection of animals: marsupial moles, feather-tailed possums, ancient koalas and crocodiles.

Conservation status

According to the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species, 16 species of tree-kangaroos and rat-kangaroos are listed as either near threatened, threatened, vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered. The desert rat- kangaroo  and the Nullarbor dwarf bettong are considered extinct. Studies show that global warming could kill off the world’s smallest  kangaroo. The four species of great kangaroos are not endangered.

“Time spent in nature is never wasted “

With meditation practices on the rise, it makes sense that there is some confusion out there. Myths and misinformation are to be expected — but that doesn’t mean we can’t do our best to set the record straight. Let’s go through the following myths and their conclusions.

¤Myth: You can’t meditate because you think too much.



Everyone thinks too much. But it’s often the people who say they “think too much to meditate” who could really benefit from giving the practice a try. Thinking is a natural and expected part of meditation. Some practices will give you tools for how to redirect your thoughts back to your meditation and others will simply say it’s fine that you’re off thinking. This is all a part of the experience. The practice of meditation is about tuning in — not tuning out.





Some believe that by choosing to redirect your thoughts to a single point of focus you are actually strengthening the muscle that build your brain. This can teach you to react less to stress triggers throughout the day and leave you feeling calmer than before you learned to meditate.

¤Myth: You can’t meditate because you can’t sit still.

For those who struggle with sitting still during meditation, good news! Moving around is totally fine — you can readjust your position,scratch an itch or just stretch your legs out in the middle of your practice. You do not have to be a statue. If you’re in a group class, try to do this quietly so you don’t disrupt other meditators.



For those who need more movement than this, you can try walking meditation. Traditionally, meditation can be practiced in four positions: sitting, standing, walking and lying down. So don’t get down on yourself if you don’t like sitting. Try other methods and find what feels most natural for your body.







We all are busy. If Oprah, Kobe Bryant, Arianna Huffington and Rupert Murdoch have time to meditate, you probably do too. Meditating in the morning makes your whole day go slower and many people say they actually get more done and feel more productive after meditation. Because meditation helps improve focus and lowers stress, you actually can fit more in if you take the time out to practice.



If committing to 20 a day minutes feels daunting, there are many practices that require only five or 10 minutes. The key is to start small and build up so you don’t get discouraged and skip it all together. Even a seasoned meditator knows that some days get away from you and all you can fit in is 5 minutes. This is always better than nothing.

¤Myth: You can’t meditate because you don’t know if you’re doing it right.

The only wrong or bad meditation is the one you don’t do at all. Meditation is pretty simple. You focus on one thing. Depending on the practice, that can be your breath, a mantra, a candle flame or even counting numbers. When you notice that your mind has drifted off, you simply come back to the thing your meditation is focused on.

¤Myth: You’re not supposed to have any thoughts while you meditate.

This idea is simply not true and it can also be a big hindrance to people meditating. If you think you’re doing it wrong, it’s easy to just give up and walk away. Deepak Chopra, a meditation expert and founder of the Chopra Center for Wellbeing, puts it best: “the nature of the mind to move from one thought to another is in fact the very basis of meditation,” he says.



“We don’t eliminate the tendency of the mind to jump from one thought to another. That’s not possible anyway.” Depending on the type of meditation you learn, there are tools for gently bringing your focus back to your meditation practice. Alternatively, some types of meditation actually emphasize being present and mindful to thoughts as they arise as part of the practice.

¤Myth: Meditation has to be religious or spiritual



There is a distinct difference between meditation and religion. While many meditation practices drew it roots from Buddhism and Hinduism, today there are modern forms of meditation that have nothing to do with religion at all. Many religious groups practice meditation, and the intersection between prayer and meditation is quite interesting, but it is not necessary to believe in a god or be affiliated with a religion or spiritual group in order to reap the benefits of meditation.

¤Myth: You must sit in an uncomfortable cross-legged position in order to meditate.

You can sit in any position that is comfortable to you. Most people sit upright in a chair or on a cushion. Some people like to sit in a great big armchair or a sturdy kitchen chair. You can also sit upright in bed with pillows propped at your sides. The possibilities are endless. It is best not to lie down unless you’re doing a body scan meditation or meditation for sleep.

¤Myth: Meditation is only for stressed out people.

While meditation helps lower the presence of coristol, the stress hormone, in our bodies, there are many other benefits of the practice. Meditation helps boost our immune systems, improves concentration, decreases blood pressure, improves sleep, increases our feelings of happiness, and has even helped people with alcohol or smoking addictions. Even for those who don’t have a specific ailment in mind, meditation is wonderful for overall mental and physical health.

¤Myth: Meditation is only for adults.



Adults are not the only ones to experience the negative effects of stress. Children, too, suffer from feeling overwhelmed and meditation is one way parents are helping their kids learn to manage stress. Schools have even started to discuss whether meditation is a life-long skill that should be taught in classrooms. Schools that tried it out found that students were less stressed and performed higher on tests. The overall feeling in classrooms was more positive and teachers reported their own moods improving.

¤Myth: You have to be given a mantra to meditate.

Mantra-based meditation is only one form of meditation. Transcendental Meditation (made popular by people like Oprah, Jerry Seinfeld and Howard Stern) uses a mantra but many mindfulness-based meditation practices don’t. Think of a mantra as just one vehicle or tool people use to get into their meditation practice. There are many other tools like counting, being mindful of what you hear around you and even simply paying attention to your breath.

¤Myth: Meditation is for the rich or the elite.

Meditation is having a moment right now and we love that. But the ancient practice is not only for hip tech CEOs or a pet cause for the wealthy with time to spare. The beauty of meditation is that it’s free and you can do it anywhere, anytime. All you need is your mind.

¤Myth: Meditation takes years to learn.



While the Dalai Lama says that meditation can change your life, he has also been practicing for most of his life. Fear not. You can actually learn in minutes. We don’t deny that like any skill or exercise, the more you do it, the more you learn. But you don’t need months or years to perfect your meditation. The very notion of perfection is counter productive. Here are five different ways you can get started. Pick one (or search the web for many others) and give it a try.

A healthy mind lives in healthy body. Mind is rather the battery of the physical mechanism of human beings. It decides all the activities of man good or bad. But it requires healthy adobe. It is only them that fortune smiles at man and fills his coffers with wealth material or spiritual.

Need for healthy state – There is a saying in Ayurveda “it is through his body that man performs all his rightful duties “. He can do it only when the body remains in a perfect healthy state. Thus, for an individual is the real wealth. By this wealth one can achieve anything. This can be noticed after the pandemic also that immunity is the thing which is essential to fight a disease or a virus.

Unhealthy man is like cadaver – An unhealthy man loses all that he possesses. He faces a battery of greedy physician who may be having an eye more on his pocket than in his well being. An unhealthy man grows desperate. His mind too grows sick and he is in the jaws of paralytic attack both materially and mentally. Death alone may bring solace to him make him free from frustrations. A healthy man has a rich orchard of the fruits of hope, peace, satisfaction and prominence -the real wealth.

Man has rationale – Man is a rational animal. His superior mind. In fact, Man has been able to control nature due to his highly developed brain. It is all true but for the development of the intellect, it is necessary that the body too, should be healthy. A sound mind in a sound body is an often quoted saying. So it is apparent that for intellectual development physical exercise is essential.

At last we can understand that healthy body is the key to success . So we should consider health as our first priority and then our work. During the pandemic situation, yoga classes focused on the health conditions of the people and involved them to join for their benefit and better standard of living.

Thank you.. Stay healthy and keep reading..!!

By reading the title name you will wonder that such a common topic it is but after reading till the end you will notice that the most common topic is ignored everywhere where it should not. Discipline means orderly life, without discipline we can’t live. We need be guided by rules at certain times. Discipline is the backbone of the nation. Only those nations where people have a discipline prosper in all fields. They even rule other nations. Discipline is a valuable asset at all levels of society.

Discipline and third world countries – Indiscipline has become a trait in the Third World countries like India, Pakistan, most of the African and Latin American countries. In India the indiscipline is seen in the legislative assemblies and parliament during the session. MP’s cross their limits in the parliament sometimes which is very sadful to watch. They are law making bodies but these law making bodies are the most undisciplined bodies. The indiscipline of political leaders is reflected in the whole nation and as a result it doesn’t progress.

Discipline and European countries – Discipline is seen in most of the European countries (and in Japan and Israel). That is why these countries make progress. Discipline is born of a sense of responsibility among the people. The people in developed countries know their obligation to the nation. This results in discipline in every field and the country progresses with the people, for the people .

Need to learn discipline – Discipline has to be learnt at every walk of life. Childhood is the best period for it. The young mind learns things quickly and easily. At school, the students are taught to behave well. They are taught to respect their elders. In sports also we are taught to follow the rules of the it. So the student days are the most formative period in which the value of discipline can be learnt.

In fact, discipline is a good thing. It builds character. It develops strength and unity. It creates sense of cooperation. So discipline must be taught from the very childhood. It is a key to success in life. The higher is the sense of discipline, the better it is for the people and the country. That was all for this article.

Keep reading… Thank you!!

The word “Titanic” still gives goosebumps, that tragic event that happened back in 1912, still has a mesmerising mystery of getting sinked till now. It all was happened on April 10, 1912; the Titanic was sailing for New York from Southampton. At that time, she was one of the largest ship in the world built in a very unique & special way. So she was regarded as unsinkable and unbreakable. At that moment, the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic. She was carrying for approx 1300 passengers and a crew of 900. Four days after setting out, a great disaster happened. At one moment a huge iceberg was spotted very close to the ship. The great ship turned sharply to avoid a collision. Suddenly there was a slight trembling sound from below. The alarm had been given. The captain went down to see what had happened. Five of the ships, sixteen watertight compartments were totally damaged by the collision. So the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly.It is simply understandable that, through more communication, increased security procedures, and enhanced structure, the horrifying tragedy of the Titanic could have been prevented from incident altogether. Titanic incident has displayed in countless books, articles, and films, and her story has entered public awareness.

Some facts of TITANIC are-

1. A specific bacteria is slowly consuming the wreckage. What remains of the Titanic at the bottom of the ocean will eventually be entirely eaten away by a rust-eating bacteria. This microorganism, can adhere to steel surfaces and forms the rusticles.
2. Some 100,000 people attended the ship’s launch the first time the immense White Star liner made its way into the water was in May 1911. It’s estimated that 100,000 people, or roughly one-third of the population in Belfast watched the just-over-a-minute-long launch.
3. The ship was just under 900 feet long. The Titanic measured 882 feet and 9 inches in length, making it the biggest vessel of its time. Today, the largest cruise ship is Royal Caribbean’s Symphony of the Seas, clocking in at nearly 1,200 feet long.  
   
4. The ship burned an estimated 825 tons of coal per day. The Titanic was far from a light craft, weighing some 46,000 tons. Titanic has burned a reported 825 tons of coal per day in 159 furnaces that heated 29 boilers.  
   
5. Only 23 of the 908 crew on board were female. Of the 23 female crew members, only three did not survive the collision. Of the 885 male crew members, a tragic 693 went down with the ship. 
   
6. The temperature of the sea water was below freezing when the ship sank. A ship that was near the Titanic when it sank — water temperatures were as cold as 28 degrees Fahrenheit. The human body can survive up to 45 minutes in freezing water.
7. The Titanic was able to carry 64 lifeboats but only carried 20. Many of the lifeboats that were launched from the Titanic did not pack as many patrons as they could have held. 
   

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1. Two young brothers survived the ship without a guardian. Edmond and Michel Navratil went down in history as the only children to survive the Titanic without a parent. They were two years apart in age and were nicknamed the “Titanic Orphans.” Their father, Michel Sr., kidnapped them from their mother, whom he was no longer with, and planned to take them to America. The last anyone saw of him was when he put his children in a lifeboat.  

Football has always been the go to sport for most of the children’s and even adults. Football itself is an emotion for a lot of people! It is a game which brings everyone together, to play and have fruitful rivalries. Football has larger number of followers as compared to cricket and also it is the most watchable sport. Due to this pandemic, there’s nothing to do in this leisure so, In this post, we are going to introduce the “10 BEST FOOTBALL GAMES” for android users which can be played offline in 2021, the games which will give you the exciting emotion while playing! We will update our content as we see some more exciting and promising games which are not mentioned in our list yet. So, to bring the list of 10 football games, we’ve spent more than 3 hours to bring these thrilling football games for you all!!  And I can bet you’ll undoubtedly love it!

Best Offline Football Games for Android Users-

Here we are mentioning 10 thrilling football games for all the Football Freaks!

• 1.   WORLD SOCCER LEAGUE

-The first game that is on our list is “The World Soccer League”. It is a 3D soccer game where you play all the players on a team, passing the ball, dribbling, centering to the area, and shooting, the game comes with excellent high-quality graphics. This game has many features, there are a total of 2000 players!! with 60 national teams and 60 clubs. This game also provides 4 modes: Exhibition, Cup, League, and Training, and it also provides a splendid dribble and thrilling shooting! In addition, you can also save and keep all the images or videos of any moment. Achievements and Global Activity are also displayed in this game. It supports 15 different languages, and also can be played on Tablet devices!

• 2.  FOOTBALL STRIKE: MULTIPLAYER SOCCER

-You’ve never played a football game like this before!! One of the best things about this game is that it provides you a multiplayer ground, in which you can play with your friends on the football ground but through online mode. You can also customize your striker and goalkeeper with tons of unlockable and mind- blowing  items and you can show off your style and jersey’s and can also represent your team’s colors! One of the key features of this game are, you can play multiplayer battles against your friend, this game also provides you a fast gameplay as compared to other football games. So, all the football freaks, without wasting your time download this game through the link given below and start making millions of memories by playing online football matches with your friends!

• 3. SOCCER! HERO

-This game is available completely free on play store and it is created by Free games private limited. More than 10M people have downloaded this game. One of the best parts of this game is that this game has more than 700 levels and as you will reach higher levels you will achieve a status of a “Pro Player”. You can also customize your player and also increase your rank on the leaderboard if you play well!

Some of the best features of this game are, it has stunning 3d graphics and has more than 700 levels!!  This game is very easy to play but at the same time it is hard to be the master of this game too. You can also take part in regular online events and can win trophies! By connecting with Facebook, you can also connect with your Facebook friends, send them friend requests to play with you and to play a match to remember! 

• 4. ULTIMATE SOCCER FOOTBALL

-One of the best games which gives you a real feeling of playing football on the ground. The control of this game consists of a joystick as same as in pubg and 2 fire buttons named as pass and goal. The graphics of this game are so realistic and it also provides you a smoother and  faster play. One of the best features of this game is that it provides you with excellent 3D graphics with the best sound effect which makes you feel that you are really playing on the ground! Also, there are many types of modes available such as Career mode, World Cup mode & Friendly mode.

5. REAL FOOTBALL

-This game is designed by the Gameloft company. One of the best parts of this game is it’s only 31 MB in size. It is a free simulation sports game where you’ll be able to win a league or cup or a championship, or to play with the world champions, be it the manager of a fantasy team, and more. The best features of this game includes, 3D stadiums, polished shadows, detailed textures and spectators. This game is specially designed for smart players and for major football freaks so that they can really enjoy the game at its best!

• 6. SOCCER CUP 2020

-This game is totally awesome. Once you play this game and trust me, you won’t stop, it’s all because of the realistic graphics and sound effects of this game that make you feel like you’re  literally passing a goal! You will not only find soccer games but also many other game modes. There are many football games, but none of them are like this one. Some of the best quality of this game is It comes with different modes: season, tournament, practice and career mode. This game is the most realistic game which provides you a real emotion of being on the ground.

7. SCORE MATCH : PvP SOCCER

-With millions of players worldwide, this game is a unique soccer multiplayer game. You become the caption of your own team on the road to GLORY, recruit your friends and rise to the top in a series of challenging arenas and weekly events. You can play your own way like dribble, tackle, pass and also shoot against opponents in real time online matches against all over the world. Some of the best features of this game are real time fast places 1 on 1 matches against a player from all over the world. This game is addictive, easy and funny at the same time! You can even earn a package to unlock new player types and upgrade players to reach their potential and showcase their skills. You can also take part in regular seasons and events to win unrivaled rewards.

• 8. DREAM LEAGUE SOCCER 2020

• Dream League Soccer 2020 puts you in the heart of the action with a fresh look and brand new features! Build your dream team from over 3,500 FIFPro™ licensed players and take to the field against the world’s best soccer clubs! Rise through 8 divisions whilst enjoying full 3D motion-captured player moves, immersive in-game commentary, team customizations, and much more. The beautiful game has never been so good! In this game you can develop your dream team from over 3,500 licensed players. This game is full 3D motion-captured kicks, tackles, celebrations and goalkeeper saves gives unmatched realism. You can Build your soccer empire from your own Stadium to Medical, Commercial and Training facilities and also use Coaches to develop your players technical and physical abilities.

• 9. FOOTBALL eLEGENDS- DREAM OFF SOCCER!

-Games by Abstron private limited completely entertain you and take the football leagues to the next level. You can find better grounds, players, uniforms, and opponents. This game also gives you the feature of managing your own team. It also provides good controlling options to control your player. This game will also give you 4 modes: Quick Match, International Cup, Penalty Kick, Challenges. The quick match will allow the user to learn the basics of football, International cup winners will go through tough challenges given by 15 other teams. Penalty kicks will test your abilities under high pressure. Challenge mode is the last one and much more difficult than rest all.

10. FINAL KICK: ONLINE FOOTBALL

-Games by Ivanovich Sports limited completely entertain you and take the football leagues to the another level. One of the best parts of this game is that this game charges a penalty for every wrong kick. Some of the pros of this game are real animations, simple game controls, real time multiplayer and also 20 offline tournaments.

Conclusion:

So, you’ve read the 10 best offline football games for android users and I am sure that you’ll pick one of them according to the features that I’ve mentioned above in each game. According to me, I will choose the Soccer cup 2021.

Undoubtedly Shershaah is one of the best patriotic film ever. I watched it about 5-7 days ago and I’m still cannot get over how true, surreal, no unwanted filter, simple and heartfelt this movie is! The efforts, sweats, love for the nation, a surreal cute love story, martyrdom that has been witnessed in this movie is just speechless. It is truly the best ever patriotic film ever, it has portrayed that how the soldiers literally die for our Country ( with a happy smiling face and with no regrets- this is so so so huge), how they protects us from the enemies, how they doesn’t even think about their own families, their parents who gave birth to them and they literally always there,to give their life for the country, for the sake and love for the nation. It’s something indescribable and very very emotional. It is a story about a brave army man whose various sides has been portrayed in this movie.

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“Caption Vikram Batra” the person who has won many hearts, who is the inspiration for the youth, who happily gave his life while fighting for the country, who loved a girl truly and completely, who has the passion to serve for the country since his childhood. It’s a blend of two love stories together. The man who has the passion to serve for the country and on the other side the man who truly, completely, undoubtedly love a girl from his college. This movie has showed different sides of caption Vikram Batra which made us love him and to appreciate him even more. This movie is filled with truckloads of emotions. The efforts of the whole team, crew and the cast of this movie are quite evident and completely worth it. It is never easy to portray a real – life hero who has done so much in his personal life and fir his country. Still, the cast and the crew of this movie has made an effort to portray the whole life span of Captain Vikram Batra which is precisely amazing. This movie is a biopic that you will feel with all your heart, PVC awarded captain Vikram Batra, his personality, his bravery, his supreme sacrifice for the country and his never ending love for his girl will surely bring tears from your eyes. Actor Siddharth Malhotra has portrayed the character of the bravest Army man Captain Vikram Batra, and honestly he was commendable, he has given his best ever performance till now in his acting career and this is totally worth watching. He completely lived the character and totally nailed it. Each and every side of the personality was perfectly portrayed by him. Siddharth has played the role with plenty of efforts and has showed us that how Captian Vikram Batra was literally a solid stone. He portrayed the role of the army man correctly, literally no one in the universe would’ve portrayed better than Siddharth Malhotra as Captain Vikram Batra.

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He has showed us each and every bit of the life span of Vikram Batra. So truly portrayed the emotions of Captain Vikram Batra that how he was so passionate for fighting for his country, how even for once he didn’t think of sacrificing his life, his girl whom he loved the most and his family just for serving for the country. The famous line that completely give justice about how passionate Captain Vikram Batra was – “ ye dil maange more” this line is enough to not even doubt on his sweat and his supreme sacrifice. “ ye dil maange more” vikram Batra always finds the ways to serve for his country, and so he choose this line to exactly show his emotion for the country and how passionate he was to serve for the country, to fight with each and every terrorist. And on the other side, the story of his love life is truly commendable and surreal. Afterall, it is a real love story. The movie has showed the love story of Captain Vikram Batra who falls in love back in his college with a girl named Dimple Cheema. Siddharth Malhotra with the co- actor Kiara Advani both has portrayed the true love of Captian Vikram Batra and Dimple Cheema, that is truly what love is, both has an amazing chemistry which has made us love them more and the surreal love story. It showed how a simple middle class girl and a boy falls in love, the love which has no boundaries. Sid- kiara chemistry felt almost real and had showed the purity of love between Vikram and dimple. If Siddharth was the soul of the movie, then Kiara is the heart of it! their combo was excellent.

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Now coming to the battle scenes, songs, cinematography and sound effects, each and every element of this movie is perfect. From loving songs to the battle scenes everything was perfect. Sounds of bullets and bombs were quite often in the second half of the film, which has honestly made me think that I am literally seeing the soldiers fighting for our country from a little distance. The songs are the only element where the heart of the movie “SHERSHAAH” resides. All the songs of the movie, from the romantic song to the last song of the movie where everyone was giving tribute to the Captain Vikram Batra wrapped in the flag. Every song has its own vibe, it’s own emotion. The dialogues of this film was commendable! My favourite was the one,” ya toh tiranga lehraake aaunga ya tirange me lipat ke aaunga, par aaunga zaroor” this dialogue has won many hearts, this dialogue has showed the utmost love for the nation of Captain Vikram Batra. All over the movie is a must watch because apart from the history of it, this movie is genuinely a good one if I judge it in the category of movies in the cinema. Literally kudos to each ever soldier who has sacrificed his life for the nation. Respect and hats off to every soldier up there.

The emergence of E-learning has been attributed to the COVID-19 epidemic. As a result of this predicament, people have been debating whether e-learning is a good substitute for classroom learning. The COVID-19 has caused schools all across the world to close. Over 1.2 billion youngsters are out of school worldwide. As a result, education has undergone significant transformations, with the rise of e-learning, in which instruction is done remotely and via digital platforms. According to research, online learning increases information retention and takes less time, implying that the alterations created by the coronavirus are here to stay.

Pros of E-Learning

1. Students are unable to attend school or college due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They continued to learn despite the circumstances. Because of the e-learning option, this was achievable.
2. Due to a lack of facilities, a few girl children and differently abled youngsters do not attend schools or universities. For them, e-learning is a godsend.
3. E-learning allows us greater flexibility. We can listen to any class that we miss later.
4. If students don’t comprehend the principles, they can go over the lecture again.
5. Teachers can use animations or other technologies to illustrate concepts in e-learning so that students grasp them much better.

Cons of E-Learning

1. Students will not only learn the subject in the classroom, but will also interact with other students and develop friends. The classroom has an impact on pupils’ entire personality development. Students will be robbed of this possibility as a result of e-learning.
2. Students’ eyes can become strained as a result of having to look at screens all day.
3. Teachers may not be able to focus on all of the pupils in e-learning, which will be achievable in the classroom. Teachers may not be aware of whether or not students understand the subject.
4. The classroom setting is vibrant in nature, however listening to classes on a computer or smartphone will be monotonous.
5. Even in the twenty-first century, some people do not have access to the internet. As a result, e-learning exacerbates the gap between rich and poor people.
6. E-learning may not instil the same level of seriousness as traditional classroom instruction. As a result, pupils may be unmotivated to pay attention in class.
7. Not all parents are digitally savvy enough to assist their children in the event of a problem.Students may become sidetracked if the smartphone has other apps installed, such as YouTube. Several students are already addicted to their smartphones. As a result, parents may be hesitant to leave their children unattended.

E-learning is extremely advantageous for both students and teachers, especially in light of the COVID-19 epidemic. However, it cannot be a long-term substitute for traditional classroom instruction. It’s only meant to be used as a supplement. Furthermore, internet connection should be given to all students so that they can take use of this opportunity.

There are various theories on when the third wave will strike. Few people believe that India’s third wave has already begun and will climax in a month or two. According to epidemiologists, the third wave may not be as devastating as the second, depending on how people behave and how many strong variants are developed. Corona’s third wave will occur, but how adversely it will harm us is largely down on our actions. The rate of infectivity will determine the formation of variations. The more the virus replicates, the more likely it is for variations to evolve. From the last week, India has seen an increase in instances of 40,000 per day, with the number of cases rising to 1 lakh per day.

What can we do in India to prevent the third Corona wave?

1. Vaccinate yourself against Covid-19- Only 40% of the population has received the first dose, and only 8% has received both doses. There’s no purpose in delaying your doses unless you’ve been recommended to do so by your doctor. At the very least, one dose of immunisation should be administered, as this provides only half protection. If you are infected with Covid-19 and do not get vaccinated, you are putting yourself at danger in the future. After immunisation, there is a potential of infection, although it will not be serious. Vaccines are the best defence against a Covid-19 infection and will avoid a third wave of Corona in India, despite several arguments that they are not safe and may cause negative effects. The greater the number of persons who get vaccinated, the better the odds of lowering the infectivity rate.
2. Traveling should be avoided- Traveling raises the risk of contracting an infection. You come into contact with people from outside your home, and there’s a potential you’ll be exposed to droplets. Avoid travelling as much as possible, and stay away from crowded places, both indoors and out. Even after immunisation, there remains a risk of infection, therefore remaining cautious and following safety precautions is critical. Only leave the house if absolutely essential. The fact that the lockdown has been removed does not imply that we are now free to travel.
3. Make the decision to work from home- Many offices are reopening for working hours now that some restrictions have been eased in some areas. While offices should be well aired, social distance maintained, and management should limit the number of employees who come to work, it should not be mandatory. Working from home should remain an option. Furthermore, businesses should guarantee that all of their personnel are vaccinated and take steps to do so.
4. Adhere to the Covid-19 code of conduct- Despite the fact that the Covid-19 vaccine protects you from a serious virus, people can still infect others, especially the most vulnerable. Keep the following points in mind:

a. Children above the age of five should be encouraged to wear masks..

b. When outside the home, a six-foot social distance should always be maintained.

c. Hand sanitization should be done every 5-6 hours or whenever one goes out.

d. Masks should be worn outside the house at all times.

e. Used masks should be washed on a regular basis to avoid opportunistic infections.

Remember that the Covid-19 epidemic is still ongoing. Even if a third Corona wave hits India, it will not be the end. Covid-19 can become endemic, which means it might occur in clusters throughout the year. It is critical to use caution. Consult a general physician if you have any signs of the Covid-19 virus to avoid spreading the infection to vulnerable groups.

The next article is about public administration. Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil employees for working in the public service. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope whose fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that the government can function.

Public administration is “centrally concerned ” with the organization of government policies and programs as well as the behavior of the officials usually which are non elected formally responsible for their conduct. Many non elected public employees can be considered to be public administrators including heads of country, city ,regional, state and federal departments.

In academia, field of public administration consists of a number of sub fields. Scholars have proposed a number of different sets of sub fields . One of the proposed model uses five pillars. These five pillars are – Organizational theory in public administration, Ethics in public administration, Policy analysis, Public budgeting, and Human resource management.

The goals of the field of public administration are related to democratic values of improving equality, justice, security, efficiency and effectiveness of public services in non profit venue. I hope these facts were beneficial to you all and increased your knowledge.

Thank you…..!!!

Today’s topic is the value of games and sports in current world. You all have heard the popular saying all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. There are different kinds of games like indoor and outdoor games. Games and sports are very important in regular life. They give a kind of exercise to the body.

Games and sports are very useful for students. A person becomes active through games and sports. Interest and care is developed through games and sports. Students generally live and work in a same room and do mental labour. Physical activities are very necessary for the proper growth of the body. They make us active and healthy.

In this age of smart phones and gadgets, everybody is busy playing games on them but this is not good for physical and mental health. People work hard during the day time. They get tired and feel dullness. Games and sports give them relief and pleasures after work. Playing games on devices is much better than playing games in the ground.

Games and sports make us discipline. Players have to follow certain rules in all games and sports. The referee’s decision is final on the playground. Rules make the game more interesting and competitive. It has a healthy impact on the team. Team work is important and is the duty of each player to support and cooperate with each other.

In a game, the whole team plays likes a single man. The success of players is the success of the whole team. They forget their personal gain. So, Games and sports make the players good citizens. It is important to participate in the games. And you can understand the importance of games and sports in world level games like championships, Olympics and many more.

Hope you will like reading it… Thank you!!

Cotton is a staple textile of the fashion industry. Every closet probably houses a large percentage of cotton items, be it plain cotton, dyed cotton, or cotton mix. Cotton is a natural fiber derived from cotton plants whose use dates back to the fifth millennium B.C.

What Is Cotton?

Cotton is a staple fiber, which means it is composed of different, varying lengths of fibers. Cotton is made from the natural fibers of cotton plants, which are from the genus Gossypium.

Cotton is primarily composed of cellulose, an insoluble organic compound crucial to plant structure, and is a soft and fluffy material. The cotton plant needs lots of sun, a long period without frost, and a good amount of rain.

The term “cotton” refers to the part of the cotton plant that grows in the boll—the encasing for the fluffy cotton fibers. Cotton is spun into yarn that is then woven to create a soft, durable fabric.

Where Did Cotton Originate?

The word cotton comes from the Arabic word “quton.” The earliest production of cotton was in India, where the material dates back to the fifth millennium B.C.

The first cotton gin, which is a tool that separates the cotton fluff from the plant seeds, was invented in India in the thirteenth century. The cotton gin made the production of cotton much easier and faster, helping the fiber spread as a widely-used textile.

During the Industrial Revolution, with the invention of new technologies like the spinning jenny, spinning frame, and spinning mule, Britain became one of the leading cotton producers. All of these spinning machines allowed manufacturers to spin cotton at increased rates.

However, it was the American Eli Whitney’s invention of the mechanical cotton gin which led to increased production of the material in the United States and Europe. This new tool, which separated the seeds from the cotton quickly and efficiently using machine power, cut down the hours of manual labor needed to produce a bale of cotton from 600 hours to just 12. Around the same time, America, particularly the Southern states, began producing more high-quality cotton, as the fibers were slightly longer and stronger.

With a few occasional falls in production, such as during the Civil War, the United States is still one of the leading producers of cotton in the world, falling just behind China and India.

Where Does Cotton Grow?

Cotton grows in nearly all tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the U.S., China, India, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey.

In the United States, Texas is the largest cotton producer, and the South Plains region in the northern part of the state is the largest contiguous cotton-growing area in the world.

How Is Cotton Processed?

Cotton production is a very involved process, from planting cotton seeds to picking the cotton crop to the processing it in a cotton gin.

• While cotton was picked and separated by hand in the early days, today, most cotton production starts with a cotton picker (which picks the entire plant) or a cotton stripper, with strips the boll off the plant.
• After the cotton is picked, it baled and stored in the fields before it is sent to the gins.
• At the gins, the cotton bales are cleaned and fluffed to separate the material from dirt, seeds, and lint.
• After the cotton has gone through the gins and is completely separated from the seeds, the raw cotton is compressed and stored, ready to ship off to textile mills for further production.
• The cleaned and fluffed cotton is put through a carding machine, which further cleans the material and forms the short fibers into a long untwisted rope that is then ready for spinning and weaving.

Different Types of Cotton

There are four different types of cotton, each with its own characteristics.

1. Pima cotton. Considered the finest type of cotton in the world, pima cotton’s fibers are extra soft and extra long. The cotton is native to South America and the American Southwest. Pima cotton fabric is very highly-sought after, as it is resistant to fading, tearing, and wrinkling.
2. Egyptian cotton. Egyption cotton is very similar to pima cotton. The two are even in the same scientific class: gossypium barbadense. It has the same resistant qualities, but it is grown in the Nile River Valley in Egypt.
3. Upland cotton. Upland cotton has very short fibers and makes up about 90% of the world’s total cotton production. The crop is native to and grown in Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and southern Florida.
4. Organic cotton. Organic cotton is any type of cotton that is grown without chemicals and from plants that are not genetically engineered.

What Are the Characteristics of Cotton?

Cotton has a number of distinguishing characteristics that make it such a popular fiber in the textile industry.

• Softness. The cotton plant is soft and fluffy and results in a fabric often retains that soft feel.
• Durability. The cotton plant’s cellular structure is strong, creating a tough and wear-and-tear resistant fabric.
• Absorbency. Cotton fabric is very absorbent fabric because there is a lot of space between the cotton fibers.
• Holds dye well. Due to its absorbent nature, cotton takes dye very easily and can be made into a wide variety of colors.
• Breathability. The fiber structure of cotton makes it more breathable than synthetic fibers.
• No static cling. Cotton does not conduct electricity, therefore static is not an issue with cotton.

6 Common Uses for Cotton

Cotton has many uses, across a number of different industries.

1. Woven fabrics. Cotton is used to make a variety of woven fabrics, including canvas, denim, damask, flannel, and more.
2. Clothing. Cotton is a fixture of the textile industry as a result of its mass production, soft feel, durability, and absorbency. Cotton is frequently used for T-shirts, blue jeans, dresses, sweats, and so much more.
3. Bed sheets and towels. Since cotton is extremely soft and absorbent, it is an ideal fabric for bedroom linens and towels needed to sop up moisture.
4. Underwear. For the same reasons, cotton makes comfortable and durable undergarments.
5. Home decor. Cotton is also used throughout the home for upholstery, curtains, rugs, pillows.
6. Cottonseed oil. Cottonseed is a byproduct of the cotton production process, and the seeds are used to manufacture cottonseed oil, which is used for salad dressing and margarine. It can also be used in makeup, soap, candles and more.

knowledge matrix is were an organisations maybe bulit up with information they might be gather a lot and lot of knowledge from the peer companies and even the huge companies to get developed through the following steps:

sense:

Here sense maybe refer to source . As a person everyone might collect source of knowledge from each and every person we met by observe, gather and hypothesize. Observation gives more concentration on our work . When the organisation starts it they might gather some knowledge for later uses too.

organize:

when the company gathers the information or knowledge they needed to be organized

• Contextualize
• Categorise
• Map

when knowledge has been categrize for the future purpose it will be helpful for coming generation .

Example: as per this centuries there are number of companies and industries were taken places so when industrial explosion happened it needed to be recorded so then it will be helpful to avoid those disasters in futures. So the generation gain knowledge about it.

socialize:

socialize may everyone know about it. It’s sharing, disseminate and simulate. Sharing is the thing which make an individual to know more . Whether it is correct or not . It gives benefits for individual as well as the company.

Internalize:

here is last step internalize its just apply, decide and act. Just apply your knowledge on your work and gain more and more benefits for you and your business.

Journalism is an activity of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities. Journalism can be differentiated from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of communication , they are what make it indispensable to democratic societies. History reveals that more democratic the society is, more news and information it tends to have.

Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on current events based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. The word journalism applies to the occupation as well as collaborative who gather and publish information based on facts and supported with evidence. It is a form of writing that tells people about what has really happened, that they might have not known already.

India which is a democratic country has a major scope in the filed of journalism. We need young generation in this field so that we can understand the facts more smarter and better. Many people have debate skills and knowledge in this field which gives them popularity and they achieve milestones into this sector in a permanent basis. It is in written form, electronic form, internet based etc.

I hope by this article you got to know a little more about the field and scope of journalism.At present time the emergence of journalism has reached high levels. I will try to provide better facts and figures in this field in my next article.

Thank you!!

Today’s article is about the importance of writing. Writing simply means handwritten on a paper. Typing can’t be considered under writing. In today’s world where there is smartphone and devices available practiced of writing on paper is getting diminished. People try to just copy and paste the important things on the devices.

Writing is necessary for the kids and youth too. Writing also ensures to remember the facts. It is scientifically proven that when we write with our fingers the mind gets connected with it automatically and that’s why we don’t forget the things which we have written on the piece of paper rather than typing. Typing can be a temporary option but one should not avoid the practice of writing.

It is important to know the benefits of writing. Writing helps in learning the points more quicker. It also focuses to concentrate on the points written down. Thinking ability is improved of an individual. As a personal experience I have noticed that the things which I have written on the paper are still remembered and the things which I haven’t wrote was easily forgettable.

In earlier times, there is a tradition that the child should write the first letter on the slate with his fingers and worship the goddess of knowledge “sarawsati”. From there we know that writing is an important tradition in childhood life. After that only, a child’s education is considered to be formally begin. The gurukul system also focused on writing the concept taught by the gurus to the students.

I choose this topic because nowadays people are not in the habit of writing which is very essential. The movement of fingers are done only when we write on the paper. I hope that you will read and notice the things I have mentioned and try to write at least for 20 minutes on a piece of paper. It will be beneficial and you will remember things more easily without the use of smartphone.

Thank you for today ….Keep reading!!

Whenever we introduce ourselves we always mention our hobbies or in an interview the question of hobbies is a frequently asked one. But what really are these hobbies and what is their importance in our lives?

A hobby a day keeps the doldrums away.

Phyllis mcGinley

Hobbies are activities that we enjoy doing, they kill our boredom and are an integral part of our lifes, they help us grow and find our area of interest and something we are good at. Some people are more serious about their hobbies and some do it just for fun. One can always find a new hobby, the only requirement is to try. Children from a young age should be encouraged to build up a hobby. It helps them in discovering new are of interests and also brings out the creativity in them.
A hobby which we are passionate about refreshes us and through them we can be productive in our leisurely time. They are like a detox for boring days and when we try out new hobbies we might discover some new creativity and talent of ours.

Types of hobbies

There are hobbies which we carry out in alone or with friends to heal our mind or body or to just kill the time and on different means different hobbies are listed as:

Creative

Hobbies like art and craft, cooking, knitting, writing, etc bring out the creative side of a person. One can enjoy their ‘me time’ by engaging in these activities. They are fun to do and if someone is really good at them they become a source of side income too and you don’t even have to leave your house. You can enjoy them whenever you want and wherever you want and you don’t even have to good at them you can just do for fun these hobbies always make you happy.

Physical

Activities like gymming, hiking, yoga, camping, etc boost our heart rate and brain function. They lower blood pressure and increase stamina. They help in a healthy lifestyle while maintaining a fun time. Outdoor games too are a good option while you are looking to burn some carbs while having fun. Join a new dance class and within few days you will feel a change in your mental and physical well being.

Exploring

Every non working day or weekend can be the best time to explore something new like a new restaurant, place, music, movie or series. If you are a foodie you can always aim at finding new tasty dishes. This will help you gain confidence in yourself and this way you can also find new people that share same interests as you. Self help books are a great way to eradicate the negative in your life. Explore a new book, read it and it will give a whole new perspective.

To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.

Winston Churchill

Other activities that you can look upto are reading, dancing, meditation, Journaling, etc. You can also combine different activities together like hiking and painting. What’s better than reaching your destination while hiking and painting the view will remain as a forever memory with you.
Hobby is basically taking out time for yourself, for the intoxication of all the work you did and giving you a more meaningful, relaxing time. For students the tension of studying and other things can be exhausting and they need a way to escape from all of this, hobbies give them a way to feel fresh. It reduces the risk of depression and stress and promotes better health.

Reference: https://online.kettering.edu

”Butterflies are nature’s angels.

They remind us what a gift it is to be alive”

~Robyn Nola

Butterflies are the adult flying stage of certain insects belonging to an order or group called Lepidoptera. Moths also belong to this group. The word “Lepidoptera” means “scaly wings” in Greek. This name perfectly suits the insects in this group because their wings are covered with thousands of tiny scales overlapping in rows. The scales, which are arranged in colorful designs unique to each species, are what gives the butterfly its beauty. 
 

Like all other insects, butterflies have six legs and three main body parts: head, thorax (chest or mid section) and abdomen (tail end). They also have two antennae and an exoskeleton.

Butterfly life cycle

A life cycle is made up of the stages that a living organism goes through during its lifetime from beginning to end. A butterfly undergoes a process called complete metamorphosis during its life cycle. This means that the butterfly changes completely from its early larval stage, when it is a caterpillar, until the final stage, when it becomes a beautiful and graceful adult butterfly. The butterfly life cycle has four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. 
 

The first stage of the butterfly life cycle is the egg or ovum. Butterfly eggs are tiny, vary in color and may be round, cylindrical or oval. The female butterfly attaches the eggs to leaves or stems of plants that will also serve as a suitable food source for the larvae when they hatch.

The larva, or caterpillar, that hatches from the egg is the second stage in the life cycle. Caterpillars often, but not always, have several pairs of true legs, along with several pairs of false legs or prolegs. A caterpillar’s primary activity is eating. They have a voracious appetite and eat almost constantly. As the caterpillar continues to eat, its body grows considerably. The tough outer skin or exoskeleton, however, does not grow or stretch along with the enlarging caterpillar. Instead, the old exoskeleton is shed in a process called molting and it is replaced by a new, larger exoskeleton. A caterpillar may go through as many as four to five molts before it becomes a pupa.

The third stage is known as the pupa or chrysalis. The caterpillar attaches itself to a twig, a wall or some other support and the exoskeleton splits open to reveal the chrysalis. The chrysalis hangs down like a small sack until the transformation to butterfly is complete. The casual observer may think that because the pupa is motionless that very little is going on during this “resting stage.” However, it is within the chrysalis shell that the caterpillar’s structure is broken down and rearranged into the wings, body and legs of the adult butterfly. The pupa does not feed but instead gets its energy from the food eaten by the larval stage. Depending on the species, the pupal stage may last for just a few days or it may last for more than a year. Many butterfly species overwinter or hibernate as pupae.

The fourth and final stage of the life cycle is the adult. Once the chrysalis casing splits, the butterfly emerges. It will eventually mate and lay eggs to begin the cycle all over again. Most adult butterflies will live only a week or two, while a few species may live as long as 18 months.

Butterfly wings are transparent

 Before you feel the need to schedule an eye exam, let us explain. The wings of a butterfly are covered in a multitude of miniature scales  –thousands of them. And those colors you see when a butterfly flits across your yard are the reflection of various colors through the scales. The wings themselves are made up of a protein called chitin, which is the same protein that forms an insect’s exoskeleton. And much like an exoskeleton, chitin is transparent. You’ve learned something new already!

There are almost 20,000 butterfly species

 If you’d ever considered memorizing all the various species of butterflies, it may take longer than you were anticipating. An easier starting point would be those species regularly occurring in the lower 48 states of the US. Still, that number is right around 575, so we’re recommending note cards or, perhaps, focusing on the butterflies you find in and around your yard this spring and summer.

Butterflies use their feet to taste

If everything up until this point was already a part of your existing butterfly knowledge, this fact may come as a curveball. However, if you think about it from the butterfly’s point of view, it isn’t that unusual. A butterfly’s daily activities consist of eating and mating, both of which require landing – even if it is only briefly. When food is the priority, those taste receptors help the butterfly locate the right plants and the key nutrients it needs for survival. Although many people wonder what it means when a butterfly lands on them, the truth is that it’s probably just hungry.

Butterflies only live for a few weeks

For everyone who has been anxiously awaiting this since our earlier reference, or who simply skipped ahead until they found it, here you go. The average lifespan of an adult butterfly is roughly three to four weeks, however, the entire life cycle can last anywhere between two and eight months. As with anything, there are exceptions to the rule. At least one species of butterfly lives for approximately 24 hours, while some migratory butterflies, like the North American Monarch, can survive for nearly eight months. 

The most common butterfly in the US is the Cabbage White

Named for its mostly white marking, when hints of yellow and green like the vegetable, the Cabbage White may not be the most colorful butterfly in your garden or yard, but it is the most common. The male Cabbage White has one prominent black spot on each wing, while the female has two.

Some butterfly species migrate from the cold

Although in many cases cold weather will end the already short life of a butterfly by rendering them immobile, others take the dropping temperature as a signal to move. Butterflies are cold-blooded and require – in ideal settings – a body temperature of approximately 85 degrees to activate their flight muscles. If the weather begins changing some species simply migrate in search of sunshine. Some, like the North American Monarch, travel an average of 2,500 miles!

One of the largest butterflies is the Giant Swallowtail Butterfly

With a wingspread of between four and seven inches, this species has a name that fits its dimensions. If you have ever seen one on a hike or around your yard, you may have been spellbound by the sight of it. Their swallowtail description is borrowed from birds of the same name, thanks to the long tails on this butterfly’s hindwings.

Butterflies have a liquid diet

We mentioned earlier that butterflies like to eat, which is true. What we didn’t include at the time is that their source of food is exclusively liquid. In fact, they simply don’t have the necessary apparatus for chewing. Using their proboscis, which functions in the same way you or I might use a straw, butterflies drink nectar or some other variation of liquid sustenance. 

Butterfly wings help them against predators

As we’ve discussed, the lifespan of the average butterfly is short, and even at their peak, these insects are some of the most fragile. Staying alive for as long as possible allows the butterfly additional opportunities to mate, and continuing the existence of its species is of utmost importance. Therefore, butterflies frequently use their wings as a defense mechanism. Either by folding to blend in with their surroundings, or wearing a full spectrum of colors and patterns to frighten predators, a butterfly’s wings are often their best protection. 

Butterflies actually have four wings, not two

Speaking of wings, we may have intentionally left the most fascinating butterfly fact until last! Despite how they may appear in motion, or in drawings or paintings you may have seen, butterflies have four separate wings. The wings closest to its head are called the forewings, while those in the rear are called the hindwings. Thanks to strong muscles in the butterfly’s thorax, all four wings move up and down in a figure-eight pattern during flight. 

“Butterflies can’t see their wings.
They can’t see how truly beautiful they are,
but everyone else can.
People are like that as well”

By Moksha Grover

Ever since the Taliban has taken control over Afghanistan there is a big threat to the rights of afghan women & girls. Three Afghan women who worked at a media company were gunned down in Jalalabad in early March[1]. In January, unidentified gunmen killed two female Supreme Court judges in Kabul[2]. These are just some of the victims of the long list of assassinations of female activists and political leaders in Afghanistan. These assassinations have increased since the government of Afghanistan established connections with the Taliban.

The period of 1996-2001 when the Taliban ruled the country was the darkest time for afghan women. after Independence from the Taliban in 2001, Afghanistan had grown up a lot in terms of supporting women, educating them, and making them stand up for their feet. We have the famous women activists Sima Samar, Aryana Sayeed, and Roqia Abubakr all of who contributed a lot to the growth of Afghanistan. Today women compose around 27% of the Afghan Parliament, one of the highest rates of women’s political representation in the region[3].

Presently, as the Taliban have taken control over the country once again these women are at a worry for their safety and peace accord with the Taliban extremists. The oppressive rules of the Taliban for women make it their darkest times. Women are not being allowed to appear in the streets without a blood relative or without wearing a burqa, not allowing women’s to wear heels, not allowing women’s to speak or make any sound from their footsteps, depriving the right to education for women, these rules under the Sheria law are just too tyrannical. The fight with the Taliban is not just about women’s rights but about the basic rights that every human being needs which the afghan women are being disadvantaged under the rule of the Taliban.  It is a platitude to say that, as the Taliban were expanding their territory in Afghanistan on 15th August 2021 afghan women were facing an uncertain future. On 16th August 2021, this uncertainty was replaced by fear and despair as President Ashraf Ghani fled the country, leaving the country in control of the Taliban[4]. Taliban, coming into power once again would lead to Afghanistan being 200 years back.

Afghan women now find themselves in the untenable position of looking for help from the international community. Today, the whole world is following the turbulent scenario in Afghanistan with a heavy heart and deep disquiet about what lies ahead. There is a need for the global call on this issue. Now is the time to stand as one, it is a call on all the international communities to use all available tools to uphold human rights in Afghanistan.

---

[1] Mona Tajall and Homa hoodfar, ‘Women in Afghanistan worry peace accord with Taliban extremists could cost them hard-won rights’, The Conversation (6 March,2021) <https://theconversation.com/women-in-afghanistan-worry-peace-accord-with-taliban-extremists-could-cost-them-hard-won-rights-154149 > accessed 23^rd August, 2021

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Heather Barr, ‘The Fragility of Women’s Rights in Afghanistan’, Inkstick Media (17 August,2021)< https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/17/fragility-womens-rights-afghanistan> accessed 23^rd August, 2021.

Another much needed and the topic to be discussed -the power of meditation. To lead a stable and peaceful life mediation is important. Meditation enhances our ability to understand and think deeper. Meditation involves focusing. It can be anything a thought or an activity but the main aim is to focus on to focus on yourself.

Meditation is a boon for us and is practiced since old times. A tradition which was present yet lost. Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind of a particular object, thought or activity- to train attention and awareness ,to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. It can also be called as “healing process ” which relaxes and calms the soul of an individual.

These days, with greater need to reduce stress in the midst of our busy schedules and demanding lives, meditation is increasing in popularity. Although there isn’t a right or wrong way to meditate, it’s important to find a practice that meets your needs and complements your personality. There are several types of meditation. Some of them are – Mindfulness meditation, spiritual meditation, focused meditation, mantra meditation, visualized meditation and movement meditation.

Meditation is proved to be a stress buster in our complicated lives. Where there is pressure everywhere, by the practice of meditation we can achieve inner peace and relaxation of mind. This practice increases our ability to think, understand and remember things for future. It also lowers blood pressure, reduces anxiety, decreases pain, ease of symptoms of depression and improve sleep. It is scientifically proven that meditation is beneficial to an individual.

Hope you will like reading it…. Thank you!!!

Today’s article discusses about the evils of terrorism. Terrorism is a world wide problem. A terrorist is a person who tries to create fear and panic among the people to gain his own ends. Their aim is to frighten the people and the government. In order to create panic they explode bombs and spread rumours. Terrorists change their hideouts. Sometimes the hard-core terrorists commit suicide or kill their associates when arrested.

Terrorists are usually young and the old behind them. They coordinate and guide the terrorists activities. Terrorists are extremists who act with great zeal. But they are misguided people who sometimes do not know what they are really acting for. Sometimes terrorists are helped by some foreign agencies in order to create disorder inside the country. In such cases, they are trained in the use of sophisticated weapons. They are also supplied with money and arms by agencies.

Terrorism is threatening peace and security all over the world. Many countries in the world have been hit by the cult of violence. As terrorism is an international problem, we can solve it by with the help of international cooperation. The countries of the world should not allow terrorists activity against another country. Terrorists have no religion and no faith in human values. Their only philosophy is bloodshed for political gains.

The genuine grievance of the people must be redressed and justice should be done to all. Terrorism has crossed borders and he developed into a global issue. We hope we could fight the evils and come back with peace and harmony in the near future. Today’s generation don’t want such sort of fear in their minds and want to lead a stable and happy life. It’s the responsibility of the organizations of WHO, UNSC to maintain peace all over the world.

Hope you will support… Thank you!!