The race for the Champions league title is heating up and upcoming week will see two of the giants of European football clash with each other. Yes, the quarter finals of this season’s champions league would see Barcelona face off against German champions Bayern Munich. Bayern Munich thrashed another London club, this time Chelsea in the Round of 16. Barcelona easily came past a determined Napoli side and booked their place in the quarter finals of the tournament. Now, it would be safe to say that this quarterfinal should be the game of the season considering the lineups of the two top class clubs. With both Robert Lewandoski and Lionel Messi in top form and both scoring in the round of 16 games. This game will be a treat to watch for all football fans.

Now, with these two teams in top form, the thing is who will qualify for the semis of the elite tournament. With this season’s Champions League slightly changed due to the Covid19 pandemic, the tournament is open for all with many upsets already happening in the tournament. With this year’s Spanish champions Real Madrid already out of the tournament and with Cristiano’s Juventus also bowing out in the Round of 16, the tournament is bound to give many more surprises. With all the matches post round of 16 matches to be played without any 2^nd legs, upsets will be on the cards for all to see. With Barcelona relying too much on their talisman Lionel Messi, Barcelona could end up losing to a determined Bayern Munich who could clinch the treble this season. And when talking about Bayern, how can’t we not talk about the scoring machine Robert Lewandoski. The striker has scored an unbelievable 50+ goals this season and if Ballondor had been given this year also, no doubt that Lewandoski would have won it hands down.

I feel that Bayern Munich have a great chance to overcome Barcelona and go into the semifinals. But with no 2^nd leg, Barcelona have an equal chance of winning the game against Bayern Munich. But for that, Barcelona need all their players to perform well on that particular day, knowing that they would not get any second chance this time because of the altered Champions League tournament due to the pandemic. Players need to make sure that they support their talismanic captain fully so that he doesn’t alone has to do all the things on the football pitch and in that pressure his game could also suffer. Players like Suarez, Pique need to step up big time when they face Bayern Munich in the quarterfinals.

In the end, I would like to say that the tournament is fully open and many surprises are still left to be seen. So, nobody to rule out, this match is going to be a thriller of a contest.  

Nature is furious and so is when we don’t respect nature. When nature’s fury arrives, nobody can fight that fury. That’s why it’s said that if we don’t respect and protect our environment or nature, nature will surely destroy us. That’s what nature did when the floods struck the hills of Uttarakhand, India in the year 2013. The devastating few days were one of the worst days in Indian history. The pilgrims who went on a pilgrimage in the hills of Uttarakhand in Kedarnath never thought they would face such a situation. Around 4000 people still after 7 years of that disaster are missing, all presumed dead by the authorities.

With nature’s fury hitting the holy place of Kedarnath, many people didn’t know what they were about to face. Some people who had gone for vacations with their families because of the summer breaks of their children never thought that he might have to face such a tragedy. The scenes their as described by the survivors weren’t at all great. The survivors claimed that the scenes at Kedarnath were really bad and horrific. Bodies were lying everywhere. Water had swept everyone away. The areas below the Kedarnath valley, where tourists usually would take rest with small hotels and lodges was fully washed away. If people before hadn’t seen that place, they wouldn’t have even known that the area contained shops and hotels. Everything was swept away, everything means everything.

The survivors claimed that water was so fierce and powerful that it even came up to the hills which they were climbing up for survival. Landslides were happening so frequently those 3 days that few people even lost their lives trying to climb up the hills and survive. The rescue operations started but with the area being at a very high altitude, helicopters as well as the whole operation was halted many times. Many rescue officers lost their lives while rescuing people. This level of devastation and destruction was never ever seen or the people who went to worship would have thought that they will face such a situation.

Eye witnesses claim how few priests as well as people went indoor in the Kedarnath temple when it started raining heavily and within a few minutes water thrashed into the temple sweeping away the door and many people inside the temple were swept away by the force of water. The destruction was for everyone to see. The damage in those 3 days was for everyone to see. But why did that destruction happen? Because of the fact how people have destroyed nature. We always destroy and play with nature as if it is for granted. But when nature takes matters in its own hands, then common people suffer.

In the end I would only suggest the people of not only this country, but the whole world that these disasters will keep on coming and destroying people and property unless we take a major step of protecting the nature. A major step to make sure that environment isn’t destroyed and is taken as a part of our human family. Don’t destroy mother nature, because when mother nature would strike, nobody would be able to survive, nobody means nobody.

Human rights begin with children rights. There is no trust more sacred than the one the world holds with children. There is no duty more important than ensuring that their rights are respected, that their welfare is protected, that their lives are free from fear and want and that they grow up in peace. It is a call to all people to respect human rights of children and to reaffirm their commitment to children.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (CRC), represents a turning point in the international movement on behalf of child rights. This comprehensive document contains a set of universal legal standards or norms for the protection and well-being of children. Children have a right to be provided with certain services ranging from a name and nationality to health care and education. They have a right to be protected from certain acts, such as torture, exploitation, abuse, arbitrary detention and unwarranted removal from parental care, and children have the right to participate in the decisions affecting their lives.

India has the largest child population in the world. Children under the age of 18 years constitute 41 % of the total population of the country. India’s approach to protection and promotion of human rights of children derives from the Constitution of India, which provides for affirmative action in favour of children. It directs the state to ensure that children are not abused and are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner in conditions of freedom and dignity. India ratified the CRC in 1992 and enacted various laws in conformity of the CRC for the protection of children. In this paper a sincere attempt is made to examine and assess the implementation of the CRC in Indian legal system.

Human rights begin with children rights. There is no trust more sacred than the one the world holds with children. There is no duty more important than ensuring that their rights are respected, that their welfare is protected, that their lives are free from fear and want and that they grow up in peace. It is a call to all people to respect human rights of children and to reaffirm their commitment to children.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (CRC), represents a turning point in the international movement on behalf of child rights. This comprehensive document contains a set of universal legal standards or norms for the protection and well-being of children. Children have a right to be provided with certain services ranging from a name and nationality to health care and education. They have a right to be protected from certain acts, such as torture, exploitation, abuse, arbitrary detention and unwarranted removal from parental care, and children have the right to participate in the decisions affecting their lives. India has the largest child population in the world. Children under the age of 18 years constitute 41 % of the total population of the country. India’s approach to protection and promotion of human rights of children derives from the Constitution of India, which provides for affirmative action in favour of children. It directs the state to ensure that children are not abused and are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner in conditions of freedom and dignity. India ratified the CRC in 1992 and enacted various laws in conformity of the CRC for the protection of children. In this paper a sincere attempt is made to examine and assess the implementation of the CRC in Indian legal system.

The economic sector includes many taxed supplies just as GST. There are numerous vulnerabilities and ambiguities emerging out of the definition of a “supply” in the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Regulations 1999. The definition of supply is given in GST, Section 7 Which states that the expression of supply includes all forms of supply of goods abd services, it also includes sale, transfer, barter, exchange, license, giving goods on rent, lease or demolition of anything or agreed to be mad for consideration by any individual who is in the process of business, section 7 (b) also includes that supply of import service in return of consideration whether or not in the course of the business is a legit supply.
Definition of GST- Section 7 in Brief Section 7: Defines the term Supply in GST act.  Section 7 (1) (a): The following clause and sub-clause Defines if anything such ad goods or services are transfer for consideration in the due process of the business.  Section 7 (1) (b): The following sub-clause means that any services which includes importing anything ay it be goods or services for consideration it will be defined as supply whether or not it is in the due process of the business.  Section 7 (1) (c): The following sub-clause means the pursuit stated in schedule 1 are defined as supplies if done or made without consideration.  Schedule 1: The Following pursuit are to be treated under Schedule 1 as supplies without consideration. 1. Permanent transfer or scrapping of business assets where input tax credit has been benefited on such assets, such assets with or without consideration are to listed as supplies under Schedule 1. 2. Supply of either goods or services or both between business men or any related individuals as defined in section 25, the whole due process of the same should in the process of business. 3. The gifts which do not exceed fifty thousand rupees in a single financial year by an employer to employee shall not be considered as supply. 4. The supply also includes principal agent relationship in two ways if agent on behalf of the principal receives some goods or the agent on behalf of principal send some goods.

5. Import of administrations by an available individual from a related individual or from any of his different foundations outside India, in the course or on the other hand promotion of business.  Section 7 (2) (a): The clause 2 of the section 7 nevertheless is related to clause 1 of the section 7. The sub-clause a of the section 7 (2) states that pursuit mentioned in schedule 3 are neither supply of goods nor supply of services.  Schedule 3: the following schedule consist of services such as funeral assistance, employee working for employer and sale of land etc. Schedule 3 contains most of the activities which help our society to develop such as work done in parliament or courts.  Section 7 (2) (b): Pursuit listed in schedule 3 if done by central government or any statuary authority on the recommendation of the government council than the pursuit will be treated as neither supply of goods nor supply of services.  Section 7 (3): The allocation in sub section (1) and (2), the Government may, on the suggestions of the Council, determine, by notification, the exchanges that are to be dealt with shall be treated as:
   a- a supply of goods and not as a supply of services or vice-versa. References:
   http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/CGST.pdf
   http://northexcastudycircle.com/Image/dyks_ppt.pdf
   GST Bare Act

Case Note:

Service – Termination – Validity of – Present appeal filed against order whereby setting aside order of termination of respondent’s services – Held, record shows that pursuant to judgment of High Court, respondent no 2 has already been reinstated in service – Record would also show that respondent no 2 was in service when his services were terminated as his caste certificate was invalidated by Committee – Again he is in service after impugned judgment was rendered and therefore it would be harsh to direct termination of services of respondent no 2 – No post belonging to special backward class category is available with appellant – Therefore interest of justice would be served if Government is directed to create supernumerary post in appellant no 1 institution to accommodate respondent no 2 with liberty to get said caste certificate verified through Caste Scrutiny Committee – Hence, appeal partly allowed and appeal disposed of.

For the foregoing reasons the appeal partly succeeds. The respondent No. 1, i.e., State of Maharashtra, is directed to create a supernumerary post in the appellant No. 1 institution to accommodate the respondent No. 2 as early as possible and preferably within two months from the date of receipt of the writ from this Court. It would be open to the State of Maharashtra and the appellant to get the Caste Certificate dated June 12, 2002, submitted by the respondent No. 2, indicating that he belongs to Special Backward Class, verified from the Caste Scrutiny Committee. If the Caste Scrutiny Committee comes to the conclusion that the Caste Certificate submitted by the respondent No. 2 is valid, he would be continued in service and granted all benefits except back wages from February 6, 2002 to the date of his reinstatement in service pursuant to the impugned judgment. If the claim made by the respondent No. 2 that he belongs to Special Backward Class is not upheld by the Caste Scrutiny Committee, the appellant would be entitled to take appropriate action against him in accordance with law.

The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 carries a colonial baggage. It was introduced during a time when Colonial India witnessed over 10 million deaths due to the disease that had its birth in Hong Kong.3 Western medicine proved to be largely inefficient against the Bubonic Plague of 1896. The neglect of the Colonial Government cost them hundreds of lives each day. The Plague’s mortality rate of 60 percent made it obligatory for the Government to not only find a cure, but also control the spread of the disease. Looking at the magnitude of damage, a Plague Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Prof. T.R. Frasor, Professor of Materia Medica at the University of Edinburgh.4 They made a report that documented the effect of the disease and the means to curtail transmission. The report concluded that the disease was highly contagious and recognized human transmission as a means of spread. The commission recommended necessary preventive measures to disinfect and evacuate infected places, to put a control over mass transit, and to improve sanitary conditions. The commission also suggested strengthening of public health services and development of laboratories.5 It was John Woodburn who first introduced the Epidemic Diseases Bill to the Governor General and the Council. 6 The Governor and the Council hastily passed the bill in February 1897 to have better control over the situation. The executive of the presidency towns had discretion to adopt any measures that could aid in limiting the transmission. The extraordinary nature of the act was considered well suited to the extraordinary situation at hand. Various researches were conducted, Plague Research Committees were formed. Their findings showed that the chief cause of the spread was lack of hygiene and poor sanitation across the country. Plague Research Laboratory was also set up in Bombay, to find a vaccine for the plague.

Section 2(d) of the Act defines “disaster” – means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area;
3 S K Swami, presentation as ‘Organisation of Disaster Response in India at Central and State Government Levels’, Annual Conference of Relief Commissioners, 2001.
In the popular belief, a disaster is usually associated with a natural calamity such as a cyclone or an earthquake, the disaster management act, 2005 also defines it similarly. But unfortunately, it does not specifically describe an infectious disease like the plague of 1720, cholera outbreak of 1820, the Spanish flu of 1920 or the recent most, Corona virus pandemic of 2020. It’s an ambiguous situation for the officers and the executives as how to pursue it, and thus, to address the current epidemic outbreak, the Central government has stated the corona virus outbreak as “Notified Disaster” as a “critical medical condition or pandemic situation”.

This act constitutes, The National Disaster Management Authority, State Disaster Management Authority, and District Disaster Management Authority3. These authorities make policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster. Examples of powers and function of NDMA are:

1. Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;
2. Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary;
3. Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;
4. Lay down policies on disaster management; and others
   According to the act, a National Disaster Management Authority will function under the immediate authority of the prime minister. The national authority would be the nodal body and lay down all the plans and policies assisted by the secretaries of various ministries and department heads. It speaks of a holistic approach through various departments of the government to ensure a prompt response to disasters. A chain of responsibilities and duties down to the local authorities has also been established. The act also specifies that experts in the field of disaster management shall be brought on board in an advisory capacity.

A new word that can be heard from everyone is ‘social-distancing’. Everyone is talking about it, even the NDMA has suggested social distancing in its guidelines. The NDMA is working day and night and it is safe to say that social distancing is the need of the hour right now but is staying at home the only thing that will stop the spread of this virus. Other than this, the need of the hour is being aware of a threat of this kind and being prepared on it. If we look at the Budget 2020-21, approximately Rs. 30 lakh crores are being invested for the military development and in comparison, healthcare & research is just a mere Rs. 69 thousand crores8. Healthcare is being treated rather negligently. Covid-19 pandemic will be gone at its own time because history shows that every virus has a lifeline which we can see in the case of Swine-flu, Nipa virus, Ebola, etc. These viruses came and wreaked havoc and then left, it won’t be wrong to say that we are very lucky that the covid-19 virus is curable because of the patient’s strong immunity. Disaster Management does not mean that in the event of a disaster some steps should be taken after it has struck, it should also include preparation. We are well aware that all countries are prepared to fight back if there is a full-blown nuclear war then why is no one prepared for a flu-virus that can kill more people than a war? One may think that it will be impossible to prepare as one cannot foresee the kind of virus and its characteristics beforehand. This shouldn’t prevent us from working for the future because one thing is for sure that time is not in our favor. Some proposed improvements can be:

1. Strong Health System – A strong health system is very favorable when it comes to tackling a health emergency, with some extra funding the health system can drastically improve and aid patients. This can be seen in the case of Turkey, whose strong health system has shown a positive clinical result in fighting the virus and the curve is flattening.

2. Medical Research Corp. – Just like the army in the event of an outbreak experts can be deployed in the epicenter or the ground zero to start dealing with the situation and control it.
3. Running Simulations – Another improvement that can be made to give a better insight in Disaster Management is running a simulation when there is an event of a disaster to get understanding of the intensity and to be prepared for it. It is also popularly known as “Germ-Games”. If a simulation such as this was made then the management technique could have been improved. All factors such as people’s reaction, behavior and attitude towards the virus could have been taken into consideration through this simulation method to improve management. At the moment the biggest threat that can increase the curve is people’s patience. A simulation using small pox was tested in USA in the year 2001 where the results showed that US was unable to tackle it and it led to a lot of deaths.
4. Stronger Research & Development – A strong R&D can be favorable for disaster management which are fully equipped with necessary instruments that will contribute in researching for a cure and understanding the behavior of the virus.
   These are some of the suggestions that are being proposed worldwide and what should be done in India as well. We need to have a defense system when it comes to health emergencies for proper management. An outbreak is going to create much more risk to life than any war. The death toll of the Second World War was 75 million people9, on the other hand the 1918 pandemic, popularly known as the Spanish Flu, claimed 50 million lives10 worldwide where 12 million to 13 million deaths11 occurred in India. It is important to remember that a war can always be negotiated and settled whereas negotiating with an invisible virus is impossible.

If someone is not worried about the Covid-19 Pandemic then they’re either living on an island or in space. The Covid-19 (or simply Novel Coronavirus) is a new virus that is bugging humanity since the past four months which started in a small (not so small anymore) market in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Who would have thought a Bat-soup would cause so much trouble that it will shut down entire cities, affect the world economy, reduce crude oil prices and also reduce pollution, well at least some good came out of it? After the virus hit other countries different models and strategies to tackle the virus started coming up which all seem to partially work out in the long run. India was among the countries who announced a lockdown in the early stages. The National Disaster Management Authority or NMDA issued some guidelines regarding the virus for the general mass. The NDMA is an authority which is established under Section 3 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The world is constantly changing an evolving for good but at the same time nature reacts to it differently and before we know it, we are tackling a new problem one after the other. This isn’t the first time that we’re dealing with a virus of such kind, the world is familiar with many such as The Black Death, The London Plague, The Spanish Flu, Ebola Virus, Swine Flu, etc. and now the Coronavirus. They have been responsible for so many uncountable deaths in the past, which begs the question that, are we prepared? Are we prepared to deal with it or are we just at the mercy of nature?
What is Disaster Management Act, 2005 about?
The Disaster Management Act or the DMA is an act that was established in 2005 for tackling disasters that are either natural or man-made. Until now, the DMA has worked in tackling problems such as floods, earthquakes, etc. this is the first time the Act has been entrusted to tackle a matter of public health which has such a high severity. According to Section 2(e), “disaster management” means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for— (i) prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; (ii) mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; (iii) capacity-building; (iv) preparedness to deal with any disaster; (v) prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; (vi) assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; (vii) evacuation, rescue and relief; (viii) rehabilitation and reconstruction2. The objective of the act can be inferred from the sub-points given in the above section.

Are we prepared?
There used to be a time when the disasters we were most worried about was a Nuclear War or a catastrophic event that we all assumed would happen in 2012. If anything, that is going to kill over 10 million people in the next few decades it is going to be a highly infectious virus and not a war3. We are so engrossed in improving our instruments of warfare that we do not consider a flu-virus as a threat at all. A health emergency also deserves the same seriousness as other disasters. On a careful observation it can be found that the DMA is not completely ideal when it comes to tackling a health emergency such as this. The DMA has helped in controlling movement and issuing guidelines which are being followed religiously. To keep people in check the DMA also has punishments for rule-breakers (Section 514), people who spread false rumors (Section 545) and those who are taking an unfair advantage of the money or materials provided in relief (Section 536) with imprisonment or fine or both. The DMA is doing everything within its limits and powers to tackle the situation and as of now it is also working, but it still does not answer the question, Are we prepared? If we concentrate on the exact meaning of the word “prepared” it means “ready to deal with a situation”7. In this situation, we can deduce that it means having all the necessary protocols and infrastructure that is necessary to tackle this efficiently. Unfortunately, India as well as other countries in the world lack such preparedness when it comes to health emergencies specifically. In India we have the Epidemics Disease Act, 1897 but it is vague, ancient and does not talk about specific methods to tackle any such emergency, the size of this act itself shows the competency of the act towards health emergencies in India. The Covid-19 pandemic is not the only health emergency that has haunted India and also the world in recent times. All of them have been learning experiences to all of us, similarly the Covid-19 pandemic will also be a learning experience. Covid-19 has shown the true colors of human evolution when it comes to technology. No matter how much we develop there is always a chance that all of it will be pointless and nature will always find a way to emerge stronger. All of this may seem dystopian if we ponder on it but all is not lost, there is always room for change.

Notice of Arbitration

A notice of arbitration is where the whole process of arbitration starts, it sets out the claims of the party and also identifies the intention to initiate the arbitration. Unless any of the party does not show the interest to initiate arbitration the notices cannot be issued. The notice is the document where the parties show the interest to initiate Arbitration.

The opposition can reply the notice by denying the claims or make a counter claim or simply ignore the notice of arbitration.

If there is counter claim the other party can reply the defendant with the document called “The statement of defence” 

After the arbitrator is fixed the first step arbitrator takes is called “First procedural conference”

The conference is about what should be the process of arbitration they can also fix how many pleadings they are going to have in the arbitration, Pleadings are simple documents which support the claim of the party.    

The parties or, if the parties fail to agree, the arbitral tribunal must determine the rules governing communications during the course of the proceedings between the parties, the arbitral tribunal and, where appropriate, the arbitral institution.

This entails specifying the addresses of the parties and their representatives, as well as those of the arbitrators, to whom documents can validly be sent. The permitted methods of communication (ordinary mail, courier delivery, telex or facsimile, for example) should also be specified, as should items such as when time limits for exchanges of evidence or memorials will be considered to have been met (on dispatch or receipt of the documents in question), the starting point for deadlines for the recipient’s response and any extension of deadlines falling on public holidays or weekends.

Gutted is a very small word to express the sadness that crept through every Real Madrid and Cristiano Ronaldo’s fan yesterday night. Two seasons running Cristiano Ronaldo’s Juventus team couldn’t make it to the later stages of the elite Champions League tournament. The reason isn’t Ronaldo, but the mindset of the whole Juventus team. Whenever Juventus play, it seems like its 11v1 match going on. It seems as if Ronaldo is the only man motivated to do something for the team, and rest of the players are just playing for the sake of playing. Look at the match played yesterday between Lyon and Juventus. It was the Round of 16 tie of the Champions League. Lyon were leading Juventus 1-0 by the end of the 1^st leg. The match started with Lyon getting awarded a controversial penalty, which in my honest opinion wasn’t a penalty at all, giving Lyon a crucial goal, that too an away goal. That meant that now Juventus had to score 3 goals in the stipulated 90 minutes to go into the quarter finals of the elite tournament. And then came the Cristiano Ronaldo show.

The Portuguese talisman scored a brace, including a belter of a left footer shot to level the score on aggregate but still Juventus needed 1 more goal to win the game as Lyon had an away goal. Cristiano tried very hard but couldn’t find the back of the net for the 3^rd time. He also missed various opportunities, two massive headers but after all he is also human. The problem is why only he was trying, why not the other nine outfield players? The other players never created any chances, be it the likes of Higuaín, Pjanic, Bentancur or Ramsey. That’s the passion Juventus lacked and that’s why for the 1^st time in nearly a decade, Cristiano Ronaldo couldn’t make it to the Quarter Finals of the Champions League. I’m not saying this about the Juventus team based on one match, its been the same old story for this whole season. I even wonder if they wouldn’t have had the services of Cristiano Ronaldo, they might have lost the Italian domestic title to any other team. They played really badly, after football returned after lockdown. They won the Seriea title by just 1 point. They lost 4 out of their last 6 games in the Seriea tournament, and just won the title by a whisker because of the amazing performances of the 35 year old talisman Cristiano Ronaldo.

Now what lies ahead is the real fact that Cristiano doesn’t have many years left in his professional footballing career and at the end of his career, he should not let his career be going in a downward direction by playing in a team which doesn’t show that kind of enthusiasm needed to win a tournament like the Champions League.

Yesterday, another slump was on the cards for the 2019/20 La Liga champions Real Madrid who were beaten comprehensively by former English champions Manchester City, 4-2 on aggregate to go or should we say storm into the Quarter finals of the Champions League 2019/20 season. With their talismanic captain Sergio Ramos suspended for the 2^nd leg, the match was already titled in the favour of Manchester City. And then the slump happened, with their main defender Varane gifting City two goals with his mistakes in such a high profile match. Benzema scored a goal for Real Madrid but that wasn’t enough to keep the 13 time European champions in the Champions League this season.

In the end, I would like to say that there was a time 2 years back when Real Madrid won their 3^rd Champions League title in a row, but times have changed. With Cristiano leaving Real Madrid after that, it was for certain that the slump has to come. This shows that Nor Real Madrid helped Cristiano Ronaldo win the Champions League or vice versa. They both did it together.

In the 1600s, the Dutch East India Company employed hundreds of ships to trade goods around the globe. In order to fund their voyages, the company turned to private citizens to invest money to support trips in exchange for a share of the profits. In doing so, they unknowingly invented the world’s first stock market.

 So how do companies and investors use the market today? 

Since than the companies have been collecting funds from willing investors to support all kinds of business, and today the stock market is so huge that it has school careers and separate TV channels, stock market is a whole different economic sector where people earn and lose money. It provides bread and butter to number of people.

The modern stock market is significantly more complicated than its original incarnation. If a new company wants to come into the market than the company will advertise its product or services to the new investors, if any of the investors think it is a good idea than they get the first crack at investing. Then the investors sponsor the company’s Initial Public Offering (IPO). This launches the company into the official public market where any company or individual can invest (buying stocks) in the company. Buying stocks in the company makes the stock holder becomes partial owner in the business. If the companies is profitable there will be more and more investment in the company as there is more investment the price of stock also shoots up (demand increases, price increases), it is also called increasing the cost for perspective buyers and raising the value of the stock people already own, this increase in investment helps the company to boosts its overall market value. By showing how many people are willing to invest in their idea. If a company seems less profitable the reverse can also happen. If investors think that their stock value is declining they sell their shares with hopes of making their profits before the value falls down more (demand for the stock declines the price of the stock declines) with the falling price the market value of the company all comes down, this can leave investors with big losses unless the company looks profitable again.

This see-saw of supply and demand is influenced by many factors’ companies are under the unavoidable influence of market forces such as fluctuating price of raw-materials, changes in production technology and the labour cost. Investors are worried about bad leadership, bad publicity or large factors as new laws and trade policies, all these variables which are day to day hurdles for the company which can make the company appear more or less successful, which may get the company more or less investment.

Human confidence in the market has the power to trigger everything from economic boom to financial crises.

TikTok, a Chinese application found in 2012 with the purpose of video-sharing social 

networking service where short dance, comedy videos, lip sync videos, and talent videos are 

posted by the users. Being a populous country, our youth is attracted to this application. More 

than 119 Million people used TikTok in India, the application was downloaded 277.6 million 

times in India in the year of 2019.² However, the application was banned in India in late June 

2020, when the government banned 59 other Chinese applications including TikTok, which 

have bought several inconsistencies and issues regarding the intermediary liability regime. 

There are many types of internet intermediaries which are divided into two categories- 

“Conduits” and “hosts”. Conduits do not interfere in the content which the app provides, they 

work for the automatic, transient or intermediate and storage for transmission. While hosts 

provide the content services. 

As defined under section 2(1)(w) and Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000 TikTok is an intermediary. 

The content is not generated by the app but it is posted by its users. Intermediaries are defined 

according to the functions it does for the electronic records. As per section 2(w) intermediaries 

are defined as- “intermediary”, with respect to any particular electronic records, means any 

person who on behalf of another person receives, stores or transmits that record or provides 

any service with respect to that record and includes telecom service providers, network service 

providers, internet service providers, web-hosting service providers, search engines, online 

payment sites, online-auction sites, online-market places, and cyber cafes.³ While section 79 

of the IT act provides immunity to intermediaries for any illegal content posted by third parties. 

Under this section and the Information Technology 2011, if an intermediary receives ‘actual 

knowledge’ of any illegal content posted on it, it is obligated to remove such content within 36 

hours. On failing to do so, the intermediary will lose its immunity from being sued. Illegal 

content under 79 of the IT Act is stricter than 69A. It can include, for example, content that is 

We all are aware of email marketing which fills up our email inbox every day with a bunch of
emails about the marketing of different apps which shows you updates on sales, up-gradation
of stocks, new arrivals, job opportunities, food delivery apps, travel apps, etc and whatnot.
This is a type of marketing through which companies reach out to their customers through
which the customers get to know about the schemes, discounts, opportunities, etc. These are
sometimes very helpful and sometimes annoying at the same time. The interesting fact is that
many people do not know that this is also an official medium for marketing and that it can
also be illegal. Here we will talk in-depth about email marketing, how it works, hoe can it get
illegal, and many other things you need to know while you are doing this.
 Many of us have experienced that whatever we see online, doesn’t seem as it looks when it
arrives. Often customers get attracted by different types deals and discounts offered by these
websites but sometimes we do not get what we expect and to exchange that particular product
you again have to go through a long process that sometimes gets tiring. You might have also
observed that once you visit a website, even to take a glance you start getting lots of emails,
you request the particular site to stop emailing but it doesn’t and then you finally need to
report. This often makes the important emails you have unseen and creates such a mess in the
inbox. Hence there are certain marketing laws established by the US government to restrict
and to control illegal email marketing.
Laws regarding email marketing:
The CAN-SPAM ACT (The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And
Marketing Act), 2003 is a law that sets rules for commercial emails, establishes requirements
for commercial messages, gives recipients the right to have you stop emailing them and also
spelling out tough penalties for violation. Further, the law makes no exception for business to
business emails. For example, emails like- emailing the former customer about the launch of
a new product, should also comply with the law.
Each separate email that violates CAN-SPAM laws can be subjected to pay fines up to
$48,280. Hence, instead of not complying, it’s better to simply pay heed to the laws and carry
on your marketing on that basis. Following the law isn’t that difficult here, as you know not
complying is much costlier than not abiding by the law.

With the GDP of approximately $20.513 trillion, the United States is the world’s 

highest economy today.¹ The reason for which is high average incomes, capital 

investments, highly technical industries, less unemployment, etc. Which definitely 

makes it a better place for a business start-up. 

In the United States, corporate laws are differentiated in different levels as 

federal, state and local levels. Every state has their own local laws. The standards 

of which are described in securities act of 1933 and securities and exchange act 

1934.² Henceforth, federal laws possess the minimum standard in company 

shares, trade, etc. 

Corporation are allowed to incorporate in whichever state it like and is suitable 

for them, it’s also open for different branches no matter where the headquarter 

are located. Further talking about entities the United States has many different 

forms of business entities but there are mainly four types. 

1. Sole Proprietorship 

2. Partnership 

3. Limited Liability Company 

4. Business Corporation 

As the word itself suggests that Sole Proprietorship runs by a single individual, 

he is the only one who is managing the business assets, liabilities and profits. 

Nearly 72% of all the US business is running through this. ³Among 4 main entities, 

it is the cheapest forms of start up for business there is limited personal liabilities 

for loss Incurred by business or of any legal actions. Profit earned are taxed as 

personal income. 

2. Partnership 

1 _{GDP of USAhttps://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/} 2 _{Acts https://www.ilpabogados.com/en/the-essential-corporate-law-in-the-united-states-usa/} 3 _{Sole proprietorshiphttps://www.thebalancesmb.com/sole-proprietorship-398896 }

A partnership is comprised of two or more person to run a business. The word 

“persons” include individuals or a group of individuals, comprises or corporations. 

The partners share their profits and controls business operations. Here the 

partners are jointly or separately liable for debts incurred. As the federal system 

states govern the different laws but most of the states of US have adopted Uniform 

partnership Act for the partnership to exist following factors are determined. 

– Intensions of parties 

– Joint administration 

– Joint control over the business 

– Capital investment of the partner 

– Common ownership of the property 

Partnership is not a taxable entity. The income is taxable to partners according to 

the number of shares they hold from the company. 

(Source – U.S code 26.USc international revenue code) 

There are extensive laws in India that supported the basic entitlements’ in India yet the execution for the equivalent is less or isn’t perceived or not recognized by its residents. The cold-bloodedness of animals is expanding step by step and furthermore certain activities are additionally taken by certain associations for the security of animals since they are similarly cognizant living creatures as we may be. The University of Cambridge likewise proclaims animals as cognizant living creatures as we may be. The legitimate security of animals has likewise observed a few achievements over the previous decade, which I talk about underneath in more prominent detail. From contemplating these turns of events, unmistakably while the basic entitlements development has far to go, one can see it is out of its earliest stages and well into puberty. Nonetheless, for the development to accomplish its objectives, fundamental establishment building and the enactment of more grounded assurance laws, is the route forward. 

Lawful Scenario in India- 

India has the biggest constitution. Here a few laws are referenced against animal brutality and animal protection. Article 51A(g) of the constitution of India puts an obligation on each resident to ” protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to also have compassion for other living creatures too.” The primary demonstration to secure these valuable lives against brutality was passed in 1990. The Prevention of Cruelty of Animals Act was passed in 1990. Enormous bunched of rules under the PCA have been passed over the most recent twenty years. The main clump was passed in 2001 and the subsequent bunch was spent in the year 2017-2018. Creatures are dealt with cold-bloodedly in the circus while preparing and some of them are not taken care of appropriately and some are beaten to act in the bazaar and to engage individuals. The bunch of 2001, administered about playing out the animals in the circus, movies, slaughterhouse, animal birth control, and the setting up of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty of Animals (SPCA) were passed. In the subsequent group, rules with respect to the guideline of shops that sell animals as pets, dog breeders, and domesticated animal markets were passed. The demonstration is totally broad yet its execution isn’t abundantly perceived; the explanation behind which is open numbness and aloofness this additionally incorporates absence of literacy and education and commercial interests in the business. According to the standard went in 2001 about each state having SPCA, there are not really any states which execute it. Just Maharashtra is perceived for executing of sending notice with respect to a similar that too implementing after seven years. Likewise, the standards of 2018 have not been executed by any of the states completely.

The fundamental consistence is additionally an issue here. There are numerous organizations, ranch crops and even urbanization in certain regions violates these laws this is going on the nation over and they don’t conform to these laws and in the long run are a risk to natural life. Taking the case of the poultry ranches, the greater part of the hens spends their whole lives remaining on the wire pounds, where space is lesser than an A4 size paper. The whole arrangement of concentrated animal cultivating is drilled in complete dismissal for the way that animals are living. Additionally, the greater part of the practices is in direct infringement of the specified laws. The pay laws in regards to these very unnoticed in PCA, 1960. The compensation for the first offence is greatest to INR 50 and compensation for the subsequent offense is INR 100. 

The 2014 Jalikattu Judgment, which is also called the Magna Carta for basic entitlements in India, was passed by the Supreme Court of India and precluded the unmistakable cruel bull subduing sport. It is a milestone judgment not least since it expanded the ambit of Article 21, which gives the key right to life and freedom, to incorporate creatures also. Courts from over the world have referred to the judgment as a way changing decision that has modified the way the world sees its non-human residents. Indeed, even still, in 2017 the administration of Tamil Nadu acquired a correction to the PCA Act, to allow Jallikattu. Activists have since tested this, and it is presently pending a meeting in the Supreme Court. A valid example is that of Jalikattu, where the administration of Tamil Nadu corrected a demonstration regardless of a court request. 

2011 started really brightly for India, winning the ICC Cricket World Cup after 28 years was a dream come true for not only the Indian team, but for the whole nation. But that was when the transformation was needed. The next two away series in 2011 saw India been thumped down by England and Australia both in test and ODI series. That was the time when MS Dhoni brought the point of axing the seniors and bringing in the youth, knowing that in two years time they had to travel to England again for the Champions Trophy before the 2015 World Cup in Australia began. So, now we will see what prompted MS Dhoni to take these decisions and were these decisions correct or not?

According to me, the decision to axe the seniors was a good one and for the benefit and long term future of the Indian cricket team. During the away tours in England and Australia, the Indian team were hammered both in tests and in ODIs. The test series defeats were acceptable because of the fact that the Indian batting lacked technique to play in tough English conditions and couldn’t handle the swinging ball from James Anderson and Stuart Broad. But the main problem were the ODI defeats. With the seniors not too good in fielding and with the bowlers not having enough pace on offer, the system had to change. With the likes of Rohit Sharma and Virat Kohli given more opportunities and them performing well and with their amazing fielding skills were big assets for the team as a whole. Not to forget the role played by Suresh Raina, with both his batting and bowling and also with his amazing fielding skills. The time had arrived for a change.

Not to forget that the bowlers also had to be changed. For a long period of time India had seen only medium pace bowlers emerging and spinners were to be depended upon even when travelling abroad. That had to change and that’s what MS Dhoni did with the emergence of new fast bowlers in the domestic circuit and also in the Indian team. That’s why we now see a pace battery consisting of Ishant Sharma, Shami, Bhuvi, Umesh Yadav and Bumrah reeling down batsman all around the world. So, the change was for the betterment of the Indian cricket.

With the changes made, the result was their to see for everyone. India won the 2013 Champions Trophy is emphatic style with the youngsters coming to the helm. The change to make Rohit Sharma open the innings was a master stroke by Dhoni not only for Indian cricket but also for Rohit Sharma himself, making or should I say turning him into a world class opener. The emergence of all the fast bowlers mentioned above is because they were given due chances and now they are performing their best for the country, under Virat Kohli also. So, in the end I would like to say that what MS Dhoni has done for Indian cricket is tremendous, be it with his bat or captaincy or thinking of the future, taking such difficult decisions and making sure that Indian cricket is at the top.