“CHILD IS THE FATHER OF MAN”, thus said WORDSWORTH years ago. Moreover, it is the child who is a citizen of tomorrow. It is in the condition of a child that there lies the future of any society or nation. Children are the real mirrors of the society. The quality of life of a child reflects how progressive a society is. And with the dawn of the 21st century, one of the challenges that has appeared globally is the problem of CHILD LABOUR.

Child labour is a kind of crime where children are violated to work at a very young age and do the duties just like grown-ups by practicing in business activities. As per the International Labour Organization (ILO), a rule has been established according to which children up to the age limit of fifteen should not be involved in any job forcibly. The use of the children for financial work makes children denied of childhood, proper literacy, mental, physical, and social well being. In some countries, this practice is completely forbidden; however, it has become an international matter in most of the states as it is ruining the future of children extensively. Child employment is a severe matter in most of the developing nations. Small children under the age of 14 are being involved in economic work activity by the people of high-class society. They are ignoring the reality that children are the future and hope of the nation. Millions of children are lacking in primary education and depriving their childhood in our country, which is a terrible warning. These children do not get the opportunity to live a healthy life since they are not delighted physically, intellectually and culturally strong.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR:. Child Labour happens due to a number of reasons. While some of the reasons may be common in some countries, there are some reasons which are specific in particular areas and regions. When we look at what is causing child labour, we will be able to fight it better.Firstly, it happens in countries that have a lot of poverty and unemployment. When the families won’t have enough earning, they put the children of the family to work so they can have enough money to survive. Similarly, if the adults of the family are unemployed, the younger ones have to work in their place. Moreover, when people do not have access to the education they will ultimately put their children to work. The uneducated only care about a short term result which is why they put children to work so they can survive their present.Furthermore, the money-saving attitude of various industries is a major cause of child labour. They hire children because they pay them lesser for the same work as an adult. As children work more than adults and also at fewer wages, they prefer children. They can easily influence and manipulate them. They only see their profit and this is why they engage children in factories. Hence, We should stop this!! This is not right. But, the question is HOW CAN WE ERADICATE IT?

ERADICATION OF CHILD LABOUR. If we wish to eradicate child labour, we need to formulate some very effective solutions which will save our children. It will also enhance the future of any country dealing with these social issues. To begin with, one can create a number of unions that solely work to prevent child labour. It should help the children indulging in this work and punishing those who make them do it.Furthermore, we need to keep the parents in the loop so as to teach them the importance of education. If we make education free and the people aware, we will be able to educate more and more children who won’t have to do child labour. Moreover, making people aware of the harmful consequences of child labour is a must.In addition, family control measures must also be taken. This will reduce the family’s burden so when you have lesser mouths to feed, the parents will be enough to work for them, instead of the children. In fact, every family must be promised a minimum income by the government to survive.In short, the government and people must come together. Employment opportunities must be given to people in abundance so they can earn their livelihood instead of putting their kids to work. The children are the future of our country; we cannot expect them to maintain the economic conditions of their families instead of having a normal childhood.

Privatization is many focused on private companies. It is transferring of government assets or services from the public to the private sector. Government usually transfers this to work efficiently. It’s where government ceases to be a part of the company or business. India recently announced of union budget which is a government’s plan of privatizing every state-owned company in the coming year. Narendra Modi announced that there will be less involvement of government in business, and monetization and privatization will empower Indian citizens, help in the enhancement of infrastructure, and will be economically good. Many countries have gone through a privatization path, such an agenda helps in the enhancement of the company which benefits the customer. On the other hand, critics argue that it may lead to losing jobs, and private companies may charge higher prices. There is no proper privatization plan that has a good fit but there are many success stories and also failures. For example, water privatization took place in JUSCO(Jamshedpur Utilities and Service Company lt.) Is the largest water supplier, it is a flagship company of TATA groups. So, as per the agreement between the TATA group and the government of Jharkhand JUSCO is bound to provide drinking water to the whole town. A political activist told that they cut thousands of people from their basic rights. There are many places in Jharkhand, Shyam Nagar, Balram Basti, etc where water supply is still not regular and some of them don’t have water connections. JUSCO is a private company, the government itself couldn’t help in this situation, they have no control over it as stakes are too low to get in the discussion. Another example is, Hindustan Zinc, the company privatized is good and a successful example. The Atal Bihari Vajpayee- led the BJP government to sell 45% of the stakes of Hindustan Zinc for 765 crores in 2002. The 30% stake government retained was 20,000 crore. This is the second-largest zinc-lead miner company in the world and one of the top 10 silver producers. This shows that there can be failures and successes. It is just a matter of time and plan. Though there are some effects of it faced by common people.

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Effects of Privatization in India.

1. The major effect of privatization is private sectors make hold of if and sell products at a very high rate, which can’t be controlled by any government as it’s all privatized. This is the opportunity of bribery and Corruption for private businesses. Private sectors are not privatized. They are not as transparent as the government. 2. When private companies enter the market, their only motto is to earn profit. So, the prices of the products are too high and the purchasing power of all consumers isn’t that high. So, the demand for the products decreases which leads to a drastic change in the economy. 3. Adding to it, Private owners Raise the productivity and decrease the cost, which leads to losses of jobs and wages for workers.

Hope, privatization is considered to bring more growth and efficiency in a company. There are both positive and negative engagement but let’s focus on what’s coming best for us.

Nature is our very existence, for, if it was not for nature we would not have got the gift of oui existence even, we would not have been created. Life on earth is the greatest gift of nature and it can be found on this earth in several hues and shapes. Everything that we see around-the hills, trees, Plants, mountains, flowers, sun, moon, stars, clouds, birds, and animals consist of Nature. It is the greatest gift of GOD because it is this very nature that sustains us. We cannot think of our existence without Nature. If man is the crowning glory of Nature then Nature is the base of man’s life and existence.

On earth, the gift of life is visible in so many forms, shapes and sizes, all occupying different areas of existence like the areas of land, air and water. Different species of living beings live on land and water, and, nature has provided for each one small or big a convenient mode, atmosphere and a body to exist and grow, in its own environment.Besides living beings, we see life in other shapes those of huge trees and small plants. In the shape of these plants, nature has provided enough for the maintenance of this life on earth. Nature is present before us wherever we turn our eyes. It is present in every colour, shade, hue, shape and size. The air we breathe, the land we live on, the vaulted sky above our heads make life possible on earth. There are countless species of flora as well as fauna. After having created life and living beings on this planet, Nature has given the correct and healthy environment for the existence and the continuous growth of these shapes of life. The very air we breathe in to live, the food we eat to exist and grow, the water we drink to quench our thirst are all basic gifts of nature, without which life could not have existed and grown on this planet.

Thus to be able to see and appreciate the gifts of nature, we do not have far to go, as, all the life that exsits is a gift of nature. Besides life, the scenes we have the pleasure of seeing on this planet are also other gifts of nature which we get to enjoy the life given to us while we are here on earth. The very power to see with our eyes all the beauty around us is also one of the greatest gifts of nature, if it were not for eyes, how would we see and appreciate the nature around us. Our seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds are teeming with infinite variety of fish and aquatic plants and other kinds of creatures. Deep underneath lies a whole world which is yet not completely discovered. Moreover, the store of precious stones underneath also is a Great gift of Nature.

The gifts of nature to us living beings are uncountable, but we know about them and appreciate their importance only when, we either don’t have them or, we lose them. Just imagine a single day without seeing daylight or enjoyment or love, then, would life be worth living. Thus, with life we must realise that, nature has accorded to us all other gifts with which we can enjoy life.For understanding the gift that this planet is for us, we just have to take a look around us. Besides the different types of lives we see a variety of land formations, water formations and of course so much in the sky to admire. These gifts we see when we go trekking on hills or on holidays to hill resorts or beaches or see waterfalls. All these add to the beauty, variety and the grandeur of this planet, all of which is a gift package for us mortals.So much for the human being alone, for the animals the jungle has been provided as their habitat. The varieties of animals from the huge elephant and rhinocerous to the tiny rabbit, all coexist in the thick of the mighty jungles. All this that we see is for us to enjoy and coexist with. Nature has provided such immense variety for us to live with, appreciate and enjoy, all these are finally the gifts of nature to man the highest form of life in this world. The creatures in the air and sea, and the others that live on land are all for man to enjoy in some way or the other, as, man is the noblest of nature’s creations, and he thus gets it all.

Veteran actress Surekha Sikri breathed her last today, July 16, in Mumbai. She was 75. Her manager confirmed the news in a statement shared with the media and said that she passed away due to a cardiac arrest earlier this morning. Surekha was not in the best of her health for some time now.

Surekha Sikri made her debut in 1978 with Kissa Kursi Ka. She married Hemant Rege and they have a son together, Rahul Sikri. Her works in the industry include Balika Vadhu, movie Badhaai Ho, Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani, Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil… Indumati Lala Mehra, Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani, Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar, Banegi Apni Baat, Kesar, Kkehna Hai Kuch Mujhko, Saher, Samay, CID and Just Mohabbat, among others. The veteran has won three national awards, including one for Badhaai Ho. Surekha was last seen in Netflix”s anthology Ghost Stories directed by Zoya Akhtar.

A veteran of Hindi theatre, she made her debut in the 1978 political drama film Kissa Kursi Ka and went on to play supporting roles in numerous Hindi and Malayalam films, as well as in Indian soap operas. Sikri has received several awards, including three National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award.

Sikri won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress thrice, for her roles in Tamas (1988), Mammo (1995) and Badhaai Ho (2018). She was awarded the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role in 2008 for her work in the primetime soap opera Balika Vadhu and won the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the same show in 2011. In addition, she won the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1989 for her contributions towards Hindi theater. Her last release Badhaai Ho (2018) got her immense recognition and appreciation from viewers and critics. She won three awards: the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the film.

Actors like Sureka Sikri are not born these days, actors who can speak jus through their eyes and expressions are the actors we remember. She will always be “Dadisa” from Balika Vadhu for me and “Dadi” from Badhai ho for me. To perform such characters where your audience will not like you is such a huge risk but she took it and the way she did it we all have seen it. Especially the scene where she take a stand for her daughter in law in Badhai ho, and shuts everybody up. Nobody could have performed that character and scene like her.

You always be in our hearts, queen. May you rest in peace and power.

Teenage years are a time of rapid growth and change, physically and mentally. Teenagers are between the age group of 13-19 from puberty to adulthood, this is where the crucial stage of people’s life begins where they either make a bad decision or a good one’s. This is the time of adolescence, which may be a rough time for parents to control them with this furious and frustrated nature. Teenage life is difficult to understand as it’s more towards finding themselves out, it’s a period of the span where kids try to indicate themselves. This is due to hormonal changes in them, it changes their set of mind, behavior, frustration, angriness and whatsoever. This may sound crazy but it is okay to be like this in these particular years. It shows the transitional stages in a kids life, but it is a physical, psychological, cultural stage of expression may start soon and end as later as it can be.

Youngsters make early decisions about their schooling, subject, and career which is a lot of pressure for them. Some even think their secondary marks decide the whole future and career.

A major issue faced by teenagers:

Suicide, as we all know teen period is very stressful. They are filled with major changes which include hormonal changes, changes in behavior, and in feeling too. This leads to more confusion, stress, fear, and doubt in themselves. 

For some teens, normal development may be a bit harder when are combined with different events like:- 

divorce

change in the families behavior

loved one’s moving out etc. 

This problem doesn’t seem easy to handle or overcome, it leads to suicide in the teenage generation as they are not very developed from the mind and thinking.

Here I have a story for you about the latest suicide in India.

• 18-year-old boy committed suicide for losing money of 15000 rs while ordering a smartphone from an online site.
• 16-year-old girl died after committing suicide. She was popular on social media and had many followers.
• A 14-year-old girl died after being raped by 3 men in Madhya Pradesh.

Depression is common at a young age. It says that 20% of the kids are affected by mental depression at adolescent age and many of them suffer from a year or more.

Depression is a very serious issue, not only in teenagers but also in adults. Depression leads to suicide, depression, and suicide revolves around each other. In simple words, depression or any other harmful action which can not be bared leads to suicide.

Bullying is another thing that hurts an innocent mind and personality. It happens when one particular thing is repeated in front of the same person which is way offensive for the person and is’nt able to handle the insult. Bullying is a deliberate behavior.

Here I have some incidents related to it:-

• Riddhi Oswal, age 16, resides with her parents in Switzerland. She was traumatized by the same bullying in her school which made her leave the school, and the same thing continued in the next school. Her parents even filed the complaint in court, but nothing happened in particular. So Riddhi and her sister Vasundhra at the age of 22 started with an anti-bullying campaign for those who were bullied and to stop the bullying in general.
• Here’s the story of an 18-year-old girl, who resides in Ahemdabad, she was cyber-bullied by her best friend. The culprit was her friend, so used to make fake accounts of the victim and used to chat with the boys in a very inappropriate way and there were very weird messages in it and to give victims phone number. Later it got to know that it was all out of jealousy and for fame.

These are not the only problems teenagers are facing. There’s more in it, these were the major part of it. But if the child is facing issues and having stress about thinking negativity, then you must help the child to how to appreciate the good stuff, positive thinking, and gratitude which will change the criteria of thinking. Instead of thinking ‘why didn’t’, will think ‘why and how ‘ things went well.

Bollywood has either invisibilised or hyper-sexualised LGBT characters. On silver screen the stereotype of the flamboyant gay man was persistent and primarily used as an accessory. Representation of female desire even among hetero couples has been rare, portrayal of female desire in a same sex loves story, for the silver screen, was unthinkable.

The mainstream has suffered from lack of representation within mainstream cinema and the minuscule representation that made its way, is problematic at its best. However, there has always been a few rare offbeat cinemas, even within the mainstream, which shook up the largely conservative audience and showed on silver screen the portrayal of queer characters, queer desire and quietly left its mark on the audience. Here are a few films that got LGBT representation right.

Fire

Fire made in the year 1996 and directed by Deepa Mehta, it shocked the traditionalist audience to the core. Some might even say it is way ahead of its times. However, 24 years later it continues to be way ahead of its time as portrayal of female desire within a same sex relationship continues to be a taboo subject.

Married into a traditional Hindu house, Radha and Sita are sisters- in- law, both stuck in unhappy marriages and a mundane domestic life. They find love, intimacy and companionship with each other, surrounded in a world that forbids female desire. The film was banned in India and created public outrage from the traditionalist and conservative sects. Standing the test of time it continues to be a standalone film for an uninhibited depiction of female desire.

My Brother Nikhil

My Brother Nikhil, made in the year 2005, and directed by Onir, touches upon the AIDS pandemic  in the gay community during the 90s and early 2000s. It touches upon the stigma of AIDS within an already marginalised community and the impact it has on the members of the gay community.

Told through the lens of the family of a closeted gay man, who is forced to come out of the closet because he has been infected with AIDS, it is a poignant tale of love. It is the journey of a man who is shunned by his workplace and parents because of his sexual orientation, only to be supported by his sister and lover. It is a tale of struggle, love and, life, which continues to be relevant even after 15 years.

Made in Heaven

Made in Heaven, a series directed by Zoya Akhtar is  a tale of weddings in India which is about love, money, power, caste and inequalities deeply entrenched in all of us. The male protagonist of this show is a closeted gay man, living in a world where Section 377 of Indian Penal has not been de-criminalised. Hence, outwardly he leads a successful professional life as a wedding planner but inwardly he knows he will treated as a criminal if he comes out.

It shows the struggles of being gay in India before Navtej Johar read down Section 377, which includes a nosy neighbour, a police arrest and custodial violence. It is the journey of a man to accept himself and live in a society that struggles to accept same sex relationships.

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Margarita with a Straw

Margarita with a Straw, directed by Shonali Bose, is an intersectional representation of disability, queerness and gender, told through Laila, the protagonist played by Kalki Koechlin. Laila is a young woman who has cerebral palsy who shares a close relationship with her mother, who is also her primary caregiver. She goes off to Manhattan for her higher studies and discovers her bisexuality when she develops feelings for a visually impaired disability activist.

It is a tale of a woman navigating an ableist world, coming off age and dealing with her sexual orientation. It is also a tale of struggle of acceptance as her mother struggles to accept her bisexual identity. Ultimately, it tells a tale of universality of desire, love and acceptance.

Aligarh

Aligarh, directed by Hansal Mehta, is based on the life of Professor Ramchandra Siras who taught at the famed Aligarh Muslim University. The professor is forced to come out of his closet when he is caught in an intimate moment with another man. This is followed by a harrowing tale of violence and intolerance from groups of conservative society and his workplace that suspends him on grounds of gross misconduct.

The role of Siras is played by veteran actor Manoj Bajpayee. The film starts off after his sexuality has been discovered and he is contacted by a young journalist played by Rajkumar Rao about this incident. This film shows the long drawn battle of being charged under Section 377 of India Penal Code. Professor Siras was finally acquitted by the Court. However, he was found dead in his apartment a day before his acquittal and the subsequent reinstating in the University.

Why It Matters?

In a post 377 world, it is crucial that queer narratives, love, life and desires are brought to the forefront. Stories have the power to heal and bring acceptance. Hence, Bollywood, since it is the flag bearer of mainstream cinema needs to bring the queer stories to the forefront as it has a mass appeal. Queer narratives needs to be normalised and telling stories are perhaps a crucial step towards that.

Transgender are the ones whose gender identity doesn’t match the sex as given at the time of birth. Being transgender is not the same type as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Transgender people can be identified by what’s inside them as male, female, or none of these. Whether lesbian, gay, or bisexual people get to know by whom they are attracted to and to who you are feeling attached to emotionally, romantically, and sexually. There are many different terms used for transgender people to describe themselves, which are Hijra, Chhakka, Jagappa, Kinnar, Aravani, etc. They are biologically male who then identify themselves as women or not men. Transgender people showcase them in a very different kind of ways, Some dress up differently, some have different their behavior, and also manners which makes comfortable to which who they are. Some stay as unidentified as they reject to understand the differences between ‘male’ and ‘female’. so they are called transgender, genderqueer, genderfluid, etc… Some people also have surgeries so that can match their gender type.

India’s parliament has passed a bill to protect the rights of the transgender community, but the latest laws are inadequate. Trans activist has analyzed various trans rights since the first bill was passed in 2016. The new law will violate the rights of their community rather than respect. In India, trans people deserve more government recognition without any intervention and discrimination. In 2014, the supreme court gave an order that transgender will be enjoying the title of the third gender and can have equal rights as others without any further due and discrimination, while also being entitled to a special education system which also improved the status of the transgender community. And ordered that they have the right to decide or choose their unidentified gender and should be accepted by everyone. In 2015 an essential link of right to legal recognition and equality. A 19-year-old transgender man publically opened up about being harassed by his parents. so the inspector in return wrote about every person has the right to be recognized in their own gender. The new law recognizes people specifies intersex people but offers no protection. It’s the law for protecting people from doing unnecessary surgeries. Such in 2019 it got banned in Tamil Nadu.

THE FIRST TRANSGENDER OF INDIA.

Naaz Joshi is India’s first transgender to come out to be known in India. She is the first transgender international queen, a trans rights activist, and a motivational speaker. She was born in 1984 in New Delhi. Naaz is a proud mother of 2 daughters, she adopted them when her family abandoned her. She told in an interview that the younger daughter is the daughter of a 16-year-old girl who threw her child in a dustbin.

There are many more famous transgender in India:-

1. Laxmi Narayan Tripathi was assigned as male at birth. She is the most inspirational and influential transgender person. She is a Bharatnatyam dancer and a social activist, her parents accepted her when she came out as a transgender woman.
2. Gauri Sawant has fought for transgender rights. She left her home at the age of 18 as she didn’t want to disappoint her father. She is an activist and she is a director of Sakshi Char Chowghi trust who runs to provide counseling sessions to assist newly trans women and those with AIDs and HIV.
3. Sathyashri Sharmila is the first Tamil Nadu’s first transgender lawyer in 2018 came out in public, in 2007 when she finished law studies. After that she waiting for over a decade to get registered as lawyer so that she can help the trans community who all are facing issues from decades.

Transgender people faced many problems for the past few decades, they were given names, they were getting opportunities and are excluded from many things, and were called ‘impure’. Instead of supporting, they were looked at with pity. Then though they have proven themselves in every mainstream and what others were able to do, was done by these people. So here was the few of the famous transgender who broke the barrier and proven themselves as equal.

“To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society” – Theodore Roosevelt 

All of us have grown up hearing the stories of “The Thirsty Crow” and “The Fox and the Grapes”.  We may have forgotten the stories, but the values still remain in our minds. From childhood itself, we have grown up hearing about moral values. And yes, they are so precious that they help us in becoming a good human being. Moral values are a set of principles that guide us throughout our lives. Moral values direct us to the right path to lead our lives. Imparting these from the early days helps one to distinguish between right and wrong. These values involve factors like loving others, helping others, respecting others, morality, honesty, etc. Finally, it helps to build a high minded person and to follow the path of righteousness. One can attain right and virtuous character only if he/she is able to follow moral values with complete honesty. Moral education should include the mental and moral development of an individual. As we grow up we keep on learning and transforming ourselves, so do our morals. We should keep in mind the fact that moral education can be effectively imparted to the younger ones mainly through examples and not by percepts. As kids are good observers, they notice everything we do. They keep on watching us, so try to be an example for them to adopt. Parents should also be aware of the type of companions they make. Teachers and parents should always monitor the behavior of kids. They should be able to apply moral values as it comes to practical life. The surrounding can also influence them, in building up moral values. Elders should remember to encourage and appreciate them for the moral virtues they hold. It motivates them to hold on to these values always. In the course of time, it becomes a part of them. The foundation should start from an early age itself, from home and is carried to the schools, colleges and also to the workplace.

The Benefits of Acquiring Moral Education are:

• Moral education helps one to distinguish between right and wrong.
• It gets reflected in one’s personality.
• It helps in building a good personal and professional life.
• It helps to eliminate problems like violence, dishonesty, jealousy etc from one’s life.
• It can wipe out bad influences in the society like violence, crimes, agitations, child abuse, disregarding women, etc.
• It also helps in building a positive approach to things, self-confidence, and motivation.
• It helps in finding out the true purpose of life. These values help one to be dedicated, unselfish, loving and caring for others.

The method of teaching moral values to students is universal. Teachers and parents have a key role in this. If a child misbehaves, it’s common for people to blame their parents and teachers for this. Children usually tell lies for personal gains. Teachers should give proper guidance and advice to them. They are the student’s greatest inspirations.  The students always tend to look at their teachers as ideal ones. So teachers should be able to be a role model for them to imbibe moral values.  Reading moral stories can also help in developing moral values. Even students from refined and cultural families lose moral values if their companions and school environment are not proper. Children should have a strong base of moral values.  Our curriculum must include the biographies of great personalities who followed the right path in life. If effectively implemented, Moral Education will help learners with tools of judgment making and leading them to make effective decisions and choices. Therefore, the importance of moral education is vital and also it should be an integral part of the school and college curriculum. Finally, moral values give us happiness, immense satisfaction and confidence to face life as it is. These values help to mold gentle humans who are beautiful in values and nature.

A firewall is defined as a type of hardware & software program that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a defined set of security rules. It can be said that it acts as a barrier between internal networks and external sources. Purpose of a firewall is to prevent malicious or unwanted data traffic from entering the computer and protect computer from viruses and attacks. A firewall can be a network security device or a software program on a computer. This means that the firewall comes at both levels, i.e., hardware and software. A hardware firewall is a physical device that attaches between a computer network and a gateway. For e.g. broadband router, etc. On the other hand, a software firewall is a program installed on a computer that works through port numbers and other installed software. Apart from this, there are cloud-based firewalls. These are commonly referred to as FaaS (firewall as a service). A primary advantage of using cloudbased firewalls is that they can be managed centrally. These are best
known for providing perimeter security. Some Operating Systems like Windows 10 comes with built-in firewalls.

How does a Firewall Work & it’s functions:

A firewall system analyses network traffic based on pre-defined rules. It filters the traffic and prevents traffic coming from unreliable or suspicious sources. It only allows incoming traffic that is configured to accept. Usually, firewalls intercept network traffic at a computer’s entry point, known as a port. Firewalls perform this task by allowing or blocking specific data based on pre-defined security rules. Incoming traffic is allowed only through trusted IP addresses or sources. Firewalls have a variety of functions and capabilities with built-in features:

• Network Threat Prevention
• Application and Identity-Based Control
• Hybrid Cloud Support
• Scalable Performance
• Network Traffic Management and Control
• Access Validation
• Record and Report on Events

Limitations of Firewall:

There are some limitations to firewall which makes use of antivirus necessary. These limitations are:

• Firewalls cannot stop users from accessing malicious websites, making it vulnerable to internal threats or attacks.
• Firewalls cannot protect against the transfer of virus-infected files or software.
• Firewalls cannot prevent misuse of passwords.
• Firewalls cannot protect if security rules are misconfigured.
• Firewalls cannot protect against non-technical security risks, such as social engineering.
• Firewalls cannot stop or prevent attackers with modems from dialling in to or out of the internal network.
• Firewalls cannot secure the system which is already infected.

Types of Firewall:

There are mainly three types of firewalls, such as software firewalls, hardware firewalls, or both, depending on their structure. Each type of firewall has different functionality but the same purpose. A hardware firewall is a physical device that attaches between a computer network and a gateway. For example- a broadband router. A hardware firewall is sometimes referred to as an Appliance Firewall. Whereas, a software firewall is a simple program installed on a computer that works through port numbers and other installed software. This type of firewall is also called a Host Firewall. The following are types of firewall techniques that can be implemented as software or hardware:

• Network Layer Firewall – filtering is done based on source and destination IP addresses.
• Context Aware Application Firewall – filtering is done based on the user, device, role, application type, and threat profile.
• Proxy Server – filtering of web content requests like URL, domain, media, etc.
• Reverse Proxy Server – placed in front of web servers, reverse proxy servers protect, hide, offload, and distribute access to web servers.
• Network Address Translation (NAT) Firewall – hides or masquerades the private addresses of network hosts.
• Transport Layer Firewall – filtering is done based on source and destination data ports, and filtering based on connection states.
• Application Layer Firewall – filtering is done based on application, program or service.
• Host-based Firewall – filtering of ports and system service calls on a single computer operating system.
• Next Generation Firewall – It has higher levels of security than packet-filtering and stateful inspection firewalls. Unlike other firewalls, this monitors the entire transaction of data, including packet headers, packet contents, and sources. They are designed in such a way that they can prevent more sophisticated and evolving security threats such as malware attacks, external threats, and advance intrusion.
• Cloud Firewalls – This type of firewall is considered similar to a proxy firewall. The reason for this is the use of cloud firewalls as proxy servers. However, they are configured based on requirements. There most significant advantage is scalability.
• Stateful Inspection Firewall – Stateful multi-layer inspection firewalls include both packet inspection technology and TCP handshake verification. These types of firewalls keep track of the status of established connections. In simple words, when a user establishes a connection and requests data, the SMLI firewall creates a database (state table). The database is used to store session information such as source IP address, port number, destination IP address, destination port number, etc. Connection information is stored for each session in the state table.

Microcontrollers: It is a programmable integrated circuit (IC) that consists of a small CPU, RAM and I/O pins. Microcontroller units (MCUs) are widely used in many devices.

A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.

The 8051 microcontroller was invented in 1980’s by Intel. Its foundation is based on Harvard architecture and this microcontroller was developed principally for bringing it to be used in Embedded Systems. At first it was created by using NMOS technology but the use of NMOS consumed more power to work therefore Intel re-launch the microcontroller 8051 using CMOS technology and new edition came up with edition of letter ‘C’ in the title name, therefore the new modified version of microcontroller is called by name 80C51. The 8051 microcontroller programming is performed in embedded C language using Keil software.

Some Features of 8051 Micro-Controller are:

• It having four register banks
• 64K bytes on-chip programmable memory (ROM)
• 128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM)
• Address bus is 16-bit unidirectional
• Data bus is 8-bit bidirectional
• 128 user defined flags
• 16 bit timers
• 32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit
• 8051 microcontroller offers a number of special features such as ADC, UARTs, Op-amp, etc.

Architect of 8051 Microprocessor

CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU act as a mind of any processing machine. It synchronizes and manages all processes that are carried out in microcontroller. User has no power to control the functioning of CPU. It interprets the program stored in ROM and carries out from storage and then performs it projected duty. CPU manage the different types of registers available in 8051 microcontroller.

Interrupts: Interrupts is a sub-routine call that given by the microcontroller when some other program with high priority is request for acquiring the system buses the n interrupts occur in current running program.

Types of interrupt in 8051 Microcontroller:

• Timer 0 overflow interrupt – TF0
• Timer 1 overflow interrupt – TF1
• External hardware interrupt – INT0
• External hardware interrupt – INT1
• Serial communication interrupt – RI/TI

Memory: For operation Micro-controller required a program. This program guides the microcontroller to perform the specific tasks. This program installed in microcontroller required some on chip memory for the storage of the program. Microcontroller also required memory for storage of data and operands for the short duration. In microcontroller 8051 there is code or program memory of 4 KB that is it has 4 KB ROM and it also comprise of data memory (RAM) of 128 bytes.

Bus : Bus is a group of wires which uses as a communication canal or acts as means of data transfer. The different bus configuration includes 8, 16 or more cables. Therefore, a bus can bear 8 bits, 16 bits all together. The two types of bus used in 8051 microcontroller:

• Address Bus: 8051 microcontrollers is consisting of 16 bit address bus. It is generally be used for transferring the data from Central Processing Unit to Memory.
• Data bus: 8051 microcontroller is consisting of 8 bits data bus. It is generally be used for transferring the data from one peripherals position to other peripherals.

Oscillator: As the microcontroller is digital circuit therefore it needs timer for their operation. To perform timer operation inside microcontroller it required externally connected or on-chip oscillator. Microcontroller is used inside an embedded system for managing the function of devices. Therefore, 8051 uses the two 16 bit counters and timers. For the operation of this timers and counters the oscillator is used inside microcontroller.

Application of 8051 Microcontroller:

The 8051 microcontroller applications include a large amount of machines because it is used for incorporating inside a project or to assemble a machine using it. The major applications of 8051 Microcontroller:

1. Energy Management : In energy management system the measuring device is used for calculating the energy consumption in industrialized and domestic applications. These systems are manufactured by integrating the microcontrollers inside their architecture configuration.
2. Automobiles : Microcontroller 8051 is to be used for providing automobile solutions. They are largely be used in hybrid motor vehicles to control engine variations.
3. Touch screens: The advanced degree of microcontroller integrate the touch sensing ability within their design .Transportable devices such as cell phones, media players and gaming devices are some example of microcontroller integrated with touch screens.
4. Medical Devices: Microcontroller is used in various medical devices such as glucose and blood pressure measurement machine for monitoring and measuring the exact result in real-time computational environment.

What is the first comes in your mind when hear about Paris? Love, right? A city filled with french people and also says that this city is called ‘City of Love’,every wedded couple would go to Paris for its honemoon vacation.This places has that essence of love romantic stufs in its thin air. It’s not the random people of gave this place a name ‘city of love, it is describes by those who visited the capital city of France, and says that it give all sorts of romantic vibes. With city og love its been a given name of ‘City of Lights’. The city is well emblazed with lights. The Paris the first city to adopt street light. This is not only the city of love and romance but also home to Art, Music, Fashion, Cafe Culture and it also known for its elegance and its been spreading throughout.

WHY PARIS IS CALLED CITY OF LOVE?

1. Effiel tower is the French landmark which is easily seen from any corner of the city which is from a garden or a view from a hotel room, the uniqueness about this tower is we can have leisure time on this unique tower from down to dusk and in any sort of season. You may know Effiel tower is the second-best place to propose?! yes it is. It is a must-visit place for couples as it is a lover’s point, a date place and a wedding place too.
2. There is a love lock bridge in Paris. this bridge is a resemblance to how beautiful this bridge is even though there aren’t any locks. 4 years ago this the bridge where lovers used to attach the locks to the railing for their remembrance. there were hundreds and thousands of locks on it which encouraged tourists and couples to click selfies with it which led to some serious accidents. This bridge was constructed in 1801 and connects the institute de France and the central square of Louvre.
3. The French language is known as the romantic language of the world. This language is so mesmerizing and every phrase of it is romantic and soothing in its own way. henceforth, French is an expensive language. This language is quite attractive, it says that those who speak french has different facial expression while speaking and has hand gestures while speaking.
4. The best thing about France is its food. The baked goods served around are the best things. It smells so good and seductive, one can’t resist stopping by a patisserie. The aroma of vanilla and caramel is wholesome and spread around the city. The famous of all are:- bagauttes, macarons, croissants, eclair, etc……..
5. The calm and soothing atmosphere makes afternoon or evening date best and perfects at Parisian bistros, the outdoor sitting gives the essence of liveliness. Most bistros have red or dark lovable themed interiors.

So, guys this was my queue. Do like and share. And yess Paris is a beautifull place to travel for the ones, those who are in search of love, art, culture, and romance.

Earlier, Netflix has announced 41 new India titles today, these include 13 films, 15 series, four documentaries, six stand-up comedy specials and three reality TV shows. Bollywood celebrities like Sonakshi Sinha, Taapsee Pannu, Jitendra Kumar, Arjun Rampal, Kartik Aaryan, Dhanush, Sanya Malhotra, Neena Gupta, Arjun Kapoor, Kapil Sharma, Manoj Bajpayee, Madhuri Dixit Nene and more will be seen on the streaming website in different shows and webseries.

13 NEW FILMS

Ajeeb Daastaans — from Karan Johar, with director Neeraj Ghaywan (RELEASED)

Bulbul Tarang — starring Sonakshi Sinha

Dhamaka — starring Kartik Aaryan

The Disciple — from Chaitanya Tamhane(RELEASED)

Haseen Dillruba — starring Taapsee Pannu, Vikrant Massey (RELEASED)

Jaadugar — starring Jitendra Kumar

Jagame Thandhiram — starring Dhanush(RELEASED)

Meenakshi Sundereshwar — starring Sanya Malhotra

Milestone — from Ivan Ayr

Navarasa — from Mani Ratnam

Pagglait — starring Sanya Malhotra(RELEASED)

Penthouse — from AbbasMustan

Sardar Ka Grandson — starring Neena Gupta, Arjun Kapoor(RELEASED)

15 NEW SERIES

Aranyak — starring Raveena Tandon

Bombay Begums — from Alankrita Shrivastava(RELEASED)

Decoupled — starring Madhavan

Delhi Crime: Season 2 — an International Emmy winner

Feels Like Ishq — starring Radhika Madan, Tanya Maniktala, Zayn Marie Khan, Neeraj Madhav

Finding Anamika — starring Madhuri Dixit Nene

Jamtara: Season 2 — from National Award-winning director Soumendra Padhi

Kota Factory: Season 2 — from The Viral Fever

Little Things: Season 4 — starring Mithila Palkar

Mai — from Anushka Sharma

Masaba Masaba: Season 2 — starring Neena Gupta, Masaba Gupta

Mismatched: Season 2 — starring Prajakta Koli

Ray — from director Abhishek Chaubey(RELEASED)

She: Season 2 — from Imtiaz Ali

Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein — starring Shweta Tripathi

SIX COMEDY SPECIALS

Untitled Aakash Gupta stand-up special

Comedy Premium League

Untitled Kapil Sharma stand-up special

Untitled Prashasti Singh stand-up special

Untitled Rahul Dua stand-up special

Untitled Sumukhi Suresh stand-up special

FOUR DOCUMENTARIES

Crime Stories: India Detectives — set in Bengaluru

House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths — from Leena Yadav

Indian Predator — from Vice Media, India Today

Searching for Sheela — from Karan Johar

THREE REALITY TV SHOWS

The Big Day: Collection 2 — from Condé Nast India

Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives: Season 2 — from Karan Johar

Social Currency — from Fazila Allana, Kamna Menezes

Netflix just made our pandemic and lockdown more interesting and fun.

Curfew of a lifetime!

The pandemic pushed many governments to officially put curfews on their citizens for a specified amount of time. And this grew concerns about economy, trade, tourism and what not. But many of us live with curfews almost all the time. Especially young women are faced with taunts from warden, tons of calls from parents and a collective tension of almost the whole society when they are out late.

The fear of nighttime and the predators that lurk in the darkness is a widespread cultural preoccupation. In many societies, women were made to stay home at night, not only to protect themselves but also to ensure that they didn’t engage in morally suspect behavior. Many communities, including in India, adopted this notion that ‘respectable‘ women don’t go out at night.

This mindset isn’t a thing of the past though. Even today if a crime is committed against a women then many questions are raised against the character or the intent of the women herself. Sensationalized reporting of sexual violence against single, middle class women fuels the paranoia and thus becomes a justification for the authority figures to impose restrictions for the ‘good‘ girls.

Instead of taking up steps to make the society a safer place, families and educational institutions impose curfews and other restrictions on women under the guise of protecting them. These end up restricting women’s access to extracurricular activities, libraries and even canteens. Studies conducted across India’s top universities found that most parents would not send their daughters to study in other cities if girls’ hostels didn’t have curfews. But its not just educational institutions, even professional environments reflect this fear of letting women out at night. Although women do work night shifts in sectors like BPO and hospitality, in one study 53 per cent of them reported feeling unsafe working those shifts while 86 per cent of them complained about lack of adequate transport provided by their employers. In many cases, parents try to prevent their daughters from taking up jobs which require them to be out after sunset.

But the fact is that women aren’t unsafe only at night. Women are unsafe round the clock, at home or at school, office, markets, everywhere. If we’re concerned about their safety we need to work and tackle the conditions that make it unsafe for women. Indian movements like ‘Pinjra Tod‘ and ‘Why Loiter‘ have been fighting against the sexist curfews. They are also questioning the respectability that a woman must embody to be out after dark, such as ‘dressing modestly‘ or being escorted by a male relative or having a ‘good reason’ to be out at night.

We need to start taking women’s safety seriously in a way that doesn’t limit our individual freedom, but enables our mobility. Let’s try to make nighttime, public spaces and various modes of transport safe for everyone when we move out of our respective lockdowns.

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Eric Arthur Blair, one of the best novelist of all time according to me and for many other novel readers. I think, I should have used the correct name to introduce him GEORGE ORWELL one of the best of all time and now no one will disagree, right?

When I first heard the name of the book Animal Farm I refused to read it just because of its title, I thought it is going to be the story of animals basically for kids, but my friend kept pushing me to read it, I was only convinced to read it because it had only 90 pages and I do not have to worry about my time or energy either.

After reading about 30 pages I got confused a bit, I was hoping it to be a kid book with a bed time story but it was something else George Orwell was talking about animals and its struggle but somehow in my mind I have created an image with animals as normal people and humans as government and slowly I was soaked into the story.

 Story starts with Mr Jones of manor Farm who came home drunken and forgot to feed his livestock. The ensuring rebellion under the leadership of pigs Napoleon and Snowbell leads to the animals taking over the farm. Vowing to eliminate the terrible inequities of the farmyard, the renamed Animal Farm is organized to benefit all those who walk on four legs. But as time passes, the ideals of the rebellion are corrupted, then forgotten. And something new and unexpected emerges.

He emphasize on learning, reading and writing and how can the government manipulate if you don’t know how to read, and how can anyone play with you emotionally, writer has touched very tiny things during democracy and aristocracy. And if people are not aware their democracy can be converted into aristocracy. These words seems bigger but the writer has explained it beautifully and simply. He talked about some people who trust government blindly, and also those who knows many things but never speaks, and taking all these character together will give you best 3 hours of reading the book.

Book starts with “All animals are equal” and ends with “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others” .  Let me add a twist in this what if I change the word animals with human beings. “All human beings are equal, all human beings are equal, but some human beings are more equal than others”. After reading those changed sentences the multiple things strikes to me, many of today’s problems in many countries around the globe including racial and ethnic religious tensions.

Writer wants to show the mirror to the world and he does it in his style for some it’s a book of animals, a kid book, but for many it’s the experience, an interesting book with a political satire. Many says it’s the book that depicts the Russian revolution but for me it’s for the revolution of the whole world. Animal Farm by George Orwell is a brilliant political satire and a powerful, affecting story of revolutions and idealism, power and corruption.

When it comes to Bollywood, romance is the topmost genre over the past few decades.

The basic plotline of every Bollywood rom-com is, ‘A guy falls in love and he makes her fall in love with him, the couple faces some objections and refusal from family so they either do court marriage or run away for to get a perfect ending. Sounds familiar right? Back in the 2000s. many love stories were being produced, if you were a kid or the 19s kids you must have watched many Bollywood movies back then. Those were the most iconic and supreme level of movies were produced which has marked their legacy, unlike others.
What do you mean by love? let me tell you, it’s a feeling of deep affection, falling in love all over again with the same person and with one’s emotion is love. These same feelings filmmakers have woven into a script that is being shown in cinema as iconic ones. From the Legendary one Mughal-le-Aazam to Dilwale Dulhaniya le Jayenge, Bollywood rom-com has told us about many fascinated love tales. Excluding some of the films, Bollywood has given a moderate amount of storyline about lovers fighting to break the barriers. It is now that Bollywood is making the remakes of the same old scenes of mustard fields, the father being strict, etc. that have been played in front of us many times. Now Bollywood needs new stories with more realistic perspectives.
Some of the exceptional movies which are evergreen movies from the past few decades are:-

1) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge.

It’s is known by name of DDLJ which a 1995 Hindi rom-com film. Starring Shah Rukh Khan a ‘King of Bollywood’ and Kajol. This film is the leading light in the history of Bollywood cinema. Raj and Simran met during a trip to Europe and fell in love. This movie was shot from beautiful mountains to dense greenery in Punjab. The performance and chemistry of them were stellar and outstanding.

2) Jab We Met.

Jab We Met is a 2007s film, is the iconic movie of Imtiaz Ali, which showcased the love journey of Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor Khan in a very conservative way. It showed how two people from opposite backgrounds and cultures came together to evolve feelings for each other. It is cute and innocent love chemistry that was an advantage for the movie. Kareena’s Punjabi character and the way of delivering in the Punjabi accent was the best part of the movie.

3) Yeh Jawani Hai Diwani

In 2013 Deepika Padukone and Ranbir Kapoor starred in the film called Yeh Jawani Hai Diwani, also known as YJHD. This movie has explained the importance of love and friendship. This is the most loved film by the youngsters. This film also features Aditya Roy Kapoor, Kalki Koechlin, and Kunal Roy as supporting actors which made a good collection at the box office. Ayan Mukerji the director of the film has managed to show the interconnection between friendship and love which gets intensified later on.

4) 2 States

Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt started in 2 States in the year 2014. This movie is about how a guy and a girl from different religions, cultures fell in love, while the boy is from north India a Punjabi Munda, and a girl is from South India. Abhishek Varman is the director of the film and has maintained the pitch which is bases on the novel of very famous writer Chetan Bhagat. This movie not only shows the love between two people and family but also how the whole family in a marriage is an essential thing.

5) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

This movie was starred, Ranbir Kapoor and Anushka Sharma. This movie written by Karan Johar showcased the one-sided love, where Ranbir Kapoor loves Anushka Sharma who thinks of him as his very good friend. The film has also starred Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, a Pakistani actor Fawad Khan and Lisa Haydon. This film is a famous movie as it showed the painful side of love and friendship.

6) Barfi!

This movie at starred Ranbir Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, Ileana D’cruz, and was their hit film of 2012. It was written and directed by Anurag Basu. This film showed the love angle between deaf and mute. The girl was deaf and the boy was mute. It was a very wholesome and sweet movie. The acting of them was outstanding, it’s just not the audience who loved it but the critics also loved it and also praised them for their outstanding performance.

7) Love Aaj Kal

This movie was released in 2009. A young take between Deepika Padukone(Meera Pandit) and Saif Ali Khan(Veer Singh). Basically, this movie has explained the contemporary love of them. The title ‘Love Aaj Kal’ is well explained in the movie, no matter what are the circumstances, ups , and downs, melodrama, love prevails. It’s a movie that it would make every lover skip a beat.

These were the movies which showed the love is beautiful. Obviously there are some more of it which couldn’t make it to the list. Which are the best Bollywood movie according to you?

It is not a theory not a concept which you can learn but a story with many emotions , unfortunately without words . A life of middle class family is just like this it seems that they have everything but the truth is everyone is suffering . The faces of the members seem to be happy but inside it there dreams are suffocating like a bird without wings . In this era where everyone is suffering to make there name to be written in golden words there are some of them who are killing there dream because of money and peer pressure , since no one is there to understand there dream and support them . The middle class family always suffer as they are neither poor hence no reservation in any colleges nor rich to pay the college fees . The middle class family always live in dilemma .There family is not enough educated which can understand the dream of their child or by chance if they can understand then no financial help can be provided . And the education nowdays are becoming so costly that if anyone dream to get higher education then they have to think hundred times to do or not . ”I have to live for others not for myself that’s the middle class morality”

• 

Higher education is becoming difficult as the time passes ,it’s difficult for everyone poor people suffers from money whereas some rich people suffers from lack of interest but both of them might suffers from peer pressure , society pressure and status pressure . Our country is developing and it has maximum youngsters which lead to competition among citizens for jobs .More talent more degrees more will be the chances to be on the front row of competition . Our country has very talented youngsters but some didn’t get platform or some didn’t get support . This issue should be solved by our government our country is young and cheerful if they get proper harvesting then it is good for our country . For ex , every year almost 15 lakh students give the entrance exam neet for mbbs but only 1 lakh got selected , India needs doctor and there are plenty of student interested in it but due to lack of colleges they even didn’t got a chance . So our government should give a thought about this . As dream is for everyone and everyone has right to achieve it .

8085 is pronounced as “eighty-eighty-five” microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.

It has the following configuration −

• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB
• A 16-bit program counter
• A 16-bit stack pointer
• Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
• Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

Architecture of 8085 microprocessor

8085 is an 8-bit, general purpose microprocessor. It consists of following functional units:-

 

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
   It is used to perform mathematical operations like: addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, decrement, increment, etc.
    
2. Flag Register:
   It is an 8-bit register that stores either 0 or 1 depending upon which value is stored in the accumulator.
    
3. Accumulator:
   Accumulator is used to perform I/O, arithmetic and logical operations. It is connected to ALU and internal data bus. 
    
4. General Purpose Registers:
   There are 6 general purpose registers. These registers can hold 8-bit values. These 8-bit registers are B, C, D, E, H, L. These registers work as 16-bit registers when they work in pair like: B-C, D-E, H-L.
    
5. Program Counter: 
   Program Counter holds the address value of the memory to the next instruction that is to be executed. It is a 16-bit register.
    
6. Stack Pointer:
   It works like stack. In stack, the content of register is stored that is later used in the program. It is a 16-bit special register.
    
7. Temporary Register:
   It is a 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and logical operations.
    
8. Instruction registers and decoder:
   It is a 8-bit register that holds the instruction code that is being decoded. The instruction is fetched from the memory. 
    
9. Timing and control unit:
   The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow of data from CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by the microprocessor and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control signals like: Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals, Status Signal. 
    
10. Interrupt control:
    Whenever a microprocessor is executing a main program and if suddenly an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the main program. There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessors: INTR, TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5
     
11. Address bus and data bus: 
    Data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored.  Address bus is unidirectional and carries location where data is to be stored.
12. Serial Input/output control:
    It controls the serial data communication by using Serial input data and Serial output data.

Working of 8085 Microprocessor

Now after having an idea about the functional units of the 8085 microprocessor, let us proceed further to understand the operation of the 8085 microprocessor.

We already know that the function of a microprocessor is to execute instructions. Also, to execute an instruction, it first needs to be fetched then decoded and then executed. And to fetch an instruction, firstly the address of the instruction must be known.

The address of the instruction is present in the program counter. This address is then placed on the 16-bit address bus and is then forwarded towards the memory. From the memory, the instruction present at that memory location is fetched through the 8-bit data bus.

Here, in the above figure, we can clearly see that we have combinedly used data bus and address bus so as to reduce the number of lines. As we know that at a particular time the processor will access either the data bus or the address bus.

Further when the instruction is fetched from the memory, then through internal buses the instruction is provided to the instruction register. At this particular point of time fetching the instruction from the memory is over.

Now, it’s time for the processor to decode the instruction. So, it is then fed to the instruction decoder.

We already have the idea that both data and instruction in the memory is stored in the form of an opcode. So, the fetched opcode is analyzed by the instruction decoder present inside the processor in order to execute the instruction.

But, a noteworthy point over here is that, after an instruction is fetched from the memory, then PC increments itself thereby providing the address location of the next instruction. As PC does not play any role in decoding and executing.

However, after execution of first instruction, the next is fetched form the memory.

Now, this is all about fetching and decoding, now what about the execution of the instruction.

In the above figure, we can see the timing and control circuit. This circuit basically sends the control signals to the various units of the microprocessor to execute the instruction.

Suppose, the instruction is ADD A and B. This simply tells the ALU to add the data present in B register with the data present in accumulator i.e., A register. But, in 8085 the decoded instruction is simply ADD B. So, automatically, the ALU adds the value present in the accumulator with the data in register B.

Also, in 8085 the outcome of the operation is stored register A  which is nothing but an accumulator.

Further when an instruction ADD C is decoded by the 8085, then data at C register is added to the data present in register A and is stored at register A. Due to such cumulative action, register A is termed as an accumulator.

Basically, the timing and control circuit timely sends the signals to the accumulator to release its value for proceeding execution. Also, this timing and control circuit sends signals to the register select that tells it to choose the particular register.

Once the data is fetched from a particular register then it is stored in the temporary register and it is used by the ALU. It is to be kept in mind that a programmer can only access the general purpose register as the temporary register is used by the processor to hold the 2^nd operand of the operation.

Now, once the operation is executed, then the result is fed to the accumulator through the data bus. But a flag register is also present that holds the status of the result present at the accumulator.

As we have also discussed in the functional unit that a flag register holds a sign, carry etc. related information of the generated result.

After every instruction execution performed by the ALU, the status of the flag register gets changed. So, ALU produces the result and its status simultaneously after each operation.

As we have already discussed that W and Z are the temporary registers but these are not accessed by the programmer as both are used by the processor to hold the temporary value stored by it.

So, this is all about the block diagram and working of 8085 microprocessor.

Applications of 8085 microprocessor

8085 finds its major applications in programmable calculators as well as in numerical control and environment monitoring systems. These are also used in switching, banking and financial systems.

I just watched a movie “Wake up Sid” starring Ranbir Kapoor and Konkana Sen Sharma directed by Ayan Mukherjee and I can still say this that this movie still gives me all those feels that it gave me 12 years back as a teenager. This movie taught some life changing lessons that its still so relevant:

1. It’s necessary to break your shells and come out of your comfort zone

“Tumhe kabhi laga hai ki apna ghar ho, apna khana khud banao, apne paise khud kamao aur udao, Sab kuchh apna banaya hua ho? Independence, you know what I mean?” 
It’s very necessary in life to realise the importance of independence, and make oneself capable of earning one’s own bread. Aisha emphasises the value of self reliance, and personal growth. 

2.Being fearless is the only way in life, to make your dreams come true

“Tumhe nahi pata kitna darr lagta hai but you know what, sab theek ho jaega. Bombay aana mera sapna tha. Aur ab yahan hoon toh darr nahi sakti. Itna kuchh karna hai yahan ki darr ke jaye koi jagah hi nahi hogi”
When Aisha opened up about being scared everyday, but taking this as a challenge to pursue her dream, she gave us a major reality check about life. She inspires one to be brave and take chances.

3.Live in the moment, make memories everyday

“Who cares ki kal kya hoga… As long as we have some fun tonight!”
As millennials go with the quote, ‘you only live once’, Sid made sure to do justice to the saying, with his carefree character. Sometimes, it’s okay to escape and find happiness and pleasures under the multicoloured lights, late night drives with the best of your friends.

4. Embrace the little things and moments in life, while making them countable

“Yeh bhi toh party hain…tum, main our doh cup chai”
Making a layered cake with bread loafs, loaded with jam in ten minutes and stargazing with the city skylines inspires us to embrace the simple pleasures in life. Aisha and Sid touched our hearts in these moments. 

5. Failure doesn’t hold the power to define you

Main apne dad ke bagair kya hoon? Meri khud ki pehchan kya hai…Mujhe nahi pata mujhe naukri karni hai. Main janta hoon mujhe kuchh nahi aata, pata nahi mujhe kaun naukri dega. Par ab mujhe kaam karna hai bas”
Being lost can help pave one’s road of success. Sid loved his passion so much, that he believed to take it responsibly and make it a profession. He encourages one to realise and embrace your inner calling. He inspires one to create a unique identity about oneself. 

6. Grab every opportunity that is capable of reflecting your potential

“Tere liye, Nayi hai zameen naya aasmaan, Likh de hawaaon mein koi nayi dastaan..” 
These heart warming lyrics from the song ‘Aaj Kal Zindagi’ allowed us to have a moment with ourselves while Sid takes the internship opportunity to start working. Watching Sid from being a spoilt brat to becoming a responsible adult was surely captivating enough to motivate us.

7. Family is the strongest support system and should be your first love

“Bas aapse milna tha, I miss you mom” 
“Tumhare friend’s ke tarah agar main bhi English main baat karungi, toh kya pata hum bhi friends ban jaye…Siddy, Tumhara khaana wagera sab theek hain naa ?”
No matter wherever you go, whatever you follow with a good note, your parents will always support you. Your parents have unconditional love for you and would accept you no matter what. They deserve to be loved and respected equally.

8. Some friendships are capable of surviving storms as they are meant to be forever

“Yaar haan, mujhe hona chaiye tha yaar dilaane ke liye…sorry”
True friends will always support you and pray for you even on bad terms. Sid rekindling his friendship with Rishi eventually brought a smile on our faces, and allowed us to reflect our bonds with our friends. 

9.It’s okay to enjoy the simple things in life, if they are comforting and make you safe

“Puraani Hindi film songs….at least unhe aasaani se gaa toh sakte hain…Maine socha tha ki…main bhi Jazz enjoy Karne lagungi, par actually mujhe Jazz pasand hi nahi hain….It’s just not me”

It’s not necessary to fit in to make yourself feel accepted. Things which comfort you will always find your way towards you to give yourself a unique identity about yourself. Ayesha teaches one to hold on and accept things which can make you feel home.

10. Separation hurts, but don’t let that emotion be a burden on someone else

“Itni jaldi chale jaoge…pata nahi main kyun upset hori hoon…kyun nahi rahe sakte yaha Sid…itna bada faisla liya aur mujhse baat bhi nahi ki, socha takk nahi ki mujhe kaisa lagega”
It’s okay to acknowledge your feelings, but sometimes words cut through real deep. Ayesha was right at her point, and so was Sid. There was a lack of understanding between the two, but soon they rekindled their bond. Separation happens for the good, and needs to be embraced with ease. 

11. Love isn’t always perfect, but will always be pure when found in the right person

“Goals paane ki khushi tabhi mehsoos hoti hai … Jab usse kisi ke saath share kar sako”
Love that makes you grow as a person is empowering. While Ayesha learns to address her feelings, she realises that she has fallen in love with the friendship she shared with Sid. Both allowed each other to grow individually and that helped them perceive their goals and feel respected for what they truly are.