Wilhelm Wundta German physician and philosopher in 19th century set up the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig Universityin 1879 to study human behaviour, through his rigorous experiment, work and efforts made psychology emerged as a science.
However, establishing psychology as a science was a challenge. People still didn’t knew how the mind work and functions. There was still a massive amount of data yet to be gathered. Thought it emerged as a science it was into many controversies and criticism; let see what were they.
1) PSYCHOLOGY IN PRE PARADIGMATIC STATE
According to American philosopher, Thomus Kuhn psychology has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual core. It contrasts with other sciences.
2) PROBLEM RELATED TO OBJECTIVITY AND VALIDITY
Methods such as introspection and psychoanalysis are inherently subjective, so in some extant psychology falls short on the criteria of objectivity and validity.
3) OBJECTIFYING HUMANS
Since many experiments on humans and their behaviour some of the scientist from the same field criticised the work. They said it treats human as an object, it sometimesportrayed as dehumanizing.
4) ISSUES RELATED TO PREDICTABILITY AND REPLICABILITY
In psychology making exact prediction is difficult and major goal of psychology is to predict human behaviour and humans respond in different way in different situations thus causing more difficult to understand human behaviour. Therefore causing the test results in psychology are more varied, harder to control and difficult to replicate.
Rules are important whether in sports or life. A game of cricket or football can’t be played without rules.
A game with no rules in force will finally end in chaos and disturbance. So is true with the society and the country as well.
A country also needs to be governed by definite rules, that all of its citizens and government institutions must follow, to maintain order and discipline.
There has to be a definite way in which democratic elections are conducted; the powers of the judiciary, executive, and the legislative; powers vested in states and union; fundamental privileges are given to the citizens, etc all are defined in the constitution.
When the Indian Constitution did come into effect?
What had been the Dominion of India became the Republic of India after the constitution came into effect. It replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the principal governing document of the country.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, the Chairman of the constitution drafting committee, presented the draft constitution to the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25th November 1949, subsequently it was adopted by the constituent assembly on 26th November.
The constitution of India came into force on the day when the final session of the constituent assembly was held on 26th January 1950.
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
The constitution of India has several salient or distinguishing features that separate it from the leagues of other constitutions around the world. The most distinguished and significant salient features of the Indian constitution are defined as under.
Longest handwritten constitution
The constitution of India is one of the lengthiest and most detailed constitutions of the world. The English version of the constitution has 117,369 words contained in 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 115 amendments as of 2020.
The lengthiness of the Indian constitution was necessitated by the diversity of India. The constitution became larger in order to accommodate several demographic differences of the state of India.
Parliamentary form of government
The constitution of India stipulates a bicameral legislature, that is, the power and authority are shared between two separate houses, in this case, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.Opposite of bicameral is a unicameral legislature where only one house is present. In a bicameral setup debates and discussions play an important role in the passage of a bill.
A rigid and flexible constitution
The constitution of India is neither completely rigid nor flexible. A constitution is said to be rigid when it is difficult to make amendments, like the constitution of the United States.On the contrary, the constitution of India has been amended 103 times since it came into force, but all the amendments have to pass through definite tests and mandatory requirements.
The constitution of India is therefore considered a perfect blend of rigidity and flexibility.
The preamble to the constitution.
The preamble of the Indian constitution is its introductory paragraph that declares the constitution’ss fundamental philosophy and purpose.
It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. It also states some objectives like, securing justice, liberty, and equality to all the citizens and promoting fraternity in order to maintain national unity and integrity.
Quasi-federal constitution
The constitution of India is quasi-federal because it combines the features of both the federal government and the unitary government.
The Supreme Court of India has also stated that India has a federal structure with a strong bias towards the center.
Federal features of the constitution are – supreme law, a bicameral legislature, dual government policy, a written constitution, a rigid constitution, independent judiciary, and revenue sharing.
On the other hand, unitary features of the constitution are – single constitution applicable to the union and states, unequal representation of states in the Rajya Sabha, the unequal division of power between the center and states, states depend on center, non-rigid constitution, unified judicial system and proclamation of emergency.
Fundamental rights and duties
The constitution of India describes the fundamental rights and duties of all the citizens of India irrespective of the states, region, religion, or ethnicity.
The seven fundamental rights provided by the constitution to every citizen are – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies.
Fundamental duties are enshrined in the constitution to promote integrity. Some of the important fundamental duties are to uphold the sovereignty and unity of India, to preserve rich heritage, to safeguard public property, etc.
Directive principles of state policy
The directive principles of state policy are contained in Part IV of the Indian constitution. These are the sets of instructions meant for the states.
Basically, they constitute the instructions to the legislature and the executive that are mandatory to be followed whenever the state frames new legislation.
Adult suffrage
Adult suffrage means that any Indian citizen irrespective of gender, caste, or any other difference, has a right to vote to elect the government, provided that he or she is above 18 years of age.
This right is guaranteed by Article 326 of the constitution. Initially, the age of voting was 21 years but after the 61st amendment also called the Constitution Act 1988, it was amended to 18 years. However, the right to vote doesn’t apply to non-citizens, persons with unsound minds, or criminals.
Independent judiciary
The constitution of India has several provisions to ensure that the judiciary remains unbiased and independent.The Supreme Court of India acts as the caretaker of the constitution and ensures that its provisions are followed.Also, the courts at the state and district levels are out of the influence of bureaucracy or political governments.High courts in states directly function under the Supreme Court.
Secular State
The term ‘Secular’ in the constitution was added by the 42nd amendment in the Preamble.It was included to promote peace and harmony among different religious groups of India. Every citizen of India is free to follow the religion of his/her choice and it is obligatory for the government to ensure that his/her rights and privileges are protected.
Single Citizenship
Part II of the constitution from Article 5 to Article 11 deals with citizenship. According to it, all the citizens of India enjoy equal rights and privileges across the complete territory of India.In whatever state or Union Territory of India you may travel, you will enjoy similar rights and privileges as enjoyed in your home state.
Importance of Indian Constitution
The constitution is the supreme law that governs the country. The three pillars of democracy – the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, functions as per the provisions provided in the constitution.
It guarantees the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens and ensures that India remains a secular state, which is important considering its religious and cultural diversity.
Without the constitution, the whole democratic setup would just crumble and rights and privileges could not be exercised.India is one of the world’s most successful democracies today because its people and the government religiously follow every word of the constitution.
Conclusion
At the core of the constitution is an idea to generate an equal and civilized society that is governed by principles and definite rules.
Like every game has its rule book, similarly, the constitution of India is also the rule book that dictates all the rules, regulations, powers, and privileges to effectively govern the country.
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.
Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
Parts of computer
The computer is one of the most versatile and beneficial inventions for mankind. Its enormous capacity to process data makes it a fundamental part of the development of the world. There are some basic parts of computer that make it possible to process and complete the task at extraordinary speed.
1.MONITOR
The computer monitor is a significant part, without it the user cannot function the computer. The screen of the monitor allows the user to interact with the computer. The monitor screen is for visual display of all types of information provided by the computer.
The main function of the monitor is obviously visual. As it acts as an interface between the CPU and the user. It doesn’t matter how powerful or fast your computer is, without a monitor display, the computer is incomplete or even useless.
The monitor is designed to display all kinds of information like image, video, symbolic, graphical, etc, as Soft Copy on its screen. A cable is connected with a video adapter that is set up with the computer’s motherboard to display the given data.
Through computer monitors, we can carry out, or view all the important content, review stored information, and do a lot of tasks.
2.KEYBOARD
The keyboard is one of the most important parts of computer. The keyboard is designed to input the data by typing letters, symbols, numbers (ABC,123,!@#). The keyboard is used for writing work on the computer.
The shape of the keyboard is rectangular and the buttons are arranged horizontal contain about 108 Keys. These keys allowing us to the entry of information encoded into the computer system by pressing the keys.
The main function of the keyboard is to enter data and information into the computer. The keyboard is a means of communicating with the computer system by the user. By using Keyboard, we can make PPT, spreadsheets, use the Internet, calculations, sending mails, etc, on the monitor screen.
3.MOUSE
The mouse is an input device also known as a pointing device of a computer. Its main function is to facilitate user interaction with the monitor screen of the computer like the keyboard. A mouse is a device connected to a computer for controlling the cursor on the screen.
The control is detected by the mouse when it is moving it along on the flat surface on which it is located, as well as by pressing the buttons that located on the upper surface of the device and scrolling the wheel, which, as a rule, is located between the control buttons.
In this way, it issues various commands and information to the computer to perform certain actions, that it is interpreted by the CPU and, thus, the mouse pointer imitates the movement on the computer screen.
Some mice types have a Laser Light or some have a rubber ball attached below it. When the mouse moves on a surface, the rubber ball rotates or laser light also moves. The speed and direction of the mouse convert into the monitor’s screen cursor, this is how the mouse works.
The mouse is placed on the Mouse Pad, for controlling the cursor. By Right-Clicking, Left-Clicking, Dragging, scrolling, Double Clicking. By using the mouse, we can do basic tasks on the computer like selecting, opening, deleting the files and folders, etc.
4.PRINTER
A printer is a device whose main function is to print electronic information like text and images onto paper as a hard copy. In this way, the process of transferring data to hard paper is called printing, and the result is a printout.
The printer prints the files like images, and text stored in a computer, by converting the data from soft copy to hard copy. Printers are used to print signs, printing online images, Excel sheets, PPT, and office documents at offices.
Normally the printer is equipped with a computer with a USB port, LAN, Ethernet, or simply a wireless connection. At present, many printed devices are featured with technologies like Wi-Fi, Cloud, and Bluetooth. Due to this, it becomes easier to complete the printing task by computer.
5.computer case
The computer case is a visible and most important part of computers also known as the computer tower and chassis. It is used to store the main components of a computer like a motherboard with a processor, power supply, a video card, and RAM, hard disks, CPU fans, optical disk drive, memory cards, etc.
A computer tower is not only a “packing box”, but also an important function that provides storage and rigid fixation of all its internal devices. As well as providing them with a power supply and a hard protective structure against internal damage from external influences like dust, liquid, etc.
There are a lot of sizes and models of computer cases, and each type of case is designed to occur storage and perform a specific task.
6.MOTHERBOARD
The computer motherboard is to acts as the main circuit that enables the integration of all components of a computer. Its main function is to connect the different devices, components, or peripherals to the systems to transport the information to the corresponding destination, through this, it facilitates communication between devices.
They are designed based on the type of CPU (central processing unit) in which they will be installed. The motherboard houses the connectors necessary for the processor, RAM, ports, and other devices like video cards, network cards, ROM, processors, power supply, etc.
The main function of the motherboard is communication between the devices that include, control and monitoring, administration, or management of electrical energy as well as its distribution throughout the computer.
7.PROCESSOR
The processor is the most important component placed on the motherboard, present in the computer case as a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The processor acts as the brain of the entire operation of the computer system and it is the 4th generation of computer.
The processor unit allows the computer to perform different tasks like processing the data, control the operation of all the computer’s devices, and most importantly performing logical and mathematical operations.
And other actions like controlling the flow of information within the PC, managing and controlling the RAM and ROM memory, and performing basic operations on the computer’s data.
In simple words, it is just processes everything that happens on the computer and executes all the actions. The faster the processor a computer has, the faster the computer will be work.
8.HARD DISK
The hard drive or HDD is one of the computer storage devices that can store any kind of digital information based on magnetic technology. As well a Hard drive is a ROM Memory of computers.
They are used to store the information and data like photos, videos, text small or big files, computer programs storing backup copies of data, like file storage, etc. on our computer system.
The storage capacities of the hard drive disk have now reached 6TB. On such a 6TB hard drive computer is able to can store up to 1,600,000 photos or 615 hours of video and up to 2,000,000 songs.
In this way, it is possible to keep the information stored on such a medium permanently (hence it is not volatile memory). And one of the important parts of computer.
However, a computer user can use other latest storage devices like Pen drive, SSD, Memory card, etc.
9.RAM MEMORY
The RAM’s full form is ‘Random Access Memory’. RAM is a type of operative memory of computer systems. The ROM memory is used to store data but in the case of RAM memory is used to run the whole computer system in real-time.
Like the processor, RAM is inserted into the motherboard for communication with various elements of the system. RAM runs the software like computer programs, games, software applications, and other information in (CPU) the central processing unit for direct and quick access when needed to perform tasks.
RAM is the fastest type of memory, and it has the ability to be read and write the data but temporarily until the Power Supply to the device. Because as the computer is turned off, all the processed data of RAM automatically goes to the trash.
Nowadays the maximum capacity of RAM is up to 32 GB that is specially made for gaming computers.
10.SPEAKER
Computer speakers are a way that computers make sounds by means of digital or analog audio. In other terms, the speaker is also called the ‘dynamic head’. This speaker can now be found on many other devices, like, on a TV, radio, smartphone, telephone, children’s toys, and others.
The main function of speakers is a way for computers to interact with their users. These provide a means for the computer to produce audio. The sound produced by computer speakers is done by a hardware component whose name is a sound card that is pre-installed with the computer.
The speaker is important because for listening to the audios and sounds fo the videos and games which is significant for a computer user to perform all kinds of tasks on the computer.
However, in order to increase the sound of the computer in a louder way one may need external speakers. Alternatives to the speaker for computers are headphones, earphones, earbuds, etc.
Uses of computer
AT HOME
* Playing computer games * Writing * Solving math problems * Watching videos * Listening to music and audio * Audio, Video and photo editing * Creating sound or video * Communicating with other people * Using The Internet * Online shopping * Drawing * Online bill payments * online business
AT WORK
* Word processing * Spreadsheets * Presentations * Photo Editing * E-mail * Video editing/rendering/encoding * Audio recording * System Management * Website Development * Software Development
Malaria is associated with a bite from the female Anopheles mosquito and in a few cases, can cause serious health complications. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by protists (a type of microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium.
The term malaria originates from Medieval Italian: mala aria — “bad air”; the disease was formerly called ague or marsh fever due to its association with swamps and marshland. Malaria was once common in most of Europe and North America, where it is no longer endemic, though imported cases do occur.
The disease is most common in tropical and subtropical climates (hot and humid) where the parasites can live and are generally active.
Types of malaria:
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium cause malaria. There are many species of the malaria parasite Plasmodium. However, only five of them infect humans. These are:
– Plasmodium falciparum: Found in tropical and subtropical areas and is a major contributor to deaths from severe malaria.
– Plasmodium vivax: Mostly found in Asia and Latin America. It involves a dormant stage that can cause relapses.
– Plasmodium ovale: Found in Africa and the Pacific islands.
– Plasmodium malariae: Found worldwide and can cause a chronic infection.
– Plasmodium knowlesi: Found throughout Southeast Asia. It can rapidly progress from an uncomplicated case to severe malaria infection.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Incubation period refers to how long it takes from initial infection to the appearance of symptoms.
This generally depends on the type of parasite:
· P. falciparum – 9 to 14 days
· P. vivax – 12 to 18 days · P. ovale – 12 to 18 days
· P. malariae – 18 to 40 days However, incubation periods can vary from as little as 7 days, to several months for P. vivax and P. ovale. If you are taking medication to prevent infection (chemoprophylaxis) the incubation period is usually longer.
The signsand symptoms of malaria typically begin 8–25 days following infection; signs include:
· Decreased consciousness
· Significant weakness such that the person is unable to walk
· Inability to feed
· Two or more convulsions
· Low blood pressure (less than 70 mmHg in adults or 50 mmHg in children)
· Breathing problems
· Circulatory shock
· Kidney failure or hemoglobin in the urine
· Pulmonary edema
Prevention:
The best way to prevent malaria is to keep our home and surroundings clean. Having a strong civic sense is the best way to ensure safety from malaria.
1.Fog them out:
Get fogging in your neighborhood done before the rainy season starts as it helps to kill the mosquitoes that might be hiding at places.
2. Choose the right clothes:
Make sure you choose the right clothing to prevent malaria. Wear cover-alls, full-sleeved clothes, long pants that can help prevent mosquito bites.
3.Use mosquito repellent products:
You can use various over-the-counter mosquito repellant creams and bands. The same will help keep you safeguarded even when you are sitting in a garden or outside playing.
4.Use mosquito nets:
This is the simplest and ineffective way of keeping the mosquitoes away. A person is most vulnerable when they are sleeping. Using mosquito nets neither exposes you to harmful mosquito chemicals nor does it harm your body.
5.Use window nets:
Cover your windows well and keep them closed.
6. Keep your surroundings clean:
Keeping your surroundings clean is one of the best-recommended methods to prevent yourself from malaria. While travelling, make sure that you avoid loitering around.
TRANSMISSION:
Vectors: Plasmodium may exploit several genera of mosquitoes, as vectors and intermediate
hosts
· Culex
· Anopheles,
· Culiceta
· Mansonia and
· Aedes
i. Bites of mosquitoes,
ii. Mechanically by blood transfer as in mass vaccination,
iii. Caponization and injection.
Malaria parasites are transmitted from person to person through Anopheles mosquitoes.
When a mosquito bites, blood containing the parasites is taken into the mosquito’s gut. Over a
period of 10 or more days, the parasites undergo a complex development, the mature parasite
eventually coming to reside in the mosquito’s salivary glands, ready for transmission to a new
person when it bites again. In the next human host, the parasite first infects the liver,
undergoes rapid replication in this site for at least five days, and then infects red blood cells.
It is in the blood that the parasites causes the most serious symptoms of malaria, including
cerebral malaria initiated by parasitised blood cells blocking blood capillaries in the brain.
The term social media marketing refers to the use of social media and social networks to market a company’s products and services. Social media marketing provides companies with a way to engage with existing customers and reach new ones while allowing them to promote their desired culture, mission, or tone. Social media marketing has purpose-built data analytics tools that allow marketers to track the success of their efforts. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are commonly used to execute social media marketing. Social media has changed the way we function as a society, including the way we connect with one another. Social media websites allow marketers to employ a broad range of tactics and strategies to promote content and have people engage with it. Many social networks allow users to provide detailed geographical, demographic, and personal information, which enables marketers to tailor their messages to what is most likely to resonate with users. Social media marketing campaigns have the advantage of appealing to a broad audience at once. Viral marketing seeks to spread information about a product or service from person to person by word of mouth or sharing via the internet or email. The goal of viral marketing is to inspire individuals to share a marketing message to friends, family, and other individuals to create exponential growth in the number of its recipients. Today’s consumers rush to browse social media when they want to know more about an organization or product because that’s where they’ll find others talking about that business. Social media is an ideal place for brands looking to gain insights into their audience’s interests and tastes. The way experts see it, smart companies will continue to invest in social media to achieve sustainable business growth. Whether you want to launch a new product or a business, social media is the perfect launchpad to create a buzz around your initiatives. As we move further into the future of e-commerce, it’s clear that social media marketing isn’t just an option. In an increasingly competitive environment, your business can’t afford to miss out on social media. It’s especially competitive in the social media influencer space, where there are thousands of new influencers starting a brand every day. If you’re trying to build more of an online presence to become a social media influencer, make sure to read our comprehensive guide. A few years ago, the sole purpose of using social media channels was to generate website traffic. Today, it has developed into something more than just a place to broadcast content. Twitter allows companies to promote their products in short messages known as tweets limited to 280 characters which appear on followers Home timelines Tweets can contain text, Hashtag, photo, video, Animated, Emoji, or links to the product’s website and other social media profiles, etc. Twitter is also used by companies to provide customer service. Some companies make support available 24/7 and answer promptly, thus improving brand loyalty and appreciation.Facebook pages are far more detailed than Twitter accounts. They allow a product to provide videos, photos, longer descriptions, and testimonials where followers can comment on the product pages for others to see. Facebook can link back to the product’s Twitter page, as well as send out event reminders. As of May 2015, 93% of businesses marketers use Facebook to promote their brand A study from 2011 attributed 84% of “engagement” or clicks and likes that link back to Facebook advertising. By 2014, Facebook had restricted the content published from business and brand pages. LinkedIn, a professional business-related networking site, allows companies to create professional profiles for themselves as well as their business to network and meet others. Through the use of widgets, members can promote their various social networking activities, such as Twitter stream or blog entries of their product pages, onto their LinkedIn profile page. LinkedIn provides its members the opportunity to generate sales leads and business partners. Ability WhatsApp was founded by Jan Koum and Brian Acton. Joining Facebook in 2014, WhatsApp continues to operate as a separate app with a laser focus on building a messaging service that works fast and reliably anywhere in the world. Started as an alternative to SMS, WhatsApp now supports sending and receiving a variety of media including text, photos, videos, documents, and location, as well as voice calls. WhatsApp messages and calls are secured with end-to-end encryption, meaning that no third party including WhatsApp can read or listen to them. WhatsApp has a customer base of 1 billion people in over 180 countries. It is used to send personalised promotional messages to individual customers. It has plenty of advantages over SMS that includes to track how Message Broadcast Performs using blue tick option in WhatsApp.Instagram has proven itself a powerful platform for marketers to reach their customers and prospects through sharing pictures and brief messages. According to a study by Simply Measured, 71% of the world’s largest brands are now using Instagram as a marketing channel For companies, Instagram can be used as a tool to connect and communicate with current and potential customers. The company can present a more personal picture of their brand, and by doing so the company conveys a better and true picture of itself. The idea of Instagram pictures lies on on-the-go, a sense that the event is happening right now, and that adds another layer to the personal and accurate picture of the company. In fact, Thomas Rankin, co-founder and CEO of the program Dash Hudson, stated that when he approves a blogger’s Instagram post before it is posted on the behalf of a brand his company represents, his only negative feedback is if it looks too posed. Social media is a reliable asset for the promotion of product.
The term social media marketing refers to the use of social media and social networks to market a company’s products and services. Social media marketing provides companies with a way to engage with existing customers and reach new ones while allowing them to promote their desired culture, mission, or tone. Social media marketing has purpose-built data analytics tools that allow marketers to track the success of their efforts. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are commonly used to execute social media marketing. Social media has changed the way we function as a society, including the way we connect with one another. Social media websites allow marketers to employ a broad range of tactics and strategies to promote content and have people engage with it. Many social networks allow users to provide detailed geographical, demographic, and personal information, which enables marketers to tailor their messages to what is most likely to resonate with users. Social media marketing campaigns have the advantage of appealing to a broad audience at once. Viral marketing seeks to spread information about a product or service from person to person by word of mouth or sharing via the internet or email. The goal of viral marketing is to inspire individuals to share a marketing message to friends, family, and other individuals to create exponential growth in the number of its recipients. Today’s consumers rush to browse social media when they want to know more about an organization or product because that’s where they’ll find others talking about that business. Social media is an ideal place for brands looking to gain insights into their audience’s interests and tastes. The way experts see it, smart companies will continue to invest in social media to achieve sustainable business growth. Whether you want to launch a new product or a business, social media is the perfect launchpad to create a buzz around your initiatives. As we move further into the future of e-commerce, it’s clear that social media marketing isn’t just an option. In an increasingly competitive environment, your business can’t afford to miss out on social media. It’s especially competitive in the social media influencer space, where there are thousands of new influencers starting a brand every day. If you’re trying to build more of an online presence to become a social media influencer, make sure to read our comprehensive guide. A few years ago, the sole purpose of using social media channels was to generate website traffic. Today, it has developed into something more than just a place to broadcast content. Twitter allows companies to promote their products in short messages known as tweets limited to 280 characters which appear on followers Home timelines Tweets can contain text, Hashtag, photo, video, Animated, Emoji, or links to the product’s website and other social media profiles, etc. Twitter is also used by companies to provide customer service. Some companies make support available 24/7 and answer promptly, thus improving brand loyalty and appreciation. Facebook pages are far more detailed than Twitter accounts. They allow a product to provide videos, photos, longer descriptions, and testimonials where followers can comment on the product pages for others to see. Facebook can link back to the product’s Twitter page, as well as send out event reminders. As of May 2015, 93% of businesses marketers use Facebook to promote their brand A study from 2011 attributed 84% of “engagement” or clicks and likes that link back to Facebook advertising. By 2014, Facebook had restricted the content published from business and brand pages. LinkedIn, a professional business-related networking site, allows companies to create professional profiles for themselves as well as their business to network and meet others. Through the use of widgets, members can promote their various social networking activities, such as Twitter stream or blog entries of their product pages, onto their LinkedIn profile page. LinkedIn provides its members the opportunity to generate sales leads and business partners. Ability WhatsApp was founded by Jan Koum and Brian Acton. Joining Facebook in 2014, WhatsApp continues to operate as a separate app with a laser focus on building a messaging service that works fast and reliably anywhere in the world. Started as an alternative to SMS, WhatsApp now supports sending and receiving a variety of media including text, photos, videos, documents, and location, as well as voice calls. WhatsApp messages and calls are secured with end-to-end encryption, meaning that no third party including WhatsApp can read or listen to them. WhatsApp has a customer base of 1 billion people in over 180 countries. It is used to send personalised promotional messages to individual customers. It has plenty of advantages over SMS that includes to track how Message Broadcast Performs using blue tick option in WhatsApp. Instagram has proven itself a powerful platform for marketers to reach their customers and prospects through sharing pictures and brief messages. According to a study by Simply Measured, 71% of the world’s largest brands are now using Instagram as a marketing channel For companies, Instagram can be used as a tool to connect and communicate with current and potential customers. The company can present a more personal picture of their brand, and by doing so the company conveys a better and true picture of itself. The idea of Instagram pictures lies on on-the-go, a sense that the event is happening right now, and that adds another layer to the personal and accurate picture of the company. In fact, Thomas Rankin, co-founder and CEO of the program Dash Hudson, stated that when he approves a blogger’s Instagram post before it is posted on the behalf of a brand his company represents, his only negative feedback is if it looks too posed. Social media is a reliable asset for the promotion of product.
Poverty” is the worst form of violence”, said Mahatma Gandhi. Over the years, poverty has proved to be the biggest hurdle in the way of success of India’s development. Poverty is that condition in which a person fails to not only fulfil his basic physiological needs, but also fails to protect himself from diseases, get balanced nutrition, maintain good health etc.
In simple terms, a person in order to survive should have proper food, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Thus, poverty refers to a person failing to acquire these minimum levels of subsistence and in turn suffer from starvation, malnutrition, and diseases.
Poverty has been an inevitable problem since the time immemorial. From late 19th century through early 20th century, under British colonial rule, poverty in India intensified, peaking in 1920’s. Over this period, the colonial government, de-industrialised India by reducing garments and other finished products’ manufacturing by artisans in India.
They instead imported these from Britain. These colonial policies moved unemployed artisans into farming and transformed India as a region increasingly abundant in land, unskilled labour and low productivity, capital and knowledge. Moreover famines and diseases killed millions each time.
Recently, in 2013, the Indian Government stated 21.9% of its population is below official poverty limit. In other words, India with 17.5% of world’s total population, had 20.6% share of world’s poorest in 2013. A large proportion of poor people live in rural areas. Poverty is deepest among members of scheduled castes and tribes in the country’s rural areas.
On the map of India, the poorest areas are in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. In fact, the story of our prolonged poverty and tyranny attached has got so much fame that a , foreign director (Danny Boyle) produced a whole movie on the issue. This movie is Slumdog Millionaire which got worldwide acclamation through Oscar Awards.
Statistics reveals that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but it is the distribution of wealth that has been uneven and has caused the grave problem of poverty. Other major causes of poverty are illiteracy along with uncontrolled population growth, unemployment and under-employment, dependence on agriculture, caste system and corruption. The causes of rural poverty are manifold including inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
The over-dependence on monsoon with non-availability of irrigational facilities often results in crop-failure and low agricultural productivity forcing farmers in the debt-traps. The children of poor families are forced to take up jobs at a tender age to fend for their large families, thus are not only deprived of their childhood but education too adding to the illiterate bulk of the country.
Central grants for programmes like Indira Awas Yojana and others, which was aimed at providing housing to the poor, have been utter failures due to lack of proper implementation. Massive transfer of ‘Black Money’ overseas and under-utilisation of foreign aid have also contributed to the deepening of poverty in India. Nelson Mandela once quoted:
“Like Slavery and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings”.
Interestingly, the incidence of rural poverty has declined somewhat in the past years as a result of rural to urban migration. In order to combat the grave problem of poverty, first and foremost, there should be a strict check on population increase. Creation of employment opportunities, spread of education, elimination of black money, decentralisation of planning, helping women and youth to become self-reliant are some other ways to combat this problem. Empowering the weaker and backward section of society is also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. It is not due to lack of resources or technical assistance that we are failing in achieving our goals but more so due to lack of execution of these plans and programmes.
Who comes in the category of the poorest class in India?
Tribal people, Dalits and labour class including farmworkers in villages and casual workers in cities are still very poor and make the poorest class in India.
Where do the majority of poor live in India?
60% of the poor still reside in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The reason for these states to be in the category of the poorest state is because 85% of tribal people live there. Also, most of these regions are either flood-prone or suffer from calamities. These conditions hamper agriculture to a great extent, on which the household income of these groups depends.
According to the Global Hunger Index Report 2018 by the International Food Research Institute, India ranks 103 in the Global Hunger Index (GHI). Though there is no shortage of food production in India, our nation still has 35.8% of children under five in the underweight category. India is working hard to become a superpower in 2020, but such statistics are worrisome, as our nation still lags behind in improving GHI. At the same time, India seems to have achieved commendable success towards poverty eradication, because it is no longer the country with the largest number of poor people.
In 2018, for the first time in decades, Nigeria pipped India to the top slot in terms of the total number of people living in extreme poverty. As per World Poverty Clock, India’s figure of 70.6 million was surpassed by Nigeria’s 87 million people living in extreme poverty.
Moreover, according to a Sustainable Development Goals Report of the United Nations Development Program released in 2018, India has made significant progress: “Between 2005-06 and 2015-16, the incidence of multidimensional poverty in India was almost halved, climbing down to 27.5 percent from 54.7 percent as per the 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index report. Within ten years, the number of poor people in India fell by more than 271 million (from 635 million to 364 million). This MPI index measures progress across 3 key dimensions of health, education and living standards, and uses 10 indicators – nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, sanitation, cooking fuel, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets. People who lag behind in at least a third of the MPI’s components are defined as multidimensionally poor.
Causes of Poverty in India
The high population growth rate is one of the major reasons of poverty in India. This further leads to a high level of illiteracy, poor health care facilities and lack of access to financial resources. Also, high population growth affects the per capita income and makes per capita income even lower. It is expected that the population in India will reach 1.5 billion by 2026 and then India will be the largest nation in the world. But India’s economy is not growing at the same pace. This means a shortage of jobs. For this much population, near about 20 million new jobs would be required. The number of poor will keep on increasing if such a big number of jobs won’t be created.
The ever-increasing prices of even basic commodities is another reason for poverty. A person below the poverty line finds it difficult to survive. The caste system and unequal distribution of income and resources is another reason for poverty in India.
Apart from all these, unskilled workers are paid very low in spite of the hard work they put in daily. The problem lies with the unorganized sector as owners do not bother with the way their workers live and the amount they earn. Their area of concern is just cost-cutting and more profit. Because of the number of workers looking for a job is higher than the jobs available, unskilled workers have no other option but to work for less money. The government should really find a way to impose minimum wage standards for these workers. At the same time, the government should ensure that this is implemented well.
Poverty must be eradicated from India as every person has the right to live a healthy life.
How You Can Improve or Solve Poverty in India?
Poverty can be solved by improving food security by providing three meals a day and making them healthy and providing houses for those people at low cost and giving them proper education and facilities so that they can earn well and take care of their family and leave peaceful life. Awareness on population so that once the population is under control, the economy of the country will improve and move towards developed and decrease in the poverty line. Poverty is becoming a complex problem for the peoples and for the government, how to overcome out from this, in India the poverty is high comparing other countries because the growth rate of per capita income per person is very low. With lack of job opportunities many people move as a rickshaw puller, construction workers, domestic servants etc, with irregular small incomes hence they live in slum areas. Also, lack of land resources has been one of the major causes of poverty in India, even the small farmers of our country leads to poverty because they cultivate but do not get proper money in terms of profit and leads to poverty.
The term social media marketing refers to the use of social media and social networks to market a company’s products and services. Social media marketing provides companies with a way to engage with existing customers and reach new ones while allowing them to promote their desired culture, mission, or tone. Social media marketing has purpose-built data analytics tools that allow marketers to track the success of their efforts. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are commonly used to execute social media marketing. Social media has changed the way we function as a society, including the way we connect with one another. Social media websites allow marketers to employ a broad range of tactics and strategies to promote content and have people engage with it. Many social networks allow users to provide detailed geographical, demographic, and personal information, which enables marketers to tailor their messages to what is most likely to resonate with users. Social media marketing campaigns have the advantage of appealing to a broad audience at once. Viral marketing seeks to spread information about a product or service from person to person by word of mouth or sharing via the internet or email. The goal of viral marketing is to inspire individuals to share a marketing message to friends, family, and other individuals to create exponential growth in the number of its recipients. Today’s consumers rush to browse social media when they want to know more about an organization or product because that’s where they’ll find others talking about that business. Social media is an ideal place for brands looking to gain insights into their audience’s interests and tastes. The way experts see it, smart companies will continue to invest in social media to achieve sustainable business growth. Whether you want to launch a new product or a business, social media is the perfect launchpad to create a buzz around your initiatives. As we move further into the future of e-commerce, it’s clear that social media marketing isn’t just an option. In an increasingly competitive environment, your business can’t afford to miss out on social media. It’s especially competitive in the social media influencer space, where there are thousands of new influencers starting a brand every day. If you’re trying to build more of an online presence to become a social media influencer, make sure to read our comprehensive guide. A few years ago, the sole purpose of using social media channels was to generate website traffic. Today, it has developed into something more than just a place to broadcast content. Twitter allows companies to promote their products in short messages personalised promotional messages to individual customers. It has plenty of advantages over SMS that includes to track how Message Broadcast Performs using blue tick option in WhatsApp.Instagram has proven itself a powerful platform for marketers to reach their customers and prospects through sharing pictures and brief messages. According to a study by Simply Measured, 71% of the world’s largest brands are now using Instagram as a marketing channel For companies, Instagram can be used as a tool to connect and communicate with current and potential customers. The company can present a more personal picture of their brand, and by doing so the company conveys a better and true picture of itself. The idea of Instagram pictures lies on on-the-go, a sense that the event is happening right now, and that adds another layer to the personal and accurate picture of the company. In fact, Thomas Rankin, co-founder and CEO of the program Dash Hudson, stated that when he approves a blogger’s Instagram post before it is posted on the behalf of a brand his company represents, his only negative feedback is if it looks too posed. Social media is a reliable asset for the promotion of product.
“I would like to turn into a ladybug so that I can add to the beauty of nature.”
~Prachi Pandey
Ladybugs, or lady beetles, are insects in the beetle family. There are about 5,000 species of these tiny insects, and most of them are quite helpful. Although best known as a red insect with black spots, ladybugs come in a variety of colors, and some have stripes or no markings at all.
These little hard-shelled creatures are harmless to humans and helpful to gardeners. From their hidden wings to their talent for warding off predators, discover fascinating facts about the lovable ladybug.
1. Technically, They’re Lady Beetles, Not Ladybugs
These small insects are more accuratelycalled lady beetles or ladybird beetles. Ladybug is the American name given to the Coccinellidae family of beetles. Bugs have needle-like mouthparts and a mostly liquid diet, while beetles have the ability to chew and enjoy munching on plants and insects.
Beetles also have hard wings, while bugs have softer wings or no wings at all. Beetles go through a complete metamorphosis, while bugs look about the same throughout their entire life cycle.
2. They Aren’t All Red With Black Spots
Though most people think of ladybugs as red with black spots, not all species of ladybugs look like that. There are about 5,000 species of ladybugs in the world, including 450 in North America. In addition to red, they can also be yellow, orange, brown, pink, or even all black. Their spots, which some ladybugs don’t have at all, can look more like stripes.
3. They Consume a Lot of Pests
Ladybugs earn their place as a desirable insect based on their preferred diet of plant-damaging insects, including aphids. Ladybugs lay hundreds of eggs in aphid colonies, and as soon as they hatch, the larvae immediately start feeding. An adult ladybug may eat as many as 5,000 aphids in its lifetime.
These beneficial insects also eat fruit flies, thrips, and mites. Different species of ladybugs have different food preferences. While many prey on garden pests, some, like the Mexican bean beetle and the squash beetle, feed on plants and are unwelcome pests themselves.
4. They Hibernate in Winter
Instead of heading south for the winter, ladybugs living in colder climates enter diapause, a type of insect hibernation. When the aphids begin to disappear, ladybugs realize that winter is coming and flock together to reproduce right before entering hibernation. During this period, which can last as long as nine months, they live on their fat reserves, which hold them until spring when insects become plentiful again.
5. Their Spots Serve as a Warning
The spots and bright colors on ladybugs are not for looks alone. They are meant to warn would-be attackers that this beetle tastes terrible. Beyond their warning colors, ladybugs have another line of defense: They emit foul-smelling blood from their leg joints when they’re startled. This yellow liquid is toxic to many ladybug predators such as birds and small mammals.
When all else fails, ladybugs are known to play dead, giving them a third defense mechanism in a world of eat or be eaten. They aren’t often preyed upon thanks to all of this protection, but some insect species — assassin bugs, stink bugs, and spiders — eat ladybugs.
6. Their Name Is Legendary
Legend has it that the “lady” in lady beetle dates back to the Middle Ages. The story is that farmers’ crops were being damaged by swarms of aphids. But after the farmers prayed to the Virgin Mary for help, the ladybugs arrived, ate all the aphids, and saved the day. The farmers were so grateful that from then on they referred to the insects as “Our Lady’s beetles.”
7. They May Eat Their Own Eggs
Female ladybugs lay as many as 1,000 tiny gold-colored eggs during a single season, but not all of the eggs make it to adulthood. While they prefer to lay their eggs on leaves covered with aphids, when prey is in short supply, the ladybugs may eat the eggs and larvae.
In fact, ladybugs plan ahead for supply shortages; when food is scarce, ladybugs lay infertile eggs to provide for their offspring.
8. They Have Hidden Wings
Much like butterflies, ladybugs go through four stages before they complete their metamorphosis. They begin as tiny eggs that hatch into larvae that resemble tiny spiny alligators. Then they begin the pupal stage, which lasts around two weeks. In their final phase, they become adult ladybugs and their hidden wings appear.
Adult ladybugs have a recognizable smooth dome shape, and their forewings are protected by an outer shell, or elytra. Underneath the outer shell is a pair of thin hind wings that unfold at a speed of 0.1 seconds and are significantly larger than the ladybug’s body.Once unfolded, ladybug wings move at a rate of 85 beats per second.
9. Ladybugs’ Numbers Are Declining
Researchers studying a decline in native ladybugs in the United States and Canada theorize that the population reduction may be due to the introduction of non-native species, climate change, land-use changes, disease, or shifts in the availability of prey. In an effort to track ladybug populations, entomologists at Cornell University created the lost Ladybug Project, a citizen-based effort to spot, photograph, and report on ladybugs across North America.
“I think people should maybe just go out into the garden and watch a ladybug crawl across a flower and relax their mind.”
Yes, dark circles are stubborn. They do not go away easily. All they contribute to your beautiful face is to leave you looking like a panda. And don’t you just hate the fact that you have to hide them (and the bags that come with them) with an enormous amount of makeup and lots and lots of concealers. And well, the pandemic along with the ensuing lockdown made it worse by messing with our sleep schedules.
Dark circles are caused due to a variety of reasons. The skin around our eyes is extremely thin and delicate which is why the changes that our body goes through begin to show right here. Ageing might be a common factor. Fatigue, lack of sleep, straining our eyes from increased screen time are also common causes of it. Some are also likely to get dark circles due to genetics. But that doesn’t entirely mean it isn’t curable. Scroll below to know the remedies.
1.Cold Compress:
Applying a cold compress twice a day can reduce dark circles. Or if you haven’t got the time to apply it once. Hold the compress for 10 minutes. That’s it. The safest and quickest way of not looking like a panda.
2.Cucumber :
Cucumbers have skin-lightening and cooling properties. It has astringent to help lighten up our under eyes. Cut the cucumber into slices and refrigerate for up to 30 minutes. Cleanse your eyes, lie down and place the slices over your eyes. Keep it for 15-20 minutes before washing it off with water.
3.Tea Bags:
Teabags are a great way to eliminate those dark circles without any side effects. The antioxidants in tea bags help fight fine lines, dark circles and puffy eyes. It can improve blood circulation also. Just take two used tea bags and chill them for about 15 minutes. Take it out and place them on your eyelids and dark circles for 10 minutes. Use it daily to see the difference.
4.Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera is rich in anti-pigmentation properties and Vitamin E that helps fight dark circles. And being a tropical plant, it is present in every house. Take an aloe vera leaf and extract all the gel out of it, take equal amounts of honey and mix it well. Now clean your eyes and apply this mixture all around them. Leave it for 15 minutes. Now wash it off. Use it daily for best results.
5.Tomato:
Tomato, Yes, these red round fruits can work wonders. They have natural bleaching properties that lighten up the skin. It also has moisturizing and regenerating properties. Take a tomato and grind it into a paste. Apply it over the dark circles and rinse it off after a few minutes. You can also drink tomato juice first thing in the morning. It improves the skin color under our eyes.
The deadly coronavirus, which was first detected in Wuhan in China has almost affected every country in the world, infecting and killing millions of people everywhere around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused bought dramatic loss of lives worldwide. It created challenges to public health, food systems, and the economy of the country. The impact of this pandemic is very big: tens and millions of people are falling at the risk of falling into poverty.
IN ENTERPRISES:
Millions of enterprises face drastic damage and nearly half of the world’s 3.3 billion people are at the risk of losing their livelihoods. Due to the lockdown around the world, many companies have experienced a severe loss in the business. Without the means of income, many are unable to feed their families or themselves. In further, no income means no food or less nutritious food. Due to the lockdown, the transport system has stopped which caused a major impact on businesses.
IN AGRICULTURE:
The pandemic has caused several problems to agriculture. Border closures, trade restrictions, and other measures have been a barrier for farmers for buying their inputs as well as selling their inputs. It also delayed the process of harvesting crops due to insufficient labor and thus affecting the food supply chain across the world. The food security and nutrition of women and men are at risk especially in the low-income countries which include small-scale farmers with a big population. The migrant agricultural workers are the ones who got affected mostly. They weren’t able to get proper shelter to live in. They are struggling to access support measures announced by governments.
EDUCATION:
Colleges, Schools, and Universities are closed with no certainty as to when they will be open. The sources that are strictly prohibited in schools are now the only medium through which teachers can interact with the students. The classroom education system is replaced with an online mode of teaching. Applications such as zoom meet, Google meet, Webex, Microsoft teams are used to attend the online classes. Students are facing a lot of problems with this online mode of teaching. Eye problems will occur frequently in students. They are not able to understand the concepts clearly as compared to classroom education. Not all students have proper resources to attend online education.
ECONOMY:
An individual’s savings account gets affected when there are big shifts in stock markets. The FTSE dropped 14.3% in 2020 which is the worst performance since 2008. The unemployment rate has increased across major economies. If the economy is good, that means that more wealth and more job opportunities. It is calculated by looking at the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated that the global economy is shrunk by 4.4 % in 2020. The organization has announced the decline as the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM:
COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost every country in the world. Thousands of people are dying each day. Social distancing and lockdowns have reduced the impact slightly. People with other diseases are not able to treat properly due to the immediate threat of COVID-19 consuming health systems. Scientific researches around the world also now focusing only on the COVID 19 which delays the research on other diseases. Due to the pandemic, the number of people seeking health care has increased. Health care systems have to become more accessible and prepared for future pandemic-like situations.
In conclusion, the impact of the pandemic is more than we imagined. Many people across the world have lost their relatives, friends, and families. We are not able to do anything when our dearest one dies. The impact is high. To overcome this pandemic, we have to work together and follow the guidelines issued by the respective governments and be aware of the pandemic’s effects.
The beauty of the feathers has always amazed us humans but peacocks have it on another level, with all of its iridescent colors the bird has enchanted not only us but the most powerful incarnation and deity as well.
There are many interesting facts about the peacocks and most probably the same reason they have been capturing our attention for a long time now.
The visual effect from their feature is not from birth as till 3 years old it’s even difficult to make out the difference in male and female, then how come while growing they can fill their feature with the colors so bright yet so magnificent.
The reason for their beautiful visual is the structure they carry which is made up of different little crystals that reflect different wavelengths of light depending on how they are spaced.
Despite having the beauty of nature blending with the structure of its feather, he is enchanting to us for more reasons than just that, peacock feather is considered religiously important as well.
We all know that Krishna Ji wears the feather of a peacock but why he chose to wear the ornament of a peacock feather when he could have used anything.
Following are the reasons why he is considered significant to us and also why we worship the feather of a peacock:
Purity: In our Hindu mythology, the symbol of purity is considered as a Peacock and that was the reason why Krishna Ji used to wear its feather. Krishna Ji was married to many queens and princesses but he never had any relation with them as he was Askalitha Brahmacharya, the one who is eternally a Brahmcharya, and whoever he married he did all of it for setting all the wheels of Dharma.
The Love of Dance: There is one similarity between our Kanha Ji and Peacock and that is they both love to dance while forgetting everything in their dance and merging every bit of energy in eternal bliss. There goes one story that can also help us clarify the love of dance of Krishna Ji and peacock together. According to some folks once when Krishna Ji was awake after the noon nap and wanted to return home with all the cows grazing at the distance then he started to play the flute to call every of hic cow back to him but when every animal and bird heard the melodious tune of the flute they couldn’t control themselves and they started dancing in the happiness the melody created for them. A far there was a group of peacocks who all were also dancing and was so happy that they started crying the tears of joy while feeling the eternal bliss when Krishan Ji stopped playing the flute everyone was so content and happy that the group of peacock decide to offer them something which could show how grateful were they to feel the eternal bliss and that is why peacock offered their feather to Krishna Ji.
Today this article is a short story though it might not be true, the facts I have researched from different books and sources tell me that it does hold some truth in the depth of its origin.
The flute is a source of melodies, some soothing and pleasant sound which can even stir the threads of your very soul but it is so much more than just the source of the sound, it is the resemblance of divine love, a love which is still remembered even after thousands of years.
The importance of flute and today’s event that is Janamasthmi have brought a very interesting stream of topics to share my thought and article with you all on this platform.
The love for the flute
In the whole life of Krishna Ji, Krishna Ji has always been the one to sacrifice either let it be the love of his birth parents to the Nand Ji and Yasoda Maa as well, So when a person like this holds something just fro him then that thing must have great importance of or a lesson as well.
The flute is considered very precious to Nand Laal and has a significant role in religious views as well.
As the story goes the flute was a gift to Krishna Ji from Shiv Ji on the birthday of Kanha Ji, so this explains why it always stayed with him in his entire childhood.
Then why did he Sacrificed it?
During an early age in the Vrindavan, when Krishna Ji and Radha Ji were so in love and was setting an example of Spiritual love, a love so pure but with the rules and regulation of the society, it can never be accepted as it was and even Krishna Ji, had to move on the next part of his life.
So, when Radha Ji and Krishna Ji used to do Raas, Krishna Ji used to play the flute for all Gopiyas and Radha Ji, and like that he used to tell them the depth of love he has for them all.
But when the time came and he had to leave everything behind to never return to Vrindavan and even though he knew everything and the dharma he has to follow once he leaves for Mathura, the marriage with Rukmani Ji, he knew he will always remember them and connect Radha Ji with the melody of their spiritual love from the melody of the flute and when all dharma will be restored they will be united at the end time till then he didn’t want anything to hinder the sacrifice he was making and that is why he broke the flute according to the folk stories.
The epitome of Spiritual love
Even though Krishna Ji followed the wife dharma and Rukmani Ji is remembered as the chief wife of Krishan Ji yet Radha Ji stayed in his heart and it is said that in the last moments of life, Krishna Ji bid farewell to Radha Ji by playing the flute for the last time to bid her a peaceful sleep till they meet.
And that is why the flute is considered important as the symbol of Radha Krishna’s spiritual love and even the symbol to show their sacrifice.
Disaster can be defined as an event which disrupts the functioning of the society wherein the event is of such magnitude that it cannot be coped up with the resources of the society on its own. During such times one requires a force which is specialized in rescuing, rehabilitating and bringing normalcy in the society after the natural disaster has struck. With disaster management force, they are trained, keeping in mind three principles – how to prepare for future disasters, how to respond it when the society is in fear and what to learn from the shortcomings for future disaster management. The said disaster management force are tasked and deployed not only for naturally occurring disasters but also for disasters with man-made origins.
History –
In 1999, the Government of India set up a High-powered committee while keeping in mind the need for a disaster management. Following this decision and the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, the Government of India introduced a national committee for the making and preparation of National Disaster Management plans. In December 2005, the Disaster Management act was enacted by the Government of India which lead to the creation of the Disaster management authority. The Disaster management authority was divided in three parts wherein the national disaster management authority was spearheaded by the Prime Minister, the state disaster management authority was headed by respective Chief Ministers of each state and the district disaster management authority would be headed by the district magistrate or Collector.
Functions –
The National Disaster management authority is the apex body which lays down guidelines for disaster management. The guidelines which are laid down by the National disaster management authority have to be adopted and followed by the State disaster management authority under the supervision of Chief ministers of each state. For fulfilling the vision of building a safer and disaster resilient society, the national disaster management authority can recommend funds for mitigating. The national level disaster management authority helps in coordinating the enforcement as well as the implementation of policy for national as well as state level authority.
Disaster management authority –
The National Disaster management authority has demonstrated excellent disaster planning during Cyclone Hudhud and Cyclone Fani. In both of these cyclones, the National disaster management authority evacuated thousands of people from the worst hit zone and moved them to cyclone shelters. Due to this, the management authority helped in reducing the mortality rate due to Cyclones. Occasionally, the management authority runs intensive earthquake drills and mock exercises for crisis management. In order make everyone aware, the authority planned on implementing guidelines in schools regarding natural disaster management; prepared guidelines for hospital safety; provided the minimum standard which had to be maintained in shelters, etc.
Shortcomings and suggestion–
There are four phases in disaster management which go hand in hand and one cannot be removed or omitted in order to focus on one of the phases. Focus, funds and infrastructure has to be put in for all four phases or else it defeats the purpose for disaster management. The first phase is mitigation wherein the disaster management authority takes actions to eliminate or reduce the potential impact of a hazard. This phase helps in prepared for the hazard which would eliminate higher casualty rates. The second phase is preparedness which focuses on training the disaster management forces with exercises and drills which would lead to efficient evacuation and rehabilitation. Due to the drills and exercises, the forces would be well prepared and educated in terms of how to act and what to do in case a natural disaster strikes. The third phase is response wherein certain actions are taken by the authority towards responding to disaster emergencies. What needs to be done and how it will be done are a part of the third phase along with quick response in the disaster struck area. Once this is done, recovery of the area is the next step, which is the last phase as well. Once people have been evacuated from the danger area, then the authority can work upon recovering the services as well as bringing back the normalcy to the disaster struck area.
In the past decade, it has been observed that in times of a natural disaster, the national disaster management authority is quite late on the scene and in times when they are on time, the work provided is inefficient. Due to this, the Indian army is called for providing their services. During the Kedarnath cloud burst, Srinagar floods, roads collapsing in certain states – it was the Indian army who was called for the rescue and rehabilitation process as the National disaster management authority or the state disaster management authority seem to be inefficient. From this it can be concluded, that the national or state disaster management authority lacks in all four phases. Due to not being aware of what kind of impact a certain disaster can cause, there is lack in preparedness which results in inefficient evacuation and rehabilitation process.
The national disaster management authority should take some inspiration from the Japanese National disaster management who helps the affected area in recovering from the disaster effortlessly due to the knowledge that they possess regarding disasters, how to tackle them, what is needed to be done during the situation and after the storm has calmed down. The tsunami which had struck Japan had created a havoc in the affected areas, however, within a span of few weeks, the place was back to its original environment with people being rehabilitated to their houses. The National disaster management authority has to strive towards becoming more efficient then only will the forces be able to help out the victims of the disaster.
According to the world economic forum report the pandemic has delayed gender parity by a generation.
Pandemic delays gender parity by a generation: World Economic Forum
Having lost jobs at a higher rate than men, a range of studies have shown that the covid 19 pandemic had a more severe impact on women than men. Women had to take on much more of the extra childcare burden when schools closed.
With the goal of gender parity moving further away. The effects will be felt in long term according to the Global Gender Gap Report published by the world economic forum.
In their previous report which it published round December 2019, right before the pandemic hit, they found that gender parity would be reached within next 100 years. But this year’s report shows the world is not on track to close the gender gap for another 135.6 years.
“Another generation of women will have to wait for gender parity,” the WEF said in a statement.
The forum annual report tracks disparities between the genders across four areas: education, health, economics prowess and political power in 156 countries.
Workplace equality in 267 years
On the brighter side we can see that women have been closing gap in areas such as health and education. The most complex area where it has been most difficult for women is inequality in workplace. Inequality in the workplace — which has long appeared to be the stickiest area to fix — is still not expected to be erased for another 267.6 years.
And the pandemic has not helped.
A study by the UN’s International Labour Organization showed that women were most likely to lose jobs in times of crisis because of their disproportionate representation in sectors directly affected by lockdowns, pointed the WEF.
Other surveys have shown that women were carrying a greater share of the burden of increased housework and childcare during lockdowns, contributing to higher stress and lower productivity levels.
In another front men were hired back faster than women as work places opened, according to LinkedIn data referenced in the report.
“The pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both the workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress,” WEF managing director Saadia Zahidi said in the statement.
“If we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow,” she said, stressing that “this is the moment to embed gender parity by design into the recovery.”
Political gender gap growing
It was in the political sphere that the march towards gender parity did the biggest about-face, with several large-population countries seeing the political gender gap widen, the WEF study found.
Only a quarter of parliamentary seats are held by women worldwide and only 22.6 percent of ministerial positions.
The political gender gap will not close for another 145.5 years if it continues in the same trajectory, the report found.
That marks a 50-percent hike from the estimated 95 years in the 2020 report, WEF pointed out.
Progress across the categories varies greatly in different countries and regions.
The report pointed out that while Western European countries could close their overall gender gap in 52.1 years, countries in the Middle East and North Africa will take nearly 142.4 years to do so.
Overall, the Nordic countries once again dominated the top of the table: the gap between men and women was narrowest in Iceland, for the 12th year running, followed by Finland and Norway. New Zealand took fourth place, ahead of Sweden.
Air pollution is a global malice. It destabilzes the climate, punishes our lungs and now according to a new study could possibly affect our eye sight or might make you blind.
The research was published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology, it analysed 115,000 participants over 14 years. At the start of the study in 2006, these people have no eye problems but in the latest medical examination , 1,286 of them reported A.M.D (Age related Macular Degeneration). It is the leading cause of blindness among the people aged 50+ in rich nations. There are 200 million people living with this condition.
There appears to be a link between A.M.D and air pollution. People exposed to fine particulate matter are more vulnerable to A.M.D, nearly 8% vulnerable and this isn’t from industry level exposure. Even relatively low level of air pollution could be triggering A.M.D.
Effect on eye sight
The eyes have particularly high flow of blood. This leaves them vulnerable fine particles that flow through the body. It’s important to note that this study is observational. It cannot categorically establish a link between air pollution and A.M.D. However there has been similar study elsewhere with the same results. And the link between smoking and A.M.D has always been known.
The threat from air pollution has always been clear, but new studies are revealing more dimensions of this threat.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution contributes to 7 Million deaths annually. This leaves us with another cause of concern, toxic air could leave you blind.
India is one of the most populous countries among the rest. There is a change of cycle from past to present. People’s lifestyles and living patterns have changed and along with that the leap of authorization. The term reservation is nothing new, it is running for a long period. History speaks that people in past have faced discrimination in name of caste, crude, and sex. Although the terms have been given by humans themselves still some communities faced bias. Before independence, there was a hierarchy of class where different people were put into a different class box. According to a person is brahmin or Dalit they were given task and place to live. No doubt backward class people had to suffer a dark past. An individual was not allowed to touch the bowl of brahmin because it was a symbol of impurity. People behaved and formed a mentality among themselves that, if one belongs to the lower caste they should behave like a slave and if one is from an upper class, they should lead a glamorous life. The long injustice within a certain community was not justified. And due to this, after independence, the new government introduced a reservation system. Needless to say, the reservation policy was a much-needed gift to the people who mostly suffered from the unfairness. A scheme for ST, SC, OBC, and the backward class was initiated to empower them and ensure their participation in the decision-making process. Reservation was applied in the job sectors, education field, and economic field as well.The issue that arises at present time is that “whether there is a need for reservation in 2021?”. With a lot of discussions and eye-witnessed scenarios, it can be said that there is a demand for change in the system. No doubt we can’t repay the injustices that happened in the past but looking at the present picture it is becoming very hard for the common people to survive in this race. The change in a generation has led to great progress in all communities irrespective of caste or class. A Dalit man like Raja Nayak has turned his business to 60 crores. He currently serves as President of the Karnataka chapter of Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (DICCI) and runs schools and a college under the banner of Kalani Ketan Educational Society for the underprivileged and disadvantaged sections of society. So, it is in itself is the sign of change.Thus, it’s a request and a demand from the commoners to revise the scheme and at least serve all people equally. We see a student committing suicide just because she could not reach the cutoff and some others with less number book the seat because he/she is from a reserved category. A qualified employee has to lose his chance because that seat is for some other category person. If this is not partiality then what is? The revival of a year-long plan could change the whole picture and could provide justice. After all, people want democracy and not quotacracy.
Prokaryotic life has dominated much of our planet’s evolutionary history, developing to fill nearly every possible environmental niche. Extremophiles are one of these. Extremophiles have been identified on Earth that can survive in conditions that were previously considered to be inhospitable to life. Heat, extremely acidic conditions, extreme pressure, and extreme cold are examples of extreme environments. The thermophiles were the first extremophiles to be discovered in the 1960s by Thomas Brock of Indiana University. He was investigating life in Yellowstone National Park’s super-hot water pools. He discovered tiny microorganism mats at Octopus Spring in 1965, when temperatures reached 175 degrees Fahrenheit. Thermus aquaticus was discovered, which led to the discovery of PCR and the creation of a new multibillion-dollar enterprise.
EXTREMOPHILES IN SALINITY: HALOPHILES
The halophiles live in high salt concentrations and are named after the Greek term for “salt-loving.” While the majority of halophiles belong to the archaea domain, some bacterial halophiles and eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and the fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga, do not. Carotenoid chemicals give certain well-known species, such as bacteriorhodopsin, a red hue. They may be found in salty water bodies such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and evaporation ponds, where the salt content is more than five times that of the ocean. They’re thought to be a viable contender for extremophiles living in Jupiter’s Europa and other comparable moons’ salty subsurface water oceans.
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS BY HALOPHILES
High salt-in strategy
The high-salt-in approach protects halophiles from a saline environment by accumulating inorganic ions intracellularly and balancing the salt content in their surroundings through KCl influx. Cl- pumps, which are only found in halophiles and transfer them from the environment into the cytoplasm, are involved in this process. Extreme halophiles of the archaeal and bacterial families keep their osmotic equilibrium by concentrating K + inside their cells. The membrane-bound proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin works to accomplish this.
Low-salt, organic solute-in strategy
The high-salt-in approach necessitates physical modification of all macromolecules in order to survive in a very saline environment, which is incompatible with the survival of moderate halophiles that flourish in salinity-varying environments. Osmolytes protect microbial proteins against dissociation in low-salt water while also improving the bacteria’ tolerance to drastic changes in external saline conditions. Glycine betaine was the first bacterial osmolyte discovered in Halorhodospria halochloris.
The majority of halophiles are unable to thrive outside of their high-salt natural habitats. Many halophiles are so delicate that putting them in distilled water causes them to lyse due to the shift in osmotic circumstances. Halophiles include phototrophic, fermentative, sulfate-reducing, homoacetogenic, and methanogenic species in anaerobic conditions whereas in aerobic conditions include phototrophic, fermentative, sulfate-reducing, homoacetogenic, and methanogenic species.
The Haloarchaea, notably the Halobacteriaceae family, belong to the Archaea domain and make up the bulk of the population in hypersaline settings. The family currently has 15 recognised genera. Bacteria (mostly Salinibacter ruber) can make up to 25% of the prokaryotic community, although it usually makes up a considerably smaller portion of the overall population. In this habitat, the alga Dunaliella salina can sometimes thrive.
EXTREMOPHILES AT LOW NUTRIENT LEVELS: OLIGOTROPHS
An oligotroph is an organism that can survive in a low-nutrient environment. Oligotrophs are usually known for their sluggish development, low metabolic rates, and sparse population density. The settings are ones that provide little in the way of life support. Deep marine sediments, caverns, glacial and polar ice, deep underground soil, aquifers, and leached soils are examples of these habitats.
The cave-dwelling olm the bacteria Pelagibacter ubique, which is the most numerous creature in the seas and lichens with their incredibly low metabolism are all examples of oligotrophic species.
Caulobacter crescentus is an oligotrophic Gram-negative bacteria found in freshwater waterbodies. The whole cell functions as an integrated system in the control circuitry that controls and paces Caulobacter cell cycle development. As it orchestrates activation of cell cycle subsystems and Caulobacter crescentus asymmetric cell division, the control circuitry monitors the environment and the internal status of the cell, including the cell topology. The control system has been meticulously tuned as a whole system for reliable functioning in the face of internal stochastic noise and external unpredictability by evolutionary selection.
The bacterial cell’s control system is organised in a hierarchical manner. The signalling and control subsystem communicates with the outside world through sensory units that are mostly found on the cell surface. To adjust the cell to current conditions, the genetic network logic responds to signals received from the environment as well as internal cell status sensors.
ENVIRONMENT AND LOCATIONS
Oligotrophic lakes are often found in northern Minnesota, with deep clear water, stony or sandy bottoms, and minimal algae.
Oxygen levels are high throughout the water column in oligotrophic lakes. Cold water may store more dissolved oxygen than warm water, thus oligotrophic lakes’ deep regions remain quite cold. Low algal content also provides for more light penetration and less breakdown. Algae, zooplankton, and fish die and are degraded by bacteria and invertebrates at the bottom of the ocean. The process of breakdown consumes oxygen.
Locations
Oligotrophs and eutrophs coexist in natural ecosystems, and their proportions are determined by an individual’s capacity to prevail in a given environment. Despite their capacity to exist in low-nutrient settings, they may struggle to survive in nutritionally- rich ones. Most microorganisms are not well adapted to exist in nutrient-limited circumstances and frigid temperatures (below 5 °C), Antarctic habitats offer very little to sustain life. Some of the documented examples of oligotrophic environments in Antarctica are:
Lake Vostok, a freshwater lake cut off from the rest of the world by 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of Antarctic ice, is often cited as a prime example of an oligotrophic ecosystem. Because of the lake’s severe oligotrophy, some people assume that sections of it are entirely sterile. This may be used as a model to simulate alien life investigations on frozen planets and other celestial worlds.
Oligotrophic soil environments
In general, nutrient availability decreases as the depth of the soil environment increases, since organic molecules degraded from detritus are swiftly eaten by other microorganisms on the surface, resulting in nutritional deficiency in the deeper levels of soil.
Collimonas is one of those species that may survive in an oligotrophic environment as it has the capacity to not only hydrolyze the chitin generated by fungus for nutrition, but also to create materials. Fungi are a prevalent element of the habitats where Collimonas thrives. In oligotrophic settings, reciprocal relationships are prevalent. Weathering also allows Collimonas to access electron sources from rocks and minerals.
The environment of soil in polar locations, such as the Antarctic and Arctic regions, is termed oligotrophic since the soil is frozen and biological activity is minimal. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria are the most common bacteria in frozen soil, with a tiny quantity of archaea and fungus. Under a wide range of low temperatures, actinobacteria can keep their metabolic enzymes active and continue their biochemical processes.
The following are the characteristics that a bacterium should have in order to be labelled as an oligotroph:
(a) Having a form with a high surface-to-volume ratio.
(b) Having an innate propensity for using metabolic energy for food absorption during phases of growth stagnation.
(c) Possessing nutrition absorption abilities that are expressed in a constitutive manner.
(d) Presence of a low-specificity, high-affinity transport mechanism that allows for simultaneous absorption of mixed substrate.
(e) Having systems for conserving nutrition after it has been absorbed.
Extremophiles and their products have revolutionised many aspects of our home and professional life, from household materials to molecular diagnostics. It is not unlikely that new and medically useful discoveries will be found in the realm of extremophile research; the potential of these organisms is so fresh and huge that their applications may be restricted only by imaginations.
Personality is the term used for the integrated and dynamic organisation of the physical, mental, moral and social qualities of an individual. Personality development is very important for all. It helps in all sectors.
Stage of personality development
1 Learning and growth :- Development of people depends upon the work of people in which they have interest according to the age the understanding level of children will be increased by the passing of time.
2 Learning and maturity :- At the age many types of changes comes in the children life. Many types of changes are seen in the children and after that they can understand any thing.
Process of development :- process of development depends upon the daily work of children and from that any one can understand and personality development of children.
Important of personality development
From the personality development any one get confidence from their work. Life is more easier if we do something new for students. It helps us in achieving the goal of our lige. At the time of interview the interviewer 1st see the personality of a person and then after the education. For the success personality development is very important.
“The greatest thing you’ll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return.”
Nat King Cole, ‘Nature Boy’ lyrics
Today, we continue to meander through the spectral world of love.
1. I Owe You One
Sophie Kinsella’s, ‘I Owe You One’ is a tale of self discovery, empowerment and love.
Fixie Farr’s father has always taught her to value family, above all else and that is what Fixie endeavours to upkeep after he passes away, leaving his business of housewares store to his wife and children. Since all her other siblings are out there doing something on their own, Fixie has no choice but seize the reins of her father’s store.
When one fateful day, a charming stranger asks her to watch his laptop for sometime, Fixie, being the person she is, not only watches it for a while but also manages to save it from some impending disaster. The computer’s owner, Sebastian turns out to be an investment manager and leaves an IOU with a business card for Fixie.
In a series of events, Fixie’s childhood crush, Ryan enters into the scene and his lack of work, compels Fixie to take up Sebastian’s, IOU to ask a job for Ryan. Sebastian agrees. What ensues is a tale filled with more IOUs, life altering favours and Fixie torn between her family and her life choices.
2. This Lullaby
Sarah Dessen’s, ‘This Lullaby’, revolves around Remy, scared of commitments and known for breaking it off just as things start getting a bit serious after the initial romantic scurry. Remy seems to have inherited her dating skills from her mother who’s at husband number five at present. Remy has had a number of liaisons in the past and dumped her boyfriends with acute precision. This time, Remy just cannot bring herself to dump Dexter. She goes into wild speculations to ascertain why. This might just be the beginning of an epic love for Remy, granted she opens up her heart to an honest relationship without any inhibitions.
3. Catching Jordan
Miranda Kenneally’s, ‘Catching Jordan’, revolves around Jordan Woods, the captain and quarterback of her high school football team. Jordan hangs around with the hot jocks of the team as one of them. She puts all her elbow grease into football and bears anything and anyone, as long as she gets her athletic scholarship to a powerhouse university.
When Ty Green, stunning and an amazing QB moves to Jordan’s school, all that Jordan has ever strived for is somehow put on the line. Her emotions are a wreck as she tries to give her all to her game without distraction from the heart.
4. The Edge of Never
J.A. Redmerski’s’, ‘The Edge of Never’, tells the tale of Camryn Bennett, a Twenty year old girl with an unmatched and out-of-the-box imagination. Following a series of setbacks, Camryn decides to push forth and not give up. After an unforgettable night at the hottest club in downtown North Carolina, Camryn decides to leave everything behind and pursue what she always wanted.
With a will of steel, a phone and a small bag and no sense of destination and direction, Camryn boards a Greyhound bus where she finds a guy named Andrew Parrish, someone she can relate to and who has several guarded secrets.
Although sworn to never fall in love, Camryn finds herself in the midst of a whirlwind called Andrew. Together, they do things that Camryn never thought she’d ever do. Their chemistry is fierce, the pull undeniable but the secrets threaten it all.
Sustainable development is the need of the present time not only for the survival of mankind but also for its future protection. Unlike the other great revolutions in human history the Green Revolution and the Industrial Revolution the ‘sustainable revolution’ will have to take place rapidly, consciously and on many different levels and in many different spheres, simultaneously.
On the technical level, for example, it will involve the sustainable technologies based upon the use of non-renewable, fossil fuels for technologies that take advantage of renewable energies like the sun, wind and biomass, the adoption of conservation and recycling practices on a wider scale, and the transfer of f cleaner and more energy efficient technologies to countries in the developing world.
On the political and economic levels, it will involve, among other things, the overhauling of development and trade practices which tend to destroy the environment, and the improvement of indigenous peoples, a fairer distribution of wealth and resources within and between nations, the charging of true cost for products which exploit or pollute the environment, and the encouragement of sustainable practices through fiscal and legal controls and incentives.
On the social plane, it will involve a renewed thrust towards universal primary education and health care, with particular emphasis on the education and social liberation of women. On the environmental level, we are talking about massive afforestation projects, renewed research into and assistance for organic farming practices and biopest control, and the vigorous protection of biodiversity. On the informational level, the need is for data that will allow the development of accurate social and environmental accountancy systems.
The aim of ecologically sustainable development is to maximise human well-being or quality of life without jeopardising the life support system. The measures for sustainable development may be different in developed and developing countries according to their level of technological and economic development.
But developing countries, like India, can focus attention on the following measures:
1. ensure clean and hygienic living and working conditions for the people
2. sponsor research on environmental issues pertaining to the region.
3.ensure safety against known and proven industrial hazards
4. find economical methods for salvaging hazardous industrial wastes.
5.find out substitutes for proven hazardous materials based on local resources and needs instead of blindly depending on advanced nations to find solutions.
The prime need for sustainable development is the conservation of natural resources. For conservation, the development policy should follow the following norms:
(i) Make all attempts not to impair the natural regenerative capacity of renewable resources and simultaneously avoid excessive pollution hampering the biospherical capacity of waste assimilation and life support system.
(ii) All technological changes and planning strategy processes, as far as physically possible, must attempt switch from non-renewable to renewable resource uses.
(iii) Formulate a phase-out policy for the use of non-renewable resources in general.
Thus, for a worldwide sustainable growth, there is need for efficient and effective management of available resources. In this field, the production of “environment-friendly products” (EFP) is a positive step. With the industrialisation and technological development, markets are flooded with products of daily consumption. They could however be a source of danger to health and damage to our environment.
There is thus need to distinguish the more environmentally harmful consumer products from those which are less harmful, or have a more benign impact on the environment right from the stage of manufacture through packaging, distribution, use, disposal and reusability or recycling.
Throughout the world, emphasis is now being put on the production of EFP. In India, plans are afoot to market EFPs with combined efforts of Bureau of Indian Standards, Ministry of Environment and Forests and Central Pollution Control Board. Since 1990, a scheme of labelling ECOMARK has also been started. In its first phase, the items included in this are soaps, plastics, papers, cosmetics, colours, lubricating oil, pesticides, drugs and various edible items.
The objectives of the scheme are:
(i) to provide an incentive for manufactures and to reduce adverse environmental impact of their products,
(ii) to reward genuine initiatives by companies to reduce adverse environmental impact of their products,
(iii) to assist consumers to become responsible in their daily lives by providing them information to take account of environmental factors in their purchase decisions,
(iv) to encourage citizens to purchase products which have less harmful environmental impact, and
(v) to improve the quality of the environment and to encourage the sustainable management of resources.
Not only in consumer goods production but in the field of energy production also, environment-friendly techniques of power generation can be used. For example, in power production from coal, PFBC (Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combined Cycle) technique is useful in which coal is burnt efficiently and cleanly in combined cycle plants.
To cope with increased demand of the basic requirement of life and the limited supply of the natural resources, along with consideration of environmental degradation and ecological balance, we need to emphasise on optimal management of land, water, minerals and other natural resources. There is also need to utilize the native wisdom of those people, who live close to nature and earth, for eco-restoration along with development.
In order to apply the principle of sustainable management in reality, a highly complex way of looking at the problem is required, involving various disciplines. Sustainability is first and foremost a mental question. Without a grasp of the need or the will to change awareness, we will not succeed in realising the principle of sustainability in agriculture.
It is upon the decision-makers in politics to create the right framework and the pre-conditions for a sustainable development in agriculture. Global involvement, on the other hand, must not be left out of account. Sustainability reflects our understanding of necessity and responsibility on the question for whom, for what and how production can be guided into the future in a way that is efficient, environmentally sound and sparing on resources.
Global change is an ecological phenomenon, whereas globalisation is concerned with economic change. A recent analysis of sustainable agriculture in the context of trade liberalisation and globalisation raises equally significant concern for a more informed decision-making process at local, regional and international levels.
The emerging issues related to the impact of globalisation on sustainable agriculture are as follows:
1. There are explicit problems with the conventional theoretical economic conditions for agricultural sustainability, especially when applied at the global level.
2. The processes of trade liberalisation and globalisation will not be uniform given the ecological and institutional diversity of the nations of the world.
3. There will be disparities in globalised impacts between rich and poor countries for agriculture, industries, sustainability and environment as well as income and poverty.
4. There is need for serious analysis of problems and policy initiatives, since the risk of disruption to agricultural systems and environmental deterioration, social disruption and dislocation in the poorer countries of the world is clearly very high.
5. The type of production technology research, facilitated by private research, will not address the significant public good and externality issues facing developing countries.
The pursuit of sustainability demands choices about the distribution of costs and benefits in space and time. There is also need to take advantage of the ‘traditional ecological knowledge’ (TEK), which encompasses all issues related to ecology and natural resource management, both at local and regional levels. Along with political dimensions of environment-society relations, the TEK can be used for both eco-restoration and sustainable development.
As the name suggests I think you can get a idea what are we talking about. In book we read only if ideas, thoughts and experiences of other person. The knowledge thus acquired is theoretical. In day to day life, we cannot be successful with mere theoretical knowledge. We must also know about the habits, manners and ways of living of other persons. We can learn about others by coming in contact with them. Travelling takes us from the field of bookish knowledge to the field of practical knowledge.
An individual who has never gone out of home has very narrow outlook. He feels his own way of living to be the best and perfect. He also fails to understand the effect of environment on the life of man but a well travelled man sees for himself the life of different people their culture, tradition and taste. He can easily understand the point of view of others. By travelling mental outlook is broadened.
There are various difficulties when anyone is away from home. Sometimes he doesn’t find a suitable place for his lodging or the food is not hygienic and not according to the taste preference. Language barrier is often a common problem. But these barriers make the person more resourcefulness, initiative taking and develops a positive approach towards them.
That education is good which make a man readily adjustable to changed circumstances. We cannot acquire this ability from books while travelling, we have to adjust ourselves to the new conditions in different difficulties which we meet, various new problems which arise in our way, make us really adjustable. This is the greatest advantage of travelling.
A traveller must keep his mind open on his tour. He must not imitate the fashions, manners habits of other people. He must adopt the things which are good. He must tell his experiences to others in a realistic way. Travelling can be useful for the young as well as for the old age, only if they keep their minds open and start exploring.
That’s all for today… Thank you keep reading, keep knowing…
The problem of population is the main cause of ecological environment damage. As the population grows up and economic develops, the increasing demand of resources is becoming more and more severe. Because of deforestation, unreasonably overgrazing dykes to reclaim land from a lake, marsh reclamation, excessive usage of land and water resources, which leads to the destruction of biological environment or even disappearance, the normal survival of the species is affected a lot. There is a large number of species which have not yet been detected by human beings. They have quietly become extinct, thus leading to destruction of biodiversity.
Land is the material basis of human survival. In the demand of the food sources of the survival of human beings, crops cultivated land accounts for 88%, 10% of grasslands and pastoral areas and 2% counted for marine. With the development and utilization of ocean, energy applied by sea food for human beings will increase. At present, the cultivated land of the world is about 1.37 x 109 hm2, which shows per capital is about 0.26 hm2. But due to the increase of the non-agricultural land land desertification, soil erosion, soil pollution and so on, it prompts the contradiction between population increase and reduce land resources becoming more and more sharp. What’s more, the pressure of increase in population on land is becoming bigger and bigger. According to the United Nations food and agriculture organization, nowadays, about 500 million people around the world are in a state of super land bearing capacity.
So the fresh water is going to run out. To discover and to make use of new sources are necessary within two aspects. One is to find fresh water resource which hasn ‘t been found or used. The other way is to thoroughly look for fresh water from where other than the fresh water resource it self. This is mainly asked to turn which is not fresh water purification into fresh water. Since sea water accounts a lot of the total water resources of the earth. The key means to turn them into the water we can drink is to purify and desalinate. Although it is not because that there is no water desalination plant in the world, why we still worry about water resources drying up? That is mainly due to the desalination technology which is not very mature and completed. Not to mention, the cost is very high as well. Ordinary people can not afford such high price. That explains why this technique is not popularized worldwide, but most concentrated in the developed countries. That is to say, if we want to fade in seawater batches, the most important is to rely on science technology to improve the efficiency of desalination, reduce the desalination cost and let ordinary people be able to use the desalinate water under a proper price.
Organisms of this ecosystem may generally be divided into three categories:
1. Producers, 2. Consumers, 3. Decomposers.
Producers mostly belong, to the category of plants that make their food by the inorganic substances by themselves in the presence of light.Consumers particularly include animals including human being, that depend for their food on other organism including plants, and the decomposers come in the category of bacteria and fungus etc. that decompose the organic substances present in dead plants and animals.
The system is useful to man. A perfect ecological balance cannot be expected in the wake of growing industrialisation as owing to this, pollution of environment becomes inevitable.The environment has “carrying capacity”, or the amount of pollution or damage an environment can sustain without further degradation.
A lake that is 5 times larger than another one can carry roughly 5 times the pollution load. If the loads of pollution are not minimised or environment upgraded to an extent that it will be able to carry them, the environmental degradation will inevitably worsen.
By the misuse, abuse and uncontrolled use of resources both natural and otherwise have upset the equilibrium between human activity and nature.
Over-exploitation of natural resources in the name of industrialization is posing a great danger to the ecosystem. This danger may be understood in following two ways:
1. Physical Environment. 2. Human Environment.
Physical Environment consists of all constituents of natural origin like physiography-, climate, vegetation, soil, water bodies, wild animals and minerals.
Human Environment consists of all elements having a human touch in their origin. Such elements include all manifestations of human activities.
Of course natural resources cannot be confined to the physical manifestation of nature, it also includes the entire environmental scenario-the carrying capacity of nature, the extent up to which the nature can accommodate.
Can we predict the ecological effects of pollution and climate change?
Governments and citizens around the world are increasingly aware of the consequences of atmospheric pollution and climate change. In large-scale experiments, plants and animals are exposed to carefully controlled atmospheres and different ecological conditions. Scientists use this information to understand how they respond to pollution levels, and make predictions about future climate change.
Can we fish the ocean without depleting its riches?
It is possible, but does depend on where we are in the world. In the Antarctic, the marine ecosystem is currently managed as a whole under an international agreement to conserve living resources. This makes it easier to understand marine communities and their interactions, as well as help monitor threatened species more closely.
Can we conserve a habitat and its biodiversity?
Yes. Ecology provides the essential basis for nature conservation. Maintaining a mosaic of habitats ensures the survival of a rich variety of species. For instance, heathland is a valued landscape that is fast disappearing throughout much of Western Europe, but studies have helped identify how to preserve its ecological characteristic.
There are different kind of games played in India, from popular sports such as football and Cricket to lesser known but most played local games Kho- kho. Here is the lit of top most popular sports in India with the special place and part of the physical culture in ancient India.
1.Cricket:
Cricket is not only the most popular sport in India but also an important part of the Indian culture,played almost everywhere. BCCI is body for cricket in India, Indian Premier League is the most watched sports leagues in the world.
Indian cricket team is the winner of all format of Cricket be it Twenty20 World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, ICC Champions Trophy and ICC Test Championship.
2.Badminton:
Badminton is the second most played sports in India and the team is governed by the Badminton Association of India. The Indian team of Badminton players are taking the world in all kind of Championships, P.V. Sindhu, Saina Nehwal, Ashwini Ponnappa and Jwala Gutta.
3.Football:
Football as a sports is very popular in the state of Kerala, Goa, West Bengal and north-eastern India, From where professional players like Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Chhetri promote Indian football to the country.
4.Kabaddi:
Kabaddi is one of the most popular sports in India, popularized as a competitive sport and part in the Asian Games, international kabaddi competition – Kabaddi World Cup and Pro Kabaddi League based on Indian premier league.
Pro Kabaddi League is second most watched sports in India after IPL, also uses a franchise based model with rules same as indoor version of Kabaddi and 2019 season of Pro Kabaddi League features 12 teams.
5.Field Hockey:
Field Hockey is one of the oldest ancient games played in India, Considered as the unofficial National sport of India. Odisha field hockey has dominance in field hockey in India and a league called Premier Hockey League started like IPL.
6.Tennis:
Tennis in India is limited to urban areas but counted among the top ten most popular sports in India along with Badminton and Football, introduced in India in the 1880.
Sania Mirza is an Indian professional tennis player. A former doubles world No. 1, she has won six Grand Slam titles in her career. From 2003 until her retirement from singles in 2013, she was ranked by the Women’s Tennis Association as India’s No. 1 player.
7.Pehlwani:
Pehlwani from India is a form of wrestling and old Malla-yuddha game, originating from the Indian subcontinent and today known as Kusti. Wrestling is the form of modern Pehelwani and very popular in India since ancient times where it was famously known as Malla-yuddha.
Malla yuddha is the ancient Indian game of Pehlwani and the competitions known as kushti or dangal, place of practice Pehlwani is called Akhara.
8.Boxing:
Boxing combat sports game is getting popular in India after the Indian Olympic boxer like Mary Kom, Pinky Rani,Sarita Devi, Shashi Chopra and
Champion Vijender Singh are inspiration many boxers in India.
9.Mallakhamba:
Mallakhamba is another well known traditional sports of India which includes wrestling grips, aerial yoga postures on a vertical hanging wooden pole. The free standing pole usually made from Seesham wood Indian Rosewood tree and polished with castor oil, where a gymnast practiced and performs.
10.Basketball:
The game of basketball is not that much popular sports in the country like Cricket and Badminton but already make a significant mark in the list of sports played in India.
11.Kho Kho
Kho kho is an ancient sport from India and second most played traditional tag games of the Indian subcontinent, after Kabaddi. The traditional Indian sport also played in South Africa by the Indian community and one of the must play sports of India.
National Sports Day is celebrated every year in India on 29 August. The day is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of Indian hockey legend, Major Dhyan Chand.
Major Dhyan Chand was a legendary figure in Indian and world hockey. He played a very significant role in helping India complete their first hat-trick of Olympic gold medals with victories at the 1928, 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics.
Though Dhyan Chand himself led the Indian team (under British rule) to three consecutive Olympic gold medals (in 1928, 1932 and 1936), it was at the 1948 London Summer Games that Independent India defeated hosts Great Britain 4-0 to win their first Olympic gold post-Independence.
The legendary Milkha Singh broke the 400m Olympic record but lost the bronze medal by just 0.1 second at 1960 Rome as ‘The Flying Sikh’ went on to win gold at the Asian Games in 1958 as well as 1962.
Sushil Kumar won the bronze medal at the Beijing Olympics and went on to better this achievement four year later, when he settled for silver.
Significance:
National Spots Day is celebrated to honor the legacy of Major Dhyan Chand and acknowledge the importance of sports in our life. Various programs, events, seminars etc are organized by the government to raise awareness about the significance of physical activities and sports in life.
On this day, multiple awards like the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Dhyan Chand Award and the Dronacharya Award are conferred to sporting heroes to honor their contribution to sports.
Tokyo Olympics (2021):
The Tokyo Olympics, which was supposed to be held in 2020 got postponed to 2021 and it perfectly worked out for India as the contingent returned with it best ever medals haul.
Mirabai Chanu won India’s first medal she became the first Indian woman wrestler to win an Olympic silver medal.
The second medal of the Tokyo Olympics was won by Lovlina Borgohain, a bronze in the women’s welterweight (64-69kg) category. It was also the India’s third ever Olympic medal in boxing.
PV Sindhu secured India’s third medal when she won a bronze in the women’s badminton singles. With that she became India’s only second double Olympic medalist.
The Indian men’s hockey team then ended a 41-year medal drought at the Olympics after defeating Germany 5-4 in a thrilling comeback victory in the bronze medal match.
Indian wrestler Ravi Dahiya then won a silver medal in the men’s freestyle 57kg category, which was soon followed by Bajrang Punia winning bronze medal in the 65kg freestyle category.
India’s Tokyo Olympics then came to a grand end with Neeraj Chopra winning a historic gold medal. With a throw of 87.58m he won independent India’s first-ever medal and gold medal in athletics.
” I dont play to prove a point to anyone. I play for my country and myself. If I feel I have the ability to achieve something, I’II keep trying to succeed.”
The process of organizing and planning over the amount of time spent on specific activities is known as time management. Good time management will be useful for decreasing work pressure. Time is a special resource because you cannot store or save it for later use. Wise time management helps you to find time for what you desire to do. You can schedule your priorities by managing time. Time management will help you to make conscious choices so that you can spend your valuable time on important work. It keeps you healthy and free from stress. One has to maintain the right balance wheel of life. He/she should balance health, family, finance, and work to balance your life. So, time plays an important role in achieving this. It is a fact that time is a non-renewable resource. Once it is gone, we cannot get it back. You will never be able to see this moment again. Every second is important. We have to spend every second effectively and productively.
TIME-SAVING TECHNIQUES:
Write things down: Write down your important schedules and prioritize the events according to their importance. This will be more helpful than using your memory to keep track of too many things.
Prioritize your lists: Prioritizing your to-do list will help you to spend more time on the important task. Rate your tasks according to their priority.
Plan your week: Spend some time at the beginning of each week to plan the schedule for that week. This will help balance the time taken for long-term projects and urgent tasks. All you have to do is spend 15 to 30 minutes planning the week.
Continuously improve yourself: While doing these tasks, try to improve your natural skills and abilities. For example, reading books. Continuously improving yourself will be a key factor to achieve financial independence.
Use a time management system: By using a time management system, one can keep track of every work, organize them and efficiently complete the work.
Identify bad habits: List the bad habits that are stealing your time, breaking your goals, and success. After doing this, try to eliminate these habits from your lifestyle. For eliminating bad habits, you can replace them with better habits.
Don’t do other people’s work: Don’t try to do other’s work. This will take your precious time. Instead, you can teach them how to the work.
Utilize productive procrastination: Procrastinating the less important tasks is not a bad thing. (Sometimes, there is no need for work). Wait until for the tasks to become important enough to deserve your attention.
Ask yourself: Whenever you are confused about what to do next, just ask yourself by doing which things will be more useful in managing the time.
Clean your desk: When you have so many things on your desk, you may get distracted. So, always clean the desk and only the necessary things.
Learn to relax: Working hard is important but you also need time to enjoy and relax. This will help eliminate stress.
Don’t overschedule: Scheduling too many things to complete is not a good way. Because, while seeing this, you may feel burdened. So, always schedule the things that you can be complete in time.
I have read many books by different authors. But Shakespeare and John Bernard Shaw among English authors. Dinkar Nirala and Tagore are my favorite among Indian authors. Rabindranath Tagore is one of the greatest poets of the world. Let’s come to know something more about Rabindranth Tagore.
Rabindranath Tagore belongs to a very respectable family of Bengal. He was born on 7th May, 1861 at Jorsanko in Kolkata. His father’s name was Shri Devendranath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore received elementary education at two schools of Kolkata. They were the oriental seminary and Calcutta Normal. Tagore sailed for England in 1871 for higher education. He joined the university of London. Tagore ‘s family life was very sad. He was married in 1888. But his wife died in 1902. His second daughter died in 1904. His father passed away in 1907. These sad events in life made Tagore more and more religious.
Rabindranath was a great writer. He was the editor of several magazines. Tagore ‘s “Gitanjali ” is one of the best books. Some English poets like W. B. Yeats and Stopford Brook praised Tagore ‘s Gitanjali. His poems combine the tender humanity with a deep religious touch. And the Nobel Prize was awarded to him by the Swedish Academy. Balka and Purabi are his great creations. One of his greatest poetical dramas is Chitrangada. He also wrote some beautiful short stories.
Rabindranath was a great lover of India. He raised his voice against the Britishers. He fought the war for freedom through his writings. Tagore was a great educationist also. He founded the Vishwabharti in 1901. He wanted to make India a home of culture and education. It has become the famous university of the world. But this great son of India died on 7th Aug, 1941. Tagore is my favorite author. He was a writer, educationist, social reformer and patriot – all combined in one.
Above all, was Rabindranath ‘s love for children. He used to lose himself in joy when he taught little children. He was indeed a Gurudev, a great teacher in this earth. To more than a generation of Indians he stands in the position of a great teacher who taught them to learn a beautiful language to the finer shades of poetic art. He opened up to us beauties of nature in a way which no one else did before.
Honey doesn’t have an expiry date, it goes through natural changes. Natural, properly stored honey won’t get expired. Honey may get dark and lose its aroma in the long run. The reason for the magical longevity of honey lies in its biological makeup. Organisms that spoils food won’t be able to do have fun when it comes to honey.
FACTS ABOUT HONEY
Honey is 80% sugar and 20% water.
It is the only food that includes all the substance necessary for life including water.
There are different flavors and colors of honey.
Not all bees makes honey.
Not all honey are made by bees, some are made by wasps.
Honey is a versatile food.
BENEFITS OF HONEY
Honey is used as medicine and food. It is healthy in many aspects.
Honey has antioxidants which is linked to reduce risk of heart attack.
Less bad than sugar for diabetes.
Lower blood pleasure.
Honey can help you improve colastrol level.
Honey is also an effective treatment for diabetic foot ulcers.
It can help in burn and wound healing.
Honey can help to suppress cough for children.
Honey is sometimes used to treat digestive issues.
Medicine for sour throat treatment.
Can honey be consumed daily? No. However beneficial it is. Too much of anything is good for nothing. As the tamil saying goes ‘அளவுக்கு மீறினால் அமிர்தமும் நஞ்சு.’
Phytonutrients are compounds found in plants that help protect the plant from harm. The phytonutrients in honey are responsible for its antioxidant properties, as well as thought to be the reason raw honey has shown immune-boosting and anticancer benefits.
TYPES OF HONEY
There are vast variety of honey with different flavor, taste and smell. There are more than 200 variety of honey it depends upon the flower source. Few of those are avocado, ironbark, jarrah, clover, linden, Heather, Basswood, Beechwood, Bluckwheat etc.
WHITE HONEY
White honey doesn’t have to be white. It generally have milder flavor compared to darker ones. Lighter honey gives light taste and sweetness. White honey also contains such antioxidants. Antioxidants help to protect your body from cell damage due to free radicals. Free radicals contribute to the aging process.
WHY WOODEN DIPPER HAVE GROOVES?
A honey dipper is an utensil, made of wood that consist of equally spaced groove(the spiral is called as groove). It is often made of turned wood. The tool is used by dipping the grooved end in honey, then slowly twirl. The tool is sometimes made of plastics and glass too.
The groove allows the honey to be pulled in while they are horizontal but flow out when vertical. Why wood? The metal and plastic degrade slightly while in honey. Wood lasts longer and will take on the flavor of honey.
It is also because it resembles beehive. The shape is to provide a larger surface area for the volume. This traps more of the liquid in the slow-flowing boundary layer.It holds more honey in one dip. Easy to drizzle over pancakes and bread.
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques)are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world’s foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating.The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years in the four-year period.
Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games (Ancient Greek: Ὀλυμπιακοί Ἀγῶνες), held in Olympia, Greece from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement,[definition needed] with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth Olympic Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games (Pan American, African, Asian, European, and Pacific), and the World Games for sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. The IOC also endorses the Deaflympics and the Special Olympics. The IOC has needed to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. The abuse of amateur rules by the Eastern Bloc nations prompted the IOC to shift away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to the acceptance of professional athletes participating at the Games. The growing importance of mass media has created the issue of corporate sponsorship and general commercialisation of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Olympics; large-scale boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics; and the 2020 Olympics were postponed until 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 14,000 athletes competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics combined, in 35 different sports and over 400 events.The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively.
The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world
Symbols
The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, The Americas (is considered one continent), Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The coloured version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.
The Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning “Faster, Higher, Stronger” was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was coined by Coubertin’s friend, the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP, for a Paris youth gathering of 1891.[143]
Coubertin’s Olympic ideals are expressed in the Olympic creed:
The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.
Months before each Games, the Olympic Flame is lit at the Temple of Hera in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess joined by ten female performers as Vestal Virgins, ignites a torch by placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun’s rays; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer, thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city’s Olympic stadium, where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony.[144] Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928, the torch relay was only introduced at the 1936 Summer Games to promote the Third Reich.
The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968. It has played an important part of the Games’ identity promotion since the 1980 Summer Olympics, when the Soviet bear cub Misha reached international stardom. The mascot of the Summer Olympics in London was named Wenlock after the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire. Much Wenlock still hosts the Wenlock Olympian Games, which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games.
The Ancient Olympic Games
The history of the Olympics began some 2,300 years ago. Their origin lays in the Olympian Games, which were held in the Olympia area of ancient Greece. Although there are some theories on its initial purposes, the Games have been said to have started as a festival of art and sport, to worship gods. The ancient Olympic Games, however, ended in 393 because of the outbreaks of wars in the region in which they were held.
The Modern Olympic Games
After a 1,500 year absence of the ancient Olympic Games, the event was resumed in the late nineteenth century, thanks to the efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator. In 1894, his proposal to revive the Olympic Games was unanimously approved at the International Congress in Paris, and the first Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece, two years later. He also devised the five-ring emblem that is familiar to most people as the Games’ symbol, which represents the unity of the five continents.
The Olympic Games in Japan
The “Father of the Olympic Movement” in Japan is Jigoro Kano – a man who also contributed to the propagation of judo – who was the president of the Tokyo Higher Normal School (the present day University of Tsukuba). In 1909, he was appointed a member of the International Olympic Committee for the first time as an Asian and established the Japan Amateur Athletic Association (today’s Japan Sports Association) to realize the participation of Japanese athletes in the Olympics. The selection of athletes for the Olympics was carried out in 1911, when Yahiko Mishima, a track athlete, and Shiso Kanaguri, a marathon runner, were chosen to represent Japan. Japanese athletes participated in the Olympic Games (the V Olympic Games) for the first time in Stockholm, Sweden in 1912.
Today’s article is about books. We all know that man is social in nature and can’t live alone . A company is needed at times . He wants a friend who may share his joys and sorrows. But in the modern age man has grown selfish and tries to serve his own interests. At that time a traditional company can be beneficial. Yes they are books. Books are our best companion and we know that there are no complains and no demands from them…. Hahaha but apart from jokes book is proved to be our best friend.
Books take us into a different world of imagination. They give us plenty of joy and improve our standard of living. They tone up our intellectual taste they make our outlook broad. They encourage us at our worst times, doesn’t make us feel depressed and inspire us to work hard with hope and courage. Books enrich our experience and sharpen our intellect. They remove our ignorance and add to our knowledge.
It is important to differentiate between good and bad books as bad books ruin our intellect and may mislead or misguide and that will not be beneficial. We must try to read good and inspiring books that make our mind to think about that in our way. The book reading time must be fully utilised and must be understanding. A good book is our ‘ friend, philosopher and guide ‘.
I would also like to review a book that I have read. The book is well known to you ‘SITA – The Warrior of Mithila ‘by the author ‘Amish ‘. It changed the whole thinking about Sita and I must suggest that you should also read it once. She was not only a princess, a wife, a daughter in law but much more than that. She lived as a warrior in disguise. She was talented, calm, intelligent and a pious. A woman should consider her as her own ideal.
A well read man is loved by all. He is a store house of information and can give extraordinary facts what he has understand by reading several books. Books are of different kinds. A general reader likes to read books of general nature. They give us knowledge and pleasure.
“Which blooms once in a bluemoon like the kurinji flower but remains etched in memories forever to be sought for again and of course hard to pursue….”
~Shree abhy
Kurinji is a shrub that is also called Strobilantheskunthiana or neelakurinji. Found along the Western Ghats in the Shola forests in South India, the specialty of the flower is that it blooms in 12 years. The rare sightings of the flowers have been rigorously demonstrated in the years 1838, 1850, 1862, 1874, 1886, 1898, 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 and 2018 respectively.
To put things into perspective, the neelakurinji flowers were documented first in 1858 and since then, they have bloomed only for 15 times. The last time the flowers were bloomed in 2006, you witnessed Saddam Hussein being executed by the American Armed Forces, Italy won the football world cup and Pluto was declared a dwarf planet.
In India, there are 250 different types of kurinji flowers and 46 types of neelakurinji in India. The red and maroon kurinji flowers are also available but it is the blue, azure neelakurinji that is widely popular and most-coveted.
The flowers are purple-blue- showering the valley with the sublime purple haze when they bloom. A rarest of the rare sight, which happens once in a blue moon literally! The blooming of kurinji flowers happens during September-October. People from all over the world come to Neelgiri Hills to see this rarest phenomenon unfolding in front of their eyes. The Neelgiri hills or the Blue Mountains get their name from the blue Kurinji flowers that cover the entire landscape during the period of 12 years.
KURINJI FLOWER HAD UNUSUAL BLOOMING CYCLES
In the world of flowers, such plants with unusual blooming cycles with long intervals are called plietesials. Besides, the blooming cycle, the plant shows other signature characteristics of being one such as gregarious flowering, supra-annual synchronized monocarpy and mast seeding. Mast seeding of Strobilanthes refers to the reproduction of the seeds once during their lifetime. The synchronized monocarpy implies flowering once in a lifetime and dying after fruiting.
Similarly , strobilanthescuspidatus, other kurinji species, blooms once in every seven years and then subsequently, wilts and dies. The seeds take seven years to sprout, grow and bloom. Each species of kurinji flower takes different time to mature. Neelakurinji takes 12 years to grow and bloom gregariously.
The kurinji flower is a bright coloured, bell-shaped blue flower. In the local language, it is called Kunthiana, referring to the river Kunthi that flows through the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala. Kurinji flowers grow in the lower expanse of the valley that has no dense tree forest.
The plant of kurinji is a bushy shrub with hairless reddish branches. The leaves are hairless and have a leathery texture. Elliptic in shape, the size of the leaves are 6 x 3 cm.
In the 19th century, Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck first discovered and described the genus, Strobilanthes.The flowering periods of Strobilathes vary from one species to another, as explained in the journals like Indian Foresterand Journal of Bombay Natural History Society.
All species belonging to this genus have an unusual flowering patternranging from annual blooming cycle to the longest with 16-year! The flowers grow in the cluster of 2-5 and have woolly texture. The flowers are hairy and grow in a linear pattern. The lance-shaped petals are almost 2.5 cm long and are attached to the spikes 3-5 cm long.
The plant is usually 25 to 60 cm high and grows at an altitude of 1,300 to 2,200 metres.
KURINJI HONEY
The flowers are pollinated by honey bees. The honey collected by these bees is very sweet, nutritious and has high medicinal value.
Butterflies, eastern honeybees and insects love these nectar-filled blue flowers. The nectar collected by the honeybees is regarded to be superlative and healthier. This rarest honey can last for more than 15 years. The indigenous tribe Paliyan harvests the honey from hives. The tribe calls it ‘liquid gold’ for its value. Unlike other brands of honey available in the market, it is transparent and a bit greenish-yellowish in colour. The taste is unique and so far, it hasn’t been artificially cultivated at all. Besides, the honey is only available when the flowers bloom once in 12 years. For now, you need to wait until 2030 to get some.
BLOOMING SEASON FOR NEELAKURINJI
Covering the 3,000 hectares of hills in blue-purple carpet and filling the air with intoxicating sweet fragrance, this is a phenomenon that only happens in India!
The most interesting fact about the blooming phenomena of kurinji is that scientists and botanists have failed to arrive at any conclusion that how these flowers manage to adhere to their blooming periods, which range from 3, 7, 12, 17 to even 36 years!
The plants begin flowering in the last phase of Monsoon. By the time rains vanish, the valleys are covered with neelakurinji flowers. India receives the last rains of monsoon season during September and October, so if you want to witness this beauty first-hand, this is when you should visit Munnar or any Southern hill station.
However, with the erratic climate situation, we are dealing with, the blooming of neelakurinji flowers too has been impacted. It is advised to check the monsoon schedule before you make any plans.
HABITAT OF KURINJI FLOWERS
Earlier, kurinji flowers used to envelope the entire landscape of Nilgiri Hills, Bababudangiri, Cardamom Hills, Palani Hills and Anamalai Hills. There were times when one could witness the splurge of purple shade throughout the Chandra Drona Hill Range in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka and Datta Peeta. With private real estate and plantations, their habitat has become limited in the area. Apart from the Western Ghats, the magical growth of Kurinji flowers can be seen in the layout of Eastern Ghats namely Idukki district, Agali hills, Palakkad, Sanduru Hills in Bellary, Karnataka.
Ootacumend, the Queen of Hills or Ooty is home to 33 varieties of kurinji flowers and is popularly called Blue Mountain for kurinji flowers that cover the landscape. Apart from Ooty, one can see the blue, bright flowers in their glory in Coonoor, Lamb’s Rock and Kothagiri.
Thanks to these flowers and their unique blooming period, the sleepy town of Munnar, Kerala made it to the list of “Top Places to Visit in Asia in 2018” by the Lonely Planet.
THE WESTERN GHATS AND KURINJI FLOWERS
The Western Ghats wrap in an extraordinaire world of endemic fauna and flora. The alpine climate of plateaus and hills promote the growth and habitat of a wonderful ecosystem above 1,500 meters, known as the Shola. According to S.K. Seth and H.G. Champion, the sholas are the wet temperate stunted evergreen forest. The trees have crooked branches with an abundant supply of moss, lichens, orchids, epiphytes and pteridophyte, making the entire system hygroscopic- the phenomenon of attracting and absorbing water from the surrounding atmosphere. To avoid the high-velocity western monsoon winds, the shola trees have developed interlocking branches. The grasslands, where kurinji plants grow are open meadows and valleys-in the midst of misty hills.
Some botanists and experts refer to this ecological climate of the Himalayan range as “Islands in the Sky” because these habitats are divided by several low-lying inhabitable areas, making the grassland vegetation and fauna of the Southern Western Ghatare unique, highly evolved and nothing like other.
The Flora of British India enlists more than fully detailed species of Strobilanthes species in this region. Similarly, James Sykes Gamble, the noted botanist of the British era has also detailed 46 species in his book Flora of Madras Presidency.
SIGHTING OF NEELAKURINJI FLOWERS
Neelakurinji was sighted in the year 2006 after 12 years, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Kurinji flowers of Strobilanthescuspidatus species were again witnessed in their full glory in the year 2016 in Udhagamandalam.
In Munnar, the last mega kurinji bloom was spotted in 2006. In 2017, the purple flowers were recorded in their full glory in Bellary, behind Kumaraswamy temple.
In 2006, the neelakurinji flowers were last bloomed in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The flowers were spotted after 12 years. To commemorate this rare sighting, the state government released a stamp and declared the year as the “Year of Kurinji.”
The flowers were seen again after exact 12 years in South India in the year 2018.
The next flowering season in Munnar will be in the year 2030.
REFERENCES IN LITERATURE ABOUT NEELAKURINJI
Since Kurinji flowers have their home in Tamil Nadu, the Tamil literature is rich with their references and similes. In Tamil Nadu, Kurinji is the part and parcel of everyday life. A temple is dedicated to the flower deity called Kurinji AndavarTemple in Kodaikanal. Commonplace references to the deity and kurinji flowers can be found in Kurunthogai, the classic Sangam Age literature of Tamil Country. The blooming season of kurinji is celebrated with small-scale and big-scale festivities among locales, who believe it to be the enduring symbol of secret love and romance. For a tribal community in Munnar, the neelakurinji is the symbol of self-awakening of a woman.
The Tamil Country literature classified the land into five types, which were Kurinji (mountainous), Mullai (forested), Marutham (agricultural), Neithal (coastal) and Paalai (desert) – based on their geographical topography and the plants found in these ecosystems.
In a classic Tamil Literary piece, Kuruntokai- the flower is used indirectly for the poetic verse, Red Earth and Pouring Rain. In Clare Flynn’s novel, Kurinji Flowers, the flowers’ association with clandestine love affair is used as a backdrop to narrate a fictional account of a tragic romance in India of the 1940s.
WHY DOES NEELAKURINJI FLOWER BLOOM AFTER 12 YEARS?
It is called survival mechanism in botany. The longer pollination helps the plant to survive through the periodical blooming, natural calamity as well as protect it against the predators. The plant is a favourite of birds and mammals, rendering it vulnerable and at a great threat. In such a scenario, the annual pollination may not be a favourable condition for the plant and leave it more defenceless and weaker. The extended period of blooming is determined by the internal mechanism clock of the plant. The neelakurinji plants, much like bamboo plant, follow the records of daytime, variation in monsoon season and bloom accordingly. Until the kurinji plants are ready, they may or may not bloom at all.
On the recommendations of “Save Kurinji Campaign Council,” the Kerala cabinet has decided to increase the 3200 hectares and redraw the boundaries of the sanctuary. The cabinet also took decisions to appoint a settlement officer and conduct drone surveys on a regular basis. A decision was also taken on the Kerala Promotion of Tree Growth in Non-Forest Act 2005 to stop the encroachment of other plant species to steer clear of the ground for kurinji flowers.
Besides, the need to educate people is the must. Responsible tourism is still not a thing in India and because of this, the growth of kurinji flowers gets affected adversely. The influx of tourism affects the environment and natural habitat of the flowers. Be it at the micro-level, it changes the structure of soil and nutrients to a level that it alters the blooming pattern of flowers and affects their pollination cycle.
Around 3,500 people were allowed to visit the Eravikulam National Park in 2006. There were reports that they plucked the flowers and took them home- just for the thrills. This impact of this encroachment of this will be seen later when the next round of blooming period will occur…or not. The managing committee of National Park, Munnar Wildlife Division has provisioned a fine of Rs. 2,000 on damaging the plants under Section 22 of the Wildlife Protection Act.
According to the local people in Munnar, the climate of the hill station was cool and a balancing mix of mist and rain- favourable to the growth of neelakurinji flowers. However, it is not anymore. The climate is also rapidly changing and becoming unpredictable, making the flowering of neelakurinji flowers big guesswork.
Are you planning for an abroad trip? If yes, get to know things you shouldn’t do abroad. We travel to abroad for various reasons, to study, work, try new things, to disconnect and reconnect.
Travelling makes us happier. It can also boost your creativity. Creates a space for us to get to know and learn about new cultures. The feel of travelling to a new place and returning to your comfort zone is fascinating. Hodophile is the word for “one who loves to travel.”
TRAVELLING NEED OR WANT?
Travelling is not a need. It is just an option, few love to travel while others don’t. Travelling doesn’t necessarily mean luxurious and lavishly spending. It helps us to broaden our horizons. Being exposed to new people, environment, and forces us to get out of our comfort zone.
THINGS WE SHOULD KNOW
FOOD HABITS
In India, we believe in eating the food using hands as its part of our culture. Using your left hand to eat is not appreciated unless you are left-hander. It might sound bizarre for tourists. What is considered as a custom in a country need not be universal.
We use cutlery, such as fork, spoon, knife but in Thailand, it is rude to use a fork to eat. Do you find slurping annoying? Well, it is considered a good gesture in Japan. Making that sound while having noodles is not weird. It conveys that you are enjoying the food and complimenting the cook.
In some countries, leaving the plate empty is considered a good gesture but China thinks the opposite. People assume when the plate is empty you are hungry and in need of more food. In China, flipping the fish when served is assumed bad luck.
Italy is known for their love for food. There, adding cheese to seafood is not admired. In South Korea, the eldest at the table takes the first bite. Also leaving chopstick upright in the bowl and waving chopstick around considered rude in China.
British is known for their love for tea. While stirring the spoon shouldn’t touch the sides of the cup. Neither should we leave the spoon in cup. It must be placed on the saucer.
TRAFFIC RULES
In Thailand, even if it’s hot people have to keep their shirts on. Another strange traffic rule is, in Phillipine, people can’t drive in certain areas based upon what day of the week it is and the last digit on their license plate. The driver can be fined if found driving. New Jersey also has a strange law where residents are required by law to honk prior to passing, which will be so confusing.
In Russia, driving a dirty car would end up in fine. It doesn’t matter whether the car is dirty inside or outside. Anyone requiring vision-correcting glasses in order to drive the streets of Spain must keep a spare set in their car at all times
THINGS WE SHOULD AVOID
In Japan, don’t leave tips. They believe that you are already paying for a good service, so there is no need for extra. You can instead just thank the waiter and waitress. I find is reasonable and fascinating.
In Ukraine, avoid giving even number of flowers. Even number of flowers are given for funeral. In some countries, yellow flower is a sign of betrayal.
In China, avoid presenting umbrella and clock as gifts. It is considered bad omen, as it indicates attending a funeral ritual. The Chinese word for umbrella sounds like breaking up.
In Germany don’t congratulate before the birthday. Wishing someone early brings bad luck. It is strange to know that it also indicates arrogance as the person will live till the birthday. Life is uncertain! Yes. But thus is weird.
There are more such facts and beliefs. It is fascinating to know about countries and their culture.
During a new investigation of 2.5-billion-year-old Australian rocks, scientists have tracked down those volcanic emissions may have animated populace floods of marine microorganisms, making the initial puffs of oxygen into the air.
This would change existing accounts of Earth’s initial environment, which expected that most changes in the early climate were constrained by geologic or substance measures. The discoveries of the investigation were distributed in the diary ‘Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences’
However, centered around Earth’s initial history, the exploration additionally has suggestions for extra-earthbound life and even environmental change. The investigation was driven by the University of Washington, the University of Michigan and different establishments.
“What has begun to end up being undeniable in the previous few decades is there really are a lot of associations between the strong, non-living Earth and the development of life,” said first creator Jana Meixnerova, a UW doctoral understudy in Earth and space sciences. “However, what are the particular associations that worked with the development of life on Earth as far as we might be concerned, addressed Meixnerova.
In its most punctual days, Earth had no oxygen in its air and scarcely any, oxygen breathing lifeforms. Earth’s air turned out to be for all time oxygen-rich with regards to 2.4 billion years prior, likely after a blast of lifeforms that photosynthesise, changing carbon dioxide and water into oxygen. In any case, in 2007, co-creator Ariel Anbar at Arizona State University dissected rocks from the
Mount McRae Shale in Western Australia, detailing a transient whiff of oxygen around 50 to 100 million years before it turned into a super durable installation in the climate. Later examination has affirmed other, prior, transient oxygen spikes, yet hasn’t clarified their ascent and fall.
In the new investigation, specialists at the University of Michigan, driven by co-relating creator Joel Blum, broke down similar old rocks for the focus and number of neutrons in the component mercury, radiated by volcanic ejections Large volcanic emissions impact mercury gas into the upper climate, where today it circles for a little while prior to pouring out onto Earth’s surface.
The new investigation showed a spike in mercury two or three million years before the brief ascent in oxygen “adequately sure, in the stone beneath the transient spike in oxygen, we discovered proof of mercury, both in its bounty and isotopes, that would most sensibly be clarified by volcanic ejections into the environment,” said co-creator Roger Buick, a UW teacher of Earth and Space Sciences.
Where there were volcanic outflows, the creators contemplated, there probably been Laval and volcanic debris fields. Also, those supplement rich rocks would have endured in the breeze and downpour, delivering phosphorus into streams that could treat close by seaside regions, permitting oxygen creating cyanobacteria and other single-celled lifeforms to prosper. “There are different supplements that tweak natural action on short timescales, however phosphorus is the one that is generally significant on long timescales, Meixnerova said. Today, phosphorus is abundant in natural materials and in horticultural manure. However, in extremely old occasions, enduring of volcanic rocks would have been the primary hotspot for this scant asset.
“During enduring under the Archaean air, the new basaltic stone would have gradually disintegrated, delivering the fundamental full scale supplement phosphorus into the streams, Meixnerova added.
“That would have taken care of organisms that were living in the shallow seaside zones and set off expanded natural usefulness that would have made, as a result, and oxygen spike, Meixnerova clarified.
The exact area of those volcanoes and magma fields is obscure, however huge magma fields of about the right age exist in cutting edge India, Canada and somewhere else, Buick said “Our examination proposes that for these transient whiffs of oxygen, the prompt trigger was an expansion in oxygen creation, as opposed to an abatement in oxygen utilization by rocks or other non-living cycles,” Buick said “It’s significant on the grounds that the presence of oxygen in the climate is key – it’s the greatest driver for the advancement of huge, complex life,” Buick added.
Eventually, analysts said the investigation proposes what a planet’s geography may mean for any life developing on its surface, an agreement that guides in recognizing liveable exoplanets, or planets outside our close planetary system, in the quest for life in the universe.
Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently asserted that the cryptocurrency bill is before the Union Cabinet and it is likely to take decision soon.
The bill was supposed to be presented in the parliament during monsoon session but did not happen due to varying circumstances. The bill proposed that all private crypto currencies except any and every digital currency issued by the state. But crypto experts are hoping for the best.
Edul Patel, CEO & Co-founder of crypto trading platform Mudrex, says, “We could expect an accommodative and progressive stance by the government towards cryptocurrencies. The government is expected to evaluate all possible aspects. All these events transpire to positive expectations from the cryptocurrency bill.”
In its report an inter-ministerial panel on cryptocurrency under secretary (economic affairs) had studies issues around virtual currencies and proposed specific actions.
Looking at the growing opportunities in this space, Siddharth Menon, COO of cryptocurrency exchange WazirX, says calibrated regulations that encourage the industry and safeguard consumers will help the ecosystem grow. “We don’t know the details but we expect it to be positive. Once we have more details, we will comment. Else it will be purely speculative,” Menon adds.
Looking at the growing opportunities in this space, Siddharth Menon, COO of cryptocurrency exchange WazirX, says calibrated regulations that encourage the industry and safeguard consumers will help the ecosystem grow. “We don’t know the details but we expect it to be positive. Once we have more details, we will comment. Else it will be purely speculative,” Menon adds.
Some experts say India cannot be as a laggard when the world is rapidly moving ahead with blockchain technology. This has led to reports that crypto as an asset class might be allowed in India but the government will not accept it as legal tender as yet.
Crypto enthusiasts are betting on analyst views that say there might not be a blanket ban on cryptocurrencies. Menon is among those who does not think a blanket ban is possible. The government has understood crypto assets are not a threat to national currency. “Also, this is a new and growing global fintech industry. India cannot stay behind,” he adds.
Banning cryptocurrency would severely affect a lot of people in India as there are several startups revolving around cryptocurrencies and more than 15 million people invest in crypto in India.
Twitter is an American social networking and microblogging service. Twitter users interact with small messages called, “tweets”. Currently twitter has more than 330 million monthly active users. It is in the league of big social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram etc. It was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Even Williams in March. In this article I will take you through the journey of creation and rise of twitter.
Initial history
In 2006, Jack was an undergraduate student at New York University. He came up with an idea of an SMS service to communicate with small group. He shared his idea with board members of a podcasting members Odeo. Williams was also part of board members. He later ascribed the idea to Noah. They decided to name this project twttr as domain twitter.com was already in use. Later they bought the domain name and changed the name of service to twitter. Twitter spun off its own company in 2007.
Work on the project started on March 21, 2006 and full version was publicly in july 2006.
The first breakthrough moment for twitter came in 2007 through South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, twitter engagement increased from 20000 tweets par day to 60000. They placed two 60 inch plasma screens in the conference hallways. These screens were used to stream twitter messages.
This conference helped twitter in rapid initial growth. Almost 400k tweets were being posted on twitter per quarter in 2007. This increased to 100 million tweet per quarter in 2008. By 2010, company recorded over 70000 registered applications. In march 2021 it became third highest ranking social site. Prominent events like football world cup, NBA finals etc. helped twitter in growing quickly. When Michael Jackson died on 25th June 2009, twitter severs crashed as users were tweeting at the rate 100k tweets per hour.
Emergence of “New Twitter”
After gaining popularity, twitter started revamping it’s service. Initial changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving twitter by clicking on link given in individual tweets of various sites like YouTube.
On 5 April 2011 , twitter released a new home page but due to some glitch it was relaunched on 20th April 2011. On 8th December 2011, twitter added a new feature to its website named “FLY”. In addition to home tab, the connect and discover were also introduced. On 21 March 2012, twitter celebrated its birthday and also announced that they have 140 million active users.
In 2012 twitter expanded at a fast rate. They opened an office in Detroit to work with automobile brands. In june 2012, logo of twitter was modified to bird symbol. Throughout next couple of years twitter acquired several companies like Vine, Crashlytics, Trendrr etc.
In 2014, twitter underwent a redesign which significantly changes its interface. Some of major changes included profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image. Twitter acquired many different type of companies onwards 2014 like Namo Media ( a native advertising company) in 2014, Mitro( a password-security startup) on 31st july 2014, Niche(an advertising network) on February 2015 etc.
Twitter took an significant step in 2020 and started marking tweets which contain misleading information.
Twitter kept expanding its business and was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app in 2019.
From brushing and flossing to straightening and whitening, people today put a lot of work into maintaining a health and appearance to their smile. The current trend is for straight, pearly white teeth. But history of dental care stretches all the way back to the beginning of human society.
Ancient ways of cleaning teeth
Prehistoric humans who lived before the advert of oral care actually had very few dental problems. Scientists believe this is on account of their diet, which consisted of unprocessed fibrous foods that help clean their teeth while they ate. However as human evolved, so did the food on menu. Overtime, people found if they didn’t take care of their teeth, they developed dental problems.
Archaeology found evidence that early humans cleaned their teeth by picking at them with things like porcupine quills, animal bones, and tree twigs.
In earlier 3,500 BCE, Mesopotamians were using chew sticks to clean their teeth. Egyptian and Chinese have known to use them as well.
Tooth Decay
Ancient people were always aware of the tooth decay. But the first known scientific theory about its causes dates back at least 5,000 years, to Ancient Sumeria. The theory was that cavities were caused by a creature known as the tooth worm, which they believed would wore holes in teeth.
Cavities can actually resemble the kinds of holes that the worms bore through other materials, like wood. The Sumerians, Greeks, Egyptian, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian people all believed in the tooth worm. Some European doctors were still warning people that worms were the cause of their tooth decay as late as the 14th century.
First Toothbrush
Though no one knows exactly when people started brushing their teeth, archeologists believed the practice originated somewhere in the neighborhood of 3,000 BCE. The Babylonians and the Egyptians were the first cultures we know of to fashion rudimentary toothbrushes, which were made mostly from twigs.
The first used bristle toothbrush was created in China sometime during the Tang dynasty, between the 7tg and 10th centuries. It was made from hog bristles which would have been attached to a handle carved from bone or bamboo.
Explorers eventually brought these to the West. And in the 17th century, they began to be adopted in Europe.
New trend
In modern times, the dental ideal is considered to be a bright smile with straight white teeth. People will wear braces, use whiteners, to achieve the look. But most didn’t realise, its a relatively new fashion.
The popularity of look really only goes back to the 20th century and was greatly created by Hollywood movies. The trend, arguably, began their veneers, created by cosmetic dentist named Marcus Pincus in the 1940s. It was spotted by movie stars, like Shirley Temple and Judy Garland, who became famous for perfect smiles.
Judy Garland
While mass market teeth whitening products didn’t became a thing until the 1980s, teeth whitening itself is nothing new.
The Drug Controller General of India on 20th August gave approval to Zydus Cadilla for Emergency Use Authorization for its covid vaccine ZyCoV-D, touted to be the world’s first and India’s first
covid 19 vaccine which based on DNA and can be administered to all humans above 12 years of age.
The world’s first plasmid covid vaccine India’s second indigenous vaccine after Covaxin
had earlier received recommendation by the Subjects Expert Committee (SEC) of
the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) which cleared a major
hurdle in the vaccines’s emergency use.
Safety and efficacy
In the adaptive PhaseI/II clinical trials the ZyCoV—D demonstrated a robust
immunogenicity and tolerance and safety profile said Zydus. The interim analysis
of the symptomatic RT-PCR cases showed that ZyCoV-d had an efficacy of 66.6
percent for the three doses (2mg per dose).
No
severe cases of Covid or deaths due to covid were found due to Covid-19 after
the second dose was successfully administered said Zydus. After successfully
administering the third dose no moderate case of covid-19 was observed in the
covid arm implicating an efficacy of 100 percent in moderate cases.
If
a rash appear after administering the vaccine then it s called a covid arm. More
than 28000 volunteers volunteered to have phase -III trials conducted on them in
more than 50clinical sites scattered across the country that too during the peak
of the second wave of covid-19 in India which reassures the vaccine’s
effectiveness against the new Delta variant – the new and the most dangerous
strain of covid-19. Another big breakthrough of the company is that ZyCoV-D is
safe for children that belong in the age group of 12-18 years.
Needle-less vaccine
Another breakthrough of this vaccine is that it is needle-less and is
transferres via an applicator called PharmaJet to ensure painless intradermal vaccine
delivery. PharmaJet was also developed in India and in a record time.
Capacity
Zydus
said it can produce 10-15 million doses of ZyCoV-D per month. The company said
it can produce 3-5 crore vaccines by December. The capacity numbers
suggest that Covishield and, to some extent, Covaxin will remain as the
major workhorses for the government’s vaccination drive for some more time.
Evaluating two-dose regimen
Zydus
said it has also submitted data for a two-dose regimen for ZyCoV-D, using a 3
mg dose per visit and the immunogenicity results had been found to be
equivalent to the current three-dose regimen. The company said this would help
in reducing the full-course duration of vaccination while maintaining a high
safety profile in the future.
Children & adolescents
Zydus
has submitted applications for EUA for children in the 12-18 year age group.
Novel approach
Zydus
Cadilla has taken a novel approach for its potential COVID-19 vaccine. Called
plasmid DNA, the vaccine consists of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 proteins,
which instruct human cells to make the SARS-CoV2 antigen, eliciting an immune
response.
The
company says that this approach is easily replicable and scalable, requiring
just Biosafety Level (BSL)-1. The vaccine can be stored at 2-8 degrees
temperature, making it conducive for Indian cold-chain conditions. The vaccine
is delivered through the intradermal route (between the layers of the skin),
which makes its administration much easier. DNA vaccines are also theoretically
easy to redesign quickly against a mutating virus.
Challenges
Firstly,
the platform is novel. Not a single human vaccine using this platform has been
approved anywhere in the world. The other big challenge is that the vaccine has
to be administered in three doses – the first dose, and the other doses after
28 and 56 days. Being a three-dose vaccine adds an additional layer of
distribution and administration complexity, possibly raising the cost of the
vaccine. While the company has promised to ensure that the vaccine is
affordable, it has also sought approval for a two-dose vaccine.
Permaculture is a method of design in agriculture that emphasises whole-systems thinking and the use of or stimulation of natural patterns.
Bill Mollison, a senior lecturer in Environmental Psychology at the University of Tasmania, and David Holmgren, a graduate student in the Department of Environmental Design at the Tasmanian College of Advanced Education, coined the term.
These principles are being applied in a growing variety of industries.
HISTORY:
Permaculture as we know it now was created in the 1970s t happened approximately a decade after the world became aware of the risks of pesticides like DDT and the damage they represented to humanity and the environment.
Because it was created for the development of long – term (in other words, permanent) systems, the phrase was coined from a combination of the words “permanent” and “agricultural.”
It was one of the first agricultural systems to recognise that local actions might have drastic implications.
Holmgren is credited for popularising permaculture but it’s worth mentioning that various books on topics like agroforestry and forest farming have been around since the 1930s or earlier.
3 ETHICS:
Permaculture has 3 core tenants:
• Care for the earth. To put it another way, assist all living systems in continuing to exist and multiply. But a healthy world is required for existence, it is important to understand the principles of nature and how it functions.
• Care for the people. Allow people to have access to the resources they require to live. Members of the community who are in need of assistance are supported by the community (e.g. after someone dies, help build homes).
• Fair share. We should take only what we require and reinvest any excess. Any surplus can be used to assist satisfy the other two basic tenets. This involves reintroducing waste products into the system so that they can be reused.
PRINCIPLES:
All sustainable community design initiatives should use Permaculture concepts.
They are the most important rules for putting it into practise. They may aid in improving and protecting the land, ecosystem, and people, as well as maximising efficiency and productivity.
These principles promote innovation while maximising outcomes. Every location, every circumstance, and every family is unique. As a result, each project’s plans, procedures, plants, animals, and building materials may differ. Even yet, the same principles apply to any location and endeavour, big or little.
1. Observe and Interact
2. Catch and Store Energy
3. Obtain a Yield
4. Apply Self-regulation and Accept Feedback
5. Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services
6. Produce No Waste
7. Design From Patterns to Details
8. Integrate Rather Than Segregate
9. Use Small and Slow Solutions
10. Use and Value Diversity
11. Use Edges and Value The Marginal
12. Creatively Use and Respond to Change
BENEFITS OF PERMACULTURE:
Reduced water usage
Wastewater and rainfall are used in permaculture. This is useful for homes, but for farms with larger areas, it becomes a more cost effective and efficient means of watering the produce.
Reduced waste
Nothing is thrown away. Garden waste, leaves, table scraps, and other waste products are composted or fed to animals as food. Some people go beyond and utilise compost toilets to fully live a zero-waste lifestyle. Permaculture is only sustainable if it makes use of leftovers.
Economically feasible
It is cost effective since pesticides are not required, and most systems require minimal upkeep. All you have to do is water the plants and mulch them once in a while.
Less pollution
Permaculture is a more natural manner of growing food, tractors and other powered agricultural equipment are rarely used.
Improved values
You’ll automatically acquire more ethical and good principles like consuming little, just using what you need, minimising pollution, and helping others if you practise.
More self-sufficiency
A farmer or gardener who practises permaculture may grow a broader range of crops on their property. It allows you to be self-sufficient by allowing you to grow whatever you desire or need to eat.
Applicable to existing systems
Agricultural systems and lands that already exist can be converted to principles. Permaculture may be practised on a big or small scale wherever that you can normally grow food.
COMMON METHODS OF PERMACULTURE:
1) Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a technique that incorporates trees, shrubs, animals, and crops. The term is derived from a blend of agriculture and forestry. These two apparently disparate professions collaborate to produce systems that are more resilient, healthy, lucrative, and productive. Forestry farming, which is a permaculture technique also falls under the category of agroforestry. However, the main concept is to construct your food forest using a seven-layered method. A canopy layer, a low tree layer, a shrub layer, a herbaceous layer, a rhizosphere, a ground cover layer, and a vertical layer are all included. Silvopastoral and silvoarable are two other agroforestry systems.
2) Hügelkultur
Hügelkultur is a German word that means “hill culture.” It’s a method of burying huge volumes of wood in order to increase the soil’s ability to retain water. This rotting wood behaves like an absorbent, soaking up water from the ground. Plant materials which behave as a compost are usually placed on top of the mound and decomposed into the soil. A Hügelkultur mound generally lasts 5 to 6 years until the wood rots completely and the procedure must be repeated.
3) Harvesting Rainwater and Grey water
Instead of letting rainwater wash from the property, you may collect it and store it for later use. Roofs gather the majority of rainwater. Eaves troughs, which collect and transport water away from buildings, are likely already installed on your farm’s homes, barns, and other structures. To collect rainwater, just connect a big tank to your downspout and catch the water rather than having it seep into the ground and go to waste. Storm water harvesting is another way to collect water. It is distinct from rainwater harvesting in that it collects runoff from creeks, drains, and other waterways rather than from rooftops. Grey water is a last source of reusable water on the farm. This is water that is used in the house or on the farm for things like bathing and doing laundry. Because grey water includes detergents, it cannot be used for drinking, but it may be utilised for irrigation purposes and other reasons.
4) Cell Grazing
Grazing is commonly seen as a negative activity that, if not carried out appropriately, has the potential to harm the ecosystem in various ways. Allowing animals to overgraze a region can have severe repercussions, and this is true. Cell grazing is the favoured approach in permaculture. This entails moving herds of animals between fields, pastures, or woodlands on a regular basis. The disruptions created by grazing animals, when done correctly, can actually improve the ecosystem and allow plants to recover more quickly. It also keeps an eye on how animals interact with the land. Plants require appropriate time to rest between each grazing and therefore it’s critical that a region receives a rest time after being grazed.
5) Sheet Mulching
Mulching is simply any protective layer placed on top of the soil to retain water and prevent weed development and is used by many farmers and gardeners. A variety of materials such as wood chips, cardboard, plastic, stones, and are frequently employed. Sheet mulching is an organic no-dig technique that aims to imitate natural soil building in forests, namely how leaves cover the ground. Sheet mulching is most often done with alternating layers of “green” and “brown” materials. Fallen leaves, shredded paper and cardboard, pine needles, wood chips, and straw are examples of brown materials. Manure, grass clippings, worm casings, vegetable scraps, hay, coffee grounds, and compost are examples of green materials. It’s possible to utilise 5 to 10 layers of materials. Sheet mulching adds nutrients and minerals to the soil, inhibits weed development, regulates weather and protects against frost, reduces erosion and evaporation, and absorbs rainwater.
6) Natural Building
Natural building is a more environmentally friendly alternative to purchasing materials from your local hardware shop or lumber yard. You should try to employ as much recycled materials as possible in a system. There are a lot of renewable resources on the land that you may employ in your next construction project. Most people ignore clay, pebbles, wood, reeds, straw, and sand, which are all easily available materials. Tires, which are less natural, can also be utilised for building. This is a fantastic method to recycle old tyres that would otherwise be thrown away or burned. Similarly, instead of purchasing new windows, discarded glass windows are frequently repurposed.
7) No-Till or Minimum-Till Farming
The goal of no-till farming is to leave the soil untouched. The soil is left undisturbed rather than being broken up before planting. This helps to keep water in the soil, keeps carbon from leaving the soil, increases soil quality, and lowers the quantity of weed seeds that are brought closer to the surface to germinate. The soil is disturbed by conventional agriculture methods. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere while also over oxygenating the soil. Loosening the soil in this way can cause erosion and nutrient runoff, as well as obliterate important fungal networks. Tilling can be reduced or even removed altogether for some systems with the right approaches.
8) Intercropping and Companion Planting
Intercropping is the planting of more than one two plant species in the same region that mutually benefit one another. Companion planting, for example, involves growing strong-scented plants and herbs such as basil, oregano alongside primary. Many of these companion plants with powerful smells are repulsive to pests. Not only that, but some of them really help the plants they’re partnered with to grow and taste better. Others help to loosen the soil or provide additional advantages. While many plants get along well when grown together, there are some who don’t because they demand the same nutrients or for other reasons.
9) Market Gardening
Market gardening is an intriguing shift away from conventional style of agriculture, which is carried out on huge swaths of land far out in the nation, to smaller plots of land, even in metropolitan areas sometimes. Market gardeners, as the name implies, sell their vegetables at farmer’s markets, however some may also supply restaurants and grocery shops directly.
Cash crops are aggressively produced on a small scale in market gardening (usually less than an acre of land.) While cultivating on as little as a quarter acre of land, a market gardener may earn up to $100,000 each year.
After moving to internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, a parasite causes illness. If not treated, it nearly invariably leads to death.
People get this condition by sandfly bites, which contracted the parasite after consuming the blood of a parasite-infected person. There are more than 20 distinct Leishmania parasites that cause the illness around the globe, and 90 different sandfly species that carry the infection.
However, in India, there is just one parasitic species, Leishmania donovani, and only one sandfly species, Phlebotomus argentipes, that spreads the illness.
Visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar, is marked by recurrent bouts of fever, significant weight loss, spleen and liver enlargement, and anaemia (which may be serious).
In underdeveloped nations, if the illness is not treated, the mortality rate can reach 100% in as little as two years.
SYMPTOMS
When people develop visceral leishmaniasis, the most typical symptoms are
FEVER
ENLARGEMENT OF SPLEEN AND LIVER
Misdiagnosis is critical, because kala-azar has a near-100 percent death rate if not treated properly. It does not always leave its hosts unmarked, even after restoration. A secondary form of the illness called post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, or PKDL, may develop after effective treatment—usually a few months after kala-azar, but as long as many years with the Indian strain. This illness begins with tiny, measles-like skin lesions on the face that grow in size and spread throughout the body.
In individuals who have recovered from the illness , it is characterised by a hypopigmented macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash and generally emerges 6 months to a year or more after the disease appears to be cured, although it can happen sooner or even simultaneously.
It is thought to have a crucial role in the disease’s maintenance and transmission, notably by functioning as a parasite reservoir. The lesions may eventually consolidate into disfiguring, bloated formations that resemble leprosy, causing blindness in certain cases if they extend to the eyes.
The visceral type of Leishmania is caused by two different species of Leishmania. L. donovani is the species found in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent, whereas L. infantum, also known as L. chagasi, is found in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America.
LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle is completed in two hosts: humans and sandflies. The adult female sandfly feeds at night and is a bloodsucker. When a Leishmania-infected person is bitten by a fly, the parasite is consumed along with the blood.
The protozoan is an amastigote, which is spherical, non-motile, and just 3–7 micrometres in diameter. The amastigotes inside the sandfly’s stomach soon change into the promastigotes, which are elongated and motile forms. It is spindle-shaped and thrice the size of the amastigote, and has a single flagellum that allows it to move. They live extra cellularly in the alimentary canal reproducing asexually and migrating to the proximal end of the gut where they become ready for a transmission.
The promastigotes are introduced after being released locally at the biting site as the fly bites. Promastigotes infect macrophages once inside the human host. They revert to their tiny amastigote form inside the cells.
In macrophage cells, amastigotes reproduce. They tear down their host cell by sheer mass pressure after repeated replication, although there is also new hypothesis that they are able to exit the cell via activating the macrophage’s exocytosis response.
The protozoans in the daughter cells then move to new hosts in fresh cells or through the circulation. The infection progresses and affects the spleen and liver in particular. Sandflies eat the liberated amastigotes in peripheral tissues, which starts a new phase.
TREATMENT
The traditional treatment is with
Sodium stibogluconate
Meglumine antimoniate
Resilience is increasingly prevalent in India, with resistance rates as high as 60% in some regions of Bihar. Amphotericin B in its many liposomal formulations is now the treatment of choice for visceral leishmaniasis acquired in India. The first oral therapy for this illness was miltefosine. Miltefosine had a cure rate of 95% in Phase III clinical studies.
The medicine is typically well tolerated compared to other medications. Gastrointestinal disruption on the first or second day of therapy (a 28-day course of treatment) is the most common adverse effect, but it has no influence on effectiveness. Miltefosine is a medication of choice since it is accessible as an oral formulation, which eliminates the cost and inconvenience of hospitalisation and allows for outpatient delivery of the drug.
The drawbacks include that after a decade of usage, there is evidence of decreased effectiveness. It is teratogenic and should not be used by women who are planning to have children. Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and meglumine antimoniate have been used to treat kala-azar (Glucantime). Only injections can be used to deliver these medications. They are poisonous, have several adverse effects, and are administered over a 30-day period.
Hey! Are you a Vampire Diaries fan? Well, I’m. After watching Vampire Diaries I became curious to know whether vampires exist. Vampires are said to be undead creatures from folklore. It is fascinating to discuss vampires.
VAMPIRE DIARIES
Vampire in popular legend is a creature, often fanged, that preys upon humans, generally by consuming their blood. Vampires have been featured in folklore and fiction of various cultures for hundreds of years, predominantly in Europe, although belief in them has waned in modern times.
The belief is that Vampires feed on blood. Almost every nation has a blood drinker in its mythology. Vetalas in India are beings that inhabit corpses. In Persian, Lilith was considered a demon who drinks the blood of babies.
WHERE IT ALL STARTED?
DRACULA
Vampires Legacy didn’t start with Dracula by Bram Stoker. In Eastern Europe, tales from the 17th and 18th centuries formed the basic vampire legacy. Later it got popularised. The exact way of origin of legacy is unclear.
MYTHS ABOUT VAMPIRES
Drinking blood is the most spoken myth about being a vampire. We have seen movies and series where vampires drink blood by biting the victim. Vampire bat is the only species of mammal that feeds exclusively on blood. They prey on warm-blooded animals.
Vampires are often considered immortal, there are few animals that possess the same quality. The immortal jellyfish is one of those species.
IMMORTAL JELLYFISH
Vampires are often depicted with heightened senses such as vision and hearing.
THEN WHO ARE VAMPIRES?
Vampires are just people who suffer from Porphyria. It is a disorder resulting from build-up of certain chemicals related to red blood cell, which means your skin is sensitive to the sun. That explains why the myth says vampires get burned in daylight. It is called as the vampire disease.
vampires drink blood. Because porphyria can result in brow urine, this may have led to the (false) belief that individuals who demonstrated this symptom had been drinking blood.
There are people out there who consume animal and human blood that doesn’t make them a vampire. Haematomania is the condition if craving blood. Even though we have scientific reasons behind these vampire myths. The question about vampires still goes around.
They exist. They are one of us. Vampires are not the same old mythical creatures. They are very much human, I would like to think they are not immortal. The real-life disease like Porphyria, Rabies, and Tuberculosis influenced vampire folklore. Maybe as there was a lack of awareness about the medical conditions.
In the 1800s, it wouldn’t have been too big a stretch of the imagination to think that people who were dying of tuberculosis were having the life sucked out of them by a supernatural creature. People suffering from (untreated) tuberculosis lose weight, become physically weak, have fevers, and cough up blood. In addition, tuberculosis spreads from person to person via the air.
With that said, I still feel like there might be chances of these folklores being real. Even with scientific evidence and research, we can’t erase the myth of vampires from our hearts. Let me know in the comments whether you believe in vampires.
The practice of yoga and even every pose related to it can be very difficult if one does it with the whole control of huff and puffs of breath in and out. Even the great yogis in the body of the human are not able to fully control their body or emotion or attachment with the world, as to be attached with everyone around you yet not getting in the trap of this Maya seems next to impossible to us humans but there was someone who set an example to teach us with the event of his life that even us human with all the ups and downs of the life can finally achieve the stage where we won’t be needing oxygen anymore to detoxify the carbon from it. Yes, the great Lord Krishna is also known as Yogeswara, but how even in the form of human was he able to attain such a peaceful state of the mind and body’s attainment?
To know how and why let’s go on with me on this ride.
Whole Incarnation
As we have read about the incarnation of Lord Vishnu on earth to protect us and serve us from all the evil of every four cycles of Kaal we know that Lord Vishu has appeared in a different form every time but Lord Krishna is the only incarnation who is considered as the whole Incarnation as he was born with all the 16 kalae and that is why he is considered as the whole form.
Being the complete incarnation Krishna used to be always in a blissful state where he was far beyond anything related to this world that can ever disturb the balanced and bliss of the enlighted form one can ever achieve.
He attained that form not just because he was the whole incarnation but also he taught us how even one can go to that form by trying and implementing the principles he used in his life as much as possible even in this form and time.
The Road
The teaching of Krishna to attain this blissful state of being the one in control of your mind and emotion can be achieved from The Gita, where he taught many great lessons of life to Arjun.
The road to this Yogesawara form in this Kalyug can be hard to achieve even if one ought to follow every step with the most dedication, so for this only we have this difficult path narrow down in just three-step of Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Gyan Yoga.
Karma Yoga- This is something which every one of us does every day we just have to make sure that whatever we are doing is with pure intention and not to cheat and hurt others.
Bhakti Yoga- Whenever we hear of Bhakti what we think is we have to perform certain rituals and we are done but it’s entirely different from this. Bhakti means the higher level of dedicating one’s life to serve the one we believe in and not performing rituals and offering expensive things.
Gyan Yoga- Gyan is something which can’t just come from reading and writing the Gyan which we are mentioning here is far much than knowing many things related to this world.
The collection of inter-related data and several programs that are used to handle the data is known as Database Management System (DBMS). The main aim of DBMS is to store and efficiently retrieve the data from the database. To manage the data in the database, define the structure for storage of information and provide a proper mechanism for manipulation of information. The database system must also ensure the safety of the information that is stored.
DATABASE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Several applications use a database system. Some of the applications are listed below:
Accounting: To maintain the data of employees, salaries, and payroll taxes in the company, students in schools, patients in hospitals, database systems are used.
Manufacturing: In factories, database systems are used to manage the supply chain and tracking the production of items.
In shopping marts: For maintaining customer, product, and purchase information of items, databases are used.
Banking: The database systems are useful in maintaining the customer’s account information, loan details and for maintaining the transactions of credit card history.
Universities: DBMS is quite useful in maintaining the student details, course details, and accounting in universities.
Reservation systems: To maintain the reservation and schedule information, database systems are used in airways and railways reservation systems
Telecommunication: For maintaining the records of the call made and generating the bills, DBMS is useful.
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Earlier database systems are created to manage the commercial data. Data are stored in files. For adding new data or updating the data or deleting the data, various programs are written. Separate applications have to be written for the addition of new data. As time evolves, more files and more applications are required by the system. This typical file processing system is supported by an Operating system. In this system, the data is permanently stored in files. It requires different application programs for extracting or adding new information. Before the introduction of the Database Management System (DBMS), the file processing system was in use.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
It represents the aspects of real-world applications.
For managing the information systematically.
Multiple views for representing the data.
Operations such as insertion, deletion, and updating can be done efficiently.
A logical relationship between records and data is maintained.
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
The data redundancy is removed i.e, there is no duplication of data in DBMS.
DBMS allows you to retrieve the desired data in an efficient way.
Data isolation can be done in separate tables for convenient usage.
A simple query language can be used to access the data.
In DBMS, the data integrity is maintained.
If some operation is performed on the particular data in one table, then the changes will be reflected on the entire database. So, the atomicity of data is maintained in DBMS.
Concurrent access to multiple users is possible in database systems.
In DBMS, we can also make the user access only the desired part of the data by restricting the access.
DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
The complexity of database design is high. And it is also time-consuming.
If some failure has occurred in either software or hardware, a large amount of investment is needed to repair it.
The entire database may get affected if one part of the database gets affected.
For converting the file from a conventional file system to a database system, a large investment is needed to buy the required tools and adopting different techniques.
More training is needed for the people who design and maintain the database system.
Disaster is a very common phenomenon to the human society. It has been experienced by them since time immemorial. Though its form may be varied, it has been a challenge for society across castes, creeds, communities and countries. The latest development which has been discovered in the World Disaster Reports recently is that the disasters have increased in frequency and intensity.
People are becoming more and more vulnerable to disasters of all types, including earthquake, flood, cyclones, landslides, droughts, accidents, plane crash, forests fire, etc. With the technological advancements and progress, the force of disasters is also changing. When they occur they surpass all preparedness and eagerness of society and pose bigger challenge to them. This is quite true in case of both developed and developing countries. The floods in UK, France, and heat wave in Europe, particularly in France in 2003, claimed more than 35000 lives. In the year 2006, America had to face bigger disaster in the form of tornadoes and other cyclones. They caused great loss of lives and property. All these are sufficient to prove that technological mechanisms are inadequate.
There is a direct correlation between higher human development and higher preparedness. The countries which have lesser human development are more vulnerable to risks of disasters and damage. Of all the disasters, floods are the most common followed by wind storms, droughts and earthquakes. But the drought is the deadliest disaster which accounts for 48 per cent of all deaths from natural disasters. The highest numbers of people die from disasters in Asia. India, China and Bangladesh are the worst affected countries by flood. Besides the natural disasters, transport accidents and technological disasters are also faced by the developing countries.
India, due to its geographical locations and geological formations, is a highly disaster prone country. Its long coastline, snowclad high peaks, high mountain ranges, the perennial rivers in the north all combine to add to this problem. India, which has only two per cent the total geographical area, has to support 16 per cent of total world population. Naturally, there is a tremendous pressure on the natural resources, which directly or indirectly lead to the occurrence of disasters, namely floods, droughts, landslides, earthquakes, etc.
Like human population, India has to support large cattle population, which also heavily depends on biomass and graze into forest area. The forest cover with more than 0.4 densities is 12 per cent of the land area, though forest, at present, is 23 per cent. Due to overgrazing the quality of soil is also degrading resulting in soil erosion, silting of rivers, and removal of fertile soil and heavy silting of cultivable land. We see heavy rainfall during the monsoon, sometimes 100 cm rain in 36 hours or getting the whole monsoon rain two to three days like the ones in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Kolkata. From the region wise analysis, it is clear that northern region of India is faced with problems of avalanches, landslides, floods, drought and earthquakes because this region fall under the seismic zones III to V.
The Eastern region is confronted with the heavy floods in the perennial rivers of Brahmaputra, Ganga, etc. Drought, heat wave, hailstorm, cyclone, heavy wind and earthquake are also common in this region. The Northeastern region faces the natural disaster in the form of flood, landslides, wind outrage, earthquake as most of this part of the country comes under the seismic zones IV and V.
The Western region is widely known for severe drought, wind erosion of land and soil, flood and cyclone. This area is also prone to earthquakes. The Southern region, particularly the coastal region is vulnerable to cyclones, sea erosion, tsunami, landslides. The islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep are confronted with the problems of sea erosion and tsunami. Indian coastal areas faced some of the severest cyclones both in Eastern coast and Western coast. One of the natural disasters, namely the volcanoes is in the barren island in Andaman group of islands which periodically become active.
In recent times, it was active in 2005. Among all the disasters, tsunami is the latest phenomena, which was never seen or heard earlier. Due to having no adequate warning system, it devastated a large portion of coastal region of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh besides Andaman & Nicobar Islands and claimed a large number of innocent lives and destroyed property worth crores of rupees.
India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include Uttar Kasha earthquake in UP in 1991, Later earthquake in Maharashtra in 1993, Chama earthquake in Gujarat, super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, Buhl earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, Tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has a bad experience of technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of Plague in Gujarat.
The direct or indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or technological, are always damage, destruction and death. They cause loss of life of both men and animals and properties as well. At the occurrence of disaster, everything goes haywire in view of the destruction of lifeline support systems, namely communication, power supply, water supply, drainage, etc. In this situation the health care and hospitals are also put under severe stress. Commercial and economic activities are badly affected. Life almost comes to a standstill.
The impact is almost same, in case of man-made disasters like riots. The worst affected group is the poor sections of society, who are daily wage-earner. They are the most vulnerable and they suffer the loss of their livelihood. The psychological traumas caused by the disasters are sometimes so severe that they span the whole of life of the victim. Besides other rehabilitation works, psychological rehabilitation is of great importance.In some natural disasters like cyclones, tsunami and earthquake, it is the building structure which becomes the cause of destruction and death. It is due to this fact that in building construction, building codes are not followed property. In developing countries only 30 per cent of built infrastructures are constructed as per the building codes, while semi-permanent and other buildings do not follow the plan. Besides, the low quality of building material, liberal flouting and lack of master plan are some of the major constraints in this regard.
Rehabilitation is an integral part of disaster management. When disasters occur administrative measures are terribly inadequate and perhaps this is the most difficult period for a victim. The role of administration does not end with end of disasters. In fact its effort and commitment get more complex. It requires proper coordination among various agencies. In this context it is very important to note that disasters are non-routine events that require non-routine response. Government cannot rely on normal procedures to implement appropriate responses- the rescue teams require learning special skills, technologies and attitudes in dealing with disasters.
Disaster Management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. It cannot avert the situation, but can mitigate its impacts.
If hamburgers are a regular part of your diet, you’ll need to make some adjustments before visiting India! Cows are protected by their own set of rules in the Constitution, making killing a cow a crime. Even on crowded city streets, cows have the liberty to roam where they please without fear of being harassed by humans.
2. India is the wettest inhabited place on Earth.
Meghalaya village has won the Guinness world record title for the wettest place on Earth, with about 11,873 milli liter of rain annually. The monsoon season lasts six months, so make sure you pack an umbrella!
3. India has over 300,000 mosques and over 2 million Hindu temples.
Get ready to be awed and amazed by all the stunning architecture India has to offer. About 15% of India’s population is Muslim. The mosques across the country range from small village buildings to immense famous ones, like the Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad or the Jama Masjid in New Delhi.The same can be said about India’s Hindu temples, which surpass two million to serve the 79.8% of India’s Hindu population.
Just the holy city of Varanasi has over 23,000 temples. It is safe to say India is the land of temples!
4.Rajasthan has a Temple of RatsThe animal wonders of India continue.
Although rats might not be the first species you think of to worship, there is a temple in Rajasthan dedicated to rats.Thousands of rats call the temple home, making it one of the country’s most unique attractions. Many pilgrims visit the temple every year on their own religious journeys, so make sure to be respectful of local customs when visiting.
5.The popular game “Snakes and Ladders” originated in IndiaNow sold across the world (sometimes adapted to “shoots and ladders”), this board game traces its roots back to India. It was first created to teach morals and lessons about karma in a way that young children would understand and remember.
6.India has 22 recognized languagesThe numerous languages spoken across India include Santali, Kashmiri, Bengali, Tamil, and Urdu. However, the official languages are English and Hindi.India also has the world’s second-largest population of English speakers (first is the United States), since most Indians speak their own regional language as well as English for easier communication.Sanskrit is considered the oldest language in the world, the “mother of all languages.” Every Hindu book is written in Sanskrit, and it is said that Sanskrit is the language of the demi-Gods.India also has the world’s second-largest population of English speakers (first is the United States), since most Indians speak their own regional language as well as English for easier communication.Sanskrit is considered the oldest language in the world, the “mother of all languages.” Every Hindu book is written in Sanskrit, and it is said that Sanskrit is the language of the demi-Gods.
In the economic study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the West for far longer. “Modernization”, “Westernization”, and especially “industrialization” are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Historically, economic development policies focused on industrialization and infrastructure, but since the 1960s, it has increasingly focused on poverty reduction.
[1]Whereas economic development is a policy intervention aiming to improve the well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and increases in GDP; economist Amartya Sen describes economic growth as but “one aspect of the process of economic development”. Economists primarily focus on the growth aspect and the economy at large, whereas researchers of community economic development concern themselves with socioeconomic development as well.
Many institutions of higher education offer economic development as an area of study and research such as McGill University, London School of Economics, International Institute of Social Studies, Balsillie School of International Affairs, and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs.
economic development goals
The development of a country has been associated with different concepts but generally encompasses economic growth through higher productivity, political systems that represent as accurately as possible the preferences of its citizens,the extension of rights to all social groups and the opportunities to get them and the proper functionality of institutions and organizations that are able to attend more technically and logistically complex tasks (i.e. raise taxes and deliver public services) These processes describe the State’s capabilities to manage its economy, polity, society and public administration. Generally, economic development policies attempt to solve issues in these topics.
With this in mind, economic development is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators (such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates), that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs. For example, health and education improvements have been closely related to economic growth, but the causality with economic development may not be obvious. In any case, it is important to not expect that particular economic development programs be able to fix many problems at once as that would be establishing unsurmountable goals for them that are highly unlikely they can achieve. Any development policy should set limited goals and a gradual approach to avoid falling victim to something Prittchet, Woolcock and Andrews call ‘premature load bearing’.
Many times the economic development goals of specific countries cannot be reached because they lack the State’s capabilities to do so. For example, if a nation has little capacity to carry out basic functions like security and policing or core service delivery it is unlikely that a program that wants to foster a free-trade zone (special economic zones) or distribute vaccinations to vulnerable populations can accomplish their goals. This has been something overlooked by multiple international organizations, aid programs and even participating governments who attempt to carry out ‘best practices’ from other places in a carbon-copy manner with little success. This isomorphic mimicry –adopting organizational forms that have been successful elsewhere but that only hide institutional dysfunction without solving it on the home country –can contribute to getting countries stuck in ‘capability traps’ where the country does not advance in its development goals.
social development
Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen.Social development means investing in people. It requires the removal of barriers so that all citizens can journey toward their dreams with confidence and dignity. It is about refusing to accept that people who live in poverty will always be poor. It is about helping people so they can move forward on their path to self-sufficiency.
Every New Brunswicker must have the opportunity to grow, develop their own skills and contribute to their families and communities in a meaningful way. If they are healthy, well educated and trained to enter the workforce and are able to make a decent wage they are better equipped to meet their basic needs and be successful. Their families will also do well and the whole of society will benefit.
Learning must start early in life. By investing in early learning initiatives, we can ensure a greater degree of success amongst our citizens. Making sure that children get a good start in their education goes a long way to increasing their success later in life.
An affordable, high quality child care system is also needed for society to succeed. When people know that their children are being well taken care of, they can be more productive in their jobs. When employers have good employees their business is more likely to succeed. When businesses succeed, the economic situation of a community is improved. An investment today in good child care programs can provide many long term economic benefits for society.
In addition, a safe affordable place to live is very important in helping people achieve self-sufficiency. It is the focus of family life; where families can live safely, nurture their children, build community relationships and care for aging parents. Without a decent place to live, it is difficult to function as a productive member of society .Other investments in people that contribute to the economic prosperity of society include youth programs and services, post-secondary education, job creation, promotion of healthy, active living and safe and secure communities.
To reduce poverty we need to take a social development approach and invest in our people. By investing in people we can reduce poverty. We need to go beyond looking at government to find ways to develop our most valuable resources, our people. We need to share responsibility with community organizations, businesses, universities and municipalities in the task of improving the well-being of all New Brunswickers and preventing and reducing poverty.
Consumer or producers or policymakers or central banks have one characteristic feature common in them – They are all affected by inflation which is a critical and cyclical macro indicator. With repsect to change in different time periods the capital markets also have to be adjusted to the far reaching implications of inflation. Almost everything is affected by inflation even something as basic as investment returns. Putting forward the theory of real returns which is nominal return less inflation is important for all investors to succeed in real life.
For example, we can look for ourselves how inflation is a silent money killer – for normal savings bank account return of 4% the customer is actually making a loss if we factor in the 12 month inflation value of 6%. With that understanding now in place, let us look at how inflation impacts multiple asset classes.
Fixed Income Inflation having an inverse relationship with interest rates impacts fixed income investments the most. With each point increase in inflation each investor alson wants to increase their return on investment so that they could beat inflation. Investors will usually shift to high yielding products than current ,ower yielding ones as interest rates on debt instruments are fixed over term. Debt investments dut to their characteristic fixed rates tend to lose the most in a rising inflation environment.In such kind of situations, the central bank usually takes actions around monetary policy and systemic liquidityto manage interest rates or yield or debt products but fundamentals catch up ultimately. In such cases people look for Infaltion Prtected Securities – a bond that adjusts yield to inflation and floating rate bonds.
Equity The case of inflation surrounding equities is a little volatile and could shift depending upon the level of inflation, nature – transient or persistent, the external macro environment, corporate sector exposure, balance sheet structure and pricing power. An inflation rate of around 2-6% is generally considered good for equities while a rate of 10-14% is considered extremely high and bad for equities. Corporates in such cases increase the price of the final product in accordance with the rate of inflation due to the rising prices of raw materials and at last the consumer has to suffer the wrath of inflation while the companies maintains its tradebook. This generally leads to a better revenue for the company and the reults are reflected in the stock price of the company But if the demand is suppressed due to weaker consumer sentiments, high unemployment, sector disruption or any other reason, then corporates would find it difficult to pass on the raw material price rise to final product price hikes. This will again be reflected in the stock prices of the companies.
Commodities The real, physical assets that act a hedge against inflation act and their prices define current inflation levels are called commodities. Inflation levels are indicated by their prices. Inflation is a weighted index of prices of different goods and services – raw materials (wholesale inflation) and final products (consumer inflation) – combined in a basket. Different government agencies determine the ratio of theses items in the basket. Naturally, commodities (metals, agricultural produce) tend to do extremely well in a scenario of rising inflation.
Gold The same relationship will hold true for gold as well because at the end of the a commodity after all. For countries like India gold is a preffered choice of investment in times of inflation as it acts as a hedgeGnd hence it is also called a ‘premium store of value’. Unsuprisingly this is not always the case as and when central bank take inflationary measures and raise the interest rates, gold becomes the lesser option for investors. The reason people tend to prefer gold over other assets is due to its various underlying characteristics such as return generating ability over a oeriod of time which has been tried and tested and a significantly low correlation among other asset class in both expansionary and recession periods.Investors also look at gold as an ‘alternative currency’ or ‘currency of last resort’ especially in countries where local currency is is losing value.
Real Estate Inflation has a direct relation with property prices which tend to increase with rise in inflation rates as landlords and home-owners demand higher rent or home prices to offset high consumption costs. In such cases real state also becomes an asset with positively high correlation with inflation. Investors in such cases invest in exchange traded funds for real estate which give better return in this class rather than owning something physical such as real pieces of land or industrial property.
Jellyfish and sea jellies are the informal common names given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are anchored to the seabed by stalks rather than being mobile. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion for highly efficient locomotion. The tentacles are armed with stinging cells and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle; the medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larva that disperse widely and enter a sedentary polyp phase before reaching sexual maturity.
Scientific classification
Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Cnidaria Subphylum : Medusozoa
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
* some Hydrozoa, such as Hydra
Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea. Scyphozoans (the “true jellyfish”) are exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar appearance live in freshwater. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide. The medusae of most species are fast-growing, and mature within a few months then die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long-lived. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years,and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group.
Jellyfish are eaten by humans in certain cultures. They are considered a delicacy in some Asian countries, where species in the Rhizostomae order are pressed and salted to remove excess water. Australian researchers have described them as a “perfect food”, sustainable, and protein-rich but relatively low in food energy.
They are also used in research, where the green fluorescent protein used by some species to cause bioluminescence has been adapted as a fluorescent marker for genes inserted into other cells or organisms.
The stinging cells used by jellyfish to subdue their prey can injure humans. Many thousands of swimmers are stung every year, with effects ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury or even death; small box jellyfish are responsible for many of these deaths. When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms, which can be responsible for damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.
Names
The name jellyfish, in use since 1796, has traditionally been applied to medusae and all similar animals including the comb jellies (ctenophores, another phylum).The term jellies or sea jellies is more recent, having been introduced by public aquaria in an effort to avoid use of the word “fish” with its modern connotation of an animal with a backbone, though shellfish, cuttlefish and starfish are not vertebrates either. In scientific literature, “jelly” and “jellyfish” have been used interchangeably.Many sources refer to only scyphozoans as “true jellyfish”.
A group of jellyfish is called a “smack”.
Facts
* Some jellyfish can glow in the dark.
* Jellyfish are the oldest multi-organ animal.
* Jellyfish don’t have brains.
* Jellyfish are found all over the world.
* Some jellyfish are immortal.
* Not all jellyfish have tentacles.
* There’s a giant jellyfish called the hair jelly.
* Jellyfish stings can be deadly.
* 150 million people are stung by jellyfish each year.
* Jellyfish have many predators.
TYPE OF JELLYFISHS
1.Crystal Jellyfish
Coming in at number one is the Crystal jellyfish. Located in the waters around North America’s coast, this jellyfish species is actually completely colorless, hence its name! This beautiful specimen has around 150 tentacles lining its glass-like bell and in the daylight looks crystal clear. Although, this transparency belies a brighter side.
2.Bloodybelly Comb Jellyfish
Ranking high in the charts for the coolest and beautiful jelly-fish, is our next contender, the Bloodybelly Comb jellies, which, technically speaking are comb jellies and are only very distantly related to the jellyfish. This one doesn’t have the famous jellyfish stinging tentacles that others possess, and it is actually a harmless Comb jelly to humans.
Red looks very much like black in the depths of the ocean and specifically, the red belly of this Bloodybelly comb also helps to mask the bioluminescence glow of its prey and keeps it extra safe from the attention of its predators.
3.Cauliflower Jellyfish
Getting its name from the wart-like projections this type has on its bell resembling that of a vegetable, we give you the Cauliflower jellyfish also referred to as the Crown jellyfish! While this jelly may not sound the prettiest of its species, it is still a truly beautiful species of jellyfish.
Very much like its vegetable nickname, this kind is often also found on dinner plates! Mostly in China and Japan where the species is considered to be a delicacy and is also known to be used for medicinal purposes within these locations.
4. White-spotted Jellyfish
At number four on, we have the White-spotted jellyfish. These jellies have very mild venom and therefore any jellyfish stings from its stinging cells are harmless to us humans. In fact, the white-spotted jelly doesn’t generally even use their venom to catch food at all!
5. Black Sea Nettle Jellyfish
Next, one of the largest jellyfish (the largest jellyfish is the Lion Mane jellyfish) is the Black Sea Nettles jellyfish! This particular species can be found in the deep sea Pacific waters around Southern California.
The bell of the Black Sea Nettles can reach up to three-foot across, its long tentacles reach up to 20 feet in length, and its stinging tentacles 25 feet long. Without saying, it would be pretty damn scary if you caught yourself in the middle of a bloom of these giants while in the water, but don’t worry too much as they are not that common to a lot of ocean waters.
“Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at its destination full of hope.”
Maya Angelou
Introduction
Romance is a widely celebrated literary genre that primarily revolves around the romantic aspects of relationship between two individuals. Romantic books are very popular among people of all ages. Romance is a genre that can be amalgamated with any other genre to add some spice to the tale. Romance genre incorporates everything from historical to contemporary love equations. Romance novels may be driven driven by cliché and far fetched tropes such as ‘love at first sight’ etc.
The romance industry is a big shot economically, worth almost $1.08 billion dollars a year in the U.S alone.
Danielle Steel, Nora Roberts, Nicholas Sparks, and Robyn Carr are among some of the romance genre popular authors.
Today, we look at some of the romance must reads.
1. See Me
Nicholas Spark is one of the most prolific authors of the romance genre. His novel ‘See Me’ tells the story of two people in constant battle with the demons of their past and trying against al odds to come together as one.
Colin Hancock has a history of violence and an ever looming threat of prison. Haven been given a second chance, he’s trying to make the most of it, putting everything he has in his teaching degree. With constant reminders of his past shortcomings, the last thing on Colin’s mi d is love.
Maria Sanchez, a hardworking professional at a prestigious firm in Wilmington. A dark-haired natural beauty with an impeccable work record, Maria has a dark past that forced her back home.
A chance encounter between these two lost souls leaves in its wake thousands of unanswered questions and a deep yearning to be together. As love takes root, the demons from their past threaten to surface, destroying almost about everything.
2. The Bride Test
Helen Hoang’s, ‘The Bride Test’, tells the story of Khai Diep, an autistic person who thinks that he cannot ever feel anything. As he stays miles away from any potential relationship, his mother decides to take matters in her own hands and travels to Vietnam to find a perfect bride for him.
Esme Tran is a mixed- race girl living in the slums of Ho Chi Minh City. When she gets the opportunity to go to America for a potential marriage, she’s more than ready to do it to get out of her penury.
Esme had her mind made up about seducing Khai but ends up falling hopelessly in love with him, while Khai remain unfeeling and hard-hearted. As Esme gets close to leaving States, Khai gets closer to the answers he had always been seeking.
3. The Soulmate Equation
Christina Lauren’s, ‘The Soulmate Equation’, is a story of Jess Davis, a single mother and a statistics wiz who is trying hard to make ends meet while her grandparents, who raised her, help her raise her seven year old daughter, Juno.
Having been let down too many times in her past relationships- by her father, mother and her ex, Jess is extremely sceptical and absolutely unwilling to traipse back into the dating world.
Then, one fateful day, Jess comes across a matchmaking company, GeneticAlly that offers DNA-based matchmaking. When Jess’s tests show 98% compatibility with another person, Jess is astounded and the person is none other than Dr River Pena, GeneticAlly’s founder. Having known him earlier, Jess is certain about him not being he soulmate. But as the company offers to pay her for going out with Pena, Jess cannot refuse anymore. As these two get swept in the genetic dating league, they discover things about each other that might just change their perspective about everything.
Bamboos popularity has risen in recent years fuelled by its myriad of practical uses and aesthetic features. Bamboo is the fastest growing and most versatile plant in the world with many nations depending on it for their livelihood. However, in western countries (particularly Australia), bamboo has been somewhat misunderstood and even seen as a pest due to the early introduction of so many running species.
There are about 1500 bamboo species in the world, however approximately half of these are monopodial (running or invasive) species. It is unfortunate that in the past, so many of these running species have made it into Australian gardens, as it is these species that has tarnished the reputation and acceptance of bamboo. However with the introduction of more and more sympodial (clumping or non-invasive) species to Australia, people are slowly learning that there is a huge variety of bamboos which are perfectly safe and that will not take over your garden. With bamboo species ranging in height from 3 meters to 30 meters and in a variety of colours and shapes, there is sure to be a bamboo to suit everyone and every application.
Bamboo is the world’s fastest producer of biomass and can be used for anything between production of paper or clothing, used as a building material such as flooring, bench tops, fences and screens, or even as a food source in the form of the edible shoots for your favourite curry or stir fry. In China, bamboo leaf extract has a long history of food and medicinal applications and its potential can only be speculated in a global market. Due to the large variety of bamboo and their remarkable ability to adapt, there is a bamboo suitable for every application.
Growing habits
Bamboo is in fact a type of grass – a very fast growing and giant grass. Bamboo grows in a short but strong growth spurt during summer and then remains near dormant over winter. During the ‘growth spurt’, a bamboo will start with new shoots from the ground which will grow to full height in two to three months. Due to some of the largest bamboo species being capable of reaching over 30 meters in height, during peak growth a bamboo shoot can grow up to 1 meter per day.
Planting a new bamboo is a very rewarding experience since each yearly generation of culms usually double in diameter and nearly double in height from that of the previous year. This continues until the plant reaches its full mature size. For smaller bamboos, this only takes 3 or 4 years while for larger bamboos, it may take 5 to 6 years. Nonetheless, a 30 meter plant in under 6 years is certainly something to boast about. After reaching its full potential, a bamboo will keep generating shoots of the same size year after year with the only possible causes for fluctuations being factors such as water, temperature, humidity, etc.
As a bamboo clump ages, it will slowly grow in size (diameter) as new shoots emerge on the outskirts of the clump. Some bamboos, even though clumping, will grow into large diameter clumps, while other varieties will stay in a very narrow clumps. This is why careful species selection is crucial when planning what bamboos to plant. You obviously wouldn’t want to plant a bamboo which has a tendency to form a clump 2 meters in diameter in your narrow garden bed along your driveway.
Bamboo terminology
Sympodial (Clumping): Sympodial or clumping bamboos are those that DO NOT spread and form tight clumps which only slowly expand in diameter each year.
Sympodial
Monopodial (Running): Monopodial or running bamboos are the dreaded bamboos that will not only take over your garden or property, but quite possibly also your neighbours. Bamboo groves of running bamboo can be very beautiful, but only in areas where space is not an issue or where they can be controlled.
Monopodial
Rhizome: These are the underground stems of a bamboo from which culms, roots and other rhizomes can grow.
Culm: This is the name given to the stems of a bamboo.
Shoot: This is the name given to a young culm as it emerges from the ground from the rhizome.
Node: Nodes are the diaphragms that separate the hollow bamboo culms into compartments. These are the visible ‘rings’ on the bamboo culms.
Internode: The hollow sections between the nodes. These vary in length from species to species.
Culm Sheath: This is the name give to the protective leaves which wrap around new shoots / young culms as they grow. They give the culms strength during the initial growth period until the culm matures and the timber hardens. Once this has happened (usually once the culm has reached its full height) the culm sheaths start falling off. Culm sheaths are also an excellent aid in identifying bamboo species – but that’s too much to go into detail here.
Bamboo for construction…a timber resource
In many developing countries, bamboo is traditionally considered as the poor man’s material. This is obviously due to the abundance of bamboo forests and the relative low level machinery and expertise required to obtain a usable building material in its natural form (ie. round poles). It is used for everything from house framing, flooring, thatch cladding for walls and ceiling, and even as shingles for the roof.
However, in many other countries where bamboo has not traditionally been used in the past, bamboo timber is starting to establish itself as a more exclusive building material into a niche upper-class market. The superior strength and durability of bamboo has earned its successful use as a timber for flooring and bench tops. These applications are utilising the more processed bamboo timber (ie. laminated strips of bamboo) but bamboo timber even in its natural form (round poles) are in high demand as people are wanting to use it more and more for construction of gazebos, fences, screens, etc.
The strength and hardness of bamboo timber is equivalent to hardwood timber whilst the cost is also comparable to hardwood timber. So why then should people be considering growing bamboo on a commercial level? The simple answer is that it has the potential to be a direct substitute for hardwood timber and thus reducing the pressure on natural hardwood forests.
Bamboo shoots for eating
Bamboo shoots is an important food source in many Asian countries with Thailand, China and Japan being the biggest consumers. Bamboo shoots are not yet part of traditional Western food, however most people have at some point eaten bamboo (perhaps without knowing it) as it is found in most curries and many other Asian dishes.
Currently, Australia imports vast quantities of bamboo shoots to supply restaurants and markets. Most of this however is in tins, despite fresh shoots being far superior and preferred among consumers. Very little of the bamboo shoots available in Australia is grown in Australia, leaving an obvious gap in the market ready to be filled by the entrepreneurial farmer. As bamboo produces new shoots in summer or autumn here in Australia, corresponding to Winter time in China and Japan, there is also an opportunity for export to these countries during their off-season.
Bamboo shoot production does not need to be on commercial scale, in fact it is also a great small crop for the common gardener – even on small suburban blocks. By choosing species which suit your garden (ie. ornamental or screening varieties) that also produce good shoots (or timber), you can combine a multitude of uses in the one clump of bamboo. A very versatile plant to have at your disposal.
Most bamboo species produce edible shoots – though some species produce naturally sweet shoots whilst others tend to be fairly bitter tasting. For clumping species which produce good edible shoots, please refer to the species descriptions in the Catalogue.
Enviromental Restoration
Bamboo is a pioneering plant in that it can be grown in full sun and tolerates high winds. This enables its use as a starting point in restoring cleared land which may have been damaged by overgrazing or poor farming. Because of the bamboos fast growth and dense foliage, it will quickly deposit a thick layer of leaf litter covering the ground, which will then start restoring degraded soils and re-establishing a cooler micro-climate.
Bamboo for erosion control, windbreaks and noise barriers
A bamboos root system grows into a dense ‘mat’ of fine roots which is shallow but wide spread. This means that its ability to hold soil together is excellent, even in areas where erosion caused by flowing water is a problem. It will hold soil together along fragile river banks, deforested areas, dam walls and spillways. There are no tap roots on bamboo plants, thus they are not going to cause any problems if planted on dam walls (like so many other trees will).
Many clumping bamboo species have very erect (straight) growth whilst still tight clumping and bushy. These species are ideal for use as windbreaks around orchards, sugar cane fields, etc. There are bamboos that will grow very uniformly to whatever height is desired. So whether it be a short hedge (so that crops aren’t shaded) or a tall barrier (to prevent storm damage from high winds), there is a bamboo to suit.
Waste water treatment
Bamboo has the capacity for very high nitrogen uptake. This makes it ideal for mitigation of waste water pollution and disposal of effluents. Waste water from manufacturing, livestock farming and sewerage treatment plants can be used to irrigate bamboo crops, thus converting the waste water into useful biomass.
It can also be used to treat water run-off from agricultural land. Most farming adds soil nutrients to waterways from pastures and cultivated fields. This water clouds and poisons clean water. Planted alongside rivers, creeks and ditches and holding dams, bamboo can catch these excess nutrients in the run-off water thus preventing harmful run-off from entering nearby streams.
Good heavens, my bamboo is flowering!!
You may not have heard that bamboo flowers, or if you have, then you may have been told that if this happens, then its all over for your bamboo and it’s going die. Though this does hold true for some bamboo species – it is not true for all.
The flowering of a bamboo is usually quite an extraordinary event – not because they produce spectacular flowers (quite dull actually) but for the simple reason that it very rarely happens. A bamboo can have one of 3 flowering patterns dependent of genera and species.
The first (and most impressive) pattern is that called gregarious flowering. Many of the big timber bamboos flower in this way. Each species has an inbuilt genetic time clock keeping track of its life cycle which may vary from anywhere between 20 to 120 years. Once a particular species reaches its life expectancy, it will start to flower which is then followed by the development of seeds. A bamboo flowering in this way spends an enormous amount of energy producing the flowers and seeds which usually stresses the plant to such an extent that it will actually die. This, of course, is all part of the bamboos genius plan. A particular species can flower (and die) all over the world at the same time. This happens because all plants originating from a particular source are clones of the mother plant (since bamboo is usually multiplied via cuttings or clump divisions). What this means is that the bamboo that you have just planted in your garden is not actually a young plant (unless grown from seed), rather it could be a 100 year old bamboo. This is the magical phenomenon that is.
Another type of flowering pattern that some bamboo varieties undergo is sporadic flowering. As the name suggests, there is very little pattern to this type of flowering and it seems that it is brought on my environmental factors (such as drought or cold) rather than genetics. Flowering is usually not wide spread but can happen to either singular plants or all of the same species within a localized area. Sporadic flowering rarely results in the production of viable seeds but on the upside, the plants very rarely die after the event.
The third and last flowering cycle is annual flowering. A select few bamboos (usually only some of the Schizostachyums) undergo this type of flowering. A particular species may keep flowering year after year without any effect on the plant itself. Viable seeds are a rarity with this type of flowering but not impossible.
After the second wave India Inc. should be expecting a faster than expected recovery as the economic news coming out is encouraging. The pace of business resumption crossed a milestone in mid-august, tracked by Nomura India Business, rising above 100 – the pre-pandemic level for the first time since the covid struck last year. Although the news is encouraging we won’t be seeing swifter than expected rebound in jobs.
Pandemic affect on jobs? There is an absence of timely jobs data due to which getting the exact scenario of the employment situation in India is difficult. But from an outside look one can give an analysis that workers in India have suffered an uneven hit because of covid.
The covid 19 pandemic’s impact was disproportionate in jobs market just as it was on growth. The drastic shift to work-from-home depended upon sector-to-sector where shifting to wfh was easier in IT, software and finance related jobs it was difficult in more contact-intensive jobs and nigh impossible in jobs such as manufacturing, construction, restaurant etc. Starting from informal sector the most adversely affected people are self-employed and daily wage workers and have been hit worst. Moving on to the the sector which employs the most the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) have been hit harder than big firms. Such kind of impact is called a K-shaped impact. The slack in the labor market is often used to measure unemployment in the labor market. This is measured by the Centre for Monitoring Indian economy (CMIE). The rate which stood at 8% mid-August which was a slight bit higher than pre-pandemic level of 7.8% in February 2020. Although this may as well be an understatement .
A decrease of 6 million workers was seen, data reveals as total employment was 406 mn back in February 2020 which is currently down to 399.4 mn in July 2021.Data is much more saddening when we talk number of workers who dropped out of workforce a staggering 10.9 mn and are no longer actively seeking work and those who had jobs had to take wage cuts, work less hours or are on indefinite leave. Disguised unemployment has also risen with mostly migrant workers returning back to their villages and working on their farms.
Future of jobs in India.
One can take a breath of fresh air as data suggests that the imoact of second wave has declines and the economy has rebounded. As the rate of vaccination is progressing and people have started to adapt the most affected contact-intensive sectors such as resteraunts, construction etc.
Job market recovery will have to be a slow and a gradual process due to two underlying reasons.Vaccinating majority of population is going to take a lot of time and will not happen atleast till end of 2021 and second as when the market recovers the firms would want to analyse the strength of demand before hiring and starting full scale production .
Obviously the pace at which different sectors come back will differ drastically and will depend upon worker-to-worker. The formal sector will have an advantage in this case as it is expected to bounce back faster than the informal sector. Starting with formal sectors the sectors with great demand will bounce back faster such as IT, software and pharma whereas more traditional sectors such as infrastructure, hospitality, real estate, media and entertainment may be slower to recover. As with informal sector workers, it will take much longer than anticipated due to worker hesitancy of leaving homes due to the whole migrant worker fiasco and although this may subside over time the small industry that shut down aren’t likely to open up making such kind of jobs gone forever.
Long term affect
Looking beyond the here and now, the pandemic may leave behind other long-lasting effects, while presenting both challenges and opportunities. For example, the pandemic has accelerated the pre-existing trend towards digitization and e-commerce. Video conferencing is now widely accepted. Telemedicine, delivery and fintech are a few examples of sectors that have witnessed fast-paced growth during the pandemic. Supply chain relocations as firms adopt a China plus one strategy have opened up a new vista of opportunities for India to integrate into global value chains and to create new manufacturing jobs. In contrast, business travel will likely decrease in a post-pandemic world. Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions (MICE) type of tourism will likely decline. Demand for commercial office space may be lower. Automation may reduce employment intensity of manufacturing, hurting low-skilled workers. The pandemic has resulted in more market concentration, as big firms become even bigger, while small firms are squeezed, which could hurt job creation.
In contrast, business travel will likely decrease in a post-pandemic world. Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions (MICE) type of tourism will likely decline. Demand for commercial office space may be lower. Automation may reduce employment intensity of manufacturing, hurting low-skilled workers. The pandemic has resulted in more market concentration, as big firms become even bigger, while small firms are squeezed, which could hurt job creation.
Required policy toolkit These longer-term shifts will require an active policy response. Workers will need both reskilling and upskilling. We need an ecosystem for MSMEs to thrive. This includes less regulatory compliance costs, lower funding costs and ability to scale. More jobs will need to be created in the infrastructure and construction sectors. An ecosystem for startups to gainfully employ India’s youth is needed. Many other such new sectors that can create jobs have to be explored.
In short, reversing the pandemic hit to jobs is only a first step. The real jobs challenge still lies ahead.
Gaming Phone has been a dream for every teenager and chances are you’ve heard the shouts of “Revive me!” or “Flat spin!” consistently, especially in schools and colleges. With heavy games like PUBG Mobile, Asphalt 9, Garena, etc. carving a niche of relatability with the youth, rarely will you find someone’s phone with not even one such heavy game.
But then comes the problem gamers hate – lags and glitches. “I need gloves to play PUBG man!”, said one of my gamer friends. Confused, I enquired why. “Old phone, old processor, man! The phone’s heating will burn my hands one day!”, he replied. While his words were a definite exaggeration, it is a well-known fact that it’s not every other phone that will let you play heavy games – only a select few that will allow that.
The best one would clearly be – Samsung Galaxy S20 ultra. Go ahead, it costs only INR 92,999. For those of you who agree with that ‘only’, you can buy the phone. Those of you whose eyes – like mine – widened to the size of saucers, don’t worry. To make life easier for you, we’re here with a list of Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in India. You can find answers such as which is the Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in 2020 or Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 8gb RAM or Best Samsung Gaming Phone under 20,000 or Best Camera and Gaming Phone under 20,000 and more with the help of our carefully curated list of the Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in 2020.
Best Camera and Gaming Phone Under 20,000
Realme X2
The Realme X2 features a 6.4-inch Super AMOLED Full HD+ display with a 1080 x 2340 display resolution and a Snapdragon 730G SoC inside, making it a perfect device for gaming. It has small bezels, and a screen-to-body ratio of 91.9% and contains a 19.5:9 ratio.
It comes with Corning Gorilla Glass 5 protection and has an in-display fingerprint scanner. It also has a sports a 64MP + 8MP + 2MP + 2MP quad rear camera setup and contains a 32MP selfie shooter. Moreover, it packs a 4000mAh battery that supports 30W fast charging. Realme X2 is obtainable with up to 8GB RAM. Games especially run quite well on this device and you’ll be able to expect high graphics from the smartphone. All these features make it arguably the Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in 2020.
Poco X2
The Poco X2 offers good value for money, with specifications and capabilities that few other companies can match within the sub-Rs. 20,000 market. The design, with its attention-grabbing circular patch on the rear and bright gradient finishes, maybe a touch polarizing but Poco have used Gorilla Glass 5 on the front and back for durability. You get an oversized 6.67-inch screen with dual front cameras embedded with a fine-finished cutout within the top-right corner. The display is bright and supports a 120Hz refresh rate.
Performance is extremely good due to the Snapdragon 730G processor, and the phone is a steal under 20,000 with 8GB RAM and up to 256GB of storage. This phone also boasts of a 64-megapixel primary rear camera and it took superb daytime stills. The night mode also helped low-light photos look good. Daytime videos looked good, but quality suffered plenty at the hours of darkness, especially when recording at 4K. Battery life was also quite good, but not spectacular.
Redmi Note 9 Pro Max
The Redmi Note 9 Pro is now the starting variant of the Note series with the Note 9 Pro Max getting most of the eye. ‘Max’ variant has the extra horsepower to tide you through difficult times. The Note 9 Pro Max gets a bigger 64MP camera sensor at the rear, a bigger 32MP selfie camera, and a faster 33W out-of-the-box charger. Most other hardware specs are the same as the Note 9 pro.
The Note 9 Pro Max offers a 6.7-inch LCD display with a punch-hole camera. It’s powered by the Snapdragon 720G together with 6GB RAM and 64GB storage within the entry variant under Rs 15,000. The phone also offers a 64MP quad-camera setup. There’s also another 8MP ultrawide lens, a 5MP macro lens, and another 2MP depth sensor. On the front, you get a 16MP front camera. The Note 9 Pro also comes with a 5020mAh battery with 33W fast charging and Corning Gorilla Glass 5 covering the front.
Redmi Note 8 Pro
The Note 8 Pro is on the market well under Rs 20,000. The new MediaTek processor blows the Snapdragon 712 out of water in gaming and artificial benchmarks. And if you thought that the 48MP camera on the Note 7 Pro wasn’t good, Xiaomi has upped the sport with a stupendous 64MP camera now. Other specs like the large battery, enough RAM, and ample storage make it a perfect budget phone. The Redmi Note 8 Pro can support PUBG at Ultra-high graphics and could be a competent alternative to Snapdragon 730G. Other perks include HDR display, 4500mAh battery, and a capable set of quad-cameras.
Vivo U20
The Vivo U20 might not be the best in-range as per the market, but it is a consistent performer. The Snapdragon 675 could be a capable processor offering good gaming capabilities, while an enormous 5000mAh battery with 18W fast charging ensures you stay connected. There’s also an oversized IPS LCD display and a triple camera setup at the rear including a well-optimized 16MP primary camera, another 8MP wide-angle camera, and a 2MP macro lens. What more could you want, right?
Realme XT
The Realme XT was the primary commercial launch with a 64MP sensor on the rear at the time of its launch. That, together with the opposite 3 cameras on the rear and that we can safely assume that the camera department is all covered up. Other specs are Snapdragon 712, octa-core up to 8GB RAM and 128 GB of storage, in-screen fingerprint sensor, fast charging, and a decently large battery. it’s fueled by a 4,000mAh battery. You can install as many games on a 64GB/128GB inbuilt storage (expandable up to 256GB).
The handset retails in 4GB, 6GB, and 8GB RAM options. The gaming experience with this phone is probably going to be enhanced by the Oppo’s Hyper Boost technology. Flip to the rear and you get a quad-camera setup including 64MP +8MP +2MP + 2 MP Dual camera arrangement.
Xiaomi Redmi K20
Xiaomi Redmi K20 is another exciting gaming phone under the 20K price range. It’s powered Snapdragon 730 which contains a 35% performance boost over Snapdragon 710. It features a 6.39-inch Super AMOLED display with a 1080 x 2340-pixel resolution at 403 PPI. It comes with up to 8GB RAM and up to 256GB of internal storage. The K20 looks stunning with a flaming gradient finish and a bezel-less edge-to-edge display. At the rear, you will find be a triple-camera setup which will take some sharp photos both during the day and night. After the recent price-cutting, the Redmi K20 is a great budget buy under Rs 20,000
Realme 6 Pro
The phone is based on the proven performer Qualcomm Snapdragon 720G. It features a 6.6-inch LCD display, which produces good colors and brightness. there is no in-display fingerprint sensor so Realme has used a capacitive one within the power button. There’s face unlock too, which works all right. Realme has used a modern-looking, punch-hole cutout within the display for the 2 front cameras. The phone is on the market with variants of 8GB of RAM and 128GB of storage.
The latter is expandable. App and gaming performances are extremely good and users reported no issue with heating either. The 4,300mAh battery easily lasts for a day and a half and there is 30W fast charging too. Due to the power-efficient chipset, the 4300mAh battery lasts really long and therefore the 25MP selfie camera is an additional bonus.
Samsung Galaxy M40
Inarguably the Best Samsung Gaming Phone under 20,000, this phone makes it to the list of the Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in India on the back of strong user reviews and product reliability. This is Samsung’s first Snapdragon 675 based phone in the market and the chipset is apt enough to handle every game out there. Although there could be slight heating issues, users noted its nothing extreme.
The phone features a 6.3-inch full HD+ well-calibrated screen with Corning Gorilla Glass on top. The phone is obtainable in 6GB RAM and 128GB storage option only. Samsung’s new OneUI also includes a stimulating game mode which will make it possible to avoid interruptions while gaming. It boasts of many segment-firsts like a hole-punch display and a vibrating screen for an earpiece.
It features a bright and vibrant 6.3-inch full-HD+PLS TFT LCD display, which has good viewing angles but there’s also a gentle vignette around the edges, which may be distracting. The body is slim and lightweight but the plastic back attracts scuff marks pretty easily. So like all Samsung products, use a tampered glass and cover – Samsung phones are seldom made for rough handling.
There’s just one variant, which comes with 6GB of RAM and 128GB of storage. The latter is expandable but it is a hybrid slot so you cannot have two SIMs and a microSD card. OneUI runs well and is tested to run smoothly on Android 9 Pie.
Realme X
Realme X is another affordable phone that provides good value-for-money and interesting gaming features. It ticks the majority of boxes that a budget gamer requires. The performance part is handled by Snapdragon 710 CPU that integrates Adreno 616GPU. It comes with a 6.5-inch AMOLED display which also contributes to the immersive gaming experience. The FHD+ resolution screen is notch-free and is surrounded by really narrow bezels. It also includes 3,765mAh battery with 20W VOOC 3.0 fast charging – which is to mention that you just can engage in extended gaming sessions without fear about the battery.
That concludes our list of the Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in India. Do you think your favorite Best Gaming Phone under 20,000 in 2020 is missing? Or one of the mentioned phones is not really the Best Camera and Gaming Phone under 20,000 and worth the money? Have reviews to give to our readers about any of these phones? Head down to the comments section and speak your mind!
When done properly, cycling is an effective and enjoyable form of aerobic exercise. Cycling can reduce the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes according to a report by Kelley GA. Effects of Aerobic exercise in normotensive adults, 1995. It can reduce your ‘real age’, lowering it more than a decade lower than your chronological age.
The indirect health benefits include reducing serious injuries caused by falls in older people, osteoporosis, and hip fractures.
Statistics show that cyclists, even those who only travel short distances can reduce the risk of death by 22 per cent.
Optimum results are achieved when cyclists are breathing heavily, but are not out of breath. Exercise has been shown to increase HDL (“good” cholesterol) and reduce the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Again, this means improved cardiovascular health. This leads to a reduced chance of heart blockage and reduces the risk of stroke. There are some reports that link exercise to a lowered risk of developing some cancer, like colon cancer.
Cycling burns the calories in a chocolate bar or a couple of alcoholic drinks in one hour, 300 calories. Translated into modern lifestyle terms, a fifteen-minute bike ride, five times a week, burns off 11 pounds of fat a year and meets the requirements for reducing heath risks.
There is a trick to exercising. Running a nine-minute-mile burns 11 calories a minute. Walking at 18 minutes per mile burns five. Faster exercise burns more calories.
Exercise continues to burn fat after the workout ends. Once the sweating stops the body’s metabolisms remains high. You can you increase the post-exercise burn?
A few scientific studies suggest that exercising for 20 minutes at 35 to 55% of aerobic capacity, as in riding briskly, elevated metabolism for 20 minutes after stopping. That means that a 20 minute, brisk bike ride burns fat for 40 minutes.
Cycling has been proven to reduce stress and depression and relieve symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
The Department of Transport reports that ‘even a small amount of cycling can lead to significant gains in fitness’. The study reveals that aerobic fitness was boosted by 11 per cent after six weeks of cycling ‘short distances’ four times a week and cycling four miles a day the aerobic benefit increased to 17 per cent.
The Fentem PH. ABC of sports medicine report, Benefits of exercise in health and disease, 1994 concludes that cycling is ‘one of the few physical activities which can be undertaken by the majority of the population as part of a daily routine’.
The choice of bike is a personal thing.
Most people never cycle more than five miles, so choosing an expensive bike designed to challenge the most adventurous dare devils. Instead, choose a bike that will manage the local terrain, comfortably.
Equipment needs will also vary. Older people should consider elbow and knee guards. These will help prevent debilitating joint injuries that can seriously limit your mobility. A helmet is not optional.
Do not buy a helmet from a local hardware store. Get one from a bicycle specialty store. The selection is larger, and the quality better. Shopping at an online store can also save money.
Once introduced into the bicyle riding community, you’ll soon set out on your daily cycle for the joy of it. Health benefits will be secondary
With all these healthy routines they are missing one of the most important steps that play a very important role in one’s health and treatment that is to secure their future health expenses by taking a liable health insurance plan. Health insurance equipped the person to take all the treatment and hospitalisation at a reasonable rate.
Currently, the world is dealing with the deadly coronavirus which was originated as the very new virus in late December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China. Even at the time, its name was not known than the situation gain international media’s coverage when virus cases started reporting from other countries as well along with a sharp increase in the death rate due to the coronavirus. The WHO declared it as the global pandemic in March 2020, with about 118,000 confirm cases with 4921 deaths in 114 countries.
The superpower of the world, the United States of America become the worst affected country in the world. Till now the USA has recorded 4.9 million confirmed cases with about 160 thousand deaths has been registered so far. In this dangerous and high-risk time of the pandemic, health-conscious Americans are taking all the necessary precautions to keep themselves fit and healthy. From following a healthy diet to regular exercising, they are doing almost everything to keep themselves away from the virus and other contagious diseases.
Importance of Health Insurance Plan
About 30 million workers living in America lost their jobs so does their health insurance plan during the outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic. Thus, along with the financial burden the Americans has to face the health crises and expenses also. As coronavirus treatment is the costliest so the necessity of a good health insurance plan for American citizens is enormous.
As the virus is new and unknown to scientists and doctors so the much study and research are not done on it as well as its vaccine formation time is still not confirmed so the treatment of virus is very expensive in different parts of the world. In America, thousands of dollars are required for the treatment of the corona patient. Because of these reasons, the need for good health insurance is essential.
As not only coronavirus but various other deadly viruses like Ebola, Zika and other dangerous diseases surrounds us and requires a lot of dollars for testing and treatment of the disease, so it is very beneficial to equip with the best health insurance policy to ensure the proper treatment and care by the health official at a very minimal rate which was already given to the health insurance company.
Health insurance also helps to maintain mental health along with the treatment of physical ailment. As the burden of disease and health problem is already on the mind of the patient so health insurance plan helps to detect financial burden from the mind and to maintain mental health.
As nothing is predictable in life, any unintended accidents can occur at any time of life. During these times health insurance plays a very vital role in saving our and our loves life.
As corona is also one disease which can enter in our lives at any moment of our life, so advance maintenance and preparations are very essential especially in American cities like New York where there is a large spread of the disease. The first step in the preparation is to avail the honest and liable health insurance plan.
Thus, along with following all the safety and hygiene protocols of Corona Virus, the person should also ensure the health insurance plan for themselves and their families. The Cities of New York and Boston are the worst affected so proper health insurance for its citizens is very essential.
Best Health Insurance Plan in New York
As the coronavirus claim a lot of deaths, some because of the lack of immunity while others due to the lack of money. The treatment and testing of Corona Virus are too expensive in New York city of America, the health insurance plays a vital role in ensuring treatment from the best doctors and the in the most renowned hospitals. The best insurance plans in New York health come under four categories.
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These are bronze plan, silver, gold and platinum health insurance plans, all vary in its prices. There is government sponsor health insurance plan Medicare that comes at $ 1,005 for the single person, and for married couples, it can be bought at $ 1,354 under its qualified beneficiary plan. Medicare provides four types of the best insurance plan in New York health.
There is also Medicaid health insurance plan for poor families that cannot afford other health insurance plans. About 6% of New York residents are uninsured that compels officials to make some more good policies.
Best Health Insurance Plans in Boston
The Boston city in the United States is also one of the worst affected city that provides some of the most renowned health insurance plans. The best health insurance plans in Boston includes a basic life insurance plan that can be brought at $ 5,000 but its amount may variant with the age of the person. The Medicare Retiree Health insurance plan allows the usage of coverage even after the retirement.
There are many more such health insurance schemes offers both by the government officials as well as the private insurance companies. The Obamacare Health plan that is giving benefits to many Americans, is providing a lot of health insurance plans in different parts of America. These are some of the best health insurance plans in Boston that are making the lives of many citizens easy.
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Conclusion
The Corona Virus Pandemic has put a halt to many things but it also brings the real condition of the health structure of many powerful countries. Even the most powerful and renowned country of the world, the United States of America is not able to control the virus initially that results in the thousands of deaths and millions of active cases. As well as millions of people lost their jobs and become unemployed.
In such a drastic and dangerous situation, the person’s health protector is a health insurance plan that protects the future of the person and makes it financially secured when such a disease or accident takes place. The Americans are looking for the best insurance plans that give them the most benefits of treatment and testing of the disease and by taking one of the health insurance plans our mind become peaceful without any worry of unpredictable tragedies of life.
In this, we see the information about the NIPER JEE entrance exam. Please read my previous content i.e.on GPAT exam preparation, which helps you to understand it easily.
Prelude:-
National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, conducts a joint entrance examination (NIPER JEE) every year for admission to doctoral and Masters level courses in the pharmacy field.
The Courses like M.Pharm, M.S.Pharm, M.Tech (Pharm.), MBA ( Pharm.) and PhD courses are open for admission through NIPER- JEE.
NIPER JEE examination pattern is designed and implemented by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences or NIPER.
🌟Only “GPAT” qualified candidates can give NIPER JEE Exam.
Highlights:-
Name of Exam
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Joint Entrance Exam
Conducting Body
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Commonly Known as
NIPER JEE
Mode of examination
Online
Duration Of Exam
120 minutes(2hrs.)
Total no. of Questions
200 MCQs
Total Marks
200
Negative marking
Yes, 0.25 for every wrong answer
Campus:-
we will talk about the different campuses or colleges of NIPER, based on their priorities.
No.
NIPER INSTITUTE
1
SAS NAGAR, MOHALI
2
HYDERABAD
3
Ahmedabad
4
GUWAHATI
5
RAEBARELI
6
KOLKATA
7
HAJIPUR
NIPER institute, Mohali is at the top position, because after graduation from this institute the students get the job with a high package. (Around 7-9 L.P.A.) Or we can say that placement in NIPER Mohali is greater as compared to other universities.
COURSES OFFERED BY NIPER INSTITUTE & THEIR BRANCHES:-
M.S. (Pharm.)
Medicinal chemistry
Natural Products
Traditional Medicine
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Regulatory Toxicology
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacoinformatics
Biotechnology
M.Pharm
Pharmacy practice
Clinical Research
Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulation)
M.Tech (Pharm.)
Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry)
Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
M.B.A. (Pharm)
Pharmaceutical Management
🌟The branches of these courses, vary as per the institute.
If you have to take admission for M.B.A. then you have to give a Group discussion.
🌟For the M.S., M.Pharm & M.Tech there will be a stipend or Scholarship for students but in the case of Pharm MBA, we don’t get any stipend or scholarship.
Eligibility Criteria for NIPER:-
Before filling the application form, all candidates are must be aware of the eligibility criteria for the NIPER entrance exam.
GPAT Score:- Candidates must have a valid GPAT (Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test) Score.
Qualifying Degree:- Candidates must possess a B.Pharm degree from a recognised university. Final year B. Pharm students are also eligible for the NIPER exam.
Academic Qualification:– To apply for the NIPER JEE exam, candidates must have passed the qualifying degree with a minimum of 60℅ marks. The qualifying marks may vary with category.
Syllabus:-
There is no official syllabus prescribed for the NIPER JEE exam.
we have to understand the previous 10-15 years questions format and then study further.
The syllabus is just like the GPAT entrance exam but more specifically in basic chemistry instead of medical chemistry and many more subjects.
The syllabus of NIPER JEE is broadly based on the qualifying exam curriculum. The NIPER JEE syllabus includes questions mainly from the Core subject i.e. Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical analysis and other subjects questions also asked.
Let’s have a look at the syllabus for various courses in NIPER JEE:-
For PhD Courses:– Questions will be of M.S.Pharm, M.Pharm.
For M.Pharm /M.S. Courses:– For admission to master level courses the question will be from B.Pharm.
How to do preparation:-
Till now we will talk about the general basic information related to NIPER JEE. Now, endures some tips about how to do preparation.
The preparation strategy is the same as that of GPAT Preparation.
Just focus on the core subjects, solve the previous year question papers and solve MCQs as much as possible.
Focus on the hard subject, try to clear doubt and do group studies, make study timetable etc.
This is all basic knowledge about the NIPER JEE entrance examination, all fresher students should know this basic knowledge.
Pier Antonio Micheli, a priest and scientist, named Aspergillus while documenting moulds in 1729. The mould looked like an aspergillum, which is a type of holy water sprinkler. Physician Georg W. Fresenius described the species fumigatus for the first time in 1863.
Apergillus spp., found in abundance of nature, can be found in soil, decomposing materials, water sources, and air particle. Aspergillus-related disease is uncommon, although it has a significant death rate. The majority of people are exposed to spores (conidia) during their lives, although illness development occurs mostly in people with compromised immune systems, as well as during construction and yard activities. In patients with leukaemia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, A.fumigatus is the most frequent invasive mould infection, with death rates exceeding 50 percent in these high-risk populations.
Around the apex, the stipes are grey in colour. They feature a slick finish. Their globule is tiny and columnar. The conidia’s texture is either smooth or spinose.
WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND?
Aspergillus is commonly found in rotting plant matter. After considerable environmental exposure to Aspergillus spores, such as when handling tree-bark chipping, Aspergillosis can develop in healthy hosts.
Aspergillus can be found in soil, compost piles, and damp grain in outdoor settings. Aspergillus may be found within buildings in wet insulation, fireproofing material, beds , behind couches, in damp rooms’ corners, dust, and air conditioning systems. In the Northern Hemisphere, most research studying seasonal changes in fungal exposure show an increase in airborne Aspergillus throughout the cold season.
TYPES OF ASPERGILLOSIS
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a multifaceted hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus. Although it produces lung irritation and allergy symptoms, it does not cause infection. Aspergillus sinusitis is caused by an allergic reaction to the fungus Aspergillus, which produces inflammation in the sinuses and the symptoms of a sinus infection but does not cause an infection. A fungus ball is also known as an Aspergilloma. It forms in the lungs or sinuses but seldom spreads to other regions of the body, as the name implies.
Aspergillosis of the lungs (chronic pulmonary aspergillosis) Aspergilloma, chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis (CFPA), and Aspergillus nodules are all illnesses classified as chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). CPA is a lung infection that develops over time.
INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS
Inhaled conidia are removed by epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in normal host lungs. Aspergillus becomes invasive when conidia escape these host defences and develop into branching filaments called hyphae. Alveolar macrophages generate inflammatory mediators, which attract neutrophils, which can destroy the hyphae.
CUTANEOUS SKIN ASPERGILLOS
Aspergillus comes in contact through a breach in the skin (for example, after surgery or a burn wound) and infects persons with weaker immune systems. Cutaneous Aspergillosis can also develop if invasive Aspergillosis moves from another part of the body, such as the lungs, to the skin.
LIFE CYCLE
Aspergillus begins its infectious life cycle by producing conidia (asexual spores) that are easily transported into the atmosphere, ensuring its ubiquity in both habitats. Inhalation of these conidia is the most common way to become infected, followed by conidial deposition in the bronchiole spaces. The phagocytosis and destruction of Aspergillus conidia is largely carried out by macrophages. The danger of infection stems largely from a breakdown in these host defences, as well as fungal characteristics that allow A. fumigatus to survive and flourish in this pulmonary habitat.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of Aspergillosis are:
Wheezing, chest pain
Shortness of breath, stuffiness, runny nose and reduced ability to smell
Cough (sometimes blood)
Fever (in rare cases), headache, fatigue
Weight loss
• The length of time that an illness lasts depends on the underlying health concerns, the intensity or location of infection, and the kind of sickness.
• Allergic forms, may require steroid and antifungal treatment for a few months, possibly longer sometimes.
• Invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis may need at least 6 to 12 weeks of antifungal therapy. Severe cases may need therapy for lifetime and monitoring to keep the illness under control.
• If the infection spreads from the lungs to other areas of the body, additional symptoms may appear.
• Red to purple plaques or papules are common symptoms of cutaneous Aspergillosis.
DIAGONOSIS
Because the symptoms of Aspergillosis might be confused with those of other lung diseases, diagnosing it can be challenging. In order to make a diagnosis, your healthcare practitioner will look at your medical history, risk factors, symptoms, physical examinations, and lab testing.
An Aspergilloma, a fungal tumour, or the symptoms of invasive Aspergillosis and ABPA can be found on a chest X-Ray or a chest CT scan.
• A sample of your sputum is stained with a dye and examined for the presence of Aspergillus filaments in a respiratory secretion (sputum) test.
• Tissue and blood testing may be used to confirm the presence of ABPA.
• To confirm invasive aspergillosis, a biopsy of tissues from your lungs or sinuses is performed, as well as blood testing.
TREATMENT
In addition to early diagnosis, early treatment is critical in managing aspergillosis. Depending on the type of disease, one may have the following treatments:
• Observation- If you have a single aspergilloma, you may not need treatment; instead, you may be monitored with regular chest X-rays or CT scans. The doctor may prescribe antifungal medication if your disease worsens.
• Antifungal medicines may be used in combination with corticosteroids to reduce the need of steroids, improve lung function, and prevent existing asthma or cystic fibrosis from deteriorating. Some examples are prednisone (Deltasone), prednisolone (Orapred), and methylprednisolone (Medrol).
• Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is treated with antifungal medications. Voriconazole (VFEND) and amphotericin B are two of these drugs (Amphocin, Fungizone).
• Surgery- as antifungal medicines have a hard time penetrating an aspergilloma, surgery may be required to remove the fungal mass if the aspergilloma causes pulmonary haemorrhage.
Embolization of the Arteries -This technique can be used to temporarily halt aspergilloma-related bleeding. A radiologist uses a catheter to inject a substance into an artery supplying a lung cavity where an aspergilloma is causing blood loss. The injected substance solidifies, cutting off the area’s blood supply and halting the bleeding. This therapy works for a while, but the bleeding will most likely return.
The fungus Blastomyces causes blastomycosis and the fungus can be found in nature, especially in damp soil and decomposing organic materials like wood and leaves. It is found mostly in the midwestern, south-central, and southern regions of the United States, notably in locations near the Ohio and Mississippi River basins, the Great Lakes, and the Saint Lawrence River. The fungus can also be found in Canada, and there have been a few instances of blastomycosis documented in Africa and India.
People can get blastomycosis by inhaling tiny fungus spores in the air, which frequently occurs after engaging in activities that disrupt the soil. Although the majority of individuals who inhale the spores do not become ill, some will have symptoms such as fever and cough. The infection can be serious in certain people, such as those with weaker immune systems, especially if it spreads from the lungs to other organs.
SYMPTOMS
Blastomycosis is characterised by a high fever.
About half of those infected with the fungus Blastomyces will have symptoms. Blastomycosis symptoms are frequently comparable to those of other lung infections, and include the following:
• Fever
• Cough
• Night sweats
• Muscle aches or joint pain
• Weight loss
• Chest pain
• Fatigue (extreme tiredness)
Blastomycosis symptoms generally develop 3 weeks to 3 months after a person inhales the fungus spores.
Severe blastomycosis
Blastomycosis can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body, including the skin, bones and joints, and the central nervous system, in some people, especially those with weakened immune systems (the brain and spinal cord).
WHO IS AT RISK
Anyone who has been in an area where Blastomyces is present in the environment can acquire blastomycosis. People who engage in outdoor activities in these locations that expose them to forested areas (such as forestry labour, hunting, and camping) may be more susceptible. People with compromised immune systems are more prone than those who are otherwise healthy to acquire severe blastomycosis.
PREVENTION
There is no vaccination to prevent blastomycosis, and it may not be feasible to avoid being exposed to the fungus that causes the disease in regions where it is prevalent. People with weaker immune systems should avoid activities in these areas that require disturbing the soil.
LIFE CYCLE
Blastomyces is a mould that generates fungal spores that thrives in the environment. The spores are too tiny to see with naked eyes. People and animals who inhale the spores are at danger of contracting blastomycosis. The body temperature permits the spores to convert into yeast when they enter the lungs. The yeast can remain in the lungs or spread to other areas of the body via the circulation, including the skin, bones and joints, organs, and the central nervous system.
DIAGONOSIS
Blastomycosis is diagnosed using your medical and travel history, symptoms, physical examinations, and laboratory testing. A doctor will most likely test for blastomycosis by sending a sample of blood or urine to a laboratory.
Imaging studies, such as chest X-Rays or CT scans of your lungs may be performed by your healthcare practitioner. They may also take a sample of fluid from your lungs or perform a tissue biopsy, which involves taking a tiny sample of damaged tissue from your body and examining it under a microscope. Laboratories may also examine it may grow in bodily fluids or tissues (this is called a culture).
TREATMENT
The majority of patients with blastomycosis will require antifungal therapy. Itraconazole is an antifungal drug that is commonly used to treat blastomycosis in mild to moderate cases. For severe blastomycosis in the lungs or infections that have spread to other areas of the body, amphotericin B is generally used. Treatment might last anywhere from six months to a year, depending on the severity of the illness and the person’s immunological condition.
Hello everyone, Just spare few minutes in reading this context, for sure you are going to take something with you. Today I chose an interesting topic which is a growing trend in advertising method. Definitely today’s topic will help you, to get to know about video marketing and why it is important. As it is an era of digital marketing, every small to big business people are advertising their commodities through online, which became very common. Generally online advertisements are done either by Posters or by videos. And most of the company will have their own websites. Each and Everyone of us would have come across with various posters in Instagram, Facebook and in their websites. For example:50%off on so and so products, combo offer etc.
Then, what is video marketing/ advertising? In simple terms, video marketing is all about advertising a company’s product through an attractive and beautiful video. Some of the examples are lactocalamine, purple (beauty products), lucious, Spotify, bitcoins etc.. We would have seen these companies, advertising their products through videos, which will pop-up in between the YouTube videos, hotstar and all other applications which are used for watching programs. Video marketing is now even used by various gaming industries and also by matrimonies. For example:Tamil matrimony and such other matrimonies and for games decorate your home, MPL, rummy circle. Com etc. But have we ever thought, why they are advertising through videos. what is the purpose/importance of Video marketing while advertising online ?
Here’s the reason, 1. Videos and pictures are more attractive than words. Currently, most of the skills and lessons are learned by watching videos, because things which we see, will automatically get registered in our mind at times even it convinces us to go for it.
2.If that’s the case video advertisement will attract a huge group of people, irrespective of age difference.
3. Also It Breaks language barriers, as the video does have the capacity of explaining the details by itself .
4. Also, it is an easy way of approaching consumer.
5.Also, it act as a stimuli, it stimulates consumer to go for the product, whether they need that particular product or not, by continuous video advertisement a seller can convince a consumer , as the advertising video pops up nearly 3-4 times while watching a single video, whereas it is not possible with pamphlet, flex and other advertising methods.
6.Also,the seller can easily reach out consumer from all over the world, as the video is uploaded to most commonly used Portals/applications.
7.video marketing is considered as an effective way of advertising also it is a smart way of selling a commodity, as online. shopping becoming trend.
Video marketing is generally done to make consumer to feel easier and comfortable because through videos consumer will come to know most of the availing features of the products, which will convince them for purchasing it. The above points are the reason why video marketing is important in digital marketing.
So, all the budding business people and all growing business tycoons make use of this Video marketing in a beautiful and effective way were you can accomplish your target sooner. But don’t forget to add your own ideas and surprises.
My suggestion, if a seller brings 3D effect in video advertising ,it will help him/her to attract much more consumer. And I am pretty sure that each and every one of us would have purchased at least one product after watching the video Advertisement.
And yes, I am among them.
As everything is getting Digitalised, adopting to innovative digital marketing is necessary.
As we are getting adopted to it, we also want to use it properly and effectively .
Thanks for spending your time in reading this context, hope so it was useful.
Soon will catch you up with another interesting topic.
So time to value our natural resources. Today we will know about the Mountains and Rivers of India. Great poets have sung songs in the praise of mountains and rivers of India. They are a boon for us. The rivers and mountains are source of great pride and joy for every Indian. India is blessed with the natural beauty as a whole which makes it different from other countries.
If we look at the map of the country, we find long ranges of mountains in the North. They are the Himalayas .They remain covered with snow throughout the year. They have some of the highest peak of the world. In Central India also we find big mountains. They are the Vindhyanchal and Satpura range. They separate Southern and Northern India. Besides these, Araveli and Nilgiri Hills are slow famous.
Mountains are useful from various points of view. First the high Himalayas are called “The Sentry of India ” they are so high that go enemy could invade India by crossing them. So they are like a natural wall which separates India from Tibet. Sharpa Tenzing an Indian citizen was the first to conquer the highest mountain peak of the world MOUNT EVEREST. He made history and so did Bichendri Pal the first woman to conquer this peak.
Like mountain and their ranges, our rivers are also world famous and well known. In the North, we have the Ganga (Ganges), the Yamuna, the Brahmaputra and their numerous tributaries, the Ganga is regarded as sacred by the Hindus and thus called Ganga Maa. South has famous rivers like Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada. Many of our big cities are situated on the banks of these rivers. Varanasi, Haridwar and Allahabad are important pilgrimage sites.
Rivers and mountains are real wealth of the country. Thanks to them. We are sure to make great progress in the near future. These natural resources should be fully utilised according to the necessary needs and try to save them. Hope you will like reading it.
So I think you must have the name by the title…. Yes you are absolutely right none other than Ur. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Dr. Avul Pakir Jainul Abideen Abdul Kayam, the missile magician who became the President of India (2002-2007). His name is synonymous with India’s technological development in satellite launch vehicles missile, main battle tank and light combat aircraft.
He was born on 15th October, 1931 in Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. He graduated from St. Joseph in Trichy and later specialized in aero – engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology . His only stunt abroad was a four month visit to NASA in the United States. In 1958 , he joined the Defence Research Organization (DRDO) and five years later he joined the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
Dr. Kalam left the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in 1982 and joined the Research and Development Establishment Hyderabad as Director. It was here he conceived Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme and laid a solid foundation for indigenous design development of critical technology projects. In 1986 the Guided Missile Board took the decision to take up Missile Technology Control Regime from there on the short range anti tank Nag, surface to air Trishul and Akash 250 km, range Prithvi and Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRDM) Agni came into existence.
Over the 15 years the Kalam team has delivered five missile to the nation of gradually improved efficiency and this was primarily due to the kind of leadership and vision that, Kalam provided. The nuclear test conducted on May 11 and 13, 1998 by the joint efforts of DRDO team led by Dr. Abdul Kalam and the atomic energy team had made India the 6th nuclear in the world.
He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, highest civilian award of the country in 1997. He was a man of victory who was at peace with himself. He never changed himself. His simplicity, politeness, humility and thoughtfulness is still remembered and alive among us. On 27 July, 2015 while delivering a lecture at Indian Institute of management, Shillong he was collapsed and then died of sudden cardiac arrest. Dr. Kalam was basically a man of peace.
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