The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

“The tissues of the body need a constant supply of nutrition in order to be active,” said Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York. “If [the heart] is not able to supply blood to the organs and tissues, they’ll die.”

HUMAN HEART ANATOMY

In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray’s “Anatomy of the Human Body.”

The physiology of the heart basically comes down to “structure, electricity and plumbing,” Phillips told Live Science.

The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health. The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the “right heart,” and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the “left heart.” A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart.

A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm.

The heart’s outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood.

The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions.

HUMAN HEART FUNCTION

The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body’s tissues with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart’s right atrium.

Of course, the heart is also a muscle, so it needs a fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients, too, Phillips said.

“After the blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, two sets of arteries bring oxygenated blood to feed the heart muscle,” he said. The left main coronary artery, on one side of the aorta, branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches out on the right side of the aorta.

Blockage of any of these arteries can cause a heart attack, or damage to the muscle of the heart, Phillips said. A heart attack is distinct from cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the heart rhythm. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but the latter can also be caused by other problems, he said.

“Each cell has the ability to be the ‘band leader’ and [to] have everyone follow,” Phillips said. In people with an irregular heartbeat, or atrial fibrillation, every cell tries to be the band leader, he said, which causes them to beat out of sync with one another.

A healthy heart contraction happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed. Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume. Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats.

Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart.

THE HUMAN HEART

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN HEART

*A human heart is roughly the size of a large fist.
*The heart weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women.
*The heart beats about 100,000 times per day (about 3 billion beats in a lifetime).
An adult heart beats about 60 to 80 times per minute.
*Newborns’ hearts beat faster than adult hearts, about 70 to 190 beats per minute.
*The heart pumps about 6 quarts (5.7 liters) of blood throughout the body.
*The heart is located in the center of the chest, usually pointing slightly left.

Social empowerment :

Social empowerment is a broad area of practice drawing upon social work and community development principles.

Social empowerment is understood as the process of developing a sense of autonomy and self-confidence, and acting individually and collectively to change social relationships and the institutions and discourses that exclude poor people and keep them in poverty.

Communalism :

Communalism is defined as a mechanism to energize people for or against by raising an appeal on communal lines. It is revealed in literature that Communalism is related with religious fundamentalism and intransigence. Studies have demonstrated that the communalisation was first began in nineteenth century. The British historian (James) categorized ancient period as Hindu period and medieval period as Muslim period and this ordering was further used by both the British and Indian historians. Social literature documented that in medieval period, Muslim people were underprivileged, they were also oppressed as then people of Hindu community and the ruling class included both the Muslims and Hindus. Abdul Ahmed explained that “Communalism is a social phenomenon characterized by the religion of two communities, often leading to acrimony, tension and even rioting between them”. Communalism is also described by few other eminent theorists. According to Prabha Dixit, “Communalism is a political doctrine which makes use of religious and cultural differences to achieve political ends”. It is a dominant force in Indian scenario. Many factors such as casteism, communalism and religious fundamentalism pose challenge in India that are the major threats to Secular state. They deteriorate the working and strength of democratic secular Federal state and influence against the fundamental beliefs of national life and provide means to new individuality. ‘Casteism’ and ‘Communalism’ are destroying the Indian cultural diversity.

Factors responsible for the growth of communalism in India:

— The stagnant economy of India during the British rule was an important factor for the growth of communalism in India.

–It was an expression of the interests and aspirations of the middle classes in a social set up in which opportunities for them were inadequate.

–The vested interests deliberately encouraged communalism because of its capacity to distort and divert popular struggle, to prevent the masses from understanding the real issues.

–The British rule which produced the divide and rule policy, separate electorate on the basis of religion strengthened the basis of communalism in India.

–British also favoured one community against the other in services and promotions.

–The territorial settlement of different religious groups and many contradictory variations in their mode of life, social standards and belief systems may cause communal tensions.

Regionalism :

In current global trade system, regionalism is spreading at great pace. The huge spread of regionalism is encouraged by the explosion of regional institutions that give rise to substantial academic interest in both their sources and consequences. In bulk of academic literature, Regions are described as groups of countries situated in the same geographic space but it is not clear where one region ends and the next begins. Regionalism has widely spread in Indian politics since the independence of India. It has the major basis of various regional political parties. In Indian scenario, regionalism has increased in close identification with the regions. After independence, it is a great force of conflicts as well as collaboration, which depends on the manner of accommodation. Regionalism is elaborated as situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with idiosyncratic identities exist within the same state borders, often concentrated within a particular region and share strong feelings of shared individuality.Regionalism is basically an intense feeling of a particular region or an area in preference to the nation or any other region. It often involves ethnic groups whose major objective is to get freedom from a national state and the development of their own political influence. In Indian perspective, regionalism denotes to proclamation of different ethnic, linguistic or economic interests by various groups within the nation. The second meaning of the term is regionalism at national level refers to a process in which sub-state actors become increasingly powerful, power devolves from central level to regional governments. These are the regions within country, distinguished in culture, language and other socio-cultural factors.

Causes for regional disparity :

Low rate of economic growth

Land reforms are not done properly and the feudal mentality still persists

Lower level of infrastructural facilities in backward states

Low level of social expenditure by states on education, health and sanitation

Political and administration failures which further given birth to sub-regional movements for separate states.

Secularism :

Secularism is contrasting phenomenon of communalism. It was adopted by Indian Constitution, which signifies respect for all religions and broad-mindedness of all faiths, no State religion and support or favour to any religion by the State. Secularism is a form of government process that enhance democracy and commitment to financial development.Secular India has undergone several tremors in many decades. Many professionals relate these convulsions to the nature of Indian civilization, to which they attribute centrality to religion in both personal and public matters. The Indian concept of secularism is based on respect for all religions by the state and separation of religion from public institutional practices. The obsession with the European experience supervises the historicity of the Indian phenomenon.

The process of secularisation is not alike in all societies. With technical progression, human culture has undergone the process of secularisation. In India, secularism is huge political and constitutional struggle and disagreement. The perception was promoted by Mahatma Gandhi and it has been the central model of secularism after Independence of India. Indian secularism is based on a more functional approach to the belief of equal respect and acceptance of all religions, which has allowed for the defence of religious minority rights principally through temporary special measures, which is similar to the positive action in the United States. But, the Hindu Right has progressively been trying to cast itself as main successors of India’s secular practise, that is, as promoters of new secularism.

Nature of Secularism:

–The separation of religion and state is the foundation of secularism.

–Secularism seeks to ensure and protect freedom of religious belief and practice for all citizens.

–Secularists want freedoms of thought and conscience to apply equally to all – believers and non-believers alike. They do not wish to curtail religious freedoms.

–Secularism ensures that the right of individuals to freedom of religion is always balanced by the right to be free from religion .

–In a secular democracy all citizens are equal before the law and parliament. No religious or political affiliation gives advantages or disadvantages and religious believers are citizens with the same rights and obligations as anyone else.

–Secularism champions universial human rights above religious demands. It upholds equality laws that protect women, LGBT people and minorities from religious discrimination.

From laughing loud to crying in silence, we all have experienced the importance of family. The family is the one such place you experience genuine love, the place where you can never find partiality in trust and love. Family is always there to support you in all the right decisions you make and restrict you from the incorrect decisions you take. Family encourages you to connect with people physically, emotionally, and mentally. It identifies you as a capable individual of reaching his/her goals without any hesitations.

How lucky are those people who have a complete family, aren’t they? They have many people around them with whom they can spend time, share their feelings, and experience all the ups and downs in life. The absence of that one really important person breaks you into pieces. Never feel suffocated you are in a joint or a complete family. Think you have a lot of support that only a few people get in their life. Family is a bunch of teachers and students, teachers being who direct you throughout your life and students being from whom you learn not to make mistakes.

The most important lesson is family teaches us our values. They teach us how to respect elders, the importance of helping people in need. Basically, the family is filled with all the interesting topics and lessons we want. The importance of a balanced life can be learnt from family. The right way of maintaining a healthy relationship with family members is by spending time with them, playing games with them, going on outings.

A complete family completes your world. Privileged are those who are blessed with a complete family. Some people don’t acknowledge the importance of a complete family. They take family for granted. They feel parents control them. They don’t spend time with them. There are so many families in this world in which one or the other family member isn’t there. The reason for the separation can be anything, but the loss is irreplaceable. People with the loss really feel helpless in such situations when they desperately need them.

Imagine a family who just makes a home, not a house. A place where family members stay happy, has small fights or arguments, come tired from work to have a good relaxation with family members is HOME. A HOUSE is a place filled with lots of fights, no proper conversations and a lot of misunderstandings.

 A HAPPY FAMILY IS WHERE-

• You keep your family as a first priority. 
• Not allow a third person break your family.
• You trust and love each other unconditionally.
• Understand and support each other.

It is not very easy to break your family until you put all your efforts to save it. It is important to sit and engage in a calm and healthy conversation on where we went wrong, what are the areas for us to work on so that we don’t commit same mistakes again. In a relationship, understanding is extremely important. If one partner fails to understand, the other should be more understanding to handle the situation very well. A family with constant fights and a lot of misunderstandings will never last long. It’s very important to stay united to save relationships.

A family is blessing where people get to stay happy and share all the matters openly without any hesitations. Always feel lucky to be born in a family where parents are supportive, loving and are ready to do anything for your happiness.

The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini. Published in 2003 by Riverhead Books, it tells the story of Amir, a young boy from the Wazir Akbar Khan district of Kabul. The story is set against a backdrop of tumultuous events, from the fall of Afghanistan’s monarchy through the Soviet invasion, the exodus of refugees to Pakistan and the United States, and the rise of the Taliban regime.

PLOT

Amir recalls an event that happened twenty-six years before, when he was still a boy in Afghanistan, and says that that made him who he is. Before the event, he lives in a nice home in Kabul, Afghanistan, with Baba, his father. They have two servants, Ali and his son, Hassan, who are Hazaras, an ethnic minority. Baba’s close friend, Rahim Khan, is also around often. When Afghanistan’s king is overthrown, things begin to change. One day, Amir and Hassan are playing when they run into three boys, Assef, Wali, and Kamal. Assef threatens to beat up Amir for hanging around with a Hazara, but Hassan uses his slingshot to stop Assef.

The story skips to winter, when the kite-fighting tournament occurs. Boys cover their kite strings in glass and battle to see who can sever the string of the opposing kite. When a kite loses, boys chase and retrieve it, called kite running. When Amir wins the tournament, Hassan sets off to run the losing kite. Amir looks for him and finds Hassan trapped at the end of an alley, pinned with his pants down. Wali and Kamal hold him, and Assef rapes him. Amir runs away, and when Hassan appears with the kite, Amir pretends he doesn’t know what happened. Afterward, Amir and Hassan drift apart. Amir, who is racked by guilt, decides either he or Hassan must leave. He stuffs money and a watch under Hassan’s pillow and tells Baba that Hassan stole it. When Baba confronts them, Hassan admits to it, though he didn’t do it. Shortly after, Ali and Hassan move away.

The story jumps to March 1981. Baba and Amir are in the back of a truck as they escape from Kabul, which was invaded by the Soviets and has become a war-zone. After a hellish journey, they make it to Pakistan. Two years later, Baba and Amir live in Fremont, California. While Baba works at a gas station, Amir finishes high school and goes to college. Baba and Amir sell things at a flea market on Sundays, and Baba sees an old friend, General Taheri. Amir notices General Taheri’s daughter, Soraya. When Amir finally speaks to her, General Taheri catches him and tells him there is a proper way to do things. Not long after, Baba is diagnosed with lung cancer. Amir asks Baba if he will get General Taheri’s consent for Amir to marry Soraya. General Taheri accepts the proposal. They hold the wedding quickly because of Baba’s health, and Baba dies a month later. Amir and Soraya try unsuccessfully to have a baby while Amir works on his writing career.

Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan is sick and wants Amir to see him in Pakistan. Amir meets him a week later, and Rahim Khan tells Amir about the devastation in Kabul. He says things only got worse after the Soviets were forced out. Now the Taliban rule by violence. He has a favor to ask of Amir, but first he needs to tell him about Hassan. When Baba and Amir left Afghanistan, Rahim Khan watched their house. Out of loneliness and because he was getting older, he decided to find Hassan. He convinced Hassan and Hassan’s wife, Farzana, to come back to Kabul with him. Farzana and Hassan eventually had a little boy, Sohrab. A few years later Rahim Khan went to Pakistan for medical treatment, but he received a call from a neighbor in Kabul. The Taliban went to Baba’s house and shot Hassan and Farzana and sent Sohrab to an orphanage.

Rahim Khan wants Amir to go to Kabul and bring Sohrab back to Pakistan, where a couple lives that will take care of him. He tells Amir that Baba was Hassan’s father, and Amir agrees to do it. In Afghanistan, Amir finds the orphanage where Sohrab is supposed to be, but he is not there. The orphanage director says a Taliban official took Sohrab a month earlier. If Amir wants to find the official, he will be at the soccer stadium during the game the next day. Amir goes to the game, and at half-time, the Taliban put a man and a woman in holes in the ground and the official Amir is looking for stones them to death. Through one of the Taliban guards, Amir sets up a meeting with the official.

When they meet, Amir tells the official he is looking for a boy, Sohrab, and the official tells the guards to bring the boy in. Sohrab is wearing a blue silk outfit and mascara, making him appear more feminine and suggesting that the men sexually abuse him. The official says something Amir recognizes, and suddenly Amir realizes the official is Assef. Assef says he wants to settle some unfinished business. He beats Amir with brass knuckles, breaking Amir’s ribs and splitting his lip. Sohrab threatens Assef with his slingshot, and when Assef lunges at him, Sohrab shoots him in the eye, allowing Amir and Sohrab to escape. As Amir recovers in the hospital, he finds out there never was a couple that could care for Sohrab. Amir asks Sohrab to live with him in the U.S., and Sohrab accepts.

The adoption officials tell Amir that adopting Sohrab will be impossible since he can’t prove Sohrab’s parents are dead, and Amir tells Sohrab he may have to go back to an orphanage. Amir and Soraya figure out a way to get Sohrab to the U.S., but before they can tell Sohrab, Sohrab tries to kill himself. He lives, but he stops speaking entirely. Even after they bring Sohrab to California, Sohrab remains withdrawn. One day, they go to a park with other Afghans. People are flying kites. Amir buys one and gets Sohrab to fly it with him. They spot another kite and battle it. Using one of Hassan’s favorite tricks, they win. Sohrab smiles, and as the losing kite flies loose, Amir sets off to run it for Sohrab.

SOURCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kite_Runner

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-kite-runner

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

“BRICS must provide a united and clear voice in shaping a peaceful, balanced and stable world. We must harness each other’s strengths, in knowledge, skills and resources”.

– Narendra Modi

BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

History.

The word “BRIC” is thought to have been invented in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, then chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, in his book Building Better Global Economic BRICs. But, it was actually coined by Roopa Purushothaman who was a Research Assistant in the original report. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010, after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS.

First BRIC Summit.

The BRIC grouping’s first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, began on June 16, 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all in attendance. The summit focused on boosting the global economy and reforming financial institutions, as well as discussing how the four countries could work together more effectively in the future. There was also greater discussion about how developing countries, such as the BRIC members that make up 3/4 of the group, may become more involved in global issues.

Objectives-

1. For more sustainable, equitable, and mutually beneficial development, the BRICS aspire to strengthen, enhance, and intensify collaboration within the grouping and among individual nations.

2. BRICS takes each member’s growth, development, and poverty goals into account to ensure that partnerships are established on each country’s economic strengths while avoiding competition whenever possible.

3. BRICS is establishing itself as a new and promising political-diplomatic body with a wide range of goals that extend far beyond the basic goal of overhauling global financial institutions.

Areas of Cooperation-

1. Political and Security Cooperation-

BRICS offers opportunities for policy advice and best practice exchanges on domestic and regional issues, as well as advancing the restructuring of the global political architecture to make it more balanced, based on the pillar of multilateralism.

2. Economic Cooperation-

There are rapidly growing trade and investment flows between BRICS countries as well as economic cooperation activities across a range of sectors. Economic and trade cooperation, innovation cooperation, customs cooperation, strategic cooperation between the BRICS Business Council, contingent reserve agreement, and the New Development Bank all have agreements in place. These agreements help to achieve the common goals of strengthening economic cooperation and promoting integrated trade and investment markets.

3. People-to-People exchange-

The need to strengthen People-to-People interactions and create closer collaboration in the areas of culture, sport, education, cinema, and youth has been recognized by BRICS members. In the spirit of openness, inclusion, variety, and mutual learning, people-to-people exchanges aim to form new connections, develop relations, and increase mutual understanding between BRICS peoples.

BRICS Submit 2021.

The 13th BRICS Summit is going to be held under India’s Chairship in 2021. It will be the third time that India will be hosting the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016.

The theme for India’s Chairship is ‘BRICS @ 15: Intra-BRICS Cooperation for Continuity, Consolidation and Consensus’. The theme reflects our approach to strengthen the founding principles of BRICS cooperation based on continuity, consolidation and consensus.

The discussion in the BRICS Summit 2021 is around three pillars:

1. Political and Security:

The discussion is centered on global and regional security. The following are the priority sectors:

Counter-Terrorism Cooperation & Reform in the Multilateral System.

2. Economic and Financial:

The emphasis is on intra-BRICS cooperation in areas including trade, agriculture, infrastructure, small and medium businesses, energy, and finance and banking. The priority under this pillar are:

•BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy 2020-25 – Implementation of this strategy was discussed.

•BRICS Agriculture Research Platform – The platform’s operations was discussed.

•Cooperation on Disaster Resilience

•Innovation Cooperation

•Digital Health and Traditional Medicine

3. Cultural and People to People:

Cultural and personal exchanges have always been beneficial to intra-group bonding, and the BRICS 13th Summit was focused on this topic.

Fear of public speaking is a common form of anxiety. It can range from slight nervousness to paralyzing fear and panic. Many people with this fear avoid public speaking situations altogether, or they suffer through them with shaking hands and a quavering voice. But with preparation and persistence, you can overcome your fear.

1. Start Small

If you’re new to the world of public speaking, start small. Find a few friends and family to practice on. Begin by speaking to smaller groups and build up from there. The size of the audience makes no difference. If you know your topic, your pre-speaking fear will quickly evaporate.

2. Prepare Thoroughly

Nothing helps ease the fear of public speaking more than knowing your material. The ability to connect with your audience comes from having the confidence you won’t get lost during your delivery. Rehearse several times before the big talk. Time your presentation and always have back up material in case time is left over.

3. Don’t Just Memorize the Words

Mastering the art of public speaking comes not from memorizing word for word your entire speech. The real pros know their material by remembering key points and prompts on subtopics and examples to cover.

4. Avoid Common Bullets

The majority of business presentations and speeches are boring monologues filled with endless PowerPoint slides and bullet points. Trash the PowerPoint presentation and make your material the focal point of the talk. If you do use PowerPoint, take the approach of using visuals that quickly convey your message.

5. Reduce Stress

The most fearful moment of any presentation is the one minute before your stage entrance. Use the tactic of elite athletes by visualizing a positive outcome and using deep belly breathing to reduce stress and build confidence.

6. Find a Friend to Focus On

Prior to your public speaking on stage introduce yourself to a few members of the audience in the front row. During your talk look these people in the eye to ease your nerves and connect with your audience.

7. Engage the Audience

Creating a monologue presentation puts the entire task of informing and entertaining the audience on you. Make your talk a two-way interaction with questions and participation to reduce boredom and speak with ease. Having the group involved also gives you time to reorganize your thoughts if things are going off track.

Make public speaking part of your marketing plan and boost your business success. Your fear will evaporate over time and you will wonder why you didn’t start sooner.

Conclusion

If you can’t overcome your fear with practice alone, consider seeking professional help. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a skills-based approach that can be a successful treatment for reducing fear of public speaking.

Source

https://www.briantracy.com/blog/public-speaking/27-useful-tips-to-overcome-your-fear-of-public-speaking/

Apart from the very intriguing stories from Greek Mythology , Greece has also been the pioneer of many inventions and discoveries . The Greeks have been crowned with the title of being the fathers of science , zoology , medicine and many more . Here are few of their discoveries and findings :

ALARM CLOCKS – Alarm clock was invented by the Greek engineer , mathematician and Physicist Ctesibius , who lived in Alexandria . But it is also believed that the Greek philosopher Plato had made his version of alarm clock way before Ctesibius did . Plato was very displeased with his students for being late to his classes due to over sleeping , so he came up with a solution – yes , an alarm clock . Though , alarm clocks have definitely evolved and now its in our smart phones ,but this genius invention roots back to the Greeks .

ODOMETER – Odometer is an instrument that measures the distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle. It is believed that Archimedes was the inventor of the odometer , while some people also believe that Heron of Alexandria invented it . The odometer helped The Greeks and Roman revolutionise the building of roads accurately .

GEOMETRY – There were many Greek mathematicians and geometers that contributed to the development of Geometry .Thales of Miletus is regarded as the father of geometry , proposed a number of rules that were based on true reasoning .

OLYMPICS – The first modern olympics that was held in 1896 , was actually inspired by ancient olympic held in Greece . The first olympic games was held in approximately in 776 BC in Olympia. This was held every four years in Olympia during a religious fest to honour Zeus .

take a pinch of turmeric & aloe vera gel apply on your face

tuse weekly twice to get rid out off this acne problems

1. Wash your face with normal water

2.Take 1 spoon of gram flour, 1 spoon of nalugu mavu , add a pinch of turmeric

3 .mix it well .. apply it on your face , neck , hand ..after 15 mins wash it with chill water

The industrial complex is a socioeconomic concept wherein businesses become entwined in social or political systems or institutions, creating or bolstering a profit economy from these systems. … The industrial complex may profit financially from maintaining socially detrimental or inefficient systems.

Accounting Period, Cost Concept, Duality Aspect concept, Realisation Concept, Accrual Concept and Matching Concept.

Inventory refers to all the items, goods, merchandise, and materials held by a business for selling in the market to earn a profit. Example: If a newspaper vendor uses a vehicle to deliver newspapers to the customers, only the newspaper will be considered inventory. The vehicle will be treated as an asset

Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values.

Cultural values are the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists. This is made up of several parts: customs, which are traditions and rituals; values, which are beliefs; and culture, which is all of a group’s guiding values

Business ethics is the study of appropriate business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial subjects including corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility, and fiduciary responsibilities

Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions. They help us to determine what is important to us.

A scalar matrix is a special kind of diagonal matrix. It is a diagonal matrix with equal-valued elements along the diagonal

Organizational climate is a concept that has academic meaning in the fields of Organizational Behavior and I/O Psychology as well as practical meaning in the business world There is continued scholarly debate about the exact definition of organizational climate for the purposes of scientific study.

Organizational change refers to the actions in which a company or business alters a major component of its organization, such as its culture, the underlying technologies or infrastructure it uses to operate, or its internal processes

Organization development is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify an organization’s performance and/or culture. The organizational changes are typically initiated by the group’s stakeholders

Think before you speak.

In the heat of the moment, it’s easy to say something you’ll later regret. Take a few moments to collect your thoughts before saying anything — and allow others involved in the situation to do the same.

Be calm.

Once you’re calm, express your anger As soon as you’re thinking clearly, express your frustration in an assertive but non confrontational way. State your concerns and needs clearly and directly, without hurting others.

Exercise physically.

Get some exercises physical activity can help reduce stress that can cause you to become angry. If you feel your anger escalating, go for a brisk walk or run, or spend some time doing other enjoyable physical activities.

Time.

Take a timeout Timeouts aren’t just for kids. Give yourself short breaks during times of the day that tend to be stressful. A few moments of quiet time might help you feel better prepared to handle what’s ahead without getting irritated or angry.

Solution.

Identify possible solutions Instead of focusing on what made you mad, work on resolving the issue at hand. Does your child’s messy room drive you crazy? Close the door. Is your partner late for dinner every night? Schedule meals later in the evening or agree to eat on your own a few times a week. Remind yourself that anger won’t fix anything and might only make it worse Stick with ‘I’ statements To avoid criticizing or placing blame which might only increase tension use “I” statements to describe the problem. Be respectful and specific. For example, say, “I’m upset that you left the table without offering to help with the dishes” instead of “You never do any housework.

Control.

Don’t hold a grudge Forgiveness is a powerful tool. If you allow anger and other negative feelings to crowd out positive feelings, you might find yourself swallowed up by your own bitterness or sense of injustice. But if you can forgive someone who angered you, you might both learn from the situation and strengthen your relationship.

Humor.

Use humor to release tension Lightening up can help diffuse tension. Use humor to help you face what’s making you angry and, possibly, any unrealistic expectations you have for how things should go. Avoid sarcasm, though it can hurt feelings and make things worse.

Relax.

Practice relaxation skills When your temper flares, put relaxation skills to work. Practice deep-breathing exercises, imagine a relaxing scene, or repeat a calming word or phrase, such as “Take it easy.” You might also listen to music, write in a journal or do a few yoga poses whatever it takes to encourage relaxation.

Seek help.

Know when to seek help Learning to control anger is a challenge for everyone at times. Seek help for anger issues if your anger seems out of control, causes you to do things you regret or hurts those around you

Global warming is a dangerous effect on our environment that we are facing these days. Rapid industrialization, increase in the population growth and pollution are causing a rise in global warming. Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s surface during the last century. One of the reasons why global warming is dangerous is because it disturbs the overall ecology of the planet. This results in floods, famine, cyclones and other issues. There are many causes and results of this warming and is a danger for the existence of life on earth.

The sign of global warming is already visible with many natural phenomena happening around globally, affecting each living species.

The most evident causes of global warming are industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, sophisticated human activities. These human activities have led to an increase in the emission of the greenhouse, including CO₂, nitrous oxide, methane, and others.

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is certainly an alarming situation, which is causing a significant impact on life existence. Extreme global warming is resulting in natural calamities, which is quite evident happening around. One of the reasons behind global warming is the extreme release of greenhouse gases stuck on the earth surface, resulting in the temperature increase.

Similarly, volcanoes are also leading global warming because they spew too much CO₂ in the air. One of the significant causes behind global warming is the increase in the population. This increase in the population also results in air pollution. Automobiles release a lot of CO₂, which remains stuck in the earth.

This increase in the population is also leading to deforestation, which further results in global warming. More and more trees are being cut, increasing the concentration of CO₂.

The greenhouse is the natural process where the sunlight passes through the area, thus warming the earth’s surface. The earth surface releases energy in the form of heat in the atmosphere maintaining the balance with the incoming energy. Global warming depletes the ozone layer leading to the doom’s day.

There is a clear indication that the increase in global warming will lead to the complete extinction of life from the earth surface.

SOLUTION FOR GLOBAL WARMING

Although we are almost late in slowing down the global warming rate, it is crucial to find the right solution. From individuals to governments, everyone has to work upon a solution for global warming. Controlling pollution, population and use of natural resources are some of the factors to consider. Switching over to the electric and hybrid car is the best way to bring down the carbon dioxide.

As a citizen, it is best to switch over to the hybrid car and to use public transport. This will reduce pollution and congestion. Another significant contribution you can do is minimise the use of plastic. Plastic is the primary cause of global warming taking years to recycle.

Deforestation is another thing to consider that will help in controlling global warming. Planting of more trees should be encouraged to make the environment go green.

Industrialization should be under certain norms. The building of industries should be banned in green zones affecting plants and species. Hefty penalties should be levied on such sectors contributing towards global warming.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

The effect of global warming is widely seen in this decade. Glacier retreat and arctic shrinkage are the two common phenomena seen. Glaciers are melting in a fast way. These are pure examples of climate change.

Rise in sea level is another significant effect of global warming. This sea-level rise is leading to floods in low-lying areas. Extreme weather conditions are witnessed in many countries. Unseasonal rainfall, extreme heat and cold, wildfires and others are common every year. The number of these cases is increasing. This will indeed imbalance the ecosystem bringing the result of the extinction of species.

Similarly, marine life is also widely getting affected due to the increase in global warming. This is resulting in the death of marine species and other issues. Moreover, the changes are expected in coral reefs, which are going to face the end in coming years.

These effects will take a steep rise in coming years, bringing the expansion of species to a halt. Moreover, humans too will witness the negative impact of global warming in the end.

Statutory bodies

Statutory bodies are established by acts of Parliament or State Legislatures concerned.Statutory bodies are non-constitutional bodies which make rules and regulations and take the decision on behalf of the government.As these bodies are established by the act, it derives its powers, functions, duties from the respective act.Statutory bodies are established to perform specific tasks. These are sector specific and lessen the burden on the government.Government may grant certain level of independence in its functioning, appointment of members. Though government may grant the independence and autonomy to these bodies, government needs to ensure financial prudence in its functioning.These bodies are subject to varying degrees of ministerial control which are identified in the statutory body’s enabling legislation. Ministers are accountable to Parliament for the operation of all government agencies within their ministry and are necessary to table their annual reports in Parliament.The meaning of a ‘statutory body’ may change depending upon the legislation. For example, a local council is not a statutory body for the purposes of the Financial Accountability Act, but it is for the purposes of the Statutory Bodies Financial Arrangements Act.All statutory bodies are established and operate under the provisions of their own enabling legislation, which sets out the purpose and specific powers of the agency.

Examples: National Human Rights Commission, National Green tribunal, Medical Council of India, University Grants Commission etc.

List of important statutory bodies

National Commission for Minorities

National Commission for Backward Classes

National Green Tribunal

National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

National Law Commission

National Human Rights Commission

National Commission for Women

Armed Forces Tribunal

Regulatory bodies

The notion of the regulatory agency was initiated in the USA and it has been basically an American establishment. The first agency was Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), established by Congress in 1887 to control the railroads.A regulatory body also called a regulatory agency is a public authority or a government agency which is accountable for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity.Regulatory agencies are generally a part of the executive branch of the government or they have statutory authority to execute their functions with oversight from the legislative branch.Their activities are generally scrutinized by the legislature. Regulatory authorities are usually established to implement standards and safety, or to oversee use of public goods and regulate business.Regulatory body, independent governmental body established by legislative act in order to set standards in a specific field of activity, or operations, in the private sector of the economy and then to enforce those standards.Regulatory agencies function outside direct executive supervision. Because the regulations that they adopt have the force of law, part of these agencies’ function is essentially legislative; but because they may also conduct hearings and pass judgments concerning adherence to their regulations, they also exercise a judicial function – often carried out before a quasi-judicial official called an administrative law judge, who is not part of the court system.Regulatory agencies became popular means of promoting fair trade and consumer protectionas problems of commerce and trade became more complex Several risks are involved in the absence of a regulatory system. The main risks of not regulating are:Excessive tariff. In adequate service level and quality Non-compliance of contractual obligations to users, government or other parties Low efficiency in production and in the provision of goods and services. In adequate level of investment in the sector Frequent discontent between the parties involved .

List of important regulatory bodies

Advertising Standards Council of India

Directorate General of Civil Aviation

Forward Markets Commission

Inland Waterways Authority of India

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority

Competition Commission of India

Biodiversity authority of India

press council of India

Reserve Bank of India

Securities and Exchange Board of India

Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

Medical Council of India

Pension fund regulatory and development authority

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

Quasi-military bodies

A Quasi-Judicial Body is an entity such as an arbitrator or a tribunal, generally of a Public Administrative Agency, which has powers and procedures resembling that of a Court of Law or Judge, and which is obliged to objectively determine facts and draw conclusions from them so as to provide the basis of an official action.A Quasi-Judicial Body has also been defined as “an organ of Government other than a Court or Legislature, which affects the rights of private parties either through adjudication or rulemaking”.It is not necessary that a Quasi-Judicial Body has to be a Court of Law, such as National Green Tribunal.For example, the Election Commission of India is also a Quasi-Judicial Body but does not have its core functions as a Court of Law. Finance Commission is also a quasi-judicial body but do not perform functions of court of law.Awards and judgements of quasi-judicial bodies often depend on a predetermined set of rules or punishment depending on the nature and gravity of the offence committed. Such punishment may be legally enforceable under the law of a country, it can be challenged in a court of law which is the final vital authority.

List of important Quasi judicial bodies

National Human Rights Commission

State Information Commission

State Human Rights Commission

Central Information Commission

Competition Commission of India

Appellate Tribunal for Electricity

State Electricity Regulatory Commission

National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum

Banking Ombudsman

Insurance OmbudsmanIncome tax Ombudsman

Electricity Ombudsman

Railway Claims Tribunal

Income Tax Appellate Tribunal

Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunal

A good neighbor – a found treasure.

Chinese Proverb

India has faced many ups and downs with the relationship with its neighboring countries. Sometimes, those neighboring countries turn out to be a treasure and sometimes, few relations are quite rocky.

China –  From ancient to contemporary times, India and China have always had some history together. In the past, the silk road i.e., the route which went from China to Turkey while passing through Kashmir, served as a trade route. During the British India era, the first cut of own grown tea was sent from India to China. However, the peaceful times between India and China were short lived. Since 1962, the Sino-Indian relation consisted mainly of border disputes. The first war fought between the two countries was in 1962 followed by the Chola Incident in 1967 and finally the military standoff between both in Sumdorong Chu Valley in Tawang. Since then, numerous border disputes have cropped up, but since 2017 till date, India and China are clashing over and at Doklam. The ties between both the countries are strained due to the increasing affection of China towards Pakistan, dispute over eastern Ladak and China’s alleged claim over South China Sea.  Despite the border disputes and the never-ending tension between the two countries, they still conduct joint military exercise called Exercise Hand in Hand. There were total of 8 editions of Exercise Hand in Hand wherein the last edition was held in 2019 in India. The Joint Economic Group and Business Council helped in institutionalizing the economic relations between India and China. However, at a certain point of time, both the countries had cut off themselves with the other country. Following the severance of ties with India, China developed its cost-effective manufacturing skills and simultaneously, India developed its own cost-effective designing skills. One might even say that the strain on their ties might affect India, as China is one of the major exporters for resources for the country.

Pakistan – These two countries share a relationship so old as at once both of them were a part of British India. In the history, the post-independence migration was one of the largest human migrations ever seen. The relation between India and Pakistan have been complex and sour since post-independence.  Post- independence, India and Pakistan did form diplomatic relations and over the time, even started trade routes however, whatsoever relation both the country shared, it was overshadowed by the territorial claims, wars, cross border conflict between the armed forces and the multiple terrorist attacks. India fought wars with Pakistan, yet the issue of Kashmir was never solved. Despite of numerous talks, few agreements and conventions, Kashmir has always be the epicentre of various conflicts. From 2004 to 2008, four rounds between India and Pakistan were held in the Composite Dialogue but that was also halted with the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attack. India has lost many lives due to these terrorist attacks. At a point of time India and Pakistan had bilateral trade and commerce but after the 2019 Pulwama Attack, India increased the custom duties on exports from Pakistan which lead to Pakistan halting the trade with India. The relationship has worsened over the years with the involvement of China in constructing various projects under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

Nepal – Nepal and India share a very special relation as said during the Indo-Nepal Treaty of peace and friendship in 1950. Both the countries via the treaty stated that if in future due to any friction or misunderstanding with any of the neighbouring states, then they should be informed in order to prevent causing any breach in the relations between both of the said governments. The border shared by India and Nepal are open for both the respective citizens and are allowed to freely enter each other’s territory without the need of obtaining any passport or visa. Nepalese are allowed to work in certain government institutions such as the Indian army, but Indian citizens are not allowed to own land nor work in any government institutions in Nepal. The leaders of both the countries have frequently visited the land of the other which lead to the promotion of goodwill, trust and understanding of India and Nepal.  However, the friendly relation between the  two has seen some disharmony post 2015. There has some ethnic groups who are not fond of India as they think that India interferes with the political sovereignty of Nepal. India is wary of Nepal due to its new found diplomatic relations with China.

Bhutan – Bhutan also known as the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan shares a very special relationship with India. Bhutan is a protected state and India helps them out in times of need. India has a significant influence over the foreign policy and the defence of Bhutan. India also helps Bhutan by providing them foreign aid. India is Bhutan was one of the few who whole heartedly recognised India’s Independence, which lead to both countries sharing close relations. Both of the countries provide each other with lots of positive resources and establishment. Bhutan sharing border with four states in India along with the Himalayas, acts as a barrier between India and China. Bhutanese market is a flourishing market for Indian commodities and vice versa. Bhutan not only acts as a buffer from China but also is a source of hydropower for India.. India is one of the leading development partner for Bhutan and provided financial aid to them. The Indian Bhutan Trade Transit Agreement 1972 allows duty free transit of Bhutanese products which are to be exported to third party countries. India helps Bhutan by exporting machinery, mechanical appliances, mineral products and electrical equipment’s amongst the others,

Sri Lanka – India and Sri Lanka having been sharing their relationship from more than 2000 years. They have intellectual, cultural, linguistic and religious relations between them. Both the countries recently have grown closer in terms of their relationship as their trade and investment together has grown. India and Sri Lanka share a high-level political relationship due to regular visits. Sri Lanka is a huge trading partner amongst the SAARC counties while India is a huge partner on global standing. Regularly there are cultural exchange programmes between India and Sri Lanka due to the Cultural Cooperation agreement signed between the two.  India and Sri Lanka on the defence footing share a healthy relationship as they conduct joint naval and military exercises. However, the relationship can be affected due to the China becoming close to Sri Lanka as the latter handed over an important port to the former.

Bangladesh –  Recently India and Bhutan celebrated 50 years of their diplomatic relations in 2021. India shares the longest international border with Bangladesh. The relationship with Bangladesh has been a fruitful relationship for both the countries. With the pandemic going on, due to the healthy relationship between India and Bangladesh, India assured to make vaccines available to the latter. Bangladesh released a stamp in Honor of Mahatma Gandhi, showing their respect towards India and India did the same to commemorate Mujib Borsho stamps. India has agreed to give access to duty free exports of Bangladeshi products under the SAFTA. India and Bangladesh support the climate change convention, migrants’ rights protection and sustainable development.

Myanmar – The relationship shared between India and Myanmar is a relationship which has stood the test of time. India not only shares land border with Myanmar but also shares maritime border along Bay of Bengal. Both the countries share a cordial relationship which was put on paper via the Treaty of Friendship in 1951. Time and again the bilateral relationship has been strengthened via number of agreements. India helps Myanmar through infrastructural and non-infrastructural upgradation in the country such as renovating the 160 km long road, upgradation of hospitals, development of railway transportation system and many more. In return, Myanmar acts as a bridge between ASEAN and India. Both the countries share a healthy friendship which was seen during Cyclone Nargis, when India provided aid to the Burmese population.

References –

1. https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/notes/india-and-its-neighbourhood-relations.html
2. https://mea.gov.in/conflit-cooperation.htm
3. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/india-myanmar-relations/
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#2010s
5. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/india-nepal-relations
6. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/indo-bhutan-relations
7. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/india-sri-lanka-relations
8. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/india-bangladesh-relations/
9. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/india-pakistan-relations/