SPOILAGE OF VEGETABLES

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

INTRODUCTION

Vegetables are an important element of the diet since they include a variety of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, roughage, and so on. Microbial deterioration causes around 20% of vegetables produced for human use to be wasted.

Spoilage is defined as any alteration in food that renders it unfit for human consumption.

REASONS FOR SPOILAGE

Vegetables, because of their high nutritional content, can promote the growth of moulds, yeasts, and bacteria, and thus can be ruined by any or all of these microorganisms. The presence of more water in vegetables encourages the growth of spoilage bacteria, and the low carbohydrate and fat content implies that much of this water is in useful form. Furthermore, vegetables’ tissues have a higher pH than fruits, making them more sensitive to bacterial invitation.

Vegetables’ relatively have strong oxidation-reduction potential and lack of significant poising capacity which indicates that aerobic and facultative anaerobic types are more essential than anaerobes.

In terms of frozen vegetable products, the total numbers of bacteria on frozen vegetables tend to be lower than on non- frozen products. This occurs primarily due to:

Blanching of products prior to freezing them.
Selection of higher quality products for freezing.
Some bacteria dying in the frozen state.

HOW DO MICROBES INVADE VEGETABLES?

Vegetables being a part of fresh produce contain high moisture which makes them highly perishable and hence more prone to spoilage.

Microbes gain entry into vegetables from various sources. These include:

Soil
Water
Diseased plant
Harvesting and processing equipments
Handlers
Packaging and packing material
Contact with spoiled vegetables
Freshly picked vegetables contain a natural surface flora, which includes pectinolytic bacteria in low quantities. The plant’s intact healthy tissue may also include a small number of live bacteria. The interplay between physiological changes in the tissues after harvest and changes in microbial activity will determine the start and pace of deterioration. The act of harvesting causes physiological stress, mostly due to water loss and wilting, and damaged surfaces may release nutrients for microbial development. This stress may also allow the endophytic flora to flourish, which would otherwise be dormant.
The softening of tissue caused by bacteria’ pectinolytic activity is the most common type of deterioration. Pectin, a key component of the intermediate lamella between the cells, is involved in the microorganisms’ breakdown process.

BACTERIAL AGENTS

Pectinolytic species of the Gram-negative genera-
Pectinobacterium
Pseudomonas
Xanthomonas

These microbes are considered important in the spoilage of potatoes, under some circumstances.

Non- sporing Gram-positive organism Corynebacterium sepedonicum causes a ring rot of potatoes.

The bacteria most commonly associated with the soft rotting of carrots are Pectobaterium spp. Such as:

P.carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
P.carotovorum subsp. odoriferum

FUNGAL AGENTS

Spoilage conditions in vegetables are usually initiated pre-harvest and sometimes post-harvest.

Botrytis cinerea causes grey mould rot in a variety of vegetables such as:

Asparagus
Lettuce
Onions
Cabbage
Garlic
Celery

In this disease, the casual fungus grows on decayed areas in the form of prominent grey mould. Rhizopus soft rot, caused by the fungi Rhizopus stolonifer is responsible for turning vegetables soft and mushy. Among those affected are beans, carrots, sweet potatoes and tomatoes.

Blue mould rot is a post-harvest disease of apples and pears, caused by Penicillum enpansum.

CONSEQUENCES OF SPOILAGE

Vegetables are not usually a cause of public health concern but transmission of enteric pathogens such as:

Salmonella
Shigella
VTEC

Direct contamination from farmworkers and animal excrement, the use of manure or sewage sludge as fertiliser, or the use of polluted irrigation water are all possibilities.

Celery, watercress, lettuce, cabbage and beansprouts have all been associated with Salmonella infections, including typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Moreover, an outbreak of Shigellosis gas has been traced to commercial shredded lettuce.
Not all pathogens are necessarily transmitted to vegetables by direct or indirect fecal contamination. Organisms such as Clostridium botulinum have a natural reservoir in the soil and any products contaminated with soil can be assumed to be contaminated with soil can be assumed to be contaminated with spores possibly in very low numbers.
Psychrotrophic species Listeria monocytogenes caused an outbreak of listeriosis in USA (1979) and can easily grow on shredded cabbage and salad vegetables at temperatures as low as 5⁰C and modified- atmospheres have no effect on this organism.

Value of games and sports

Today’s topic is the value of games and sports in current world. You all have heard the popular saying all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. There are different kinds of games like indoor and outdoor games. Games and sports are very important in regular life. They give a kind of exercise to the body.

Games and sports are very useful for students. A person becomes active through games and sports. Interest and care is developed through games and sports. Students generally live and work in a same room and do mental labour. Physical activities are very necessary for the proper growth of the body. They make us active and healthy.

In this age of smart phones and gadgets, everybody is busy playing games on them but this is not good for physical and mental health. People work hard during the day time. They get tired and feel dullness. Games and sports give them relief and pleasures after work. Playing games on devices is much better than playing games in the ground.

Games and sports make us discipline. Players have to follow certain rules in all games and sports. The referee’s decision is final on the playground. Rules make the game more interesting and competitive. It has a healthy impact on the team. Team work is important and is the duty of each player to support and cooperate with each other.

In a game, the whole team plays likes a single man. The success of players is the success of the whole team. They forget their personal gain. So, Games and sports make the players good citizens. It is important to participate in the games. And you can understand the importance of games and sports in world level games like championships, Olympics and many more.

Hope you will like reading it… Thank you!!

How valuable you are?

Good evening people how are you all; I hope all are doing great. 🙂 So without wasting your precious time let me start my today’s content. Today’s content is all about to make you all understand about how valuable you are. So let’s begin it with a small story.

A man once called his son and told him that he would give him something extraordinary, something extremely valuable, from within a safety vault he pulled out a red velvet box and gently opened it. Inside the box was an old watch. As he handed the watch over to his son, the man said, “This watch is very special” it has come down to us over 3 generations and is at least over 200years old. “You can use it; you can keep it as a memoir or just sell it, and get money to buy whatever you like.” A little disappointed, the young son looked at his father and said, “Dad, this watch is so outdated. I don’t think I can wear it. And it is so old, I am not even sure if it could be sold.” The man took his son to a watchmaker’s shop nearby to show him how valuable that watch was. The watchmaker examined the watch carefully and said, “Since the watch is so old, all I can give is for this is $5.” The young man turned to his father with an expression on his face which was like, I told you right? The father than took a son to pawn shop where they offer you a loan for personal items kept as collateral. The owner of the pawn shop looked at the watch for a while and turned to the man and said “you expect money for this piece of scrap? All we would do with this is we would throw it to the rubbish bin. Sorry, we cannot offer anything for this. ”Relentless, the man now took his son to a museum they went to see the chief of the museum who was an expert in finding the worth of the old things, when the chief saw the watch, he exclaimed, “Incredible, so well crafted! Such precision in its design! Look at the quality of the materials; a watch like this is priceless. But we can offer you a million dollars for it. “Thank you for choosing to come to us with this watch,” The young man stood there gob smacked with eyes wide open, not even blinking at his father, the proud owner of the watch, very happily accepted the deal. And sold the antique piece for a million dollars. As they both walk back home the father said: “Always know this one thing son. Like the watch, “YOU WILL ONLY BE VALUED IF YOU ARE IN THE RIGHT PLACE” Watch makers repair watches, their eyes can see tiny screws in watch parts, but a wrong place for an antique piece like this, Pawn shops use them as collaterals, they can only see everything based on their current market value, Wrong place for an antique piece like this. But at a museum which displays ancient valuable, antiques, and experts can see beyond watch parts, beyond the current market rates of the watches. They can see the actual value of the object, absolutely the right place for an antique piece like this. So sons “if you find yourself not being valued, don’t get angry or frustrated! Know that you are probably in the wrong place” being judged by the people who see tiny parts of you, tiny parts of your life, not the whole you or being judged by people who see you for how much is your net worth, how much is your current market value. They see you for what you have not for who you are, “seek for those who can see your real value beyond all the externals” who have the expert vision to see the true you beyond all your short comings and all your faults. Those who can see your true value, your true potential, they will inspire you to do well. To live well, to love, to grow and to rise in life. Friends isn’t it true that “every individual has a special sense of worth” All we need is someone who can see that worth in us. And make us see that worth in our self as well. There is a beautiful Sanskrit verse which says,
“amantram aksharam naasti”: There is no akshar or letter that cannot be turned into a mantra.
“naasti mulam anaushadham”: There’s no plant \root\herb that is not medicinal.
“ayogyam purusho naasti” There’s no person who is unworthy.

You know friends what’s lacking?

“yojakas tatra durlabha”: What’s lacking is an expert who can see the values, the worth in us and encourage us on our path!

So my lovely readers the moral of the story is know your worth, love yourself, endure yourself, and make yourself a better person everyday.

And here the story ends I hope, you all would have got a new thought and lesson from my today’s content

#inspiredbygaurgopaldas #spread positivity #keep smiling #stay safe.:)

Unicorn Startups – A goal or a mere status

Every founder while founding a startup has a dream in his mind that one day they think will be achieved. Most founders see this happen when their startups achieve the acclaimed unicorn status. What is a unicorn status you ask , well any startup whose valuation crosses the $1 billion mark is given unicorn status. But is just being a unicorn sufficient for a company to survive? Let’s find out.

By unicorn one is simply referring to the valuation of the company and nothing else – not the revenue , not the profits just the valuation. There are several instances where an extremely high loss making company can be a unicorn and profit making company is not but that’s just how it works. Now, don’t forget that these valuations don’t mean that your company is failure proof; a unicorn has just as high chance of failure than a non-unicorn company. Hence the question – is it a mere status?

Well we can’t just differentiate it as black and white, we have to look between the colors here. Let us start with an example – a case of a well funded startup which became a unicorn quickly and a bootstrapped startup.

Quibi a streaming startup founded in August 2018 by renowned Hollywood producers Jeffery Katzenberg and Meg Whitman as a platform to launch short-form content for mobile services. One of the fastest startups to become a unicorn, Quibi quickly generated a funding of $1.75 Billion and launched its streaming service by April 2020. Do you know what is the situation of Quibi right now – DEFUNCT. Yes, one of the fastest startups to become unicorn is now defunct and was shutdown within six months of its launch.

Now let’s talk about another startup, this time an Indian bootstrapped startup { bootstrapped – run by founders own money without any external funding} called Zerodha. Zerodha a stock broking company which was launched in 2010 by the then unknowns Nikhil and Nithin Kamath provided stock-broking services online anywhere in India. Situation of Zerodha you ask right now – It is one the most successful Indian startups and the most used stock-broker in India as of now with more than 5+ million users as of 2020. Although launched in 2010 Zerodha only became a unicorn in June 2020 with a self-assessed valuation of over $1 Billion.

The lesson from the above story – being a unicorn doesn’t guarantee success. If you have the right product and the right mindset you can bootstrap your way to success and if you don’t have the right idea you can receive all the funding in the world but still won’t be able to make it.

Another Me

Have you ever thought like me that what if there is another me out there somewhere who might be designing the dress like a designer that I always wanted to choose in this timeline?

We always think of many outcomes when we are going to make a choice or select any path but what if the choices we are not choosing are still being lived through by many of me or you’s out there in the multiverse?

The idea of this phenomenon’s mere possibility has left us humans amazed every time we think of it, isn’t it?

Many researchers and scientists have buckled up their sacks to go to the point of its truth but even though merrier the number we are still lacking in the reality of its virtue.

Are we living in our universe bubble, which could be just a part of many more bubbles out there?

Universe, if we are talking just about 1 universe and even in that to it will contain hundreds or thousands of billions, millions galaxy, can you imagine the element space we are referring to here?

If not then come along with us and explore this unimaginably big of our universe we call home.

The Real from Reel

The idea of the multiverse and the idea of living the life of our infinite number of possibilities have always inspired people to merge all in the fantasy to let our hero be the one and all for us girls to swoon over right.

Aside from the reel, our scientists have always supported this fact that might be not close but far away somewhere where we are not able to reach yet can be the same world like ours sustaining the life and being the odd one out in that universe.

From the highlights of the Big Bang Theory and String Theory, we have found that the universe was never constant as you can’t tell about its actual size from one static point as it is always expanding.

The universe where we are resing today is the result of the explosion of matter in every direction where when the expansion stopped then the flood of matter and waves of radiation started the formation of our present-looking universe.

The process of inflammation suggests that when the expansion stopped in the verse of this universe another started as we don’t know the end of the limits of the Big Bang explosion.

The very same starting of another verse could be our clue that there might be another universe and us out in the multiverse.

Inflammation and Mirror World

Think of the inflammation as the ball which is rolling from the top of the hill but as the ball keeps on expanding and running down the hill, the energy it has stored to even let the event occur on the top of the hill then as it precedes to come down then we can say at one point if it reaches the flat surface then it would have stopped the expansion and it will be static and we can say there will be yet another ball rolling down the hill to show the process of inflammation for another Mirror universe.

COTTON

Cotton is a staple textile of the fashion industry. Every closet probably houses a large percentage of cotton items, be it plain cotton, dyed cotton, or cotton mix. Cotton is a natural fiber derived from cotton plants whose use dates back to the fifth millennium B.C.

What Is Cotton?

Cotton is a staple fiber, which means it is composed of different, varying lengths of fibers. Cotton is made from the natural fibers of cotton plants, which are from the genus Gossypium.

Cotton is primarily composed of cellulose, an insoluble organic compound crucial to plant structure, and is a soft and fluffy material. The cotton plant needs lots of sun, a long period without frost, and a good amount of rain.

The term “cotton” refers to the part of the cotton plant that grows in the boll—the encasing for the fluffy cotton fibers. Cotton is spun into yarn that is then woven to create a soft, durable fabric.

Where Did Cotton Originate?

The word cotton comes from the Arabic word “quton.” The earliest production of cotton was in India, where the material dates back to the fifth millennium B.C.

The first cotton gin, which is a tool that separates the cotton fluff from the plant seeds, was invented in India in the thirteenth century. The cotton gin made the production of cotton much easier and faster, helping the fiber spread as a widely-used textile.

During the Industrial Revolution, with the invention of new technologies like the spinning jenny, spinning frame, and spinning mule, Britain became one of the leading cotton producers. All of these spinning machines allowed manufacturers to spin cotton at increased rates.

However, it was the American Eli Whitney’s invention of the mechanical cotton gin which led to increased production of the material in the United States and Europe. This new tool, which separated the seeds from the cotton quickly and efficiently using machine power, cut down the hours of manual labor needed to produce a bale of cotton from 600 hours to just 12. Around the same time, America, particularly the Southern states, began producing more high-quality cotton, as the fibers were slightly longer and stronger.

With a few occasional falls in production, such as during the Civil War, the United States is still one of the leading producers of cotton in the world, falling just behind China and India.

Where Does Cotton Grow?

Cotton grows in nearly all tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the U.S., China, India, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey.

In the United States, Texas is the largest cotton producer, and the South Plains region in the northern part of the state is the largest contiguous cotton-growing area in the world.

How Is Cotton Processed?

Cotton production is a very involved process, from planting cotton seeds to picking the cotton crop to the processing it in a cotton gin.

While cotton was picked and separated by hand in the early days, today, most cotton production starts with a cotton picker (which picks the entire plant) or a cotton stripper, with strips the boll off the plant.
After the cotton is picked, it baled and stored in the fields before it is sent to the gins.
At the gins, the cotton bales are cleaned and fluffed to separate the material from dirt, seeds, and lint.
After the cotton has gone through the gins and is completely separated from the seeds, the raw cotton is compressed and stored, ready to ship off to textile mills for further production.
The cleaned and fluffed cotton is put through a carding machine, which further cleans the material and forms the short fibers into a long untwisted rope that is then ready for spinning and weaving.

Different Types of Cotton

There are four different types of cotton, each with its own characteristics.

Pima cotton. Considered the finest type of cotton in the world, pima cotton’s fibers are extra soft and extra long. The cotton is native to South America and the American Southwest. Pima cotton fabric is very highly-sought after, as it is resistant to fading, tearing, and wrinkling.
Egyptian cotton. Egyption cotton is very similar to pima cotton. The two are even in the same scientific class: gossypium barbadense. It has the same resistant qualities, but it is grown in the Nile River Valley in Egypt.
Upland cotton. Upland cotton has very short fibers and makes up about 90% of the world’s total cotton production. The crop is native to and grown in Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and southern Florida.
Organic cotton. Organic cotton is any type of cotton that is grown without chemicals and from plants that are not genetically engineered.

What Are the Characteristics of Cotton?

Cotton has a number of distinguishing characteristics that make it such a popular fiber in the textile industry.

Softness. The cotton plant is soft and fluffy and results in a fabric often retains that soft feel.
Durability. The cotton plant’s cellular structure is strong, creating a tough and wear-and-tear resistant fabric.
Absorbency. Cotton fabric is very absorbent fabric because there is a lot of space between the cotton fibers.
Holds dye well. Due to its absorbent nature, cotton takes dye very easily and can be made into a wide variety of colors.
Breathability. The fiber structure of cotton makes it more breathable than synthetic fibers.
No static cling. Cotton does not conduct electricity, therefore static is not an issue with cotton.

6 Common Uses for Cotton

Cotton has many uses, across a number of different industries.

Woven fabrics. Cotton is used to make a variety of woven fabrics, including canvas, denim, damask, flannel, and more.
Clothing. Cotton is a fixture of the textile industry as a result of its mass production, soft feel, durability, and absorbency. Cotton is frequently used for T-shirts, blue jeans, dresses, sweats, and so much more.
Bed sheets and towels. Since cotton is extremely soft and absorbent, it is an ideal fabric for bedroom linens and towels needed to sop up moisture.
Underwear. For the same reasons, cotton makes comfortable and durable undergarments.
Home decor. Cotton is also used throughout the home for upholstery, curtains, rugs, pillows.
Cottonseed oil. Cottonseed is a byproduct of the cotton production process, and the seeds are used to manufacture cottonseed oil, which is used for salad dressing and margarine. It can also be used in makeup, soap, candles and more.

TEXTING SHORT FORMS.

Hi all,
Today I am going to share an interesting and useful information. Yes, today I am going to share some short forms that being used while texting.

1.RN – Right now.
2.LMK – Let me know.
3.NVM – Never mind.
4.IMO – In my opinion.
5.TBF – To be frank.
6.TBH – To be honest.
7.IDK – I don’t know.
8.TTYL – Talk to you later.
9.?4U – I have a question for you.
10.<3 – sideways heart.
11.2N8 – Tonight.
12.2M2H – Too much to handle.
13.^5 – High-five.
14.AFAP – As far as possible.
15.ASAP – As soon as possible.
16.B4 – Before
17.BTW – By the way.
18.CYA – See ya.
19.JK – Just kidding.
20.OTOH – On the other hand.
21.OMW – On my way.
22.FYI – For you information.
23.POMS – parent over my shoulder.
24.PAW – parents are watching.
25.PBB – parent behind back.
26.WYWH – Wish you were here.
27.POV – Point of view.
28.SRSLY – Seriously.
29.WUZUP – What’s up.
30.W8 – Wait.
31.RUOK – Are you ok.
32.CYT – See you tomorrow.
33.TIA – Thanks in advance.
34.BRB – Be right back.
35.2MORO – Tomorrow.

Now, try to use these short forms and have fun.
Hope so it was useful.

Have a cool day

Keep smiling ❣️❣️❣️

The Social Issues in India – Barrier to the Development

Swami Vivekananda – When the Name is Enough

STOLEN PAINTINGS

There are a lot of painting by famous painters that were stolen and never found , till date . Here are a list of a few stolen paintings ,

HARLEQUIN HEAD – This abstract painting was made by the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso . The painting was stolen in the year 2012 from Kunsthal Museum in Rotterdam .

THE CONCERT – “The concert ” was painted by the famous Dutch Baroque painter Johannes Vermeer . It was stolen from Isabella Stewart Garner Museum located in Boston in 1990 .

POPPY FLOWERS – This magnificent painting was made by Vincent Van Gogh . It was stolen from the Cairo Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum situated in Cairo , not once but twice . The painting was retrieved back , only to be stolen again in August of 2010.

LANDSCAPE WITH COTTAGES – This painting was made by the Dutch painter , Rembrandt Van Rijn . It was stolen from the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 1972.

Eating Disorders

Eating disorder are severe mental illness, not lifestyle choices.
DEmi lovato

Introduction

Eating disorder is a product of mental turbulence that manifests itself in the eating habits of people, affecting them negatively. It is a serious condition that can have a lasting impact in various spheres of a person’s life. Eating disorders usually sprout from body insecurities and an untameable urge to lose weight quickly.

According to Mayo Clinic, Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviours. These behaviours can significantly impact your body’s ability to get appropriate nutrition. Eating disorders can harm the heart, digestive system, bones, and teeth and mouth, and lead to other diseases.

Although these disorders can take root at any age teenagers and adolescents might be more prone to such disorders.

Eating disorders can impact the body in a detrimental manner. Eating disorders, often obviously lead to lack of nutrition that becomes the underlying cause of a number of diseases, that eventually end up affecting all the functioning systems of the body.

Symptoms

Drastic weight change
Obsessive preoccupation with food
Excessive exercise
Binge eating or purging
Vomiting
Avoiding meals
Binge eating
Fear of fat
Tooth decay
Swollen glands, dry calluses on fingers
Dry, yellowish skin
Thinning bones
Feeling tired
Mild anaemia
Depression
Constipation
Irregular menstrual cycles
Low blood pressure
Growth of hair on body
Excessive mood swings
Using laxatives etc

Types of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are not just limited to less eating or not eating at all, several other type of disorders include binge eating as well. Listed below are three of the most common eating disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa:

One of the most commonly known disorder, anorexia is often characterised by low weight and a distorted body image. According to statistics;

Anorexia is the 3rd most common chronic illness among adolescents
95% of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25
50% of girls between the ages of 11 and 13 see themselves as overweight
80% of 13-year-olds have attempted to lose weight

Patients with this disorder, often underweight limit their food intake to a dangerous extent. It involves a characteristic fear of eating, unhealthy desire for weight loss and often includes excessive exercise.

People with this disorder are severely malnourished and often never satisfied with their weight loss aiming for a ‘perfect’ size zero.

Bulimia Nervosa:

This eating disorder is characterised by eating in large amounts (binge eating) and then purging or forcing vomit to rid of the excess calories and guilt of food. It is a potentially life threatening disorder.

To get rid of calories and prevent weight gain, people with bulimia may use different methods. For example, you may regularly self-induce vomiting or misuse laxatives, weight-loss supplements, diuretics or enemas after bingeing. Or you may use other ways to rid yourself of calories and prevent weight gain, such as fasting, strict dieting or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder:

Patients with this disorder eat unusually large amounts of food almost everyday compulsively. Patients may be embarrassed of their eating regimen and may decide to work on some change but the urge to eat overpowers all.

This binging is different from festive binging or one in a blue moon movie night binge eating.

People with this disorder may be obese or overweight.

Citation(s): https://www.mayoclinic.org/

DIVISIONS OF INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC

MUSIC IN INDIA

Music is one of the most popular art forms of India. The earliest tradition of music is traced to Sama Veda. The six chapters on music are exclusively dealt with in Bharata’s Natyashastra which is compiled between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD. The ragas were first discussed in Brihaddesi, written by Matanga compiled between the 8th and 9th century AD. 264 ragas were mentioned in the Sangeet Ratnakara written by Sarangadeva in the 13th century. Several musical instruments were introduced over some time. Music was patronized by many rulers such as Samudragupta, King Bhoja of Dhara, and King Someshavra of Kalyana, and Samudra Gupta, monarch of Gupta. Music has also been associated with the worship of gods and goddesses. Jayadeva of Orissa composed a raga named Gita Govinda which composed the love of Radha and Krishna. Abhinavabharati written by Abhinavagupta (993-1055) gives more insights into music. In Tamil, the Nyanmanrs and Alvars have composed several poems to the music. Kabir, Mirabai, Tulsidas, Vidyapati are those who are closely associated with music. Kitab-e-Navras was written by Adil Shah 2 in the 17th century in which he praised both the Hind gods and Muslim saints. Tansen and Baiju Bawa were two great musicians during the period of Akbar. Mirabai, Tulsidas, and Surdas sang various devotional songs of Hindustani music.

DIVISIONS OF INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC

Indian classic music was broadly classified on two traditions during the medieval period. They are Hindustani Classical Music in North India and Carnatic music in South India,

HINDUSTANI CLASSICAL MUSIC

Hindustani classical music is the classical music of Northern India. During this period, the musical performance was enriched with several instruments. Dhrupad, Dhamar, Thumri, Khayal, and Tappa were the different styles of Hindustani music. Tansen’s music had the effect of magic and with his ‘Megh Rag’, he even caused the rainfall. Even today, his melodious songs are sung in every part of India. Baiju Bawra, Surdas was the musicians patronized by Akbar. Bahar, , Darbari, Desh , Bhairavi, Sindhu Bhairavi, Bhim Palasi, Hamsadhwani, Jai Jayanti, Megha Malhar, Todi, Yaman, Pilu, were the most popular ragas.

India has a variety of musical instruments of different types. Sitar, sarod, santoor and sarangi. Pakhawaj, tabla, and Mridangam are the most famous stringed instruments. The chief wind instruments are shehnai, nadaswaram, and flute. Gharana, a particular style of music is mostly preferred in Hindustani classical music. The gharanas function in gurushishya parampara i.e, the guru will teach his musical knowledge and style to his disciples. Gwalior gharana, Kirana gharana, and Jaipur gharana were some famous gharanas.

CARNATIC MUSIC

The compositions in Carnatic music were mostly composed by three people namely Shyam Shastri, Thyagaraja, and Mutthuswami Dikshitar between AD 1700 AND 1850. Another important composer of Carnatic music was Purandardasa. Thyagaraja is a saint as well as an artist who plays an important role in the essence of classical music. The main composition of classical music is known as Kriti. They were devotional. Patnam Subrahmanya Ayyar (l854-1902), Ramnad Srinivasa Iyengar (1860-1919), and Maha Vaidyanath Ayyar (1844-1893) were the notable musicians of this period. Some of the instruments used to accompany Carnatic music were flute, veena, nadaswaram, mridangam, and ghatam. Although there are different features in Hindustani music and classical music, there are some similar features. For example, to Alap in Hindustani classical music is similar to the Carnatic alapana. Tarana in Hindustani resembles the Tilana in Carnatic music. Both pieces of music have Thalam.

MODERN INDIAN MUSIC

Western music has reached India through British rule. To meet the demand for Indian music, Indians have adopted some of their instruments such as violin and clarinet. Another important development in the music era was the Orchestration of music on stage. In the olden days, the performance of the orchestra was limited and can’t be heard by many people. But now, the orchestra has been recorded and posted to the public. Now, these orchestras were heard by people all over the world. Nowadays many musical institutions are established where we can learn music. . Baba Allauddin Khan, Pt. Ravi Shankar, Ustad Bismillah Khan, Ustad Alla Rakkha Khan, Ustad Zakir Hussain are some of the famous Musicians.

FOLK MUSIC

In today’s world, India has a rich legacy of folk music. Folk music represents the emotions of several groups of people. Many news songs are composed for celebrating the events. Some of the songs like Mand in Rajasthan and Bhatiali of Bengal were popular all over India. In Haryana, Ragini is a popular form of folk music. Folk songs have their way of conveying information. Muslims sing Sojkhwani (mournful songs) during Muharram. Christians sing some carols and choral music on festival occasions.

FOREST

A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function.The Food and Agriculture Organization defines a forest as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.Using this definition FRA 2020 found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares or approximately 31 percent of the global land area in 2020.

Forests are the predominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe. More than half of the world’s forests are found in only five countries (Brazil, Canada, China, Russian Federation and United States of America). The largest part of the forest (45 percent) is found in the tropical domain (Tropical forests), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains.

Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth’s biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth’s plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.

FOREST TYPES

1.Equatorial Moist Evergreen or Rainforest:

Location:

This evergreen hardwood forest is the natural vegetation of low-latitude high precipitation zone. This vegetation generally occur in between 10° N. and S. of equator where annual rainfall is very high and distributed equitably throughout the year. The total extent of tropical rainforest was 714 million hectares in 1990, which is half of the world’s forest cover.

Spatially, this forest is distributed in three separate regions:

(a) South American Amazonia basin:

This region is confined between Amazon River in the east to the foothills of the Andes in the west and Orinoco river basin in the north to Mardira River in the south.

(b) Equatorial Africa:

Mostly occur in Equatorial Africa including Zaire and Congo.

(c) Asia:Some parts of Western India and Sri Lanka

(d) South-East Asia:

Found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines etc.

The uses of forest resources in different economic activities are:

A. Teak and Mahogany are widely used in furniture industry.

B. Wood collected from forest is used as fuel.

C. (a) Brazil nut is rich in protein.

(b) Tagua nut is used for button-making.

(c) Barasu is an important raw material to produce soap and margarin.

(d) The milky juice of zopota tree is chickle which is converted to chewing gum.

(e) Wild rubber can be collected from rubber trees.

(f) Balata gathered from this forest is used for cable-making and other industrial purpose.

(g) Babassu palm nut is used in paint industry.

(h) Cohune nuts for perfume manufacturing,

(i) Toquilla palm for hat making.

2.Tropical Deciduous Forest:

Location:

In tropical monsoon region where rainfall is seasonal and a definite dry season exists, this deciduous and semi-evergreen forests are prevalent. Unlike Equatorial region, here variation of trees in different regions are much more.

This type of vegetation occurs in:

(a) India, Myanmar (Burma), Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, South China, Philippines etc.

(b) Northern Australia.

Characteristics of Vegetation:

(i) Most of the tress are broadleaved and provide hardwood variety.

(ii) Trees are so heavy that in most cases they do not float in water.

(iii) Several layers are visible in forest, according to height of the trees. Trees with height of 50 meters to 10 meters are common.

(iv) Wide variety of climbers, creepers, parasites, epiphytes and saprophytes are common.

(v) No dominance of single species — as trees are intermingled with one another.

(vi) Thick undergrowth of shrubs, bushes and bamboos are common.

(vii) Swampy, marshy areas exhibit mangrove forests, e.g. Sundarban in West Bengal.

3.Mediterranean Forests:

Location:

Primarily found in the Mediterranean climate within 35°-45° North and South of the equator.

It is a peculiar climo-floral development found in several areas:

(a) Adjacent regions of Mediterranean coast, extending east-west over 2,500 kms covering countries like Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Albania, Greece, Turkey etc.

(b) California in U.S.A. of N. America.

(c) Central Chile of S. America.

(d) S-E and southern parts of Australia.

(e) Cape region of South Africa.

Important among these are:

1. Trees are covered by hairs, e.g. Olive trees.

2. Leaves are very thick and skin-like, e.g. Bolen trees.

3. Some trees may adopt wax layers in the leaves.

4. Barks are very thick, e.g. cork and oak.

5. Roots are very long, e.g. grapes.

Beside these characteristics, some trees like lavender, rose-merry etc.. are orchids and distinctly different from others.

Economic Importance:

1. Large trees are rare. Trees are isolated. So lumbering industry is limited.

2. The barks of cork and oak are used to produce caps of the bottles.

3. Lavender and rose-merry trees produce perfumes.

4. Olive oil is extracted from olive trees.

5. Wine is produced from grapes.

4.Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous and Mixed Forest:

Location:

In the eastern side of the continents, in warm temperate region, this forest is located in:

(i) South China.

(ii) South Japan.

(iii) South Africa.

(iv) South-East Australia.

(v) South Brazil.

Climatic Characteristics:

1. Rainfall all the year, minimum annual temperature over 10°C.

2. Due to heavy rainfall, evenly distributed throughout the year, trees are evergreen, broad-leaved and hard-wood type.

Major Species:

1. Koebrack in South-East Brazil.

2. Deodar.

3. Eucalyptus.

5.Warm Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest:

Location:

In warm temperate region, where temperature remains above 6°C at least 6 months of the year. This forest developed in central and north-west China, Korea, Japan, New Zealand and Tasmania.

Characteristics:

1. Trees shed their leaves during spring.

2. No layer in the leaves.

Major Species:

Elm, Beach, Maple, Walnut etc.

Uses:

1. As same type of trees are concentrated in different regions, wood collection is easier.

2. Wood transportation is also easier.

3. As there is very little undergrowth, collection of forest product is much easier.

IMPORTANT OF FOREST

1.They let us breathe!

2.They cool the Earth

3.They keep people cool too

4.Forests can make it rain

5.They block wind

6.Forests clean the air

7.They fight erosion

8.They provide medicine

9.They provide food

10.Forests create jobs

“Poonachi: Or the Story of a Black Goat” – Murugan’s fable of a goat which disturbingly alludes to life cycle of women.

World water week 2021.

● The World Water Week is an annual event organized by Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) since 1991 to address the global water issues and related concerns of international development.

● The World Water Week 2021 has been organised from 23-27 August, in entirely digital format.

● The theme for World Water Week 2021 is ‘Building Resilience Faster’.

The world is changing and so are we. World Water Week 2021 will have a new, digital format to meet people where they are – both physically and mentally – and find better ways to bring about the transformation we all know is desperately needed. “Given the ongoing global pandemic, this was a natural decision. No one knows what the world will look like in August 2021, but one thing you can count on – World Water Week is happening, no matter what. For us, it is important to be able to promise that,” says Torgny Holmgren, Executive Director of Stockholm International Water Institute.

Over 3300 participants attended the conference in 2017.The week feature experts and representatives from business, governments, water management and science sectors, intergovernmental and non governmental organisations, research and training organisations, and United Nations agencies. The conference features plenary sessions and panel debates, scientific workshops, poster exhibitions, side events and seminars. In 2017, 380 organisations from 138 countries all over the world participated in World Water Week.

Functioning as an open and dynamic platform, World Water Week aims to link practice, science, policy and decision-making. It enables participants to exchange views and experiences, form partnerships and shape joint solutions to global water challenges. During the week, the Stockholm Water Prize, the Stockholm Junior Water Prize, and the Stockholm Industry Water Award are given out at their respective award ceremonies.

Why is world water day celebrated?

The World Water Week in Stockholm originally began as the Stockholm Water Symposium in 1991 and has been convened annually ever since. In 2001, the official name became World Water Week in Stockholm. SIWI identifies a conference theme to place a specific focus on one aspect of the world’s escalating water crisis. Initially, one theme was promoted for 4–5 years. Since 2008, a different theme has been selected for each year.

Hosted and organized by SIWI, World Water Week is the leading annual global event for concretely addressing the planet’s major water issues. In 2021, World Water Week 2021 will be held entirely online, 23-27 August, with the theme Building Resilience Faster.

Volcanoes have kept Earth’s surface temperatures balanced out

The specialists, working alongside others at the University of Sydney, Australian National University (ANU), University of Ottawa and the University of Leeds, investigated the consolidated effect of cycles in the strong Earth, seas and air in the course of the last 400 million years.

The normal separate and disintegration of rocks at Earth’s surface is called substance enduring. It is basically significant on the grounds that the results of enduring (components like calcium and magnesium) are flushed by means of waterways to the seas, where they structure minerals that lock up CO2.

This input system controls barometrical CO2 levels, and thusly worldwide environment, throughout geographical time, a news discharge clarifies.

“In this regard, enduring of the Earth’s surface fills in as a geographical indoor regulator,” Tom Gernon, academic partner in geology at the University of Southampton, and an individual of the Turing Institute clarifies in the delivery.

“In any case, the hidden controls have demonstrated hard to decide because of the intricacy of the Earth framework,” added Gernon, who is additionally the lead creator of the investigation.

“Many Earth measures are interlinked, and there are some significant delays among measures and their belongings,” Eelco Rohling, teacher in sea and environmental change at ANU and the investigation’s co-creator clarifies. “Understanding the general impact of explicit cycles inside the Earth framework reaction has in this manner been a recalcitrant issue,” Rohling adds.

To comprehend the intricacy, the group developed a book “Earth organization”, fusing AI calculations and plate structural recreations. This empowered the specialists to distinguish the predominant communications inside the Earth framework, and how they advanced through time, the delivery clarifies.

The group tracked down that mainland volcanic bends were the main driver of enduring force in the course of the last 400 million years. Today, mainland circular segments involve chains of volcanoes in, for instance, the Andes in South America, and the Cascades in the US. These volcanoes are probably the most elevated and quickest dissolving highlights on Earth. Since the volcanic rocks are divided and artificially receptive, they are quickly endured and flushed into the seas.

Martin Palmer, educator of geochemistry at the University of Southampton and a co-creator of the examination said: “It’s a difficult exercise. On one hand, these volcanoes siphoned out a lot of CO2 that expanded barometrical CO2 levels. Then again, these equivalent volcanoes helped eliminate that carbon by means of fast enduring responses.”

The examination additionally provides reason to feel ambiguous about a since a long time ago held idea that Earth’s environment dependability more than tens to countless years mirrors a harmony between enduring of the ocean bottom and mainland insides. “The possibility of a particularly geographical back-and-forth between the landmasses and the ocean bottom as a prevailing driver of Earth surface enduring isn’t upheld by the information,” Gernon clarifies in the delivery. “Lamentably, the outcomes don’t imply that nature will save us from environmental change,” Gernon adds.

Today, air CO2 levels are higher than whenever in the previous 3 million years, and human-driven emanations are multiple times bigger than volcanic CO2 discharges,” clarifies Gernon. “The mainland circular segments that seem to have saved the planet in the profound past are just not present at the scale expected to assist with balancing present-day CO2 discharges.”

In any case, the group’s discoveries actually gave basic bits of knowledge into how society may deal with the current environment emergency.

Self Help In Anxiety

Making the decision to get some help can be intimidating for many people. How do we know who to trust when it comes to our problems? For many people, the idea of trust is such a problem that they avoid getting help at all. Typically, their problems in their lives only worsen as a result of avoiding the help they need and they eventually find themselves in a desperate situation. Once you are desperate, you will accept help from anyone and you won’t have the luxury of choosing where to go. That’s why it’s important to be sensible and seek out help early before your problems get too bad. This will help you to avoid any serious problems and make the solution to the problem much quicker and easier.

Anxiety typically comes about because of a lack of trust in the people around us. Although we can certainly say that there are a lot of trouble makers out there, it is also the rule that people typically exacerbate a problem when they become afraid and what might have been resolved quite easily becomes a very big ordeal. If you have a problem in your personal life and you need to get some help, ask around and get some references from other people who you already know. Many people are familiar with various counselors or therapists who they have had some kind of experience with or whom they know someone else has received excellent treatment. Many of the twelve step groups are also very helpful and it can be a lot easier to attend your first meeting if you go along with someone you have already met who can show you the ropes the first few times.

If you still feel afraid to reach out and find some help, there are a few basic tips that you can use to maintain a sense of security as you journey out into this new world of self help. First, think about the questions you may have before you go out and meet a new counselor or group of people. Write down the things you want to ask them ahead of time so that you will keep a clear sense of your purpose for going there. This will also make it easier to remember your questions if you get into a state of anxiety along the way. Second, remember that it is ok just to listen and to allow the other person to do most of the talking the first time. You can tell them that you feel a bit “new” to all of this so you were planning on just listening on your first visit. Although you may have a few questions, you would prefer hearing everything they have to say about the process first and ask your questions later.

When attending your first 12 step group, you can expect to be greeted by one or two people when you arrive but it is also quite normal for others to leave you alone when you first sit down. If someone introduces themselves, just be friendly and introduce yourself as well. Tell them this is your first night so you were going to just listen. If they offer to show you the ropes, be open to anything they wish to tell you and listen to their suggestions. Most people at a twelve step group simply want to help because they have found that it benefits them in their own life when they reach out to others and try to lend a helping hand. You may be surprised to find that the person who first frightened you at your first meeting turned out to be one of the most helpful people you ever met!

After you get up the courage to try out a new place or a new person who can help you, make sure and congratulate yourself for facing one of your biggest fears in life. It is a very common fear among people seeking out help to be absolutely terrified about what the others in the room are going to “think” about them. Surprisingly, however, newcomers to the world of self help discover that the other people they meet have already seen hundreds of people like them before. Your problems are far from being as “unique” and “different” in the self help circle as you may think. You aren’t the center of the universe and most people will only be slightly interested to see you anyway. After a few visits, you will find that you feel a lot more comfortable and your problems weren’t nearly as scary as you thought.

Why India can’t have an Official Language

Our Home Minister Amit Shah mentioned about promoting one nation, one language in one of his tweets in 2019. He also added that it should not be done at the cost of other languages. Some of us might know that 14th September is celebrated as Hindi Diwas in our country. So why can’t we have Hindi as an official language?

Critics

After Amit Shah statement, critics said that if Hindi becomes the official language, then other languages like malayalam, tamil, telugu and more, will lost their importance. South Congress leader Jairam Ramesh also said “this one nation, one language will never be a reality” because it will never be easy to have a common language in India.

Also in the New Education Policy (NEP) draft in the year 2019, Hindi was asked to make mandatory in every state. This was also criticized by the South Indian governments and they refused to dilute the state’s two language formula. This resulted in changing the draft and not to have Hindi as an official language.

Steps taken

India is a big nation, so there should be a language that will represent India on world stage. Talking about Hindi, it is spoken in India, Fiji, Suriname, Mauritius, Trinidad, Tabogo and Guyana. So India is working actively to have Hindi recognised as an official language of the UN.

Advantage of having an official language

A Chinese research concluded that

When we have an official language, it can even help to eliminating poverty. As China have experience in fight poverty so we can also learn the power of having an official language.
China also mentioned that an official language also helps in having communicate without any language barrier.
Official language also help to built unity among the citizens
Also helps when people migrate from one city to another, as they can communicate in the same language.

Disadvantage of having an official language

According to the 2001 Census, 41% of India population are native speaker of Hindi dialect. But what about 59% of the population who are non – Hindi speakers? Politician Shashi Tharur said

India should not even try to add Hindi to the list of official language of UN because what if in future our PM is from South part of India and does not speak Hindi, then how will he give speech in Hindi on behalf of India.

But apart from all these we still agree that there should be an official language for a country to function.

As per as official language is concerned,

English is also been promoted in India. Promoting English can result in heavy school fees, as we’ll have to teach the whole population to speak English.
Enough English teacher will also be required and if not then it won’t be successfully become the official language.
This will also result in neglecting the weaker section of the society who won’t be able to speak English and their career opportunity will get affected.

Eventually we need to figure out to take a right decision about official language and keeping in mind of the consequences that could possibly be in long terms situations.

Know Everything about the Intel Vpro Technology

What is VPro technology?

You can find the Intel VPro technology in many devices. VPro technology is a platform that has both the hardware and firmware. VPro can be found in laptops and mobile workstations. VPro is available in the CPU of a device or in its wireless chip. In April 2019, Intel launched the latest vPro which is the 8th Generation Intel Core series. The latest version is around 60 percent better than its previous counterparts. It has around ten to eleven hours of battery.

Also, it supports Wi-Fi that will allow fast internet connectivity. A vPro needs to have a Trusted Platform Module, cryptoprocessor and wireless/ wired internet speed. To most people still confused about what is vPro technology and the features it offers, Intel support will answer all your queries.

Contents of Intel VPro Technology

They will include a multi core and multi thread XEON or Core processors
Intel AMT which is a set of features that help remote access enabling for PCs
Most people opt for VPro due to this AMT technology that help enterprises seek help remotely.
Wired or a wireless internet connectivity.
Intel TXT that will verify the launch environment. It is a computer hardware technology whose primary goals are: Attestation of the authenticity of a platform and its operating system.
Intel vPro provides support for IEEE 802.1X, Cisco Self Defending Network and Microsoft NAP(Network Access Protector).
Intel VT-x for CPU and memory. The Intel VT-x extensions are probably the best recognized extensions, adding migration, priority and memory handling capabilities to a wide range of Intel processors.
Intel VT-d for I/O to support remote environment.Intel VT-d is the latest part of the Intel Virtualization Technology hardware architecture. VT-d helps the VMM better utilize hardware by improving application compatibility and reliability, and providing additional levels of manageability, security, isolation, and I/O performance.
Intel VT-x will help to accelerate hardware virtualization.The Intel VT-x extensions are probably the best recognized extensions, adding migration, priority and memory handling capabilities to a wide range of Intel processors.

VPro was initially installed to help IT departments streamline the procedure to turn on and off enterprise desktop computers.To remotely manage an AMT device, it has to be configured and communication needs to be established over the corporate network. It must have an AMT Master password for admin assigned and the local network connection information applied to the firmware. No matter what the AMT type is, it has to be configured and set up for use by following Intel’s setup and configuration manual. For all those who are still seeking answers to What is intel vPro technology and if their business needs one.

How does VPro Function?

A pre-existing software is used to manage all intel vPro technology features. Microsoft SCCM is a commonly used console client. 90 % of IT departments manage remote activities with SCCM

What are the Intel vPro technology advanced management features?

VPro technology manages, scans and updates PC remotely
VPro is a go to platform when a person who is away from the IT team required help in their device
For eg. incase of a virus attack while working remotely, the IT professionals can update and reset your device using VPro instead of physically visiting the device location
In cases of mass updating or installation for the whole company, the IT team can easily access all the devices remotely. This includes updating OS, BIOS or any other software. This will ensure all are using the same software and updated version
An Intel Pro SSD hard drive can be erased easily while using Intel’s VPro system.
The remote erase helps a lot especially if a PC is stolen or when an employee leaves the organization.

VPro Secure?

With a large number of devices connected over a large network, managing and protecting data is a very crucial task. Intel Authenticate (IA) has helped Intel update the security for vPro. IA has helped secure devices by locking them for use by only one user . The authentication is done using fingerprint or password protected PIN.Intel vPro technology advanced management features also offers Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX), which provide secure enclaves for application developers. Those enclaves are safe, protected spaces for programs to be developed without entailing security risks, including data loss or disclosure.

Who can use Intel vPro technology features?

VPro is not designed for common man’s use. Activating VPro requires one to use an enterprise OS and an administrator console. A user would need significant IT expertise to understand the terms, conditions and how it functions. Also, VPro is used to make the job easier for IT professionals functioning remotely. Businesses that have more than 1000 employees can use VPro.Also, for organizations with lesser employees VPro will help organize and manage access levels across different roles. Also, for those organizations that have a large number of employees working remotely; IT department can easily manage the software and IT processes using VPro.

Business Benefits of the Intel vPro Platform

Intel VPro Platform will ensure to provide highest performing Core i5 and i7 that can support and enhance employee’s productivity and performance
It has in built security features that will protect and keep OS secure
Virtual management of systems that are not present on the premise.
Verified platform that integrate latest technologies available for the PC

Intel VPro technology is mostly mistaken to be a tool used to enable remote access. However, apart from remote access that is enabled through AMT; vPro includes innumerable other security benefits. Intel is constantly upgrading its vPro version enhanced with more exciting features and safeguarded with more security.

BOOKS FOR CHILDREN PART 2

Hi! If you have missed part 1 here is the link. CHECK IT OUT!

TIME TRAVELLING WITH A HAMSTER
BY ROSS WELFORD.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2016.
Genre – Science fiction.
Pages – 400.
Age – 10+
BUY NOW!

The concept of time travel is fascinating in itself. Right from the beginning, the novel hooks us up with the plot. On Al Chaudhury’s birthday, he receives a letter from his grandfather. The letter is from his late father. It has a mission to travel back to 1984 in a secret time machine to save his father’s life. The story uncovers the meaning of friendship and emotion. It is an unputdownable book.

REAL FRIENDS BY SHANNON HALE
AND LEUYEN PHAM.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2017
Genre – Memoir
Pages – 224
Age – 9+
BUY NOW!

Real friends is a middle-grade graphic novel about making friends. It is a memoir, following Shannon’s life from Kindergarten to Fifth grade. It is a roller coaster of emotions. The struggle of trying to stay in “the group” was portrayed without a filter. Who are real friends? Are they worth the journey? Do we need real friends? The book will answer such questions.

THE GIRL WHO DRANK THE MOON
BY KELLY BARNHILL.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2017
Genre – Fantasy fiction
Pages – 416
Age – 9+
BUY NOW!

To forget about reality, this book is perfect for children and adults too. The people of the town leave a baby in the forest, as an offering to the witches. But the witch is a good one, who lives with a swamp monster. Luna is the baby, due to an accident she gets extraordinary magic. The Multiple points of view make the story intriguing. Children who love magic and witches must read this book. The cover looks so pretty, we can give it a read just for the cover.

THE ONE AND ONLY IVAN
BY KATHERINE APPLEGATE.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2015
Genre – Children’s Literature
Pages – 256
Age – 8+
BUY NOW!

A beautifully written story about Ivan, a gorilla. He has spent his life in Exit 8 shopping mall. He rarely thinks about his life in the forest until Ruby, a baby elephant arrives which changes his perspective. A book that deals with kindness, friendship, freedom and humour. This book must be on your children’s bookshelf. The characters will stay in our heart.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2018
Genre – Fiction, Adventure
Pages – 288
Age – 9+
BUY NOW!

Roz the robot finds itself on an isolated island. She has zero ideas about her purpose. To survive, she must adapt to her new environment. It is a unique, surprising read for young readers. The language is simple and easy to follow. A touching book with interesting plot.

THE INDIAN IN THE CUPBOARD
BY LYNNE REID BANKS.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Published – 2016
Genre – Adventure, Fantasy, Fiction
Pages – 240
Age – 8+
BUY NOW!

If your child likes Toy story movie, this is a must-read. The American-Indian toy in the cupboard gets life. It is a dream for Omri, he feels excited. He faces a life-changing decision. It is a gripping tale of a toy that has a life. As a kid, we all imagined a toy being alive and what it would be like?

Hope this helps, Thank you!

KNOWLEDGE MATRIX:

knowledge matrix is were an organisations maybe bulit up with information they might be gather a lot and lot of knowledge from the peer companies and even the huge companies to get developed through the following steps:

sense:

Here sense maybe refer to source . As a person everyone might collect source of knowledge from each and every person we met by observe, gather and hypothesize. Observation gives more concentration on our work . When the organisation starts it they might gather some knowledge for later uses too.

organize:

when the company gathers the information or knowledge they needed to be organized

Contextualize
Categorise
Map

when knowledge has been categrize for the future purpose it will be helpful for coming generation .

Example: as per this centuries there are number of companies and industries were taken places so when industrial explosion happened it needed to be recorded so then it will be helpful to avoid those disasters in futures. So the generation gain knowledge about it.

socialize:

socialize may everyone know about it. It’s sharing, disseminate and simulate. Sharing is the thing which make an individual to know more . Whether it is correct or not . It gives benefits for individual as well as the company.

Internalize:

Photo by August de Richelieu on Pexels.com

here is last step internalize its just apply, decide and act. Just apply your knowledge on your work and gain more and more benefits for you and your business.

How To Prepare For “GPAT”?

Let’s talk about the GPAT exam that is given by most pharmacy students after their graduation. This entrance exam is for post-graduation courses.

Let’s talk in much more detail about the exam and how to do the preparation?

Preface :-

The full form of GPAT is, “Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test “. It is a National Level Entrance Examination for entry into M. Pharma Programme. The GPAT is an annual entrance exam conducted by “National Testing Agency”(NTA). It is a computer-based online exam. The syllabus and the pattern of the question paper remain the same under NTA. The syllabus of this comprises all of the subjects included in all years of the B. Pharm course.

The results are also used to determine the eligibility of students for scholarships.

When do we have to start our preparation for GPAT?

We all know that the GPAT entrance exam is very important for pharmacy students. To achieve a good score in GPAT, we have to start the preparation along with our daily college lectures. I think the best time to start our preparation is from the 3rd semester or 4th semester of B pharmacy.

How to start GPAT preparation along with college:-

we have to do a study of the regular semester plus the earlier semester, in this, we should have to cover hard subjects of the previous semester, note down the notes and solve the MCQ as much as possible.

The one essential thing I have to tell you is that, do a study from the best reference publications books📚 and then note down the notes, which will be very useful for us before the exam to revise the specific subject or topic. And the one important sign of this is, our preparation for the university theory exam is also done from this.

Make a study timetable to do the preparation, in which we should have to include the subject of the previous semester + regular semester, and give time to a specific subject as per your desire.

I think that we can use holidays to cover the hard subject or topics of the previous semester. The best will be to give Saturday and Sunday to prepare those subjects or topics along with the to make written notes and MCQ solving.

If you live in a metro city, then try to join the coaching centre for the preparation. If it is not possible then you can use various online platforms which give coaching on GPAT preparation. Use study materials provided by coaching classes and also you can search them online on various websites.

Set a target of daily work that we have to do, like take one subject give a specific time to that subject and makes notes & solve MCQ. Don’t take a break until our task is not finalized. If you set a daily target and can complete it, then you can move forward with the best strategy for GPAT preparation.

Do Group Study:- This is the most important strategy used by many of the toppers or good rank holders of GPAT. Compel the group of friends, that are interested to prepare for GPAT and do study together. Take small tasks customary group-wise, understand them, solve the MCQs and discuss the difficult questions or topics in the group. The most important vital sign of these is everyone will share the knowledge differently, some new points are also added to our understanding and we can understand that topic completely and perfectly.👍💯

The most important advantage of group study is we can distribute the topic among the group members, it will be helpful to cover our topic immediately or skillfully.

If any subjects have more than one standard book, then try to use a minimum of 2 standard books for that respective subject. Because the two standard books may differ in content for the various topics of that subject.

Clear the doubts:– During the study or MCQ solving various doubts are arises, so try to write that concept or doubt and ask teachers or you can find the correct answer by researching that particular topic. Try to make a notebook to write the answers to the doubts. And just revise it every day or just overlook it, this will help you to memorise the topic perfectly.

🌟The GPAT is not a much tough exam, the cutoff of this exam is around 40-45℅ marks. If you start preparation from semester 3 or 4, it will be much easier to qualify with a good score 👍

Try to cover core subjects:- Core subjects means important subjects which have high weightage in GPAT. Those subjects include, “Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Medicinal chemistry”. Around 70-80℅ questions are on these subjects and the remaining 20℅ questions are on other subjects.

Try to give test series:- If possible, then try to give various test series on GPAT. This will be helpful for the understanding of MCQ questions and simultaneously improve our confidence.

Reference Books for GPAT:-

Let’s talk about some subjects and their best standard reference books, which I know.

Subject Name	Textbook Name
Anatomy & physiology	GERARD J. TORTORA – PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, ROSS & WILSON – ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Biochemistry	U. SATYANARAYANA & U. CHAKRAPANI – BIOCHEMISTRY, M.N.CHATTERJEE & RANA SHINDE – TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Microbiology	ASHUTOSH KAR – PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY, ANANTHANARAYAN & PANIKER’S – TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY
Pharmaceutical Analysis	VOGEL’S – TEXTBOOK OF QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Pharmaceutics	ANSEL’S – PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS & DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, AULTON’S PHARMACEUTICS – THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF MEDICINES
Pharmacognosy	ASHUTOSH KAR – PHARMACOGNOSY & PHARMACOBIOTECHNOLOGY, BIREN.N. SHAH & A.K. SETH – TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Pharmacology	ARTHUR – PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY CHARLES R. CRAIG & ROBERT E. STITZEL – MODERN PHARMACOLOGY WITH CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

These are some references books for the above subject, other subjects are also present, but I share the reference books name for specific subjects which I know.

You can ask your teachers or go to the college library to find other subjects best references books📚 other than these. As per your specific semester subject, try to use a reference book to study that subject, which will be very useful for us.

Pattern Of GPAT Exam :-

Name of examination	Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test
popularly known as	GPAT
Frequency	Once a year
Examination Mode	Online
Total number of questions	125
Type of questions	Multiple Choice questions(MCQ)
Total Duration	3 hours (180 min.)
Total Marks	500

Marking Scheme:- Every correct answer is awarded 4 marks. Thus, the total maximum possible score in GPAT is 500.

For every incorrect answer in GPAT, 1 mark is deducted.

An unanswered question or not attempting a question does not attract any negative marking in GPAT.

Importance Of Coaching Class In GPAT Preparation:-

Experience of Teachers:- The teachers of coaching classes have a lot of experience, which will give the best guidance of GPAT preparation. The teachers know which subjects have more weightage in exams, according to it they will provide notes, study material & tutoring to us.

🌟The question paper of GPAT is prepared from different universities every year like M.S.University, B.H.U. etc.

Benefits of Test series & DPP’s:- The coaching classes provide test series and take weekly tests. They give DPP’s (Daily Practice Paper) to us, which contains questions related to the topic that was covered on that day, which makes our topic perfect with MCQ practice.

From the above information, you understand all the knowledge about GPAT. In short, we can say that :-

GPAT Play a Very Important Role in our CARRIER and is Important For CARRIER GROWTH.

I am starting my preparation for the GPAT from the 3rd semester.

what about you? When you will start your preparation?

“My advice is, never do tomorrow what you can do today. Procrastination is the thief of time.”

!!Thank you!!

Investment model

Before we begin to describe the various types of investment models in existence, one must understand the basic definition of investment and the factors that govern it.

In simpler terms investment means exchange of money for a profit yielding asset. The same profit earned is used to invest in other assets as well. As far as the economic well being of the country is concerned, investment is important as it contributes to growth and development.

When the government invests in business, agriculture, manufacturing or supporting industries it can generate employment opportunities for its population. But a robust investment scenario is when the government and the private sector join hands to create investment opportunities.

Also keep in mind that the following factors come into play when making an investment and by proxy, choosing an investment model:

— Savings Rate.

— Tax Rate in the country. (Net income available after tax).

— Inflation.

— Rate of Interest in Banks.

— Possible Rate of Return on Capital.

— Availability of other factors of production – cheap land, labour etc and supporting infrastructure – transport, energy and communication.

— Market size and stability.

Three major investment model:

Public investment model : For a government to invest, it needs revenue (mainly tax revenue), but the present tax revenues of India are not sufficient enough to meet the budgetary expenditure of India. So India cannot move ahead in the path of growth without private individuals; even for government to have a share in the investment, they need tax revenue from the private investors.

Private investment model : The private investment can come from India or abroad. If it’s from abroad – they can be as FDI or FPI. (Details will be discussed later.) As India’s Current Account Deficit is widening due to increased Oil Import, in this age of globalization, we cannot say NO to FDI or FPI. Why private investment in India: For a country to grow and increase its income, the production has to be increased. More goods and services has to be produced. Infrastructure to support production – transport, energy and communication – should also be developed. But how can a nation with near 30% of population below poverty line, invest in production or infrastructure? Who has money to invest? Government?

Public private partnership model : PPP means combining the best benefit from both public and private investments. Some of the Project Finance Schemes are as below:1. BOT (build–operate–transfer).2. BOOT (build–own–operate–transfer).3. BOO (build–own–operate).4. BLT (build–lease–transfer).5. DBFO (design–build–finance–operate).6. DBOT (design–build–operate–transfer).7. DCMF (design–construct–manage–finance).

Investment Models in Relation With India

Hope it’s clear by now that capital formation is necessary for any country to grow. But the process is not easy. The savings rate in India is now near 30%. Percapita Income of Indians is very low and hence the capital available for investing too is low. Investments should be studied from three angles – Households, Corporates and Government. Investments expect a return – be it from Government side or Private side. Though the return on investment in terms of profit or margin is the main motive behind investments, its effect on the welfare side and development should not be neglected.

WHO CAN DO YOGA?

Yoga has a Sanskrit root, meaning ‘to unite.’ Yoga is a body and mind practise that includes yoga asanas, breathing exercises, and meditation. It is an ancient practice that originated in India. As per the scriptures, Lord Shiva is said to be the father of Yoga.

ADVANTAGES OF YOGA

Improves flexibility.
Manage stress.
Helps to sleep better.
Mental health.
Refresh our minds.
Builds muscles strength.
Increases blood flow.
Boost Metabolism.
Unite mind and body.
Helps to relieve back pain.
Helps in digestion.

There can be another list for the use of yoga. Yoga won’t just help you lose fat but also builds flexibility and manage stress by refreshing your mind. After a hectic day, try practising yoga for an hour. You can notice changes.

YOGA FOR KIDS

When can kids start yoga? They could start if they can understand the instructions. Kids usually are active. They tend to do yoga in a hurry, it’s our responsibility to make sure they follow the instructions properly.

Kids of age 4 and above can start practising yoga. Do not introduce all yoga asanas to kids. Start with breathing, meditation, and simple asanas. Yoga improved balance, strength, concentration, memory, focus, self-esteem and it can help with anxiety for children.

Studies and research have found out that children who practice yoga can see various improvements. The instructions should be fun to follow to induce the interest of kids.

WHO CAN DO YOGA? DO’S AND DON’TS

Almost anyone can do it regardless of age. It is powerful as it can unite body and mind. Yoga should not be done in rush. Consult a health expert before starting your practice.

It should be done slowly.
Try to do it early in the morning.
Try to do it in an open space, with fresh air and sunlight.
Sweating, urge to urinate is normal after doing yoga. Don’t suppress urine for a long time.
Try yoga on an empty stomach, if you feel dehydrated sip a little amount of water or drink lukewarm water with honey.
Breathing exercises are beneficial especially during covid period.

Do not do yoga in hurry.
Avoid yoga if you are sick.
Can avoid during periods.
Do not eat or drink for 30 mins after doing yoga.
Do not hold stiffen your body.
Don’t skip meditation and breathing exercises. Yoga sessions should end with those.

After having your meal wait for an hour to start your practice. After your yoga session wait for half an hour to shower, eat, and drink.

Yoga is vital for individuals addiction recovery. As meditation and yoga focus on uniting body and mind, they can help us focus on the addiction. However, for addiction recovery yoga is not the only solution.

COVID AND YOGA

Covid-19 ~~was~~ is a huge crisis. People lost their job, family, friends, and close ones. Livelihood is not the same anymore. It takes time for us to be stable again. One of the things that help us maintain our health can be yoga.

Yoga can be highly effective considering the advantages. Immunity is vital to fight covid. Yoga helps as an immunity booster, relatively better mental health and well-being. Since covid affects the lungs, breathing exercises are crucial to strengthen the lungs.

“Yoga is the journey of the self,
through the self, to the self.”

Let’s discuss the asanas in yoga and asanas for kids, in part 2.

Thank you!

Importance of Meditation

When we hear the word meditation, we feel like we have to get immersed in a deep concentration. We feel like we have some magical powers for the same. But today I am here to brief you about what meditation is. It is a calm and lovable state of mind. It is a journey of slowing your thinking process and also a path towards positive thinking. So, meditation is a state of mind which should incorporated in your life. In times of crisis, where the pandemic has significantly affected our mental health ,we should spare at least 5 mins wherein we could sit in peace, let the thoughts and emotions flow.

So yes , it is rightly said that we thrive every moment to turn our lives into a positive direction.
But only a calm, relaxed and blissful mind can pave the way for a successful and well lived experience on this planet. To do so , we have to acknowledge and adopt meditation in our culture.

Now let’s take a look at some benefits of meditation 1- regular meditation helps in coping with anxiety attacks- practicing meditation decreases grey matter in the areas of the brain associated with fear and anxiety, and increases grey matters in areas where compassion and love exist.

2- helps in getting rid of unwanted/ negative thoughts- As an idol is created after removing unwanted stones, in the same way, meditation helps you to remove unwanted thoughts and a beautiful personality comes before everyone.

3-Meditation improves concentration and memory- the calmer the mind is , the more you can focus on things and see them clearly ; which also makes it easier to remember.

4- increases your productivity- when you’re in a peaceful state of mind , you would be able to determine which tasks are most important and which aren’t urgent.

To conclude, when we start meditating we start seeing significant changes in our life. Therefore, start meditating today to live a stress free , productive life.

SPOILAGE OF MEAT

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

INTRODUCTION

Food spoiling is described as any alteration that the customer finds objectionable. Spoilage happens at any given point of time in the food chain. Insect damage, physical damage, indigenous enzyme activity in animal or plant tissue, and microbial infections can all contribute to spoilage. The majority of natural products have a definite shelf life.

Meat and its derivatives are nutrient-dense foods that are devoured by people all over the world.

Meat deteriorates biologically and chemically from the time it is slaughtered until it is consumed. Microbial spoilage may occur in meat and its products such as ham, sausages, cooked meat, dried meats, minced meat, and so on.

Contamination source and causes

Natural processes such as oxidation or autolytic activity in the muscle following slaughtering can cause meat decomposition. Microbial contamination of meat is caused by a number of variables, including the animal’s microflora, the type of container used, and how the meat is handled and stored. Knives, utensils, hands, and workers’ clothes, among other things

Numbers of microbes of microbes resides on the meat and their products. Some of important are listed below:

Brochothrix thermosphacta

It can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, and meat is a niche for it. This microorganism is frequently found in irradiated meat and poultry and is responsible for the bad odour of meat.

Carnobacterium

Carnobacterium is a gram-positive bacterium with nine different species. C. divergens has been demonstrated to show green discoloration of ham as a result of H₂O₂generation.

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium creates a huge quantity of gas in packed meat, which, when combined with bad smells, causes the container to blow open.

Enterobacteriaceae

These bacteria can act as facultative anaerobes, oxidase-negative glucose fermenters, and nitrate suppressants, and they can influence to the rotting of meat.

Leuconostoc

D-lactate and ethanol are produced by Leuconostoc, a lactic acid generating bacterium. The discolouration, gas generation, and buttery odour of rotting meat are aided by these bacteria.

Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas has been identified as the most common bacterium found in rotting meat. Pseudomonas is widely recognised for successfully exploiting meat as a niche due to its capacity to break down glucose and amino acids under aerobic and cold conditions.

The spoilage of different types of meat are :

Spoilage of fresh meat

The enzymes and microbial activity in fresh meat causes it to decay. Proteolytic effects on muscle and connective tissue, as well as fat hydrolysis, are caused by autolysis alterations. Salmonella, E.coli, Listeria and other microbial diseases have been identified in fresh meat.

Spoilage of meat

Rotting of meat is caused by three fundamental mechanisms: microbial growth, oxidation, and enzymatic autolysis. Meat is a great substrate for microbial development due to its nutritional makeup, high water content, and mild pH. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Salmonella are among the bacteria found in an animal’s lymph nodes, which might influence meat.

Spoilage of refrigerated meat

Fresh meat may be present in good condition for 5-7 days when refrigerated at 4°C. The development of psychrophilic microbes is favoured by a cool environment over time. Contamination of meat by rotting and dangerous bacteria can occur due to poor hygiene. B. thermosphacta and lactic acid bacteria are the microbes that cause refrigerated meat deterioration in general.

Factors spoilage of meat and meat products

Buffer capacity and pH

Muscle pH drops to 5.4-5.8 after slaughtering, however meat from stressed animals and cooked products, such as sliced ham, have pH levels greater than 6. The presence of tissue and a high pH in meat results in a faster deterioration process owing to microbial growth and nutritional absorption.

Water activity

The quantity of water in a meal that is available for the growth of microorganisms, including diseases, is measured by water activity (aw). Raw meat has a value of 0.98-0.99, while cooked meat has a value of 0.94; these values enable most bacteria to thrive. Pathogens cannot develop or produce toxins if the water activity is less than 0.85.

Packaging and gaseous atmosphere

The constitution of rotting flora is heavily influenced by packaging circumstances and the gaseous content of the environment surrounding the meat. Aerobic conditions favour the development of Pseudomonads over everything else. Lactic acid bacteria are the most prevalent microbes in vacuum or CO₂-modified environment packed goods, and they are the bacteria that cause the most deterioration.

Storage temperature

The duration of the lag phase, the maximum specific growth rate, and the ultimate cell number are all affected by temperature. Lower temperatures inhibit microbial contamination and alter the microbiota makeup of meat. The dominance of lactic acid bacteria in sealed beef products is likewise maintained in cold circumstances. In sealed refrigerated beef, psychrophilic Clostridium spp. were found. The growth of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and Acinetobacter spp. is influenced by abuse of temperature.

General types of Spoilage of meats and meat Products.

Spoilage under Aerobic condition

The spoilage of meats and meat products due bacterial in aerobic conditions are:

Surface slime: Surface slime generated by Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Bacillus results in spoilage. Lactobacillus species have also been shown to generate slime. Microbes are benefited from the thin layer development on meat because it delivers nutrients from the substrate.

Changes in colour of meat pigments: As a result of bacteria producing oxidising chemicals such as Peroxides or Hydrogen Sulphide, the red colour of meat, known as its “bloom,” might change to green, brown, or grey. Greening of sausage has been linked to Lactobacillus which is mainly hetero fermentative and Leuconostoc species.

Changes in fats: The oxidation of lipids in meat occurs chemically in the presence of oxygen and can be accelerated by light and copper. Lipolytic bacteria can induce some lipolysis as well as speed up the oxidation of lipids. Fat rancidity can be induced by lipolytic Pseudomonas and Achromobacter species.

Phosphorescence: Luminous bacteria, such as Photobacterium spp., develop on the surface of the flesh and create this rare abnormality. Other bacteria that generate red pigments might be responsible for the red spot.

Off odours and off tastes: Unpleasant odours and taste develop in meat as a result of bacteria growing on the surface. They emerge before other symptoms of deterioration. Meat sourness can be induced by volatile acids such as formic, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids, as well as yeast proliferation.

Spoilage due to moulds in aerobic condition

Moulds are actively involved the spoilage meat in aerobic conditions. Common types of spoilage are listed below.

Stickiness: Stickiness is caused by fungus bud development, which makes the surface of the flesh sticky to the touch. As a result of this form of deterioration, flesh takes on an odd look.

Whiskers: In the absence of sporulation, a little amount of mycelial development can occur resulting in whisker growth. Moulds such as Thamnidium elegans, Mucor mucedo, M. lusitanicus, or M. racemosus, Rhizopus, and others can create this sort of fuzzy growth.

Black spot and White spot: Cladosporium herbarum is the most prevalent source of this sort of spot, although other moulds with dark colours might also be to fault. White spot is most frequently reported by Sporotrichum carnis, although it can also be caused by any mould with moist, yeast-like colonies, such as Geotrichum.

Green patches: Species of Penicillium such as P. expansum, P. asperulum, and P. oxalicum are responsible for the green patches on meat.

Decomposition of fats: The oxidation of fats is caused by the hydrolysis of fats caused by lipase produced by moulds.

Spots on surface: Yeast and mould spoilage is generally confined to a large extent and may be cut away without harming the remainder of the meat.

Spoilage under Anaerobic Conditions

Facultative and anaerobic bacteria are able to grow within the meat under anaerobic conditions and cause spoilage. Few are listed below:

Souring: It can be generated by the meat’s natural enzymes during age or ripening, bacterial synthesis of fatty acids or lactic acid, or proteolysis without putrefaction induced by facultative or anaerobic bacteria and frequently referred to as “stinking sour fermentation.” Clostridium species and fecal coliform feed on carbohydrates and produce acid and gas. The development of lactic acid bacteria is prevalent in vacuum sealed meats, especially in gastight wrappers.

Putrefaction: Putrefaction is the disintegration of protein caused by anaerobic bacteria producing foul-smelling chemicals including hydrogen sulphide, indole, skatole, ammonia, and amines. In most cases, Clostridium spp. are to blame, however facultative bacteria can also cause or contribute to putrefaction. Clostridia-induced putrefaction is frequently accompanied by gas production.

Taint: Having a foul odour and a poor taste. Temperature, in addition to air, has a significant impact on meat decomposition. Many microbes, including Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, and Flavobacterium species, generate slimes, discoloration, and growth patches on the surface and can induce sourness.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is a computer system able to perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence. It is the study of ideas that enables computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent.

“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” – Kurzweil

Some examples of AI are self-driving cars, Netflix’s recommendations, conversational bots, smart assistances such as Siri and Alexa.

Basically, there are two types of AI –

Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) also known as “Weak” AI, exists in our world today. Narrow AI is goal-oriented and programmed to perform a single task. i.e. facial recognition, google searching, smart assistance, being able to play games. For example, AI systems today are used in medicine to diagnose cancer and other diseases with extreme accuracy through replication of human cognition and reasoning.

“Artificial intelligence is a set of algorithms and intelligence to try to mimic human intelligence. Machine learning is one of them, and deep learning is one of those machine learning techniques.”

Artificial General Intelligence

Artificial general intelligence (AGI), also known as strong AI, is the concept of a machine with general intelligence that mimics human intelligence and behaviors, with the ability to learn and apply its intelligence to solve any problem as humans do in any given situation. It is expected to be able to solve problems and be innovative, imaginative, and creative.

Applications of AI –

Finance

AI has encompassed from chatbot assistants to fraud detection and task automation. Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks and manage properties.

Social Sites

AI helps social sites to analyze data to find out what’s trending, different hashtags, and patterns. For example, Facebook uses machine learning and AI for serving you interesting content, recognizes your face, and many other tasks.

Healthcare

Doctors assess the patient’s health-related data and intimate the risk factors to the customers via the health care devices with the help of artificial machine intelligence. AI has also applications in fields of cardiology (CRG), neurology (MRI), embryology (sonography), complex operations of internal organs, etc.

Robotics

AI in robotics helps robots perform crucial tasks with a human-like vision to detect or recognize various objects. The AI in robotics not only helps to learn the model to perform certain tasks but also makes machines more intelligent to act in different scenarios. There are various functions integrated into robots like computer vision, motion control, grasping the objects, and training data to understand physical and logistical data patterns and act accordingly.

Heavy Industries

Huge machines involve risk in their manual maintenance and working. So it becomes a necessary part to have an automated AI agent in their operation. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are repetitive.

Gaming

AI has also been applied to video games, for example, video game bots, which are designed to stand in as opponents.

There are many applications of AI such as self-driving cars, smart assistance, google maps, and many more. Future applications are expected to bring about enormous changes.

Motivation

Motivation is the process in which learner’s energies or needs are directed towards various good objects in his environment.

Kinds of motivation

Positive motivation :- In this child do the work from itself and they fill Happy while doing the work. Teachers organise different types of events which gives some positive motivation to the children.

Negative motivation :- children do not do the work from itself but they can do the work by some external efforts or when someone tell them to do work. And this type of motivation comes when we compare the students with each other.

We should always try that positive motivation give the childrens because if the children do the work by some external efforts then they have no any interest towards the work and they use wrong path for completing the work.

Positive motivation increases the confidence of children towards the situation. They will easily handle the situation by positively. Good thoughts comes in mind. Children have interest for doings the work. They do not do any compilation with each other.

COLORS.

Hi everyone,
Today I am going to share about colours and their meanings.
Actually there are 11basic colours.
1.Black
2.White
3 Red
4 Green
5.Yellow
6.Blue
7.Pink
8.Gray
9.Brown
10.Orange
11 Purple
The rest are just combinations of these colours.

Now, let’s see what are the 3 categories that define colours.
       * Warm colors
       * cool colors
       * Neutral colors

WARM COLORS:
This includes red, yellow and orange, and variations like pink. These colors evoke warmth due to their brightness and link to the sun.

COOL COLORS:
These include green, blue, purple, and their variations like violet. These colors are considered cool as they are colors commonly found in nature and are known for their calming effect.

NEUTRAL COLORS:
These include brown, black and white, as well as variations like gray. They’re often paired with warm or cool colors but are sophisticated on their own.

Colors & their meaning:

1.BLACK:
Black stands for power, strength, elegance, luxury, sophistication, and formality. It’s bold, classic, and serious. But it can also represent death, evil, and mystery.

2.WHITE:
White represents purity, simplicity, innocence, and perfection.

3.RED:
Red Symbolizes fire, heat, and passion. It can signify love but also anger.

4.GREEN:
Green signifies growth, renewal, freshness, abundance, balance, harmony, and new beginnings.

5.YELLOW:
Yellow signifies bright, vibrant, youthful, energetic, sunshine, hope, intellect, happiness.

6.BLUE:
Blue, the color of the ocean and the sky, represents calm, peace, stability, and responsibility. It’s also associated with spirituality and religion.

7.PINK:
Pink represents feminine, Romance, sweet and happiness.

8.BROWN:
Brown represents wholesomeness, reliability, and dependability.

9.ORANGE:
Orange conveys excitement and encouragement.

10.PURPLE:
Purple symbolizes royalty, nobility, luxury, magic, mystery, creativity, and spirituality.

11.GRAY:
Gray is a cool, neutral, and balanced color. The color gray is an emotionless, moody color that is typically associated with meanings of dull, dirty, and dingy, as well as formal, conservative, and sophisticated.

Now, Know what your favorite color means.
Hope so it was useful.

Have a nice day.

Keep smiling ❣️❣️❣️

CLASSICAL LITERATURE BOOKS

Here are a list of classic literature books that you will appreciate reading !!!!!

THE GREAT GATSBY – This novel was written by F.Scott Fitzgerald in 1952. It is a Tragic/historical novel that is worth reading .

THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY – This novel was written by Oscar Wilde and was published in 1890 , however a longer version of the novel was published in 1891. It is basically a philosophical fiction.

LITTLE WOMEN – Little woman was written by Louisa May Alcott , and was published in 1896 . It is a fiction novel with. comical aspects .

NINETEEN EIGHTY FOUR – This novel was written by the English novelist George Orwell , and was published in 1949. Nineteen Eighty Four is an amalgamation of social science fiction and dystopia .

Must Reads (General Fiction)

“Fiction reveals truth that reality obscures.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

Introduction

According to the dictionary, fiction refers to a type of literature in the form of prose that describes imaginary events and people. Fiction is the genre, in which the author whips up imaginary characters and plot and weaves a tale around them. Though untrue and fabricated fiction might be used to relay information and express thoughts on a number of issues that are realistic and often worth highlighting.

Fiction is a very diverse genre of the equally diverse literary canyon. Fiction writing often requires ingenuity and thinking out of the box. Fiction is easily one of the highly read genera in the world. There is such incredible work in the fiction genre that it leaves a reader to browse through a plethora of amazing plots and characters. Several fictitious characters such as Jane Austen’s, ‘Mr. Darcy’ and ‘Elizabeth Bennet‘ or Bam Stoker’s, ‘Dracula‘ have gone down in history as some of the most cherished and timeless characters

Below is a list of four must read fiction books.

1. The Time Traveler’s Wife

Image result for The Time Traveler's Wife book

‘The Time Traveler’s Wife’, is American author Audrey Niffengger’s debut novel. This story revolves around Clare, an artist by profession, who meets her husband Henry under strange circumstances. Henry, afflicted by a genetic disorder is a time traveler of sorts with no control over it. Struggling to control his impromptu trips to strange places and times, naked as the day he was born, Henry finds acceptance and love in Clare. What follows is an enthralling journey full of time spins, confusions , heart-breaks, beginnings and endings.

Time Traveler’s Wife is an absolute must read, with its gripping plot and engaging romance. Full of love and longing, this book is bound to make you burst into guffaws and ugly cry.

2.The Silent Patient

‘The Silent Patient’, by Alex Michaelides is a psychological thriller that tells the tale of Alicia Berenson, a successful painter, who leads a lavish life with her husband ,Gabriel, an extremely sought after fashion photographer. One evening Gabriel returns home only to be met with five bullets to the face by his wife. What follows is a tale filled with gripping mystery as Alicia refuses to utter even a word or offer something in order of explanation. Now, enshrouded in disrepute, Alicia initiates a cycle of speculations by the public that transmutes her into a public mystery.

Theo Faber, a criminal psychotherapist is obsessed with Alicia’s case and wants to get her talking. The quest to solve this mystery leads him down a risky path…

3.Beautiful Disaster

Image result for jamie mcguire beautiful disaster goodreads

Jamie McGuire’s, ‘ Beautiful Disaster’, is a new adult book sporting the cliched, good girl- bad boy plot. Abby Abernathy, the good girl. Travis Maddox, the absolute bad boy. As these two collide in college and interact over a bet that can make Maddox go abstinent for a month or can get Abby stuck in Maddox’s apartment for that equal period of time.

Abby might end up winning more than just the bet!

4. In an Instant

Suzanne Redfearn’s, ‘In an Instant’, is a tale of hard life or death decisions made about in an instant. sixteen-year-old Finn Miller meets with a horrible car accident that causes her and ten others to fall off a mountain. It is a tale of love, family and guilt that makes us introspect over the humane in us and accentuates the ramifications of decisions.

ALICE IN WONDERLAND FILM REVIEW.

What will be your response if your dreams become your reality? Wouldn’t you be delighted to live your alternate reality! What it’s a goofy fantasy? Let me take you all in the world of fantasy; Alice in Wonderland is a movie directed by Tim Burton, is a 3-D blend of live action and animation of Lewis Carroll novel Alice in Wonderland.

SYNOPSIS

The story starts with a girl named Alice who has a reoccurring dreams since her childhood. She has turned 19 year old mourning over the death of her father. She is attending a garden party at Lord Ascot’s estate, she is confronted into an unwanted marriage relation with Ascot’s son. Taking some time to take a decision she in haste follows a rabbit to a rabbit hole under a tree, unintentionally falling into it. The story takes a drastic turn by that incident and opens a portal to her recurring dream world from where she begins her journey to the Wonderland and also finding her true self. On her journey she meets the different characters of wonderland ; the Caterpillar (played by Alan Rickman), Mad Hatter (played by Johnny Depp), White Rabbit (played by Michael Sheen), Red Queen (played by Helena Bonham Carter), White Queen (played by Anne Hathaway) and many more. The destiny unfolds the secret of her presence in Wonderland. She was brought her to fulfill the pronounced Oracle. This adventure helps Alice to overcome her fears, insecurities and emerge as victorious. The adventure helps Alice to realise her potential and follow her own will and doesn’t get lost in the society rituals or let them decide your potential and future.

Overall the movie is pretty good, it’s a bit intense and scary at times for younger children who could not understand the film depictions just because of the scary secens. As it’s the Lewis Carroll bizzare imagination not many can match that level of fantasy creativity. The cast was great, everyone perfectly fits into their allotted characters. Their costumes, the makeup, the dialogue delivery everything was perfectly done. My personal favourite would definitely be The Red Queen I feel her presence on screen always keep’s the audience jolly and entertained. Her carzy acting her weird dressing sense everything just speaks confidence it just creates a feeling of nostalgia. I love everything about her in my opinion well sorry on advance for being baised! I feel the cinematography was substantial thr visual effects makes a person experience the scenes. According to me the story unfolds quite briskly. The direction was great but the writer could have added more parts of the actual novel, the film can be more descriptive. But what can we say after all it’s Tim Burton film who is unique in his work. So it’s a must watch movie .

Day Trading – How tough can it be?

When an outsider looks at the stocks and sees how different stocks move each day one would initially assess that making money through day trading should be easy , after all you have to do is follow the momentum – but is it really that easy? Let’s find out.

Day trading if done judiciously and with discipline can give a significant amount of income maybe even replace your job but if done carelessly can turn into a nightmare. Sometimes even professional traders get beaten by the market so for newcomers it is extremely hard to stay in the market because of one golden rule in the market – everyone loses money – there is not a single trader/investor who hasn’t lost money in the market. Many people who think that can make a quick buck in the market end up losing most of their money and end up leaving the market and professional traders profit most from these kind of traders.

When trading in the market there are some extremely important rules everyone needs to follow if they want to make money i.e. target and stop-loss. Trading without target and stop-loss is like driving a vehicle without brakes , an accident just waiting to happen. Target is the target price you want the stock to reach before exiting whether it is shorting or going long and stop-loss is the price at which you would exit the trade if you the stock has performed reverse of your expectations , either way both exit points should be clearly identified and practiced with discipline. What most traders who suffer loss do is let there losers run and give themselves a bigger loss or exit a winning too early again giving them a loss. Discipline in such cases is one of the trademarks of a good trader.

Now we talk about the strategy. A strategy is what one uses to execute his/her trade. By merely looking at the charts one cannot assume about the direction the stock will go in thus the requirement of a solid backtested strategy which would work in all kinds of market. Developing a strategy is one of the hardest tasks while dealing with the matters of day-trading – one that creating it is extremely difficult and sometimes even a good backtested strategy can fail.

Next thing is practice. They say when you start trading that the first five years are just trial and error. The real trading starts after five years when you are finally trained in the ways of trading , when you have seen and made every profit and loss . After such time it is crucial that one always remains humble about their strategies and keep back-testing them time and again so it gives you an edge in the market.

Lastly the non-technical part of trading – keep your emotions out of the room while trading. Greed and fear in such cases can lead to extreme losses and keep you away from making a good trade.

AIR

The term “air” refers generally to gas, but exactly which gas depends on the context in which the term is used. Let’s learn about the modern definition of air in scientific disciplines and the earlier definition of the term.

MODERN AIR DIFINITION

Air is the general name for the mixture of gases that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere. This gas is primarily nitrogen (78%), mixed with oxygen (21%), water vapor (variable), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and trace gases. Pure air has no discernible scent and no color. Air typically contains dust, pollen, and spores; other contaminants are referred to as “air pollution.” On another planet—Mars, for example—the so-called air would have a different composition since there is technically no air in space.

OLDER AIR DIFINITION

Air is also an early chemical term for a type of gas. In the older definition, many individual types of so-called air made up the air we breathe: Vital air was later determined to be oxygen; what was called phlogisticated air turned out to be nitrogen. An alchemist might refer to any gas released by a chemical reaction as its “air.”

AIR MASS TYPES

Air masses are classified into groups depending on their basic temperature and humidity characteristics.

There are six main types of air masses that affect the British Isles. We classify these air masses primarily by the area in which they originate.

They are classified as continental or maritime – dependent on whether they originate over land or sea – and arctic or antarctic, equatorial, tropical, or polar, depending on the particular region in which they form.

There are a total of six air masses that affect the British Isles, they are classified as follows:

Tropical continental

This air mass originates over North Africa and the Sahara (a warm source region). It is most common during the summer months June, July and August, although it can occur at other times of the year.

Our highest temperatures usually occur under the influence of tropical continental air (over 30 °C by day and around 15 to 20 °C at night).

Visibility is usually moderate or poor due to the air picking up pollutants during its passage over Europe and from sand particles blown into the air from Saharan dust storms. Occasionally, the Saharan dust is washed out in showers producing coloured rain and leaving cars covered in a thin layer of orange dust.

Tropical maritime

The source region for this air mass is warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean between the Azores and Bermuda. The predominant wind direction across the British Isles, in a tropical maritime air mass, is south-westerly.

Tropical maritime air is warm and moist in its lowest layers and, although unstable over its source region, during its passage over cooler waters becomes stable and the air becomes saturated. Consequently when a tropical maritime air mass reaches the British Isles it brings with it low cloud and drizzle, perhaps also fog around windward coasts and across hills. To the lee of high ground though, the cloud my break up and here the weather, particularly in the summer months, can be fine and sunny.

This is a mild air stream and during the winter month in particular, can raise the air temperature several degrees above the average.

Polar continental

This air mass has its origins over the snow fields of Eastern Europe and Russia and is only considered a winter (November to April) phenomena.

The weather characteristics of this air mass depend on the length of the sea track during its passage from Europe to the British Isles: this air is inherently very cold and dry and if it reaches southern Britain with a short sea track over the English Channel, the weather is characterised by clear skies and severe frosts. With a longer sea track over the North Sea, the air becomes unstable and moisture is added giving rise to showers of rain or snow, especially near the east coast of Britain.

The lowest temperatures across the British Isles usually occur in this air mass, lower than -10 °C at night, and sometimes remaining below freezing all day.

Polar maritime

This air mass has its origins over northern Canada and Greenland and reaches the British Isles on a north-westerly air stream.

This air mass is characterised by frequent showers at any time of the year. In the winter months when instability (convection) is most vigorous over the sea, hail and thunder are common across much of the western and northern side of the British Isles. However, eastern Britain may see fewer showers as here the surface heating is reduced. During the summer, the reverse is true, land temperatures are higher than sea temperatures and the heaviest showers occur over eastern England.

Arctic maritime

An arctic maritime air mass has similar characteristics to a polar maritime air mass, but because of the shorter sea track the air is colder and less moist.

Arctic air is uncommon during the summer, but when it does occur it may bring heavy showers or thunderstorms and unseasonably low temperature.

An arctic maritime air mass has its origins over the North Pole and the Arctic Ocean.

Polar low-pressure systems forming in this air mass can sometimes lead to widespread and heavy snowfall, but otherwise inland areas remain free of cloud in the winter months. In northern Scotland, arctic maritime is usually the coldest air mass, but over the rest of Britain, this air mass is not as cold as polar continental.

Returning polar maritime

Returning polar maritime is another version of polar maritime, but this time with a longer sea track which takes the air first southwards over the North-Atlantic, the north-eastwards across the British isles.

During its passage south, the air becomes unstable and moist but on moving north-east it passes over cooler water making it stable in its lowest layers.

Although the weather across the British Isles in this air mass is largely dry, there can be extensive cloud cover.

IMPORTANT USES OF AIR

Air is a natural resource and is available abundantly. It is an essential element of nature that support life on earth. Air is equally important for living organisms for their survival just like water. Air is very useful and has many applications. Uses of air are as follows:

* Sustain life and growth
* Combustion
* Maintaining Temperature
* Supplier of Energy
* Photosynthesis

Sustain Life and Growth

Oxygen present in the air is one of the main life-sustaining gas. All living things breathe in and breathe out the air in the form of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide are vital for plants and their growth.

Combustion

Another use of air is that it supports burning or combustion. The oxygen present in air help in the burning of the fuels leads to carry out activities like cooking food, running industries, and vehicles as well as generating heat and electricity.

Temperature Control

Air helps in maintaining the temperature on the earth’s surface by circulating hot and cold air. Air acts as a conductor of heat. The phenomena of the water cycle are also dependent on air.

Supplier of Energy

Air which consists of energy is one of the main suppliers of energy. Living things are made up of cells and these cells extract oxygen within the blood to produce energy in the form of ATP. The generation of ATP which is biochemical in nature is essential to maintain life on the Earth.

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide which is also a component of air is used by plants during the process of photosynthesis and oxygen, water vapor is released by plants as a by-product.

Apart from these gases, other gases are also useful such as nitrogen is used in the production of ammonia.

Journalism

Journalism is an activity of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities. Journalism can be differentiated from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of communication , they are what make it indispensable to democratic societies. History reveals that more democratic the society is, more news and information it tends to have.

Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on current events based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. The word journalism applies to the occupation as well as collaborative who gather and publish information based on facts and supported with evidence. It is a form of writing that tells people about what has really happened, that they might have not known already.

India which is a democratic country has a major scope in the filed of journalism. We need young generation in this field so that we can understand the facts more smarter and better. Many people have debate skills and knowledge in this field which gives them popularity and they achieve milestones into this sector in a permanent basis. It is in written form, electronic form, internet based etc.

I hope by this article you got to know a little more about the field and scope of journalism.At present time the emergence of journalism has reached high levels. I will try to provide better facts and figures in this field in my next article.

Thank you!!

Importance of writing

Today’s article is about the importance of writing. Writing simply means handwritten on a paper. Typing can’t be considered under writing. In today’s world where there is smartphone and devices available practiced of writing on paper is getting diminished. People try to just copy and paste the important things on the devices.

Writing is necessary for the kids and youth too. Writing also ensures to remember the facts. It is scientifically proven that when we write with our fingers the mind gets connected with it automatically and that’s why we don’t forget the things which we have written on the piece of paper rather than typing. Typing can be a temporary option but one should not avoid the practice of writing.

It is important to know the benefits of writing. Writing helps in learning the points more quicker. It also focuses to concentrate on the points written down. Thinking ability is improved of an individual. As a personal experience I have noticed that the things which I have written on the paper are still remembered and the things which I haven’t wrote was easily forgettable.

In earlier times, there is a tradition that the child should write the first letter on the slate with his fingers and worship the goddess of knowledge “sarawsati”. From there we know that writing is an important tradition in childhood life. After that only, a child’s education is considered to be formally begin. The gurukul system also focused on writing the concept taught by the gurus to the students.

I choose this topic because nowadays people are not in the habit of writing which is very essential. The movement of fingers are done only when we write on the paper. I hope that you will read and notice the things I have mentioned and try to write at least for 20 minutes on a piece of paper. It will be beneficial and you will remember things more easily without the use of smartphone.

Thank you for today ….Keep reading!!

LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE OF NORTHERN INDIA

The languages were evolved at two levels namely the spoken and the written language. The old Brahmi script of Ashoka has uneven letter size by the period of Harsha, the size of letters become even and regular. By comparing the scripts of Hindi, Gujarati, and Punjabi, we can easily discover the changes of how they slowly developed over a long period. About 200 languages are prevailing for spoken languages in India. But some of the languages are spoken in only particular regions. Out of these only 22 languages have been recognized by our constitution. Hindi is spoken by different people in different forms. Rajasthani, which is a language spoken in Rajasthan is another variant of Hindi. This classification is based on the literature written by several poets over years. The Hindi that is spoken now is called Khadi Boli. In the 13th century, Khusrau has used Khadi Bholi in his compositions. But the extensive use of Hindi has started in the 19th century and also it shows some influences of Urdu.

PERSIAN AND URDU:

By the end of the 14th century AD, Urdu emerged as an independent language. By the existence of Turks and Mongols in India, Arabic and Persian were introduced. Urdu was served as an interaction between Hindi and Persian since Persian served as a court language for many centuries. After the conquest of Delhi (1192), the Turkish people acquired this region and slowly Urdu has become a formal language. As time passes, many people around Hindi started speaking Urdu. It became more popular in the early 18th century. Poetry in Urdu is also written by some Mughal emperors.

Khusrau(1253-325) is the earliest known Urdu poet. He was a follower of Nizam ud-din Auliya and he was a poet in the court of Sultan Balban. About 99 works have been completed by him. Laila Majnun and Ayina- I-Sikandari dedicated to Alau-din-Khalji was the most popular works written by him. Ghalib, Zauq, and Iqbal were the other well-known poets in that period. Iqbal’s “SareJahann se achcha Hindostan Hamara” is sung in many national celebrations of India. The Nawabs of Lucknow patronized the Urdu language and slowly it reached its height and now it has been adopted by the Pakistanis as their state language.

Most of the literature was written in Persian since Persian was the language of court during that period. Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan Dehelvi wrote poetries in Persian. The account of kings, important political events, and incidents during that period was written in Persian by the historians like Minhas-us-Siraj and Zia Barani, and Ibn Batuta. The tuzuk(autobiography) of Babar is originally written in Turkish by him. But later it was translated to Persian by his grandson Akbar. He patronized many scholars and got Mahabharata translated to Persian. Another unique piece of literature in Persian is Jahangir’s autobiography (Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri). The history of Akbar is dealt in it. Abul Fazl’s Akbarnamah and Ain-e-Akbari. Another good piece of poetry was written by Faizi. The Shahjahan’s days were written by Chandra Bhan. By the 20th century, Iqbal wrote some good poetry. All of these have become a part of Indian culture.

HINDI LANGUAGE:

During this time, there was growth in many regional languages like Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Marathi, and Gujarati. The 1st book in Hindi was Prithviraj Raso. It dealt with the exploits of Prithviraj Chauhan. The language has undergone several changes as the area where it was originally spoken expands. Many Hindi writers had looked to Sanskrit classics for guidance while writing literature. Due to the influence of the Bhakti movement in southern India, many poetries and prose written in Hindi were affected. Between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, the Hindi language has evolved during the Apabhramsa stage. This was characterized as Veergatha Kala (early period). Many Rajput rulers have patronized the poetry written in this period. Kabir and Tulsidas were the famous figures of this period. Surdas wrote Sur Sagar in which he talks about Lord Krishna as an infant. The festivals of Rama and Krishna are still celebrated grandly. Another important poet in this period was Nandadasa. Rahim and Bhushan wrote spiritual stories. In the 17th century, Bihari wrote Satsai which talks about shringar(love).

Many writers have contributed to the development of modern Indian literature over the last 150 years. And in 1913, Rabindranath Tagore Tagore became the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize for literature (Geetanjali). Hindi prose came into its own during the 19th century. Bharatendu Harishchandra and Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi translated the works in Hindi from Sanskrit and other languages. Vande Mataram, a patriotic song in Sanskrit was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterji (l 838-94). IT was later translated to Hindi and became very popular. Swami Dayananda has also contributed to the growth of the Hindi language. His SatyarthaPrakash was the important literature. Mahadevi Verma was awarded Padma Vibhushanis the first woman writer in Hindi to highlight issues related to women. Maithili Sharan Gupt is another important name. Jaishankar Prasad wrote beautiful dramas.

HINDI LANGUAGE MAKES PROGRESS IN MODERN PERIOD:

By the end of the 18th century, the development of modern language was started. The main writers of this period were Sadasukh Lal, Inshallah Khan, and Bhartendu Harishchandra. Shakuntala is translated to Hindi by Raja Lakshman Singh. Many proses of Hindi literature were written by Bhartendu Harish Chandra, Mahavira Prasad Dwivedi, Ramchandra Shukla, and Shyam Sunder Das. A great contribution to the development of Hindi poetry was given by many poets like Jai Shanker Prasad, Maithalisharan Gupta, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi ‘Nirala’, Mahadevi Verma, Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’ and Haribans Rai ‘Bacchan’ made a great contribution to the development of Hindi poetry. Prem Chand, Vrindavan Lal Verma, and Ellachandra Joshi were great novel writers of Hindi.

Land reforms in India

Land reforms aim at redistributing ownership holding from the viewpoint of social justice, and reorganizing operational holdings from the view point of optimum utilisation of land. These aims at providing security of tenure, fixation of rents, conferment of ownership, etc..

The entire concept of land reforms aims at the abolition of intermediaries and bringing the actual cultivator in direct contact with the state. The scope of land reforms, therefore, includes: (i) abolition of intermediaries, (ii) tenancy reforms, i.e., regulation of rent, security of tenure for tenants and conferment of ownership on them; (iii) ceiling on land holdings and distribution of surplus land to landless agricultural labourers and small farmers; (iv) agrarian reorganisation including consolidation of holdings and prevention of sub-division and fragmentation; (v) organization of co-operative farms; and (vi) improvement in the system of record keeping.

Due to Zamindari Abolition, about 30 lakh tenants and share croppers acquired ownership rights over a total cultivated area of 25 lakh hectares throughout the country. Further, it led to the abolition of about 260,000 Zamindars and intermediaries and acquisition of large amount of forested, barren and waste land by the Government. It also led to the emergence of a middle class of peasantry which is playing a pivotal role in agricultural development.

Land reforms in India had envisaged that beyond a certain specified limit, all lands belonging to the landlords would be taken over by the State and allotted to small proprietors to make their holdings economic or to landless laborers to meet their demand for land. Ceiling on landholdings is, therefore, an effective measure for redistribution of land and achieving the goal of social justice.

Need of land reforms:

The land reforms were needed to change all the systems or institutional factors, which were responsible for the low productivity of agriculture and poverty among the rural poor. At the time of independence the agrarian society was divided into four classes landlords or big farmers, the intermediaries-cum- cultivating holders, the tenants the actual cultivators and agricultural labourers.

There was unjust and defective land tenure system which deprives a large number of cultivators the ownership rights and to make any decisions about the land they hold and cultivate. The system of land tenure is still oppressive.

Out of 100 people engaged in agriculture, only 10% are the big land owners who owns enough land, the rest 90% whether small cultivators, marginal cultivators or landless labourers have not all the facilities held by the big landowners and as a result they cannot do full just with the agricultural activities

Measures adopted under land reforms:

Under land reforms various institutional measures have been adopted to improve agricultural productivity and the status of the actual tillers by the central and state government from time to time. The government abolished the zamindari system. It was the curse of the Indian agriculture that those who cultivated land were not its owners. Land was owned by zamindars. They performed no economic activities but devoured large part of the production.

The tillers who cultivated the land were poorly paid. With the removal of zamindari system and intermediaries about 20 million tenants were given the occupancy rights. Tenancy reforms have provided security of the tenure to tenants, regulated rent and conferred ownership rights on tenants. This was the second steps taken by the government.

The third measure taken was the consolidation of scattered and small land holdings. Consolidation of holdings means allocation of compact plot of land in exchange for the several small plots held by the owner of the land to make them economically viable. The government of India has passed laws for compulsory consolidation of holdings. The step to solve the problem of fragmentation of land was co-operative farming.

Under this system, a large tract of land owned by different house-holds may be jointly cultivated by them. The constant updating and maintenance of land records was also undertaken. The chakbandi system was also one of the measures taken under land reforms.

Land ceiling was another steps taken under land reforms, ceiling on holding means a prescribed area of land left with the zamindars after the abolition of Zamindari System. The surplus land is taken from the zamindars and distributed among the tillers of land and weaker sections of society; Laws regarding ceiling limit which was 30 acres have been passed by the government and about 3 million hectare of land has been declared as surplus. But, it is not sufficient.

Success and failure of land reforms:

The objectives of land reforms were to bring about economic efficiency and social justice. Efforts have been made to improve the condition of labourers through the abolition of Zamindari system, ceiling acts, redistribution of land and minimum wages acts etc. still their condition is deplorable. The implementation of the land reforms programme in India failed in its endeavour.

A majority of the agricultural labourers continued to be confronted with socio-economic difficulties and could not benefit from the land reforms measures. The progress of consolidation of land holdings is not satisfactory only 1/4 of the land has been consolidated and this has been completed only in Punjab, Haryana and Western U.P. The distribution of surplus land is also not satisfactory.

Conclusion:

In some of the states like Keraia, political will and intervention has led to the success of land reforms. All states except Nagaland and Meghalaya have passed ceiling acts. The five-year plans propose to lessen the sufferings of the landless people. With the removal of intermediaries, the cultivators came in direct contact with the government. A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forest-land which came under the hand of the government was distributed among the landless and agricultural labourers.

In the ninth-five-year plan, it had been pointed out that rural poverty is largely among the landless and the marginal farmers. The plan proposed redistribution of surplus land, tenancy reforms for recording rights of tenants, consolidation of holdings etc. The tenth five-year plan also carries further the reforms in the agricultural sector which were earlier neglected.

It can be said that if land reform measures are effectively and whole-heartedly implemented it would be successful in lessening the problems of rural people. With the Green Revolution land reforms have been also contributed in increasing agricultural production and somewhat improving the condition of the rural people.

The Importance of Value Education

Importance of HOBBIES in a student’s life

Photo by Tima Miroshnichenko on Pexels.com

Whenever we introduce ourselves we always mention our hobbies or in an interview the question of hobbies is a frequently asked one. But what really are these hobbies and what is their importance in our lives?

A hobby a day keeps the doldrums away.
Phyllis mcGinley

Hobbies are activities that we enjoy doing, they kill our boredom and are an integral part of our lifes, they help us grow and find our area of interest and something we are good at. Some people are more serious about their hobbies and some do it just for fun. One can always find a new hobby, the only requirement is to try. Children from a young age should be encouraged to build up a hobby. It helps them in discovering new are of interests and also brings out the creativity in them.
A hobby which we are passionate about refreshes us and through them we can be productive in our leisurely time. They are like a detox for boring days and when we try out new hobbies we might discover some new creativity and talent of ours.

Types of hobbies

There are hobbies which we carry out in alone or with friends to heal our mind or body or to just kill the time and on different means different hobbies are listed as:

Creative

Hobbies like art and craft, cooking, knitting, writing, etc bring out the creative side of a person. One can enjoy their ‘me time’ by engaging in these activities. They are fun to do and if someone is really good at them they become a source of side income too and you don’t even have to leave your house. You can enjoy them whenever you want and wherever you want and you don’t even have to good at them you can just do for fun these hobbies always make you happy.

Physical

Activities like gymming, hiking, yoga, camping, etc boost our heart rate and brain function. They lower blood pressure and increase stamina. They help in a healthy lifestyle while maintaining a fun time. Outdoor games too are a good option while you are looking to burn some carbs while having fun. Join a new dance class and within few days you will feel a change in your mental and physical well being.

Exploring

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels.com

Every non working day or weekend can be the best time to explore something new like a new restaurant, place, music, movie or series. If you are a foodie you can always aim at finding new tasty dishes. This will help you gain confidence in yourself and this way you can also find new people that share same interests as you. Self help books are a great way to eradicate the negative in your life. Explore a new book, read it and it will give a whole new perspective.

To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.
Winston Churchill

Other activities that you can look upto are reading, dancing, meditation, Journaling, etc. You can also combine different activities together like hiking and painting. What’s better than reaching your destination while hiking and painting the view will remain as a forever memory with you.
Hobby is basically taking out time for yourself, for the intoxication of all the work you did and giving you a more meaningful, relaxing time. For students the tension of studying and other things can be exhausting and they need a way to escape from all of this, hobbies give them a way to feel fresh. It reduces the risk of depression and stress and promotes better health.

Reference: https://online.kettering.edu

BUTTERFLY 🦋

”Butterflies are nature’s angels.
They remind us what a gift it is to be alive”

~Robyn Nola

Butterflies are the adult flying stage of certain insects belonging to an order or group called Lepidoptera. Moths also belong to this group. The word “Lepidoptera” means “scaly wings” in Greek. This name perfectly suits the insects in this group because their wings are covered with thousands of tiny scales overlapping in rows. The scales, which are arranged in colorful designs unique to each species, are what gives the butterfly its beauty.

Like all other insects, butterflies have six legs and three main body parts: head, thorax (chest or mid section) and abdomen (tail end). They also have two antennae and an exoskeleton.

Butterfly life cycle

A life cycle is made up of the stages that a living organism goes through during its lifetime from beginning to end. A butterfly undergoes a process called complete metamorphosis during its life cycle. This means that the butterfly changes completely from its early larval stage, when it is a caterpillar, until the final stage, when it becomes a beautiful and graceful adult butterfly. The butterfly life cycle has four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

The first stage of the butterfly life cycle is the egg or ovum. Butterfly eggs are tiny, vary in color and may be round, cylindrical or oval. The female butterfly attaches the eggs to leaves or stems of plants that will also serve as a suitable food source for the larvae when they hatch.

The larva, or caterpillar, that hatches from the egg is the second stage in the life cycle. Caterpillars often, but not always, have several pairs of true legs, along with several pairs of false legs or prolegs. A caterpillar’s primary activity is eating. They have a voracious appetite and eat almost constantly. As the caterpillar continues to eat, its body grows considerably. The tough outer skin or exoskeleton, however, does not grow or stretch along with the enlarging caterpillar. Instead, the old exoskeleton is shed in a process called molting and it is replaced by a new, larger exoskeleton. A caterpillar may go through as many as four to five molts before it becomes a pupa.

The third stage is known as the pupa or chrysalis. The caterpillar attaches itself to a twig, a wall or some other support and the exoskeleton splits open to reveal the chrysalis. The chrysalis hangs down like a small sack until the transformation to butterfly is complete. The casual observer may think that because the pupa is motionless that very little is going on during this “resting stage.” However, it is within the chrysalis shell that the caterpillar’s structure is broken down and rearranged into the wings, body and legs of the adult butterfly. The pupa does not feed but instead gets its energy from the food eaten by the larval stage. Depending on the species, the pupal stage may last for just a few days or it may last for more than a year. Many butterfly species overwinter or hibernate as pupae.

The fourth and final stage of the life cycle is the adult. Once the chrysalis casing splits, the butterfly emerges. It will eventually mate and lay eggs to begin the cycle all over again. Most adult butterflies will live only a week or two, while a few species may live as long as 18 months.

Butterfly wings are transparent

Before you feel the need to schedule an eye exam, let us explain. The wings of a butterfly are covered in a multitude of miniature scales –thousands of them. And those colors you see when a butterfly flits across your yard are the reflection of various colors through the scales. The wings themselves are made up of a protein called chitin, which is the same protein that forms an insect’s exoskeleton. And much like an exoskeleton, chitin is transparent. You’ve learned something new already!

There are almost 20,000 butterfly species

If you’d ever considered memorizing all the various species of butterflies, it may take longer than you were anticipating. An easier starting point would be those species regularly occurring in the lower 48 states of the US. Still, that number is right around 575, so we’re recommending note cards or, perhaps, focusing on the butterflies you find in and around your yard this spring and summer.

Butterflies use their feet to taste

If everything up until this point was already a part of your existing butterfly knowledge, this fact may come as a curveball. However, if you think about it from the butterfly’s point of view, it isn’t that unusual. A butterfly’s daily activities consist of eating and mating, both of which require landing – even if it is only briefly. When food is the priority, those taste receptors help the butterfly locate the right plants and the key nutrients it needs for survival. Although many people wonder what it means when a butterfly lands on them, the truth is that it’s probably just hungry.

Butterflies only live for a few weeks

For everyone who has been anxiously awaiting this since our earlier reference, or who simply skipped ahead until they found it, here you go. The average lifespan of an adult butterfly is roughly three to four weeks, however, the entire life cycle can last anywhere between two and eight months. As with anything, there are exceptions to the rule. At least one species of butterfly lives for approximately 24 hours, while some migratory butterflies, like the North American Monarch, can survive for nearly eight months.

The most common butterfly in the US is the Cabbage White

Named for its mostly white marking, when hints of yellow and green like the vegetable, the Cabbage White may not be the most colorful butterfly in your garden or yard, but it is the most common. The male Cabbage White has one prominent black spot on each wing, while the female has two.

Some butterfly species migrate from the cold

Although in many cases cold weather will end the already short life of a butterfly by rendering them immobile, others take the dropping temperature as a signal to move. Butterflies are cold-blooded and require – in ideal settings – a body temperature of approximately 85 degrees to activate their flight muscles. If the weather begins changing some species simply migrate in search of sunshine. Some, like the North American Monarch, travel an average of 2,500 miles!

One of the largest butterflies is the Giant Swallowtail Butterfly

With a wingspread of between four and seven inches, this species has a name that fits its dimensions. If you have ever seen one on a hike or around your yard, you may have been spellbound by the sight of it. Their swallowtail description is borrowed from birds of the same name, thanks to the long tails on this butterfly’s hindwings.

Butterflies have a liquid diet

We mentioned earlier that butterflies like to eat, which is true. What we didn’t include at the time is that their source of food is exclusively liquid. In fact, they simply don’t have the necessary apparatus for chewing. Using their proboscis, which functions in the same way you or I might use a straw, butterflies drink nectar or some other variation of liquid sustenance.

Butterfly wings help them against predators

As we’ve discussed, the lifespan of the average butterfly is short, and even at their peak, these insects are some of the most fragile. Staying alive for as long as possible allows the butterfly additional opportunities to mate, and continuing the existence of its species is of utmost importance. Therefore, butterflies frequently use their wings as a defense mechanism. Either by folding to blend in with their surroundings, or wearing a full spectrum of colors and patterns to frighten predators, a butterfly’s wings are often their best protection.

Butterflies actually have four wings, not two

Speaking of wings, we may have intentionally left the most fascinating butterfly fact until last! Despite how they may appear in motion, or in drawings or paintings you may have seen, butterflies have four separate wings. The wings closest to its head are called the forewings, while those in the rear are called the hindwings. Thanks to strong muscles in the butterfly’s thorax, all four wings move up and down in a figure-eight pattern during flight.

“Butterflies can’t see their wings.
They can’t see how truly beautiful they are,
but everyone else can.
People are like that as well”

What Are Vitamins And Why We Need Them?

We must obtain vitamins from natural foods, or dietary supplements in order to sustain life.
When I mention the word vitamin, most people think pill. Thinking pill brings to mind confusing images of medicine and drugs. Though vitamins can and certainly often do the work of both medicine and drugs,they are neither.
Quite simply, vitamins are organic substances necessary for life. Vitamins
are essential to the normal functioning of our bodies and, save for a few exceptions, cannot be manufactured or synthesized internally. Necessary for
our growth, vitality, and general well-being, they are found in minute quantities in all natural food. We must obtain vitamins from these foods or from dietary supplements.
What you have to keep in mind is that supplements, which are available
in tablet, capsule, liquid, powder, spray, patch, and injection forms, are still just food substances, and, unless synthetic, are also derived from living plant sand animals.
It is impossible to sustain life without all the essential vitamins.
What Vitamins Are Not
Vitamins are neither pep pills nor substitutes for food.
A lot of people think vitamins can replace food. They cannot. In fact, vitamins cannot be assimilated without ingesting food. There are a lot of erroneous beliefs about vitamins, and I hope this book can clear up most of them.Vitamins are not pep pills and have no caloric or energy value of
their own.
Vitamins are not substitutes for protein or for any other nutrients, such as minerals, fats, carbohydrates, water or even for each other!
Vitamins themselves are not the components of our body structures.
You cannot take vitamins, stop eating, and expect to be healthy.

How They Work

If you think of the body as an automobile’s combustion engine and vitamins as spark plugs, you have a fairly good idea of how these amazing minute food substances work for us.
Vitamins regulate our metabolism through enzyme systems. A single deficiency can endanger the whole body.Vitamins are components of our enzyme systems which, acting like spar
plugs, energize and regulate our metabolism, keeping us tuned up and functioning at high performance.
Compared with our intake of other nutrients like proteins, fats, and carbo
hydrates, our vitamin intake (even on some mega dose regimens) is minuscule. But a deficiency in even one vitamin can endanger the whole human body.
But, you should always remember that supplements are supplements and not replacement of regular and healthy food. Without food, they will not work.

Dreams : Types & Facts

Dreams are stories and images that our minds create while we sleep. They can be entertaining, fun, romantic, disturbing, frightening, and sometimes bizarre.

Although it is hard to define what a dream is, for the purpose of this article, we will define dreams as our thoughts during sleep that we recall when we wake up. So, sleeping dreams are not the same as “daydreaming.” Dreams are mostly visual (made up of scenes and faces; sound, taste, and smell are rare in dreams). Dreams can range from truly strange to rather boring, snapshots from a recent event.

Facts on Dreams

We may not remember dreaming, but everyone is thought to dream between 3 and 6 times per night.
Dreams improve creativity and problem solving.
It is thought that each dream lasts between 5 to 20 minutes.
Dreams regulate our moods and emotions.
Around 95 percent of dreams are forgotten by the time a person gets out of bed.
Dreaming can help you learn and develop long-term memories.
Blind people dream more with other sensory components compared with sighted people.
Dreams support memories.

Types of Dreams

There are 5 main types of dreams :

1. Normal Dreams

Common dreams about people and experiences that we can sometimes forget.

2. Day Dreams

When we escape from reality and visualise the past, present & future throughout the day.

3. Lucid Dreams

Being completely aware and in control of dream the dream you are having while you sleep.

4. False Awakening Dreams

A vivid type of dream that feels like you have woken up but you are actually still asleep.

5. Nightmares

The least favourite type of dream. Nightmares are disturbing and scary dreams that can feel realistic.

Whether you remember your dreams or not, most people dream every night during REM sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movements, which happen during this stage of sleep. During REM sleep, muscle and brain activity also differ from other sleep stages. Characteristics of dreams tend to be different for each of these sleep stages.

Conclusion

There are different ways scientists measure dreams from asking questions to using MRI. These studies show us that activity in the brain while we sleep gives us the interesting dreams we recall when we wake up. These dreams help us remember things, be more creative, and process our emotions.

We know most kids do not get enough sleep. Some diseases (like Alzheimer’s disease) also make people sleep less, while others (like REM sleep behaviour disorder and mood disorders) affect dreams directly. It is important to study sleep and dreams to understand what happens when we do not get enough sleep and how we can treat people with these diseases.

Teenagers & Anxiety

All teens experience some amount of anxiety at times. Anxiety is actually a normal reaction to stress, and sometimes it helps teens deal with tense or overwhelming situations. For many teens, things like public speaking, final exams, important athletic competitions, or even going out on a date can cause feelings of apprehension and uneasiness. They may also experience an increase in heartbeat or excessive sweating. That’s how the brain responds to anxious feelings.

For some teens, however, anxiety can go beyond these typical symptoms to negatively affect friendships and family relationships, participation in extracurricular activities, and even their schoolwork. When feelings of anxiety interfere with normal daily living, the presence of an anxiety disorder should be considered. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 25% of 13 to 18-year-olds have an anxiety disorder, and just under 6% have a severe anxiety disorder.

Given that teens experience a wide variety of physical and emotional changes as they grow, an anxiety disorder can be difficult to spot. Many red flags may seem like usual teens struggles or be chalked up to hormones. Watch for these hidden signs of anxiety in your teens :

1. Emotional Changes to Watch Out For in Teens

While some anxious teens express feelings of pervasive worry, others experience subtle emotional changes such as :

Feeling “keyed up”
Feeling on edge
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Restlessness
Unexplained outbursts

2. Social Changes

Anxiety can negatively affect friendships. If your once social teen suddenly avoids his favourite activities or stops making plans with friends, think twice. You might notice that he/she is :

Avoiding social interactions with usual friends
Avoiding extracurricular activities
Isolating from peer group
Spending increased time alone

3. Physical Changes

Many of the physical complaints that can occur with an anxiety disorder mimic average teen complaint, which tend to increase as they get older. Pay attention to patterns. A couple of headaches here and there shouldn’t be a cause for concern, for example, but frequent headaches are a red flag. Watch for these common psychosomatic complaints :

Frequent headaches, including migraines
Gastrointestinal problems
Unexplained aches and pains
Excessive fatigue
Complaints of not feeling well with no obvious medical cause
Changes in eating habits

4. Sleep Disturbances

Teens aged 13 to 18 get 8 to 10 hours of sleep on a regular basis to promote optimal health. It is also recommend shutting down screens 30 minutes prior to bedtime, and removing all electronics from the bedroom.

It’s no big secret that homework demands, changing brain structure, extracurricular activities, and screen time can all cut into the sleep habits of teens. Therefore, it can be difficult to know whether fatigue is a product of anxiety or of a busy schedule. Watch for these red flags :

Difficulty falling asleep
Difficulty staying asleep
Frequent nightmares
Not feeling refreshed after sleep

5. Poor School Performance

Given that anxiety can affect everything from sleep habits to eating habits to missing school due to physical issues, it should come as no surprise that poor academic performance can also result from untreated anxiety. School avoidance, missed days due to anxiety-related illness, and persistent worry can make it difficult for anxious teens to keep up with their workload. Watch for these changes in your teen :

Significant jump in grades (usually downward)
Frequently missed assignments
Describes feeling overwhelmed by workload
Procrastinates on, or has difficulty concentrating on, homework assignments more than usual

6. Panic Attacks : Know the Symptoms

Not all anxious teens experience panic attacks, and some experience mild symptoms of panic without enduring a full panic attack. The following symptoms are common among people with anxiety disorders :

Rapid heartbeat
Sweating and trembling
Dizziness
Upset stomach
Difficulty breathing
Chest pain
Feeling like they’re dying
Feeling like they’re “going crazy”
Numbness or tingling in arms and legs
Derealization.

Places to visit in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand

Almora district is a district in the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand state, India. The town of Almora is surrounded by Pithoragarh district to the east, Garhwal region to the west, Bageshwar district to the north, and Nainital district to the south. The landscape of Almora attracts tourists each year for its views of the Himalayas, cultural heritage, handicrafts, and cuisine, and is a business hub for the Kumaon region.

Almora has attracted several eminent people through the ages, including Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Uday Shankar, and his troupe, and Ravi Shankar, who contributed to the cultural enrichment of the town. Govind Ballabh Pant noted freedom fighter was born in Almora. Former Indian Captain and ace cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni has ancestral roots in Lwali village in Almora. The town also serves as the starting point for many treks like Jageshwar, Pindari, Mornaula, Mukteshwar, Binsar, and Ranikhet among others.

The place owes its name to “Kilmore” a tiny plant found in the nearby regions, used for washing utensils of Katarmal sun temple. The people who used to bring the plant were referred to as Kilmore or Almora. Hence, the town came to be known as Almora or Almoda.

Places to visit –

Chitai Golu Devta Temple

Presided by the deity of Golu Ji, an incarnation of Lord Shiva in the form of Gaur Bhairav, the Chitai Temple is recognized by the number of copper bells hung in its premises. Although there are many temples of Golu Devta in Almora the Chitai Golu Devta Temple is the most sacred one.

Kasar Devi

Kasar Devi is a village near Almora, Uttarakhand. It is known for the Kasar Devi temple, a Devi temple, dedicated to Kasar Devi, after whom the place is also named. The Kasar Devi temple offers a pleasant view of the Almora city and Hawabagh Valley. In the 1890s Swami Vivekanand came to this temple for meditation.

Dunagiri

Dunagiri temple is located 14 km far from Dwarahat. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Durga. It is believed that when Hanuman Ji was carrying the mountain with ‘Sanjiwani buti’ for Laxman, a piece of it fell here and since that day this place is known as ‘Doonagiri’ (‘giri’ meaning fell).

Jageshwar

One of the finest examples of architecture in Uttarakhand, Jageshwar Dham is a group of temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Jageshwar temple site attracts many pilgrims and visitors every day. Many complete a part of the post-cremation last rites after the death of a loved one at the Jageshwar temple site.

Binsar

Binsar is a small town adorned on the hills of Kumaon. Binsar is known for offering spell-binding views of the majestic Himalayan peaks such as Chaukhamba, Nanda Devi, Nanda Kot, Panchauali, and Kedarnath. This compact hill town is encircled by the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary which serves as a habitat for the rare animals, birds, and flower species. It is the best place for experiencing adventurous hiking and camping.

Katarmal Sun Temple

Katarmal Sun Temple is considered the second most important sun temple in India after Konark Sun Temple (Orissa). It is believed to be the only sun temple located in the hills. The Katarmal Sun temple is a unique cluster of temples that is the tallest temple in the Kumaon region. Inside the main temple along with the statue of Vraddhaditya, other deities are also present. The locals believe that this shrine is significant for two reasons. One, this is the only Sun temple in the hills, and second, in February and November, the sun rays fall directly on the deity making it an extraordinary sight.

The best solace food varieties you can eat, as indicated by specialists

There’s nothing more alleviating than your #1 solace allowing suppers when you feel somewhat low or simply sick. As the name proposes, solace food sources are intended to offer you that solace and warmth and you can simply go to them when you feel blue! For a few, it can likewise offer a little nostalgic benefit and cause you to feel at ease. Notwithstanding, as ameliorating as it appears, we as a whole realize that they aren’t actually the best contribution there. Be it a pack of chips, rice luxuries, desserts, moment noodles, a sandwich or pizzas, considered a mainstream decision around the world, solace food sources can be of any sort yet tragically, weighed down with a great deal of carbs, fat and sugar content, which isn’t actually a solid decision to be had.

Why are solace food varieties terrible?

Solace food sources are frequently connected with a nostalgic, alleviating esteem which regularly leaves us genuinely satisfied (otherwise known as, feeling full) whenever we are finished having them. Studies propose that solace food varieties really work to hoist mind-set levels by animating the cerebrum’s prize and joy focuses and can feel like a habit. Notwithstanding, as fulfilling and soothing as the food sources may feel in the midst of emergency, most solace food varieties are healthfully not unreasonably thick, and all things being equal, loaded up with calories. The issue deteriorates, in the event that you wind up having a lot of your solace food sources, and burden up on the abundance carbs and fats, or the undesirable additives in them, and end up in an awful pressure pigging out cycle.

Having said that, not all solace food is really downright terrible. While they do get a feeling of sentimentality and help you in general, for certain augmentations and careful trades, you can have your solace food varieties without an ounce of blame or stressing over exaggerating your calories! Here’s introducing the absolute most nutritious solace dinners to make you glad and sound simultaneously:

Cereal arrangements: Oatmeal is a morning meal staple for some, a confided in weight reduction helper, and, in the event that you ask us, an embrace in-a-bowl sort of planning! Not exclusively would oatmeal be able to be ready in an assortment of ways, it is wealthy in acceptable carbs, fiber and cell reinforcements which don’t digress you away from nourishment esteems. Oats are likewise bounty plentiful in B-Vitamins, which advance cerebrum wellbeing. Finish it off with nectar, nuts and seeds, foods grown from the ground have a feeding dinner worth partaking in any time.

Vegetable sandwiches and pasta: Pasta and sandwiches are appreciated by many are considered the go-to supper when abrupt food cravings and yearnings strike. While adding sauces and a lot of cheddar can positively make your supper a bit unfortunate, make a point to include a ton of brilliant veggies and a few flavors into your sandwiches, pastas to stack up on the wellbeing remainder! Cheddar as well, whenever added cautiously can be beneficial for you! Thus, ensure you make this careful trade to make your solace rich feast significantly more solid.

Heated potatoes: Potatoes are a favoured vegetable cherished by all. Nonetheless, it’s additionally something that is calorie-thick, and may not be really beneficial to be had in its singed, fresh structure that we like. Choosing heated potato dishes, finishing off with more veggies can be one trade that can cause you to have your potato, and eat it righteous!

Khichdi: When we discuss solace food varieties, how might we disregard our own special khichdi? The blended rice and lentil readiness is quite sustaining and thought about a mending feast in many pieces of the country. While certain increases to the dish (like the utilization of asafoetida, ghee or the humble tadka) make the dinner very nutritious, on the off chance that you truly depend on khichdi as your solace food, ensure you use protein-pressed lentils, (for example, moong daal), throw in veggies (any you like) and make it a satisfying supper without help from anyone else!

Curd rice: Just like khichdi, curd rice is an adored delicacy in many pieces of India. Indeed, it’s really a very solid planning. Specialists have since quite a while ago focused on that curd rice is gut-accommodating food since it can re-establish the microbial equilibrium in the body, help absorption. Curd, in the meantime, is a decent wellspring of dairy-rich calcium, which reinforces your bones and has heaps of cancer prevention agents.

Foxnuts and margarine less popcorn: Popcorn (made without spread) and foxnuts, otherwise called makhanas can likewise make for sound tidbits and solace food alternatives. While popcorn portions are supposed to be wealthy in cancer prevention agents and heart-solid polyphenols, wealthy in satiety and useful for assimilation, makhanas, as well, can be made contrastingly and gloat of a great deal of promising medical advantages from being wealthy in calcium, great carbs, iron, magnesium and phosphorus.

Yogurt finished off with organic products: The best (and the best) substitution to frozen yogurts are low-fat yogurt-based treats and yogurt bowls. While yogurt is an incredibly decent wellspring of good gut microbes, calcium, benefits weight reduction and insusceptibility, adding bright nuts and seeds to your yogurt planning serve in extra cancer prevention agents, nutrients and minerals and is beneficial to be had routinely.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND YOUTH

Social Media is quite possibly the most quickly developing stages in our period. We can speak with others effectively by utilizing social media. Social media has empowered us to stay in contact with our companions who don’t live near us. We are additionally ready to know the news in different pieces of the world much effectively by utilizing social media. We can make a gathering of many individuals together in social media to examine about a specific issue. We can see the assortment of assessments which emerges by examining and bantering about a specific subject or episode.

Some little individuals whose voice was not heard before can voice their perspectives through social media. They can draw out reality to people in general. We are likewise ready to share recordings, pictures and so on with only a single navigate social media. We can assemble better associations with our companions. Subsequently, we can say social media is exceptionally valuable for a person from various perspectives. Social media likewise has a hurtful impact in case it isn’t utilized carefully or reasonably. A few group get dependent on social media like instagram, facebook, whatsapp and so on this prompts a lessening in their usefulness, in actuality. Individuals are snared on their telephones and up close and personal gatherings have become extremely unprecedented in light of social media.

Individuals are doing extremely less exercise nowadays and are fascinated in social media. It makes them unhealthy. Abusing of social media will prompt numerous eyeproblems for the client due to stressing their eyes on the contraption can prompt eye issue. Individuals are currently exceptionally enthusiastic just contemplating new posts, new warnings and so forth In this way, social media has an adverse consequence to on the existence of a person.

TEA, AROUND THE GLOBE

Track2Training

Tea might be native to China , but the entire world relishes this beverage . Each country has its unique way of preparing and consuming tea. Here is how tea is consumed around the globe ,

CHINA – China is the country who introduced tea to the world . It is believed that Chinese emperor Shennong when consuming hot water noticed that dried leaf had fell from a plant and his water tasted really good , and that is how tea was discovered . China has a wide variety of tea leaves from which they make their tea.

TAIWAN – People in Taiwan enjoy bubble tea , which is a fairly modern innovation . It is an iced tea served with tapioca pearls . Bubble tea sure has a lot of calories , but it is worth the calorie gain.

JAPAN – Matcha tea is the most popular form of…

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Gender Neutrality in Rape laws in India

In a society where patriarchy rules, men and women are differentiated on all levels of life. Men are allowed to study, go out of house, move to different cities looking for job, coming late at night, wearing any kind of clothing and many more. However, the same privileges are not granted to women. Men in our society have been groomed as strong and emotionless cause showing emotions would make them a “woman”. There have been many instances in all of our lives where someone told a boy not to cry by saying “are you a girl that you are crying?” Our society focuses too much on keeping women safe by keeping them locked at home rather than improving their physical strength and the environment in which they live.

Due to women not being physically stronger, they were suppressed by the society. History is our witness and evidence which shows different ways our society suppressed women. Amongst the various restrictions put on women, one of them was to be careful in regards with their womanhood. Women were and are still told to safeguard their womanhood until they get married, yet the same is not said to the men in the society. This in itself disturbs the balance between men and women and can be said to be discriminatory. When men weren’t stopped from exploring and satisfying their manhood and pleasure, the evil amongst them took advantage of it. Sexual assault and misconduct became a part of the society and the solution for it was to keep girls inside and to ask them to wear “proper clothing.” However, this did not stop those evil men from creating havoc to the body and mind of the woman.

Over the years, laws were introduced for safeguarding the rights of the citizens and amongst the plethora of laws, there was the rape law. It was channel of justice for women to throw the rapists behind the bars. The law should have been enough to scare the evil men of the consequences which would be brought upon them if they committed such heinous crime of women. However, the law also could not stop them. According to a survey conducted by the NCRB i.e., National Crime Records Bureau, on an average 88 women were raped daily in 2019. Apart from the daily rape cases, the spectrum of women is quite wide in terms of being a victim to the hands of these evil men. From a three-month-old baby to orphan girls to young girls being raped in the crematory to Nirbhaya, Hathras and many more. These are just the cases the few cases which were reported and highlighted in the media. There are so many unreported rape cases where a woman or a man has been raped and they could not come up and speak. Yes, men are also a victim to the evil hands of the society. The very same society would mock a man on being raped. The society would question a man’s character and his manliness because he was raped or was sexually assaulted.

We all know the heinous crimes committed on women in India, but are we aware of the atrocities which happen to men? P Jayaraj and J Fenix, a father-son duo in Tamil Nadu died due to police brutality which also included being sodomized. There were friends and families who reported that both the father and son were excessively bleeding from their rectum. Now in such a case, where can the man go and seek justice for himself? The man cannot do so as the society we live in, will belittle him for something so horrible. There have been research conducted wherein it was pointed out that a woman in very rare cases could be the perpetrator in terms of penetrative rape. Few instances where the woman can be the perpetrator are – using her power of position and coercing the man into having sexual intercourse with her without his consent or intoxicate the man without his knowledge and have sexual intercourse with him without consent. In both the instances, the man is being sexually assaulted yet he has no legal remedy for himself. According to a survey conducted by Centre for Civil society, 18 percent of men were forced or coerced into having sexual intercourse, yet those victims of rape could not seek justice as they were not protected under the rape law.

Countries such as Australia, United Kingdom and Denmark have already accepted gender neutral laws. That’s a change which is required for our society to make it into a better living environment for all the citizens i.e., men, women, transgender, etc. The laws in India should be made gender neutral in order to preserve the true essence of Article 14 of Indian constitution i.e., Right to equality , Article 15 of Indian constitution I.e., prohibition discrimination on grounds of sex and Article 21 i.e., right to life where both the genders can live a life with dignity. The law is not the only thing which needs to be amended, but the mindset of the society also needs to be changed. The society should be made aware of the statistics of men being raped and sexually assaulted in India and why they also need to be protected by the law. Hence, the rape laws should be gender neutral.

References

Ways to Stop Procrastination

One of the common things human beings are suffering from is procrastination. It is the act of delaying or putting things off for a later time. Even a person who is well-organized and disciplined tends to fall into this well of procrastination. Believing that repeated minor delays will not hurt you in a long run is nothing but a form of procrastination. If you are delaying the task, having trouble acting on them, or are unable to manage distractions then you are procrastinating.

Procrastination can lead to –

Ruining your career
Wasting your precious time
Making poor decision
Ruining your relationships
Resentment from family and co-workers
Making poor decisions
Lower self-esteem
Stress on your health

“Success is not a place at which one arrives but rather the spirit with which one undertakes and continues the journey.”
– Alfred Nobel

But this needs to stop right now otherwise you will be in great trouble. Here are some ways that will help you to overcome procrastination

Manage your environment

Working in a space where you are surrounded by positive energy will enhance your ability to do the work efficiently.

Take baby steps

Break down the items on your list into small, manageable steps so that your tasks don’t seem so overwhelming.

Make a to-do list

This will help you to keep track of things you would be doing the following day. By this, you don’t have to waste time in the morning. You know what are your plans for the day and you will start your day with a clear picture.

Eliminate distractions

Eliminate the distractions that force you to procrastinate. If you are distracted by social media so deactivate it for a short period of time. Turn off your notifications and focus on what you are doing.

Start today

Once you’ve figured out what is the task for the day, you must take immediate action. Muster the courage and give it a start with a positive note of completing the task without any distraction.

Hang out with people who don’t procrastinate

Hang out with people who inspire you. They’ll infuse some of their drive and spirit into your work ethic.

Reward yourself

When we tell ourselves something like, “I’ll do it first thing tomorrow morning,” that provides another reward in the form of positive emotions. You see, when we imagine ourselves engaged in some future action that we perceive as beneficial, we feel good about ourselves.

Increase self confidence

Students who believe that they won’t be successful at the task at hand are more likely to procrastinate. One way to increase their confidence is to highlight how others who have been in a similar position have been successful.

Perfectionism

Don’t strive for perfectionism. It is better to do something 80% than having done nothing. As the saying goes “Well done is better than well said“.

When your plan is failing, RE-PLAN

Some goals weren’t meant to be achieved then take a step back and decide what it is exactly that you want to achieve and what steps you should take to get there.

Banned cartoons and their reasons

You may have came across the word “ban” Or “censored’ used in movies, but do you know these terms are also used for some cartoons in some countries which are liked by other countries. Let’s have a look at some popular cartoons which are banned in some countries and their reasons.

1. SpongeBob SquarePants

This is the longest running Nickelodeon show ever. It got banned because of violence and foul language which are used in this show. Countries like Russia, America and 120 others have banned this show from watching.

2. The Simpsons

This is America’s most popular cartoon show till now. This show had scenes where public figures like Donald Trump, were insulted. This show also promoted disorderly behavior which were totally misleading for kids. After sometime, the show is now available to watch, but there has been argument going on this show as countries like US have censored this cartoon show.

3. Mickey Mouse

This is world’s first cartoon show which had voice, and the first word that Mickey Mouse said was “Hot Dogs”. This cartoon show got banned in 1930s in the Romanian region because Romania government stated that big Mouse in this cartoon will scare the kids rather than making them laugh.

4. Doremon

This is a Japanese cartoon show which is ban in more than 50 countries because of the character Nobita. The Nobita character is a lazy character who always depends upon the character Doremon for helping gadgets. An argument concluded that the Nobita character was promoting laziness, procrastinating, etc, which resulted in banning.

Cartoon shows should be developed keeping kids as their main audience. It should have the simplicity and cleanness that attract audience and also focusing on the impact and effect that it’ll leave mainly on audience. That’s why shows that promotes foul language can always make a big effect on kids. This makes banning a healthy and better option.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN AFGHANISTAN IN PERIL?

By Moksha Grover

Ever since the Taliban has taken control over Afghanistan there is a big threat to the rights of afghan women & girls. Three Afghan women who worked at a media company were gunned down in Jalalabad in early March[1]. In January, unidentified gunmen killed two female Supreme Court judges in Kabul[2]. These are just some of the victims of the long list of assassinations of female activists and political leaders in Afghanistan. These assassinations have increased since the government of Afghanistan established connections with the Taliban.

The period of 1996-2001 when the Taliban ruled the country was the darkest time for afghan women. after Independence from the Taliban in 2001, Afghanistan had grown up a lot in terms of supporting women, educating them, and making them stand up for their feet. We have the famous women activists Sima Samar, Aryana Sayeed, and Roqia Abubakr all of who contributed a lot to the growth of Afghanistan. Today women compose around 27% of the Afghan Parliament, one of the highest rates of women’s political representation in the region[3].

Presently, as the Taliban have taken control over the country once again these women are at a worry for their safety and peace accord with the Taliban extremists. The oppressive rules of the Taliban for women make it their darkest times. Women are not being allowed to appear in the streets without a blood relative or without wearing a burqa, not allowing women’s to wear heels, not allowing women’s to speak or make any sound from their footsteps, depriving the right to education for women, these rules under the Sheria law are just too tyrannical. The fight with the Taliban is not just about women’s rights but about the basic rights that every human being needs which the afghan women are being disadvantaged under the rule of the Taliban. It is a platitude to say that, as the Taliban were expanding their territory in Afghanistan on 15th August 2021 afghan women were facing an uncertain future. On 16th August 2021, this uncertainty was replaced by fear and despair as President Ashraf Ghani fled the country, leaving the country in control of the Taliban[4]. Taliban, coming into power once again would lead to Afghanistan being 200 years back.

Afghan women now find themselves in the untenable position of looking for help from the international community. Today, the whole world is following the turbulent scenario in Afghanistan with a heavy heart and deep disquiet about what lies ahead. There is a need for the global call on this issue. Now is the time to stand as one, it is a call on all the international communities to use all available tools to uphold human rights in Afghanistan.

[1] Mona Tajall and Homa hoodfar, ‘Women in Afghanistan worry peace accord with Taliban extremists could cost them hard-won rights’, The Conversation (6 March,2021) <https://theconversation.com/women-in-afghanistan-worry-peace-accord-with-taliban-extremists-could-cost-them-hard-won-rights-154149 > accessed 23^rd August, 2021

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Heather Barr, ‘The Fragility of Women’s Rights in Afghanistan’, Inkstick Media (17 August,2021)< https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/17/fragility-womens-rights-afghanistan> accessed 23^rd August, 2021.

To Kill A Mocking Bird

To Kill a Mockingbird, novel by Harper Lee, published in 1960. Enormously popular, it was translated into some 40 languages and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. In 1961 it won a Pulitzer Prize. The novel was praised for its sensitive treatment of a child’s awakening to racism and prejudice in the American South.

Summary

To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression. The protagonist is Jean Louise (“Scout”) Finch, an intelligent though unconventional girl who ages from six to nine years old during the course of the novel. She is raised with her brother, Jeremy Atticus (“Jem”), by their widowed father, Atticus Finch. He is a prominent lawyer who encourages his children to be empathetic and just. He notably tells them that it is “a sin to kill a mockingbird,” alluding to the fact that the birds are innocent and harmless.

When Tom Robinson, one of the town’s Black residents, is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman, Atticus agrees to defend him despite threats from the community. At one point he faces a mob intent on lynching his client but refuses to abandon him. Scout unwittingly diffuses the situation. Although Atticus presents a defense that gives a more plausible interpretation of the evidence—that Mayella was attacked by her father, Bob Ewell—Tom is convicted, and he is later killed while trying to escape custody. A character compares his death to “the senseless slaughter of songbirds.”

The children, meanwhile, play out their own miniaturized drama of prejudice and superstition as they become interested in Arthur (“Boo”) Radley, a reclusive neighbour who is a local legend. They have their own ideas about him and cannot resist the allure of trespassing on the Radley property. Their speculations thrive on the dehumanization perpetuated by their elders. Atticus, however, reprimands them and tries to encourage a more sensitive attitude. Boo makes his presence felt indirectly through a series of benevolent acts, finally intervening when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout. Boo kills Ewell, but Heck Tate, the sheriff, believes it is better to say that Ewell’s death occurred when he fell on his own knife, sparing the shy Boo from unwanted attention. Scout agrees, noting that to do otherwise would be “sort of like shootin’ a mockingbird.”

SOURCES

https://www.britannica.c om/topic/To-Kill-a-Mockingbird

FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL GROWTH IN FOOD PRODUCTS

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

Introduction

Factors Affecting Microbial Growth in Food:

(a). Intrinsic Factor

These are factors that exist as part of the food product itself. For example, fish have certain characteristics that may promote the growth of microorganism. The common intrinsic factors that affect the growth and multiplication of microorganisms in foods are: pH, water activity, oxidation reduction potential, nutrient content, antimicrobial contents, biological structure.

(b). Extrinsic Factor

This are factors in the environment external to the food, which affect both the microorganisms and the food itself during processing and storage. Extrinsic factors include temperature, humidity and gases.

Extrinsic Factor

Temperature

• The growth of microorganisms is affected by the environmental temperatures.

• Various microorganisms are able to grow at certain temperatures and not others.

• Bacteria can therefore be divided into the following groups depending upon their optimum temperature of growth includes: Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, Thermophilic bacteria.

1. Psychrophilic Bacteria

These are microorganisms that grow at low temperatures (0-20°C), 15°C optimum. Example; Bacillus Pschrophilus etc. psychrophiles are the major course of refrigerated food spoilage.

2. Mesophilic Bacteria

They grow best at room temperature. They have optima around 20- 45°C and often have a temperature minimum of 15 to 20°C and a maximum of about 45°C. Most human pathogens fall under this group because of the normal 37°C body temperature.

3. Thermophilic Bacteria

They grow at high temperatures (Between 55°C and 85°C), optima between 55°C and 66°C. Hyperthermophiles are those organisms that usually have optima between 85°C and about 113°C. Temperature is of paramount importance in food safety because if the growth temperature ranges for dangerous microorganisms are known, it helps in employing appropriate production temperature and time for foods that require heating. It also aids in selecting the proper temperature for food storage to make them less able to grow and reproduce.

Gases

Some microorganisms require oxygen in order to grow and multiply. Such organisms are called aerobic microorganisms. An example is Escherichia coli; On the other hand, there are some microorganisms that grow without oxygen, called anaerobic microorganisms. For example Clostridium botulinum, this bacterium causes botulism in very low oxygen environments as is in canned foods. Obligate aerobe: are those that completely depends on atmospheric oxygen for growth e.g. protists and fungi.

Organisms can be classified based on oxygen requirements as follows;

Facultative anaerobe: are those that do not require oxygen for growth but grows better in its presence e.g. Escherichia, Enterococcus.

Aerotolerant anaerobe: grow equally well in the presence of oxygen e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes.

Obligate anaerobe: does not tolerate oxygen and dies in its presence e.g. Clostridium, Bacteroides

Obligate aerobe: grow only in the presence of oxygen.

Microaerophile: requires oxygen level between 2 10% for growth and is damage by atmospheric oxygen levels (20%) e.g. Campylobacter, Spirillum volutans.

Humidity

An important factor for the growth of microorganisms at the food surfaces is the humidity of the storage environment. Dry conditions are devoid of water for microbial activities referred to as water activity and thus better for food storage than moist conditions. Foods stored in a dry atmosphere, therefore, have a longer shelf life than foods stored in a humid environment. For example, dry grains stored in an environment with high humidity will take up water and undergo mould spoilage.

THAT’S OKAY, YOU ARE DOING GREAT.

Hi beautiful’ s ,
Another day and another content. Today my day went well, hope so Yours too went well. If not,‘THAT’S OKAY’, today you did a great job and you gave your best. So, stop stressing yourself.
You know what, the word “that’s okay” Do have a great Power.

Whenever your mom feels down and depressed, just go to her and say “That’s okay mom, you are the best, you are doing great, you are really giving your best.” Cheerio!!. This word from you will definitely put a smile on her face and you are giving her the strength to face the tough.

Whenever your dad feels stressed with too many commitments just go to him and say “That’s okay dad, you are the best, you are doing great, you are really giving your best.” Cheerio!!. For sure, you will bring a smile on his face and you are automatically boosting his strength.

Whenever your sibling’s feels stressed or very low or lost just go to him/her and say “That’s okay, you are the best, you are doing great, you are really giving your best.” Cheerio!!. After all a supportive and sweet word from a sibling will give great comfort.

Whenever your friend is upset and broken just go to him/her and say “That’s okay, you are the best, you are doing great, you are really giving your best.” Cheerio!!. And we know how much a friend’s word can boost us. So, by saying this you can bring them back.

Not only to Known person, you can even say this word “that’s okay” To your neighbour, colleague, other family members too.

After all, don’t forget to say these words to your own self. As, not everyday goes well, you will be in need of these words, so keep on saying these words.

In life, some days may be difficult, hard to handle, even you might feel suffocated, but do remember one thing, so far you did great and you are doing good, for sure you can overcome this too. So, stop worrying and keep going.

Words can change a person’s life. So, try to pour sweet and tendering words.

Have a sweet day.

Keep smiling ❣️❣️❣️

THE USE OF MOBILE PHONES.

The invention of mobile phones is one of the greatest achievement of humankind. The first mobile phone service was started in Japan in 1979 and within 42 years it has revolutionized the lives of people. Mobile phones usage is growing at a rapid rate, today the world is unimaginable without mobile phones.

Mobile phones is one of the quickest means of communication device. A person can communicate with their friends or family who lives miles apart. It has eradicated the olden system of letter delivery. In morden generation assess to internet has acted as miracle to many tech company to accumulate wealth for their companies. We can take phones in our pocket and roam anywhere. By use of mobile phones life has become more comfortable also phones now do the work of laptop’s; we can do NetBanking, send our important documents to the required place through email and many more.

Parent’s encourage their children to use mobile phones as it promotes learning. People can assess to google or youtube for educational purposes. In the current pandemic situation the world has shifted to virtual meating and imparting knowledge as socializing is prohibited in peron/groups. Parents also encourage their children to use mobile phones as it has GPS system so that they are assured of their child safety when they venture out in the world alone. Phones also serves as an entertainment purposes. People can assess to different apps for movies and shows to keep themselves busy. People can save their money due to introduction of eBooks. Many important date can be stored in our phone which out mind can’t remember. It’s helps a person to captured their sweetest memory for them to cherish.

Mobile phones has connected the world digitally through internet. People can know what is happening around the world through news. The current scenario has changed a lot now the world is leading itself to globalization. Branding and advertising are done through online platform it’s has made growth in many different industries. Different countries set their own cyber security so that there is no breach of people’s privacy. Many tech company hires professional hackers for their companies digital data so that no one can hack into their companies system.

“Mobile phones are neither good or bad it depends on the individual how they use “.

TEA, AROUND THE GLOBE

Tea might be native to China , but the entire world relishes this beverage . Each country has its unique way of preparing and consuming tea. Here is how tea is consumed around the globe ,

JAPAN – Matcha tea is the most popular form of tea in Japan . This tea became very popular back in the 11th century when Zen buddhist monks had to stay awake all night .

MOROCCO – Touareg or mint tea is the most popular type of tea that is consumed in Morocco . It is made with steeping tea and spearmint leaves . Moroccan tea is served in a tall glass , usually over three servings .

Robots – Basic research

Robotics is a combination of the two academic disciplines which are computer science and engineering. Robotics field includes design, construction and operation of robots. Robots are designed for particular purposes and they are programmed with necessary requirements to do the given work. The ultimate motive of robotics is to create machines that can perform humanly activities and assist humans. Despite of these two academic disciplines, robotics combines many fields of engineering like computer engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information engineering, software engineering mathematics etc.

They are mainly used in manufacturing industries to do repetitive activities. They are also used in dangerous environments nowadays such as bomb detection, bomb deactivation etc.

Applications

Initially robots were designed to do a particular work which was hard for humans to do. But as of now there are many industries that make use of robots for various types of work where one kind of robot is particularly designed do that particular work and not anything else. So this can be classified into many sectors. They are,

Military robots – These robots are used for many military applications. Some applications are detection of explosive materials, Sniper detection, surveillance etc.
Industrial robots – These robots are used in industries with manufacturing works where the machine would do repetitive human tasks. They also reduce the use of labors in the factory. Robots are increasingly used in this field.
Agricultural robots – These robots are deployed for the purpose of agriculture. In this field also, robots replace humans by doing their tasks like seeding, harvesting, soil analysis. Initially, agricultural robots were invented with the motive for deploying it in the harvesting stage.
Medical robots – It is a risky field to deploy robots to perform medical tasks.
- The da Vinci Surgical Robot – There has been many deaths in the US due to surgical errors. In order to avoid it, surgical robots are used. The da Vinci surgical robot is a multiarmed robot used during surgeries. The arms of the robot is nothing but various tiny, accurate precision instruments that can be used during surgeries in order to decrease surgical error deaths. Surgeons make use of this multiarmed robot, move the hands and perform surgery. It also has great range of motion.
- The Xenex Germ-Zapping Robot – This is another robot that is used in hospitals. Hospital acquired infections has became a thing now, and it requires a proper solution to avoid it. This robot is used to clean and disinfect the hospital rooms by using pulsed, full spectrum UV rays. The Xenex germ-zapping robot is as important and useful as the da Vinci surgical robot. These are just two examples but there are many other robots that are used in the medical field.

Domestic robots – As the name suggests domestic robots are robots designed for domestic purposes to perform simple household activities. Some examples are ironing robots, robotic vacuum cleaner, robotic lawn mower. These are not those kind of robots used for sensitive and dangerous situations but simple robots that just replaces humans with household works.

Advantages

Robots are meant to replace humans but it not just replace humans but does the work better and faster than humans.
They are predictable as they don’t have emotions. They are programmed to behave in a certain way so we know what we can expect while humans on the other hand are complex creatures.
They don’t take rest. As long as the power source for the robot is available, the robot can’t refuse to do a certain work.

Disadvantages

The advantages may turn as a disadvantage at times, robots work without taking rest as long as it has it’s power source. But what if there is not power, that is when we become helpless, without it the robot is just a machine that does nothing.
They are programmed in a certain way and that is a disadvantage too. Because the robot can’t behave beyond what is programmed, it sticks to it’s job which may lead to failures when the situation becomes way different than what is programmed.
They are expensive. There is a lot of work done behind a robot and it is way more expensive than we think. If it was cheap we would be having robots all over the world.

Power of Meditation

Another much needed and the topic to be discussed -the power of meditation. To lead a stable and peaceful life mediation is important. Meditation enhances our ability to understand and think deeper. Meditation involves focusing. It can be anything a thought or an activity but the main aim is to focus on to focus on yourself.

Meditation is a boon for us and is practiced since old times. A tradition which was present yet lost. Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind of a particular object, thought or activity- to train attention and awareness ,to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. It can also be called as “healing process ” which relaxes and calms the soul of an individual.

These days, with greater need to reduce stress in the midst of our busy schedules and demanding lives, meditation is increasing in popularity. Although there isn’t a right or wrong way to meditate, it’s important to find a practice that meets your needs and complements your personality. There are several types of meditation. Some of them are – Mindfulness meditation, spiritual meditation, focused meditation, mantra meditation, visualized meditation and movement meditation.

Meditation is proved to be a stress buster in our complicated lives. Where there is pressure everywhere, by the practice of meditation we can achieve inner peace and relaxation of mind. This practice increases our ability to think, understand and remember things for future. It also lowers blood pressure, reduces anxiety, decreases pain, ease of symptoms of depression and improve sleep. It is scientifically proven that meditation is beneficial to an individual.

Hope you will like reading it…. Thank you!!!

What does billionaire space race tells us?

Richard Branson on July 11 , Jeff Bezos today , what do these 15 minutes trip to space tell us? Is it the of start space tourism which is anticipated to be worth more than $100 Billion?

The world’s richest are making rockets and flying on it to space for 10-15 minutes to establish global dominance in space tourism and making a live example out of themselves to further boost their companies position in the race – Virgin Galactic , Blue Origin to name a few. This can be marked as the start of space tourism with recent data suggesting that over 39% of the world rich would take a space flight and spend over $250,000 for a trip to space.

But this space race has one major problem – CLIMATE IMPACT. Let’s be serious , we all know that carbon emission nowadays are breaking records and major climate change impacts can be in various parts of the world which can be anything from heat wave in Canada killing more than 500 people or the floods in Germany displacing entire towns – you name it! Just as the world is trying to find ways to curb the emissions – literally finding any area that can be utilized to fight climate change do we really need rockets which produce more carbon-dioxide per capita than any other thing and/or product there is.

Look , I am not saying space travel is bad , it is literally one of the first thing most of us as kids imagine doing in the future and we should reach for the stars but let’s be realistic and face the reality – Earth is not getting better with average global temperatures rising , ice-sheets melting , oceans on fire due to oil leaks so it is about time global companies came up and started taking responsibilities for their actions and act in a manner that good for not just the society but also for the planet as well.

Wealthy showing off their wealth just to go 100 kilometers above the surface of the Earth is really the last thing we need right now if we are talking about saving the planet. It is anticipated that Virgin Galactic is planning more than 400 space flights each year , each of those flights will produce , more than 4-5 times nitrogen oxides than the largest thermal powerplant in UK – Drax and more than 50-100 CO2 emissions than an average long-haul flight. Multiply that with 400 and you will get yearly data for these emissions which needless to say is a lot , and that’s just one company. We already have three companies fighting for space tourism industry , 300-400 flights each year by all the companies , one can only imagine the impact on the climate and that too just for one year. Imagine 10 years of continuous flights – where would it lead us?

In the end I can only say that either we need find an alternate mode of fuel for these rockets – nuclear maybe or we need to ponder upon and think about our future course of action and where would it lead us and this planet as a whole.

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The Real from Reel

Inflammation and Mirror World

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What Is Cotton?

Where Did Cotton Originate?

Where Does Cotton Grow?

How Is Cotton Processed?

Different Types of Cotton

What Are the Characteristics of Cotton?

6 Common Uses for Cotton

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Introduction

Symptoms

Types of Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa:

Bulimia Nervosa:

Binge-eating Disorder:

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Critics

Steps taken

Advantage of having an official language

Disadvantage of having an official language

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What is VPro technology?

Contents of Intel VPro Technology

How does VPro Function?

What are the Intel vPro technology advanced management features?

VPro Secure?

Who can use Intel vPro technology features?

Business Benefits of the Intel vPro Platform

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sense:

organize:

socialize:

Internalize:

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Preface :-

When do we have to start our preparation for GPAT?

How to start GPAT preparation along with college:-

Reference Books for GPAT:-

Pattern Of GPAT Exam :-

Importance Of Coaching Class In GPAT Preparation:-

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ADVANTAGES OF YOGA

WHO CAN DO YOGA? DO’S AND DON’TS

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Introduction

1. The Time Traveler’s Wife

2.The Silent Patient

3.Beautiful Disaster

4. In an Instant

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