Q-1 Trace the crucial stages in biocultural evolution of humankind.

Ans-INTRODOCUTION

According to Darwin’s theory species have evolved due to minor variation in the individual members of species, which ways they are inherited by the offspring’s and so the variation end up on the emergence of a new specie. amongst the species that are extant, apes and monkeys are the closest resemblance to human beings.1. PRIMATES-Monkeys, humans and apes belong to primates group. They have features which allow them to climb on trees with ease and use their forelimbs extensively. They are prehensile. Because of evolution they have got stereoscopic vision because of which they get a three dimensional picture of the surroundings.Classifications of primatesa. Prosimii – They are more primitive. They include lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.Some zoologist also classify tree-shrews with prosimians. They are small squirrel like creatures who might represent transformation from insectivores to early primates. They are small in size but possess large eyes. Their eyes are located in ring like structure.b. Anthropoidea – More advanced primates like money, apes and humans. They differ from the prosimii in the structure of bones in which their eyes are places. Their eyes are bowl like in shape, which allows them greater freedom of vision to see in various angles.

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

Fraud is defined as any dishonest act or behavior that allows or intended for one individual to obtain an unfair advantage over another. Fraud leads the victim to lose money, either directly or indirectly. The Indian Penal Code does not precisely define or discuss fraud, however it does have sections dealing with cheating. The topics of concealment, forgery, counterfeiting, and violation of trust have been discussed, all of which lead to fraud.

Banking fraud accounts for a sizable portion of the white-collar crimes investigated by the authorities. Unlike typical thefts and robberies, the money stolen in these crimes is in the millions and crores of rupees. In many countries, bank fraud is defined as attempting to obtain property or money from a federally insured financial institution.

Types of Bank Fraud:-

1. Accounting fraud:-

Some firms have been known to use false bookkeeping to overestimate sales and income, inflate the value of the company’s assets, or report a profit when the company is operating at a loss in order to disguise major financial problems. In a final attempt to obstruct justice, these manipulated records are used to seek investment in the company’s bond or security issues, or to submit fake loan applications.

2. Demand Draft Fraud:-

Employees take a few DD leaves or DD books from the stock and write them in the same way as a regular DD. They understand the coding and punching of a demand draught since they are insiders. These forged demand draft are frequently made payable to a distant city and thus do not debit a bank account. At the payable branch, the drafts is cashed. By the time the money is gone, the fraud is only found when the bank’s main office undertakes the branch-by-branch reconciliation, which generally takes six months.

3. Check Fraud:-

Remotely created checks are checks that the payee creates and the client authorizes via the phone or the internet by supplying the relevant information, including the MICR code from a valid check. Unlike regular cheques, they do not bear the signatures of the clients. Instead, they have the legend “Authorized by Drawer” on them.

4. Loan Fraud:-

Accounting fraud can lead to loan fraud, however this type of fraud isn’t restricted to companies providing false information on loan applications. Loan fraud occurs when people provide fraudulent information in order to get a loan. Another sort of loan fraud is when a thief steals someone’s identity and applies for a loan in their name.

5. Card Skimming:-

Card skimming is a sort of bank fraud in which criminals utilize a small electronic device known as a skimmer to obtain card information. The skimmer is often inserted in a ATM machine. When you swipe your credit or debit card through a skimmer, the gadget gathers and retains vital information from the magnetic strip. Fraudsters copy this information to the magnetic strip of a blank card and use it to steal money from your bank account.

6. Phishing:-

You may have received an email stating that you are eligible for an interest-free loan, that you may get a loan without a credit check, and so forth. However, none of these emails are real. These emails are called phishing mails. The purpose of sending these emails is to steal bank account information. Many consumers assume these emails are authentic and supply their banking information, but they eventually lose their money.

7. Vishing:-

Vishing is also called voice phishing. In this scam, scammers act as representatives of a reputable organization and seek for personal banking information. They steal money from your bank account after gathering your personal financial details.

Government’s step to curb Bank Fraud.

1. The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act of 2018 was enacted to prevent economic offenders from avoiding Indian law by residing outside of Indian courts’ jurisdiction. The statute allows for the attachment of a fugitive economic offender’s property, confiscation of such property, and the denial of the offender’s right to defend any civil action.

2. PSBs have been advised to obtain certified copies of the passports of the directors and other authorized signatories of companies seeking loan facilities of more than Rs. 50 crore, to decide on publishing photographs of willful defaulters in accordance with RBI instructions and as per their Board-approved policy, and to strictly ensure rotational transfer of officials/employees.

3. The National Financial Reporting Authority was established by the government as an independent authority to enforce auditing requirements and ensure the quality of audits.

-Aastha joshi
3 Idiots

3 idiots is a Hindi comedy-drama film directed by Rajkumar Hirani which was released on 25 December 2009, starring Amir khan as Rancchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad, Sharman Joshi as Raju Rastogi, R Madhavan as Farhan Qureshi as their central actors. The central idea of the plot strikes the commonly raised issue amongst the youngsters that is consciously taking decision of ones own life, shaping the life that one wants to live and not a life of compulsion because of societal and parental issues. It appeals the audience and specially the youth to be non conformist and choose the path that can lead them toward success so that they can shape their own identity.

The story starts when 3 boys Rancchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad, Raju Rastogi, Farhan Qureshi meet for the where first time at the city’s most renowned engineering college where the first year ragging was going on. Rancchoddas believed in practical learning of the things and not the illogical rote leaning of the concepts and running after excellence. He quite often pointed out onseveral flaws in the education system. While it was his turn of getting ragged by the seniors he was a basic concept of science that salt water is a good conductor of salt and applied it on the time of crises while he was being ragged my the seniors because of which he easily escaped the situation and eventually the three became very goody friends ,while the Farhan and Raju used to be extra anxious students burdened with family pressure to score well, Rancchoddas use to make them comfortable by asking them to say all is well whenever the feel stressed.

The three of them used to be under the loop of duel will the principle authority of the college Viru

Sahastrabuddhe (Boman Irani) who used to believe that life is a race and the ones who would not be able to perform will get defeated because there is only one place at the top, modelling students like chatur as the ideal state of a student. He even pressurise his own son with so much burden to peruse Engineering and not literature that he attempted suicide. While at the end he is convinced that letting a person do what he/she longs for will make them successful in future as Rancchoddas plays a major role in the successful delivery of his daughter at the time of excessive flood because of which reaching hospitals were impossible. Students like Rancchodass succeed in their lives because they arehight at both intelligence quotient and emotional quotient unlike chatur who opted the path of rote learning then practical learning of the concepts. Mean while he made Farhan realise that perusing wild life photography which gives him immense satisfaction will lead him to happy life then engineering so he must talk to his father about it. While it was witnessed in the movie that in the near future Rancchoddas emerged as the most leading and high profiled scientist as he did what he felt he is potent of where as both Raju and Farhan were also performing exceptionally well in their respected occupations. r

The movie very gracefully conveys its message without getting dull or loosing its humour at any point of time. Smalls punches of comedy adds a different taste to the movie making it more entertaining and eye catching for the audience. Scenes like the instance of ragging, creation of virus generator and speech given by chatur will burst the audience out loud in laughter. While it does not miss out on the emotional flavour to the movie, impressing the critics. It also beautifully portrays messages of humanity, selflessness and importance of friendship and love. Certain scenes from the movie specially the child birth scene does not fail to impress the audience. All three central actors Amir Khan, Sharman Joshi, R.Madhvan do justice to their roles doinga splendid and their acting is highly appreciable.

-Aastha Joshi

When a superior written material gets published into printed forms and is recognized by the people and artist it is called as literature. It gives people wider platform to showcase their thought and ideas which then people take into consideration. The person engaging into writing have so much power that in a few words they can express a whole lot of emotions and can even make a person immortal forever in their works. Literature even gives an opportunity to the writer to portray their subconscious of wild thoughts, fantasies or real life instances to entertain people, while the audience or the reader take them into consideration. It is a skill that takes a person into trans state where personal relives the literature relating himself/herself with the protagonist, and for some it’s a relief as its an escape for the harsh realities of life and give them a wider space of imagination and pleasure. It can consist of wide ranging material to read like prose,fiction, drama, poetry etc. while it can be both fiction and non fiction and have several genres according to the interest of the reader. If we talk about the history of literaturethe ancient Egyptian literature along with Sumerian literature is considered as the earliest form of literature. In the ancient Egypt the literature was used in from of didactive texts which tells us about the societal norms, rules and social orders of that time, hymns which were usually sung by the people in praise of their worship deities, popular folks and stories which were prevalent during those times were also noted into text for example Panchatantra. In the medieval period the manuscript literature was considered as an art of great precision and utmost importance. Hence literature is of a great importance in our lives as it not only enhances our spectrum of knowledge and imagination but also give us an opportunity to know the history and legendary people by giving us a glimpse of their lives, which inturn give us a new vision to view the world and get motivated by certain incidents keeping in mind the mistakes that me must not repeat that were already done in past.

What is History?
-AASTHA JOSHI

What is history? written by Edward Haller Carr is an amalgamation of various views of him about what history actually is and how is it suppose to be written.

It’s a classical contribution to the field of history and a treasure box for the lovers of history. Carr starts by discussing that history is all about facts and collection of as much facts as one can to strength the source of history. He says that some facts are like fish on the fish mongoose slab which are ready to be chosen and cooked. According to him facts are raw and only speaks when the historians cooks then to turn them into a dish. One fact is selected over other because its considered more importance and useful in the sight of historians. He said that use use facts to understand something larger so we have the historians in the present on one side ,making judgements about what facts are suppose to chosen. While we have other fact sources like dairies, treaties, document, letters butcertainly they are the source that tell us no more then what the author thought and so are one sided. He said about the classical liberal view of history that was extensively popular in the 19th century allows the historians to choose from the humongous market of facts would result in universal social harmony. He pointed out several probl9ems with this issue, the facts of past are only assessable through present. The ideas and word used then are also very applicable in the current scenario. To answer the issue of skepticism he said in his book that facts are collected and interpreted turning into a narrative. He says that the historians and continuously engaged in the process of collection of facts, interpreting them and again molding their facts and interpretation, it’s impossible to priorities one over other both have their equal share of importance and none of them can be neglected. He mentions in his book that past is only useful to us in the light of present and wecan’t fully understand the present with the reference of past, so the are interlinked. The process according to him is not an individual one because the person historians study were not located in isolation andvacuumed, they functioned in a social context with a proper environment and a physical surrounding and so it becomes important that we look towards and study the social forces,classes and the physical environment that existed so that we donot miss any important facts and information. He in his book said that the scientist no more spend time studying the nature but instead come up with results and hypothesis, test if it’s a fact and then reassess. Science is also driven by back and forth and also values the ideas and notions of present. He finds lots of objections questioning about history being a science, like its said that history deal with particular with unique events and dates but science deals in general but also argue that history is also general another argument was that history is unable to protect the future. Like science can predict only possibilities but history cannot be predicted prior. According to him search of causality is impossible without the reference to values behind the causality that lie directly or indirectly behind the incident. As we always learn and grow with history so to avoid total skepticism the facts and interpretations chosenand done by the historians should be organized with the idea of efficient progress. He says when we mean about historian object we mean two things,first that he has the capacity to raise above the limited versions of situation in the society and in the history. Secondly that he has the potential to project his vision into the future in such a way that they leave a more lasting and profound insight into the past that can be attained by the historians whose outlook is bound by their own immediate situation, and so historians must work in the direction of development. He has been criticized for having a different view about the history. The book in the beginning also reveals about the multiple professions of E.H Carr like philosopher, historian, journalist and biographer. This book would give the readers a deep insight about history and will make a aware about a very different perspective and ideology about the history, help them to makeup their own mind about the history. The book fully expresses that he has just not studied history but mastered in it efficiently. One cannot copy or create history by merely collection facts but by actuallycollecting various facts and putting them together to create a piece of history. The actual idea of history expressed is that we can certainly know more about the past then the past actually knows about us. Carr proposed the idea in the progress of history that each generation of historians assimilate the insight of previous generations, not replacing them but incorporating then to give a comprehensive and wide perspective The variety of ways in which he has portrayed his notions about history makes him one of the best historians of the last century. He moved forward to gave a systematic way of writing history so that it is approachable to wider section of people and incorporate various ideas within history. He is a leading historian for many who are studying history and his was of thinking influences young mind. This book is a must read specially for the students of historian and people perusing history in the near future. It would also keen the interested minds of history, so all those who are linked with history must read this book

For the past century, Anthropology has come to be known as a study of an infinite curiosity about humans. Not only concerned with an interest in human beings and their developements, Anthropology is much more broad in concept of trying to understand the relationships between human beings and all possible questions about them. Anthropology is trying to understand all aspects of human beings through the broad discovery, study, interpretation and inference of past and present cultural characteristics. In appling the knowledge aquired, one can gain an understanding of individuals in society, regardless of the resulting conclusion being right or wrong.

The scope of anthropology is much more broad than that of other disciplines ofscience.…show more content…Motivated by the will to eliminate error and inaccurate theory, Anthropology seeks to find consistent data for analysis of human exsistence. By removing skeptic ideals, Anthropologists can form a widley accepted explanation of human developement through time.

There are different branches of Anthropology and each of them enhances our understanding of us by recourse to theory and practical application of the theory to the questions concerning our human existence.

History of anthropology

The modern discourse of anthropology crystallized in the 1860s, fired by advances in biology, philology, and prehistoric archaeology. In The Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin affirmed that all forms of life share a common ancestry. Fossils began to be reliably associated with particular geologic strata, and fossils of recent human ancestors were discovered, most famously the first Neanderthal specimen, unearthed in 1856. In 1871 Darwin published The Descent of Man, which argued that human beings shared a recent common ancestor with the great African apes. He identified the defining characteristic of the human species as their relatively large brain size and deduced that the evolutionary advantage of the human species was intelligence, which yielded language and technology.

Branches of anthropology

Anthropology is the study of evolution of culture and societal origins of humankind. The subject of Anthropology concerns itself with the study of all aspects of human existence.

Compared to other subjects like Economics and the Social Sciences, Anthropology covers a wide gamut of fields and sub-topics that range from cultural studies to evolution to organization of societies. Hence, there are different branches of Anthropology within the main grouping and we discuss some of them here. Among the branches of Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology refers to that field of study that concerns itself with studying the logic behind cultural norms. During the course of studying cultures, cultural anthropologists live with the cultures that they are studying and observe the norms and rituals that these cultures follow and research the underlying reasons for them. For instance, we in the US might find scarring of the bodies to be bizarre. However, there are tribes in Africa where this is the accepted norm and hence this branch of Anthropology brings us insights into different cultures around the world.

Importance of anthropology

If you ask people about the importance of Anthropology, you would different answers depending on whom you ask.

The fact that Anthropology is important as a discipline is universally recognized and acknowledged by experts in the field. As humans, we are inquisitive and curious by nature. We want to know where we came from, why we are the way we are. We turn to different explanations offered by different subjects like economics, biology and history. And, Anthropology is the one field that can provide comprehensive answers that tie in the different strands of thought from all these fields. Hence, Anthropology and its study are indeed important from the perspective of knowing more about us.

Anthropology has different branches and each of the branches provides for a certain aspect of the inquiry into our origins and evolution as a species. For instance, the study of language is the domain of linguistic anthropology. We all know that there are different languages spoken around the world and dialects among these languages as well. To know more about the linkages between these different languages and the differences that exist in the use of words is something that Anthropologists explain.

What is cultural anthropology ?

Cultural anthropologists study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups. Through immersive fieldwork, living and working with the people one is studying, cultural anthropologists suspend their own sense of what is “normal” in order to understand other people’s perspectives. Beyond describing another way of life, anthropologists ask broader questions about humankind: Are human emotions universal or culturally specific? Does globalization make us all the same, or do people maintain cultural differences? For cultural anthropologists, no aspect of human life is outside their purview. They study art, religion, healing, natural disasters, and even pet cemeteries. While many anthropologists are at first intrigued by human diversity, they come to realize that people around the world share much in common.

While cultural anthropologists traditionally conduct fieldwork in faraway places, they are increasingly turning their gaze inward to observe their own societies or subgroups within them. For instance, in the 1980s, American anthropologist Philippe Bourgois sought to understand why pockets of extreme poverty persist amid the wealth and overall high quality of life in the United States. To answer this question, he lived with Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harlem, New York. He contextualized their experiences both historically in terms of their Puerto Rican roots and migration to the U.S. and in the present as they experienced social marginalization and institutional racism. Rather than blame the crack dealers for their poor choices or blame our society for perpetuating inequality, he argued that both individual choices and social structures can trap people in the overlapping worlds of drugs and poverty (Bourgois 2003). For more about Bourgois, please see the interview with him in the learning resources, Anthropology in Our Moment in History .

Summary

Social anthropology can and should be part of the interdisciplinary study of human origins. Anthropological theory and ethnographic comparison can easily be brought into the frameworks of both primary research and intellectual debate on the subject. I would go further: the study of human origins can and should be a legitimate subdiscipline within social anthropology. I hope I have demonstrated that its inclusion among the sciences dealing with this issue is warranted and that its contribution could be considerable.From within social anthropology the contribution of the discipline might at first seem more speculative than that of some other disciplines, but social anthropology is a qualitative social science by nature. It need not be any more speculative than, say, archaeology or human genetics – disciplines in which plausibility and likelihood are often sufficient for the construction of hypotheses and even for longstanding and widely accepted theories. No modern scientist has ever seen the origin of tool-making, the development of language, a symbolic revolution or a migration which has led to the colonization of an empty continent. In this, social anthropology is on exactly the same footing as archaeology or human genetics. The only difference is that genetics and archaeology rely on ‘hard data’, which are almost invariably either material (in the case of archaeology) or quantitative, or at least involving careful sampling (in the case of genetics). After that, the rest (for archaeologists and geneticists) is pure inference and deduction.

A tribute to India’s golden boy, Neeraj Chopra, on behalf of the Navachetna Welfare Society

The star javelin thrower becomes the first Indian track and field athlete in history to win a gold medal for India. It’s safe to say that this man is a living embodiment of perseverance.

Despite suffering from an arm injury before qualifying for the Olympic games, he recorded a victory throw of 87.86m. This man has an arm of iron in the true sense.

Being 6 feet tall army boy Neeraj Chopra is such a down-to-earth and humble person.
After his historic winning, our star javelin thrower said that he could not believe that he won asserting that although being confident he was unsure of winning gold.
His first words to his father were “Gaad diya papa laath” meaning I left a mark papa.

Well, he left a mark on all our hearts, and on this Independence Day , we can all proudly sing “Saare Jahan Se acha Hindustan Hamara ” as Neeraj Chopra is the legacy of these words.

Independence Day is yet to arrive but the once called Golden Bird bagged the Gold a few days prior to celebrating its 75 independence Day. The Golden Man of India, Neeraj Chopra has become the face of the nation by his tremendous performance in Javelin Throw at Tokyo Olympics 2020, while the Olympics weren’t ordinary this time, so was not the performance. His more than exemplary throw of 87.58 meters not only got a gold to him, but to 1.4 billion people of the country and paved the way for several more to come. While all the players performed in their true spirits, the Army man Neeraj along with others showed how a patriotic person can show his love and respect towards nation in whatever and wherever they do.

Unemployment is a term referring to individuals who are employable and actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Included in this group are those people in the workforce who are working but do not have an appropriate job. Usually measured by the unemployment rate, which is dividing the number of unemployed people by the total number of people in the workforce, unemployment serves as one of the indicators of a country’s economic status. The term “unemployment” is often misunderstood, it as it includes people who are waiting to return to a job after being discharged, yet it does not include individuals who have stopped looking for work in the past four weeks due to various reasons such as leaving work to pursue higher education, retirement, disability, and personal issues. Also people who are not actively seeking a job but do want to work are not classified as unemployed.

Interestingly, people who have not looked for a job in the past four weeks but have been actively seeking one in the last 12 months are put into a category called the “marginally attached to the labor force.” Within this category is another category called “discouraged workers,” which refers to people who have given up looking for a job. The categories mentioned above sometimes causes confusion and debate as to whether the unemployment rate fully represents the actual number of people who are unemployed. For a full understanding, one should juxtapose “unemployment” with the term “employment,” which the bureau of labor statistics (BLS) describes as individuals aged 16 and above who have recently put hours into work in the past week, paid or otherwise, because of self-employment.

Types of Unemployment

There are basically four types of unemployment: (1) demand deficient, (2) frictional, (3) structural, and (4) voluntary unemployment.

1. Demand deficient unemployment

Demand deficit unemployment is the biggest cause of unemployment that typically happens during a recession. When companies experience a reduction in the demand for their products or services, they respond by cutting back on their production, making it necessary to reduce their workforce within the organization. In effect, workers are laid off.

2. Frictional unemployment

Frictional employment refers to those workers who are in between jobs. An example is a worker who recently quit or was fired and is looking for a job in an economy that is not experiencing a recession. It is not an unhealthy thing because it is usually caused by workers trying to find a job that is most suitable to their skills.

3. Structural unemployment

 Structural umemployment happens when the skills set of a worker does not match the skills demanded by the jobs available, or alternatively when workers are available but are unable to reach the geographical location of the jobs.

An example is a teaching job that requires relocation to China, but the worker cannot secure a work visa due to certain visa restrictions. It can also happen when there is a technological change in the organization, such as workflow automation that displaces the need for human labor.

4. Voluntary unemployment

Voluntary unemployment happens when a worker decides to leave a job because it is no longer financially compelling. An example is a worker whose take-home pay is less than his or her cost of living.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is caused by various reasons that come from both the demand side, or employer, and the supply side, or the worker. Demand-side reductions may be caused by high interest rates, global recession, and financial crisis. From the supply side, frictional unemployment and structural employment play a great role.

Effects

The impact of unemployment can be felt by both the workers and the national economy and can cause a ripple effect. Unemployment causes workers to suffer financial hardship that impacts families, relationships, and communities. When it happens, consumer spending, which is one of an economy’s key drivers of growth, goes down, leading to a recession or even a depression when left unaddressed. Unemployment results in reduced demand, consumption, and buying power, which in turn causes lower profits for businesses and leads to budget cuts and workforce reductions. It creates a cycle that goes on and on that is difficult to reverse without some type of intervention. Unemployment is a serious social and economic issue that results in a tremendous impact on everything but is often overlooked. A stronger system of assessing unemployment should be put in place in order to determine its causes and how to address it better.

Banks may be classified into the following categories:

1. Central bank:

It is the apex bank which regulates the entire banking system and maintain monetary stability in the country. It is the banker to all other banks and to government.

2. Commercial bank:

These bank collect demand deposits.they allows withdraw of money through cheque etc.

3. Development Bank:

The bank are set up to support industry growth and development. They provide long term credit to industry and render support and advisory services.

4. Indigenous bankers:

Banking units which operate on traditional lines are called indigenous bankers. They are known as native bank & primitive bank etc

5. Scheduled bank:

Banks whose paip up capital and reserves are aa per RBI guidelines and which are included in the second schedule of the RBI act 1934 are scheduled bank

6. Non scheduled bank:

they are commercial bank which are not included in the second schedule bank of the act 1934.

7. Agriculture bank:

Banks which provide financial assistance to agriculture activities are called agriculture bank.

8. Regional rural bank:

they are bank operating in rural areas providing banking services to the rural population.

9. Co-operative bank:

they are bank operating on the basis of cooperative principles and registered under societies registration act.

10. Exchange bank:

they are bank who deal in foreign exchange and specialise in financing foreign trade.

11. Saving bank:

savings bank collect the saving of people. Their primary objective is to promote and collect saving from small deposits.

social media is a computer based technology that facilities the sharing of idea’s thought, and information through the building of virtual network and Communities.

Statistics

There are currently 3.78billion social media users worldwide. Among UD adult,

84percent of those aged 18_19

81 percent of those aged 30_49

73 percent of those aged 60_64

45 percent of those aged 65 and above are active social media users.

#Advantages of social media:

. Brand awareness

.Brand reputation

.Cost effective

.Website traffic

.Evaluation

.Customer interaction

.Targets audience

.Brand loyalty

#Disadvantage of social media:

.Resources

.Ineffective use

.evaluation

Types of social media:

social media media may take the form of a variety of tech- enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social network, video,sharing, business network, virtual world, review, and much more.

even government and politicians utilizes social media to engage with constituents and voters.

Example of social media:

while social media has its positive side, many point to the platform and call out negative featured, likening it’s overuse to an addiction.

some contest it contribute to inattentiveness, stress and jealousy.

1.Facebook ( 2.74billions users)

2. youtube (2.29billions users)

3. sino weibo (511million users)

4. Qq(617millions users)

5. Tiktok (689billions users)

6. What’s app(1.21billion users)

7. Instagram (1.22billions usres)

The following are the basis etiquette to be followed as a public speaker:

1. Preparation

Know you stuff! The best thing is you can do is to be overwhelmingly, thoroughly and completely prepared and in mastery of your material.

2. Always thank the introducer and greet the audience

before beginning your speech, it is polite to thank the person who introduced you and to greet the audience making a special greetings to dignitaries, government officials and other special attendees. Remember your were invited and consider it us privilege.

3. Do not apologize for lack of preparation

there is no substitute for preparedness however there are time when preparation is not possible.

4. Eliminate distracting habits and verbal crutches

those uhs, and ums can be very distracting and annoying. Practice your speech and record it us to identify verbal crutches.

5. Every gesture, look, motion, and sounds should have purpose

although body movement can enhance a message, movement that is made fir the sole purpose of movement appears unnatural and awkward. Use hand and body movement to emphasize a pint or to help the audience visualize.

6. Do not lose eye contact

some talks are made to be read, others are not. Whether your notes are for reference only or meant to be read, poor eye contact is distracting.good eye contact is a learned skill practice

7. Do not thank audience

As children we were taught that it is polite to say thank you. Is still is but after speech it is erroneously used to fill in the space after the last word has been uttered.

– Sasthika Das

Women do know that, of course not all men are assaulters or sexual abusers. However, how are we supposed to know which ones aren’t? How are we supposed to know who is saying hello in a friendly manner, or who actually just needs directions as opposed to just wanting to harass us? Women mostly assume the worst since they have most of the times, assumed the best. A stranger asking for directions that made her stop and give them, ended up following her because he mistook her kindness for interest. That man she casually chatted with at the bar when she thought he was being nice, ended up forcing himself on her.

We are not talking about men as individuals, we are talking about structural issues- patriarchal society, institutions, systems. For example, imagine you got stung by a bee as a child which caused you to have a fear of bees. Whenever you saw a bee swarming towards you, you would flee as fast as you can or shriek in horror or even hide behind someone to shield yourself, regardless of the bee’s intention to sting you or not. This is the same for women all over the world. They grow up in a patriarchal world, being told what they are capable of or how they should behave, being exploited and oppressed, being abused. Just like being stung by bees, we are stung by men. Since, we do not know what their intentions are, we are afraid of every single man.

We must never forget that one benefits from privilege by being part of a group, not because of anything they have done to earn or deserve it. Just by being a man, you are more privileged in a society than a woman. Similarly, for example, by being white, one is more privileged than people of color. These are accidents of nature- you did nothing to earn or deserve such privilege. When we do not acknowledge this, we are part of the problem.

When you are removing yourself from the discussions about the oppression of women by using the “not all men” slogan, you are the problem. When you interrupt a discussion on misogyny/rape culture/sexism to let us know that you are not like these men, you silence women and men having these discussions and derail the conversion from its initial purpose.

Most women AND men are assaulted by men. The fact that you never assaulted or harassed a woman or man, doesn’t negate the fact that most perpetrators of assault are men. This isn’t about you or your ego. Not assaulting someone or harassing someone is the bare minimum required by humans.

The saying “not all men” is a part of systematic and internalized patriarchy. This is the sad reality and the gateway to finding a solution only starts with the realization of this predicament.

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has started a public awareness campaign to warn people against digital banking frauds.

• For the new campaign, RBI has roped in Olympic Gold medalist Neeraj Chopra.

• The central bank has asked people to be a little cautious as doing so can protect them from a lot of troubles. A little caution takes care of a lot of trouble.

• The campaign sees Chopra urging users to not divulge details like OTP, CVV number and ATM PIN in front of anyone.

• So Reserve bank of india appointed NEERAJ CHOPRA for banking fraud awareness campaign.

Family background of NEERAJ CHOPRA.

Chopra was born to Satish Kumar and Saroj Devi on 24 December 1997, in Khandra village, Panipat district, Haryana. He has two sisters and his family is largely involved in agriculture. He graduated from Dayanand AngloVedic College in Chandigarh, and is currently pursuing a Bachelor of Arts from Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, Punjab.

Who is Neeraj chopra ?

Neeraj Chopra (born 24 December 1997) is an Indian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. A Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) in the Indian Army, Chopra is the first track and field athlete to win a gold medal for India at the Olympics. In his debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Chopra won the gold medal on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m.

Chopra participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2018 Asian Games, being the flag-bearer in the latter and winning gold medals in both. In his debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Chopra won the gold medal on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m in his second attempt. As of 2021.

he is one of only two Indians to have won an individual Olympic gold medal (the other being Abhinav Bindra), as well as the youngest-ever Indian gold medalist in an individual event and the only one to have won gold in his Olympic debut.

Award and Recognition.

Arjuna Award – 2018

Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM) – 2020 Republic Day honours

Managers are constantly making decisions, and those decisions often have significant impacts and implications for both the organization and its stakeholders. Managerial decision-making is often characterized by complexity, incomplete information, and time constraints, and there is rarely one right answer.

Conflict management is the practice of being able to identify and handle conflicts sensibly, fairly, and efficiently. Since conflicts in a business are a natural part of the workplace, it is important that there are people who understand conflicts and know how to resolve them.

Decision-making can be defined as the process of selecting a right and effective course of action from two or more alternatives for the purpose of achieving a desired result. Decision-making is the essence of management.

the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.

It’s always frustrating to forget why you walked into a room, or to forget someone’s name right after being introduced. Before worrying that annoyances like these are signs of a memory problem, try out some simple techniques that may naturally enhance your short term memory.

Focus on what you want to remember.

Scientifically speaking, short term memory only lasts around 15-30 seconds—after that, the information is either discarded or moved to long term memory. Therefore, focusing closely on a new piece of info for 15-30 seconds can keep it in your short term memory and may help transfer it to your long term memory.

Engage multiple senses.

Using your senses increases focus and builds memory-helping associations. When you meet someone new, listen carefully and look directly at them as they state their name. Repeat their name immediately afterward. Shake their hand and feel their grip. Even take notice of their perfume or cologne! The more sensory associations you build, the more firmly the memory is encoded.

Utilize mnemonic devices.

These visual and verbal techniques really help with multiple bits of information. Do you still remember learning “VIBGYOR” in school to keep track of the order of colors in the rainbow? Mnemonic devices can really stick in your memory! Try constructing colorful, even silly visualizations or verbalizations to help encode a group of things in your short-term memory.

Lay out structured associations.

Memorize the primary pieces of info and how the secondary pieces relate to them. In other words, prioritize remembering the most vital information, but also focus on memorizing the structure that connects this vital info to the less important material you also want to remember. Essentially you’re creating a mental “bubble map”—where the central bubble contains the main info and is connected by lines to surrounding bubbles containing supporting info.

Eat a brain-healthy diet.

Healthy food choices are good for your brain and may improve your memory. By and large, the healthy, balanced diet you should strive to achieve for overall health is also what is needed for a healthy brain that is better primed to encode memories. Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, add in lean proteins and whole grains, and cut back on saturated fats, sodium, and sugars.

SOURCES

https://www.wikihow.com/Increase-Your-Short-Term-Memory

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

Of course not, we can’t tell if a money is lawful or not just by looking at it. All earnings acquired through illicit activities and otherwise legal income that is not recorded for tax purposes are referred to as “black money.” The proceeds of black money are frequently received in cash from illegal economic activity and are therefore not taxed. Increased amounts of black money in the economy are frequently associated with a rise in corruption.

How Black Money Works :-

Consider a store that only accepts cash and does not provide receipts to its consumers because it would not pay tax on unrecorded purchases, that store is transacting in black money. Consider another the case of a property buyer who pays Rs. 20, 00,000 for a piece of land. There is a Rs. 5, 00,000 black money transaction if the buyer merely discloses 15, 00,000 on the books and pays 5, 00,000 under the table.

 Effects of Black Money :-

1. The government’s deficit rises because black money consumes a portion of the tax. The government must balance the deficit by raising taxes, reducing subsidies, and borrowing more money. Borrowing increases the government’s debt by adding to the interest load. If the government is unable to balance the budget, it would have to cut spending, which will have a negative impact on development.

2. Higher inflation results from the flow of unaccounted black money into the economy, which disproportionately affects the poor. It also widens the gap between the rich and the poor.

3. Black money is commonly kept in the form of gold, immovable property, and other hidden assets. Such money does not enter the main economy and, as a result, is mostly out of circulation. The black money keeps circulating among the wealthy and creates more opportunities for them.

4. When the government uses progressive direct taxation to ensure that the tax burden is distributed fairly, tax evasion and the creation of black money undermine the concept of social justice by preventing the desired reduction in income disparities. When illegal activities such as smuggling, for example, cannot be taxed, the government would apply higher taxes on legally authorized.

5. Black money is spent lavishly on travels and tours, entertainment, ostentatious products, and the financing of extravagant elections, among other things. This has also resulted in the many societal ills and a degradation of common people’s life values.

6. The presence of black money has shifted the market’s choice coefficients in favor of luxury, resulting in the diversification of productive resources from essential to non-essential commodities.

7. The consumption pattern is biased in favor of the rich and elite, at the expense of encouraging the production of bulk goods. A rise in overall consumption means fewer resources are available for investment in priority sectors, which has a negative effect on growth.

Government Initiatives to curb Black Money.

1. Black Money Declaration Scheme 2017 –

This scheme was launched by the government headed by PM Modi. This scheme allowed black money hoarders to declare all of their illegal earnings and gave them till March 31, 2017 to do so. Everyone was permitted to report their illegal earnings to the bank or the post office. It was also stated that one must pay a total of 49.90 % of the total unaccounted income in tax, surcharge, and penalty. A 25% of the unaccounted income was to be deposited in the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana.

2. Demonetization – 

This was one of the most significant steps made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government to combat black money in the country. The central government announced the demonetization of the Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes and the introduction of new Rs 500 and Rs 2000 notes on November 8, 2016. The government took this step as a result of the country’s economy falling behind that of the rest of the world, as well as to combat different terrorist activities that had arisen in the country.

3. Linking Bank Accounts with Aadhaar & Pan –

The government launched the linkage of Aadhaar and Pan cards so that it could keep track of each person’s accounts and even their bank statements, giving the government a source to know how much a citizen earns and how much he pays in taxes. Though this strategy plays a significant role in the removal of fake bank accounts. This system can also be used to track suspicious transactions involving large sums of money.

4. Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 –

This law prohibits Benami transactions and provides for the confiscation of Benami assets. In 2016, the legislation was amended to provide that if a person is found guilty of a benami transaction offence by a court, he would be sentenced to jail for a period 1 year which may extend to a maximum of 7 years. In addition, the person will be responsible for a fine of up to 25% of the property’s exact market value.

5. New Benami Transactions Informants Reward Scheme, 2018 –

The Income Tax Department has launched this initiative in order to encourage widespread participation of people to fight against black money in the economy. Under this plan, the informant will be paid up to Rs one crore if he provides relevant details to the Joint or Additional Commissioners of Benami Prohibition Units (BPUs) of the Income Tax Department’s Investigation Directorates.

Introduction:

Steps to play a game:

step 1. Don’t skip the tutorials.

Resist the urge to drive into pokemon unite right away. Both seasoned MOBA players and beginners should take the time to check out the game’s six tutorials. The game let’s you enter live matches after completing the first few but it’s worth going through all of the lesson first.

The tutorials go through very basic and advanced mechanic that you would know about if you didn’t go through these short training exercise.

The first three tutorials teach you how to attack and score. But it’s the latter three that are the most interesting. The trip of tutorials teaches that attacking different wild pokemon can change the dynamic of a match.

step 2. Don’t skip the setting menu either:

The setting menu isn’t the most exciting place to visit in a game. But considering the fast paced nature of pokemon unite there are some option there worth exploring.

one of the first setting to look at is attack control. Switching to advanced control allows you to press two different button to attack different opposing. Turning on this setting is important because the game defaults to an automatic basic attack mode. There will be time when you accidentally target a wild pokemon when you are trying to hit an enemy player or vice versa. Switching to advanced control helps you stay in control of where your basic attacks go.

Lock-on-icon: Is another setting you may want to turn on. Enabling this setting allows you to prioritize specific pokemon to attack.

step 3. Which pokemon should you unlock first?

After you play through the opening tutorials, you’ll receive a unite license which let’s you unlock a pokemon.

1. Eldegoss is a support pokemon:they use long ranged attacks to hit enemies and their main foscus is to hit enemies and their teammates.
2. Snorlax is a defender pokemon: they are powerful melee fighters.
3. Pikachu is a ranged attacker:They use long -range attack to overpower enemies and defeat them from a distance.
4. Charizard is an all-round:their skills allows them to be a threat at both close and long range.
5. Talon flame is a speedster: their fast speed allows them to move all over the battle arena giving them to ability to a be a threat anywhere on the map.

step. 4 . How to make different builds:

as you levels up through out the match, your gain the ability to learn new attack. Over time yor learn new that over write the two starting skills you begin the match with.

At level 5&6 7, your pokemon can learn news, skill. You will always have to two different choice to make at these points. Each characters has different moves that support new way to play.

Step 5. Learn your lane:

each pokemon excels at different areas of the map. When you are preparing for battle, the game will let you know which lane is recommend for each pokemon.

when you are in the lobby selecting your pokemon, enter the battle prep screen to learn which map path you should take. When you press the exit button, you will be shown which lane is best for the top lat. Speedster should around two centre and all are rounder are great for the bottom.

WHAT ARE PERSONALITY DISORDER?

A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that deviates from the expectations of the culture, causes distress or problems functioning, and lasts over time. Personality is the way of thinking, feeling and behaving that makes a person different from other people. An individual’s personality is influenced by experiences, environment (surroundings, life situations) and inherited characteristics.

A person’s personality typically stays the same over time. Personality disorders are long-term patterns of behavior and inner experiences that differs significantly from what is expected. The pattern of experience and behavior begins by late adolescence or early adulthood and causes distress or problems in functioning.

WHAT ARE THE COMMON SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF BORDERLINE PERONALITY DISORDER?

Borderline Personality Disorder has several signs and symptoms. For diagnosis, mental health professionals have grouped the symptoms into 9 categories. A person who shows at least 5 of these symptoms for a long duration is diagnosed as suffering from BPD. 

1. Fear of abandonment

One of the most prominent signs of BPD is a fear of abandonment. People with BPD are always scared of being left alone by loved ones. Something as simple as a family member coming home late from work can trigger intense reactions. As a result, individuals suffering from BPD put frantic efforts into keeping family and friends close.

2. Unstable relationships

  People with BPD tend to have relationships that are intense and short-lived. You may fall in love quickly, believing that each new person is the one who will make you feel whole, only to be quickly disappointed. Your relationships either seem perfect or horrible, without any middle ground. Your lovers, friends, or family members may feel like they have emotional whiplash as a result of your rapid swings from idealization to devaluation, anger, and hate.

3. Unclear self-image

Self-image is a perception of self that defines how much you like yourself. With BPD, individuals struggle to keep a stable perception. They go from loving themselves one day to absolutely hating themselves the next day. Such people do not have an idea of who they are and what they want in life.

4. Self-destructive behaviour

If you have BPD, you may engage in harmful, sensation-seeking behaviors, especially when you’re upset. You may impulsively spend money you can’t afford, binge eat, drive recklessly, shoplift, , or overdo it with drugs or alcohol. These risky behaviors may help you feel better in the moment, but they hurt you and those around you over the long-term.

5. Self-harm

After self-destruction comes self-harm. Individuals suffering from BPD do not hesitate from harming themselves. They may easily cut themselves or burn themselves and may also take a step with the intent of suicide. Loved ones have to be vigilant at all times and on the lookout for suicidal thoughts.

6. Mood swings

 Unstable emotions and moods are common with BPD. One moment, you may feel happy, and the next, despondent. Little things that other people brush off can send you into an emotional tailspin. These mood swings are intense, but they tend to pass fairly quickly , usually lasting just a few minutes or hours.

7. Chronic feelings of emptiness

Individuals with BPD suffer from a chronic feeling of emptiness. They often feel like “nobody” and have this uncomfortable void that they try to fill with the help of extreme and risky behaviors. This feeling is uncomfortable, so you may try to fill the void with things like drugs, food . But nothing feels truly satisfying.

8. Explosive anger

BPD causes impulsiveness, which often results in explosive anger. It also results in a short temper that comes out even at the slightest of disagreements. Explosive anger may be accompanied by behavior like throwing things or screaming (even in public places).

9. Feeling suspicious

 People with BPD often struggle with paranoia or suspicious thoughts  about others’ motives. When under stress, you may even lose touch with reality an experience known as dissociation. You may feel foggy, spaced out, or as if you’re outside your own body.

Getting into a top Business school in India to pursue the dream career is still a dream for many aspirants. This is an inspiring story of a middle-class Indian Prafull Billore, who wanted to pursue an MBA. To get into top B Schools you have to clear the CAT exam. He failed 3 out of the 3 times he appeared for the CAT exam. On his repetitive failure, he got depressed and quit his CAT preparation, and traveled few cities. After weeks of traveling, he landed in Ahemdabad, he felt like home.

To sustain life, he started working at McDonald’s. After serving for some time, he was promoted to the kitchen staff who would take orders and served customers. During this phase of his life, he gained a lot of experience but he felt like a person having/with no identity. He often wondered, “Why sell burgers for someone else, while I can make and sell on my own”. But the question was why would anyone come to his stall and not go to McDonald’s. He dropped the idea of selling burgers and decided to set up a tea stall, as tea was his staple beverage during his CAT preparation, and India loves chai.

The early phase in starting roadside business attracted many stigmas such as these businesses are done by lower class or less educated people but this didn’t stop him. Prafull Billore’s father thought that he might be pursuing an educational course but he wasn’t aware of what was running in Prafull’s mind. It took 45 days to muster the courage and set up his tea stall.

The first day went bad as there was not even a single customer. The next day, he decided to approach customers with a friendly gesture and conversed with them in English. The taste and unique way of serving tea, his communication skills caught many people’s attention and his business started growing.

His chai business started getting popular, annoyed the roadside vendors, as Prafull’s chai business was bringing down their business. He got threats from local goons and local authorities to shut down the chai stall. He didn’t lose hope and reached a hospital owner for renting a nearby space for a tea stall for 10K rental. He even created a platform for job seekers who mentioned their details on paper which was further picked up by job providers as even they were his regular customers. The candidate that suited the job profile was called up by the job provider. This way he gained more popularity.

Prafull named his business “MBA Chaiwala” which stands for “Mr. Billore Ahemdabad Chaiwala”. Within a few months, he got fame and his business MBA Chaiwala, gathered crores every month. Praful’s most memorable occasion was a Valentine’s Day event. He distributed free chai to singles on Valentine’s Day, which went viral and acquired worldwide recognition.

And look at the irony of life! Now, MBA Chaiwala is invited to IIM’s and Harvard Business school only to deliver a talk on how to pursue a passion and become big. It all started with his failure to seek admission to these very prestigious colleges like IIMS and Harvard.

Today, Prafull Billore owns a 300 sq ft restaurant named “MBA Chai Wala”, where he has employed 20 people. In the financial year 2019-20, he recorded a turnover of Rs 3 crore. “My dream is to sell tea across the country, and that every Indian drink my tea,” he says.