sovereignty is the full rights and power of a governing body over itself without any interference from outside source or bodies in political theories sovereignty is a substance term destination Supreme authority over some policy in international dawn the important concept of sovereignty refers to the exercise of power by a state sovereignty in ability of fact do so which becomes of special concept upon the failure of the usual exceptions and that exist at the place and time of concept rest in same organization the concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history and are still actively debate its definition, concept and application has changed throughout especially during the age of enlightening the current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population according to Stephen d.krasner the term could also be understood in four ways sovereignty is more than anything else a matter of legitimacy that that requires reciprocal recognition sovereignty is a hypothetical trade in which two potentially conflict sides,respecting de factor realities of power exchange such recognition ad their bast costly strategy a decision by the emperor has the force of law quod principles placed habit sovereignty that originated in the people although he did not use the term expressly the word sovereignty derived from Latin word types of Jana is people gana group mana mind adinayak leader jaya he victory bharatha india bhagya destiny vidhata disposer Punjabi Punjab Sandhu indus Gujarat marata Marathi dravida South utkala orissa banga bengal

The best things in life are free. This is undoubtedly true, for there is one vital aspect of life, that is nature and this is available in abundance, for each one of us for free. However, we are so much involved with ourselves and in our worldly pursuits that we fail to appreciate it.

Besides nature, there are other aspects of our lives, that are very much invaluable like the love, affection of our parents and near and dear one’s. These are essential for us and we know that they just can’t be bought.

We all know that “life is brief- a little hope, a little dream and then good night “. In this short period we must learn to enjoy every single moment, for there are numerous good facets of life which are only for us free of cost.

Khushi Agarwal

Floods are natural disasters affecting the crops, livestock, infrastructure and floods a human beings Floods occur when water bodies like rivers carry more amount of water than their capacities and when this additional water cannot be drained in a proper manner. Floods are not a recent phenomenon; it has been occurring since ages. However, today the destruction caused by floods is immense because of creased population density and spread of people in every part of the country.

Types of Floods in India

Floods in India are not restricted to any one place. There are several different kinds of flood, and each one bears a different impact in terms of how it occurs, the damage it causes, and how it is forecasted. In this section we will discuss about the different types of floods.

• Coastal (Surge Flood) It occurs in areas that lie on the coast of a sea, ocean, or other large body of open water. It is typically the result of extreme tidal conditions caused by severe weather Eastern coast of India is vulnerable to this type of floods due to frequent cyclonic activities. Further, rising sea level due to climate change can put many coastal cities of the world at risk of being overrun by sea water.
• Fluvial (River Flood) It occurs when excessive rainfall over an extended period of time causes a river to exceed its capacity It can also be caused by heavy snow melt and glacial level outburst. The damage from a river flood can be widespread as the overflow affects smaller rivers downstream, often causing dams and dikes to break. This type of flood usually occurs in Himalayan rivers and cause massive destruction including landslides.
• Pluvial (Surface Flood) It is caused when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing water body. It can happen in any urban area Apart from these, floods may also be caused due to upsurge in groundwater and even higher elevation areas that lies above coastal and river floodplains. burst of drain and sewer.

Major Flood Prone Areas of India

The major flood prone regions in India according to National Commission on Floods comprises of Ganga River basin which includes state of Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar and West Bengal. The heavy rainfall and huge siltation make flood yearly affair in Brahmaputra River system also. The inadequate surface drainage which causes inundation and water-logging over vast areas is the main cause of floods in North-Western part of India.

Cloudburst and torrential rainfall have caused flood in Uttarakhand and Kashmir. The small rivers of Kerala, originating in Western ghats and flowing to the Arabian sea, cause considerable damage when in spate. The deltaic region of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri suffer from occasional food owing to the large-scale silting and consequent change in the river course.

Cause of Flood

Floods are caused by natural, ecological or anthropogenic factors either individually or as a combined result Earthquake, landslide and cloudburst are among other natural causes of flood Man made causes include collapse of dams, embankments and efficient sewerage system in cities. The various causes of floods in India are Causes of Flood as follows:

• Rainfall of about 15cm or more in single day, sometimes are beyond the carrying capacity of the river causes the spilling of river over natural banks West coast f Western Ghats, Assam and Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Indo-Gangetic plains faces flood due to heavy precipitation almost every year.
• The Himalayan rivers carry a lot of silt with them due to erosive action of the rivers. Because of the amount of silt carried by the rivers, the level of river bed rises and the water carrying capacity of the rivers gets reduced. This causes floods in the nearby areas of hill slopes. The water level in river rises because of greater run off Floods in Western ghats, Shiwaliks and Chotanagar plateau region occurs due to this reason.
• Excessive sand mining comes at a huge cost to the river and those living around it. Excessive sand mining can alter the river bed, force the river to change its course, erode banks and lead to flooding. It also destroys the habitat of aquatic animals and micro-organisms besides affecting groundwater recharge.
• In the flat terrain especially in plain areas, rivers have tendency to meander or change the course within a specific boundary. Because of this, frequent flood occurs in lower reaches of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.
• Tropical cyclone accompanied by strong winds, huge torrential rain and high tidal bores causes inundation of Eastern coastal regions of India. Floods due cyclone are common in the East coasts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.
• In coastal areas sea rides deposit silt in the river mouths and discharge channels leading to steady deterioration of their discharge capacity, it causes floods in deltaic areas of India.
• Due to inadequate drainage, floods have occurred in Punjab, Haryana and Western UP After introduction of irrigation in these areas, the sub-soil water table rises fast leading to widespread flooding.

Control Measures

Being a natural phenomenon, the total elimination or control of floods is neither practically possible nor economically viable. Hence, flood control measures aim at providing a reasonable degree of protection against flood damage at economic costs in the section we will discuss various control measures of flood adopted by government and citizens.

• For controlling the flood, the government has constructed many dams and authorities which includes Damodar Valley Corporation for Damodar river, Narmada Control Authority for Narmada River, Hirakund dam on Mahanadi, Ukai dam on the Taps and the Bhakra dam across Sutlej. The Central Water Commission and National Flood Control Board in partnership with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has taken many steps for flood control.
• Among other structural measures, flood embankments, flood banks and levees have been constructed all along the major rivers, so that excess water in their channel does not cause havoc a nearby areas.
• Surface water drainage congestion due to inadequacy of natural or manmade drainage channels results in flooding in many areas in this regard government has started many drainage improvements programs.
• Diverting all or a part of the discharge into a natural or artificially constructed channel, lying within or in some cases outside the flood plains is a useful means of lowering water levels in the river to control the flood The flood spill channel skirting Srinagar city and the Supplementary Drain in Delhi are examples of diverting excess water to prevent flooding of the urbanized areas.
• Among the non-structural measures which strive to keep people away from flood waters, the flood-plain zoning and flood proofing have been adopted by the government. These are non-structural changes, adjustments or additions to reduce and prevent flood. Similarly, India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues flood forecasting and warning which are of immense help in relocation of the vulnerable section of population.
• Watershed management measures such as developing the vegetative cover i.e., afforestation and conservation of soil cover in conjunction with structural works like check dams, detention basins etc. serve as an effective measure in reducing flood peaks and controlling the suddenness of the runoff Government under National green mission aims at massive afforestation all along the channels of major rivers. Further many watershed developments projects have been taken up under MGNREGA, which will eventually help in controlling the flood.

Supreme Court approves CBSE marking formula but asks boards to include dispute resolution system and provision of written exams for students wanting to improve their score.
The Central Board of Secondary Education has decided to go for a ’30:30:40 formula’ 30 per cent from Class 10 board, 30 per cent from Class 11 exam, and 40 per cent from Class 12 assessment to tabulate Class 12 results this year, the board informed the Supreme Court Thursday.

The Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations has also decided to go for a similar formula as CBSE, except they have decided to take the average of the last six years instead of three years. While this was orally communicated to the court, CISCE will now submit the written affidavit notifying their marking scheme.The apex court approved the marking scheme, and said there was no question of rolling back the decision of not holding exams.the heresults will be declared by 31 July, the CBSE told the court as it submitted a detailed evaluation criteria, which was decided after the board had to cancel exams last month because of the second Covid-19 wave.

According to the affidavit CBSE submitted in the court, the 40 per cent of marks from Class 12 will be based on unit test mid board exams, 30 per cent from Class 11 based on theory component of the final exam, and the remaining 30 per cent from Class 10 marks based on average theory component of best three performing subjects out of the main five.The new formula is to calculate theory marks for students, while practical and internal assessment components will be calculated according to the existing policies. The board had last week asked all schools to complete their practical assessment and submit the data to the board by 28 June.the marking policy will affect more than 14 lakh candidates who had registered for Class 12 exams in 2020-21 session.The board has asked schools to form a five member panel for computation of results.

Theory and practical marks
According to the board’s scheme, theory marks for Class 12 for computation of results will be based on performance in one or more unit test mid pre board theory examination, but the school committee may decide internally what should be given more weightage.To facilitate ease in entering the theory marks of class 10, the board will provide the marks for the students who have appeared in CBSE class 10 examinations. For students of other Boards, the schools will have to enter the information based on the class 10 marksheets of the students available with schools,” the affidavit added.The board also said since the Class 11 and Class 12 marks will be awarded at school level, “they will strictly not be comparable across schools due to the variations in the quality of question paper students who are not satisfied with the result calculated based on the policy will be given an opportunity to appear in examinations to be conducted by the board when conditions are conducive for it.

Technology advancements have been a blessing to human beings, and today, computers and mobile devices have been a part of our daily lives. The internet is also a part of the technology that many of us have come to appreciate. Basically, in this day and age, it is the internet that makes many the world go round. Social media, for instance, is a part of the internet that has created a greater avenue for people to interact across the globe. Nowadays, social media negative effects are not unknown. Sadly, our youth have taken on the use of social media to the extend that it can have some very severe effects on their overall well being if not monitored or restricted.

As much as social media is known to a great social network tool, its evils in society cannot be overlooked. Youth are susceptible to potential harm posed by social media usage. If not recognized on on time and handled, these negative impacts of social media can be risky to the health and social well being of the youth. The negative effects of social media on youth are as following:

1. ANXIETY-We are more curious about knowing what other people are doing rather than spending time for ourselves. Those who spend more time on social media become victims of depression and anxiety because it adversely affects the thought processes and mood. Good mental health is important for study, career, and personal life. Thus, it is recommended to spend only half a hour per day instead of wasting your whole day.
2. DECREASED ACTIVITY-Teenagers who use social media heavily do not spend enough time on activities that definitely increase mental abilities, skills, and physical movement. Those who exercise daily, their body releases endorphins that signal our brain to stay positive and reduce depression. Thus decreased activities reduce thee secretion of endorphins and it is causing depression.
3. POOR CONCENTRATION-Today negative effects on social media on students can be seen easily. Different tasks, such as schoolwork, classwork, or homework, require more concentration to deal with something important, but now teenagers have a habit of simultaneously using social media. Most of them consider it multitasking, but it is not. Researches show constant interruption has an adverse effect on attention and reduces learning and performance.
4. SOCIAL ISOLATION-There is a statistical relationship between the use of social media and social isolation. When teenagers see pictures or videos of a party where they were not invited, it can bring anxiety. It is known as “fear of missing out”. Most of the time, teenage children believe they are connecting to different persons using social media, but actually, they are out of the present moment and their lives. It can become a cause to feel more isolated and a reason for FOMO.
5. SLEEP DEPRIVATION-Social media is among the leading causes of sleep deprivation in teens nowadays. They are constantly worried about what their friends are posting and sharing. Adolescents can stay active on social media for longer durations. And if they do these, especially during sleep time or just before the sleep, then there is a high possibility of their sleep being disrupted. The reading can help you understand the importance of sleep and the associated risks of sleep loss.
6. LOWER SELF ESTEEM-Most teen girls start comparing themselves with celebrities after spending time on social media and want to look slim, pretty and rich like them. It is normal to copy those persons they admire or consider a role model in the teenage. This imitation can negatively affect their self respect and dignity. Different studies outcomes are that girls who spend more time on social media to portray themselves like celebrities are isolated from friend circles. Their friends will not accept them.
7. CYBERSTALKING-Smartphones are connecting people. But, negative effects of smartphones on youth can be seen today. If you’re always sharing your location, then social media friends know where you are. Teenagers are used to updating their status, share what they’re watching, listening to, reading and where they check-in. This habit becomes an addiction and make them hyperactive because they always look for new updates from their friends. They check every notification and alert to respond because they believe responding on time is necessary.
8. CYBERBULLYING-A bullying is the use of social media to communicate false, embarrassing, or hostile information to specific users. Among the major effects of social media, cyberbullying is an evil that has become such an atypical today. victims of prolonged cyber bullying often end up with psychological problems like depression, loneliness, anxiety and some even become suicidal.

COVID-19 has completely driven the people lives of India as well as rest of the world, totally in a different way. Hence similar to other countries, India is also badly troubling now in an enormous way like education and so called best health infrastructures totally affect the economic condition towards downward direction of today’s time and the future in a cruel manner. There is no end till now to stop this pandemic and the whole world are facing another COVID-19 aftermath i.e. pandemic crisis. Economically, India was already in a bad condition before start of this pandemic and now this crisis has created more and more pathetic situation for the people. All the people lives of both urban and rural areas are deadly affected by this pandemic crisis. Social distancing and other safety precaution are not fully followed by the people. On the other hand, this pandemic crisis has increased the unemployment rate with anxiety and depression. In that situation, both government and public health care sector are collapsed due to heavy COVID-19 patients. The earlier physical class room system is totally changed into online class room system and learners (basically in rural sectors) fell some difficulty to adopt this. This crisis generates a new system for work, called work from home. In this chapter, we discuss about some major points of crisis in this pandemic situation in India.Millions of Indians have lost jobs in the formal sector since April due to the economic stress caused by novel coronavirus. However, the pandemic is not the only reason behind the ongoing job crisis in the country.The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India has been largely disruptive. India’s growth in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 2020 went down to 3.1% according to the Ministry of Statistics. The Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India said that this drop is mainly due to the coronavirus pandemic effect on the Indian economy. Notably India had also been witnessing a pre-pandemic slowdown, and according to the World Bank, the current pandemic has “magnified pre-existing risks to India’s economic outlook”.Major companies in India such as Larsen & Toubro, Bharat Forge, UltraTech Cement, Grasim Industries, Aditya Birla Group, BHEL and Tata Motors temporarily suspended or significantly reduced operations. Young startups have been impacted as funding has fallen.Fast-moving consumer goods companies in the country have significantly reduced operations and are focusing on essentials. Stock markets in India posted their worst loses in history on 23 March 2020. However, on 25 March, one day after a complete 21-day lockdown was announced by the Prime Minister, SENSEX and NIFTY posted their biggest gains in 11 years.The Government of India announced a variety of measures to tackle the situation, from food security and extra funds for healthcare and for the states, to sector related incentives and tax deadline extensions. On 26 March a number of economic relief measures for the poor were announced totaling over ₹170,000 crore.India does not have reliable, official high-frequency data on jobs. While CMIE’s jobs data has been the centre of a political slugfest in the past, with government officials repeatedly questioning the survey’s methodology, Sen said that it doesn’t matter now because what we are interested in is “capturing change”.

Neem leaf is used formerly ,eye disorders,bloody nose ,intesential worms ,stomach upset ,loss of appetite , skin ulcers , diseases of heart and blood vessels , fever , diabetes , gum disease and liver problems .

Neem seed extract contains an active compound that affect hair and skin such as live .Azadirachtun works by disrupting parasite growth and other cellular processes.

Chewing Neem bark to promote oral hygiene is a common practice in India.

Neem’s antiseptic , anti – inflammatory , antioxidant and immune -boosting properties may promote oral health . Although more research is needed studies indicate that Neem may relieve pain and help treat gingivitis ,periodontitis and tooth decay .

    Although Neem appears to have numerous therapeutic effect , results are inconclusive sine they’re based on test -tube and animal research with very few human studies.

Scientists have shown that the cold desert of Ladakh Himalaya once experienced large floods that rose much above the present-day river level. It implies that in the scenario of global warming, when the higher Himalaya regions are expected to respond dramatically, flood frequency in Ladakh may increase, which may call for serious urban and rural planning.

Large floods that naturally occur in major rivers of India fed by melting snow and glaciers and a continental scale precipitation regime of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and Westerlies and East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) significantly modify the landscape and impact lives and economy of all that encroached into its geomorphic domain.

These floods are of various kinds and origin (Glacial/landslide lake outbursts, cloud bursts, excessively strong monsoon) and have different forcing factors and frequencies and therefore add large uncertainty in flood prediction models. An instrumental record of these floods is of ~100 years is not enough to understand the natural ramp of flood occurrences in the Himalayas, and therefore archive going deep into time is required.

A team of students and scientists lead by the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology at Dehradun, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, travelled through the tough terrains of Zanskar and Indus drained Himalaya and looked minutely into geological signatures of past floods in Ladakh region that date between 15-3 thousand years before present. This study was recently published online in the Geological Society of America Bulletin.

Flood leaves a stack of fine sand and silts at places along its channel where the flood energy drastically reduces, for example, wider segments of river valleys, confluences, behind rock embayments which is called as Slack Water Deposits (SWDs). The SWDs were located at several locations along the Zanskar and Indus rivers, counted vertically for the number of floods, and were dated using technology called Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of 14C. The flood deposits were also analysed for their source.

This analysis showed that the cold desert once experienced a large flood that rose to more than 30 m above the present-day river level. The active flood plains nearer to river were also utilized by Humans, possibly as camping sites and cooking as indicated by presence of hearths at several locations and levels of flood deposits.

The chronology of the flood deposits pointed towards three phases of increased flooding occurred in Ladakh after the period called Last Glacial Maximum (14–11, 10–8, and 7–4 (1000 years) or ka). These were times when due to warming, the Indian summer monsoon was active in Ladakh as well. The results also suggest that Ladakh floods are chronologically out-of-phase with those occurring in North-Eastern Himalayas and mainland China during the past 15 thousand years. This implies that the modern relationship between the ISM and EASM goes deep into more than 14 thousand years. Further, the rocks of Higher Himalayan Crystalline and Tethyan sequences equally act as hotspots of erosion in the regions during the flood phases.

The preliminary study of hearths suggested that there was an inbound migration of people along the mountain corridors of Ladakh after the Last Glacial Maximum when temperatures were relatively warmer, and hydrology of the region was supporting. According to the WIHG team, a detailed genomic and isotopic-based study of these anthropogenic relics may further help understand the geographical antiquity of migrating humans and the kind of food and vegetation they were living on.

Bangladesh will set up an international institute for vaccine production including for COVID 19.

Announcing it in Parliament on Wednesday, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said that the government will sign an agreement with South Korea to set up the vaccine institute in Bangladesh. She said that government to government negotiations are going on with the countries which have developed vaccines for COVID 19 for technology transfer.

The capacity of three Banglaesshi firms has been assessed for the production of the COVID 19 vaccines. Prime Minister Hasina told parliament that a vaccine developed by one of the Bangladeshi companies Globe Biotech Ltd is now in the trial stage.

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said that the government has taken initiative to produce COVID 19 vaccine alongwith collecting vaccines from various sources in the world in view of the Corona pandemic. She said Bangladesh has so far received 1.08 crore doses of the COVID 19 vaccine from foreign sources out of which 1.02 crore doses came from India including the gifted doses of over 3 million doses.

India continues to report Covid cases below 1 lakh per day.

As the various states across the country begin unlocking in a graded manner, a section of people are hopeful of easing in travel restriction by several countries which came into play as India was hit hard by the second wave of Corona.

There is a large population of students who have been lucky to secure admission in various foreign Universities but were unable to join their institutions as the spread of Covid and subsequent closure of the various embassy and Consulate offices almost stopped processing of all type of Visa applications. The sudden and unprecedented situation created a panic among many people who got stuck in India. Various embassies started getting urgent calls but they largely remained unfulfilled due to strict Covid Guidelines and travel restrictions. Now as the situation of the pandemic in India is fast deescalating, various foreign Missions have started indication that things might get well soon.

France has called for students interested in studying in France to apply for Visas. French Ambassador Emannuel Lenin took to Twitter “Looking to study in France? Student visa applications are now open at your nearest VFS centre! Get all the information you need on programmes & scholarships, plus free counselling at your nearest Campus France office:” He tweeted.

The U.S. Embassy and Consulates in India are continuing their important operations. Spokesperson of the US embassy In Delhi said that student visas remains a top priority and the U.S. Mission to India is making every attempt to facilitate student travel in time for the fall semester, including by offering tens of thousands of July and August student visa appointments at posts across India.
Most other routine nonimmigrant visa appointments at U.S. Embassy New Delhi and the consulates in Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai remain limited. Mission India posts will make every attempt to continue to honour approved emergency visa appointments. Emergency services for U.S. citizens will continue.

For people keen on travelling to the UK, The High Commission has already started Visa application centres for quite some time. A British High Commission spokesperson said: “The UK’s Visa Application Centres in India are open and we continue to process applications for many visa categories, including student and skilled worker visas.” The UK’s new Graduate Route for international students are opening for applications on 1 July 2021. The spokesperson said, “Our universities are global institutions which thrive on the contribution of international students, including those from India.”

Meanwhile, “The UK has also modified visa rules to ensure students can study online until they’re able to travel to the UK for in-person tuition.” He added further

Acknowledging the deep people-to-people links between India and Singapore, A representative from the High Commission responded, “We hope that the situation continues to improve. We will continue to monitor the situation and adjust our border measures accordingly.”
The representative further added Singapore government is working closely with IATA to safely rebuild connectivity. Singapore is one of the first countries to adopt the IATA Travel Pass for the submission of pre-departure PCR test results to airlines and immigration checkpoints from 1 May 2021.

The pandemic has affected all aspects of life globally. With the global fight getting stronger against the pandemic with aggressive vaccination, things are gradually moving back to normalcy.

India has signed an agreement extending a US$ 100 million Line of Credit (LOC) to Sri Lanka for projects in the Solar Energy Sector.

The agreement was signed between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Export-Import Bank of India.

A press statement from the Indian High Commission in Colombo said, ‘India has become the first country to partner with Sri Lanka in fulfilling the vision of the President of Sri Lanka, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, to ensure that 70% of Sri Lanka’s national power requirements are fulfilled by renewable energy sources by 2030,”

The agreement was exchanged in the presence of President Rajapaksa, between the High Commissioner of India to Sri Lanka, Gopal Baglay and the Secretary to the Treasury, S.R. Attygalle. President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and the High Commissioner of India also discussed the striking similarity in the national objectives outlined by India and Sri Lanka in connection with solar energy.

President Rajapaksa in his tweet said “Sri Lanka is going green, and we are working extensively to make it happen. Today, we formalized the agreement on the Line of Credit worth US$ 100M b/w Sri Lanka and the Export & Import Bank of India. Steadily, we’re getting closer to the goal of 70% renewable energy by 2030.”

This US$ 100 million LOC will help finance various projects in the solar energy sector in Sri Lanka, such as rooftop solar photo-voltaic systems for households and government buildings. Some of the projects were announced during the Founding Conference of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) held in March 2018 in Delhi.

Thus far 89 countries, including Sri Lanka, have signed the Framework Agreement of the ISA, which intends to bring together countries to promote the large-scale deployment of solar energy and overcome challenges related to technology, finance and capacity.

Bangladesh reported its highest level of single day COVID 19 infection and deaths in over 6 weeks on Wednesday.

According to the latest figures released by the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 60 people died and 3956 new Corona Positive cases were detected in the last 24 hours on Wednesday morning.

The single day death toll on Wednesday is highest since May 4 when 61 people had died due to Corona. Similarly, the new COVID 19 infection on Wednesday marks the highest level since April 22 when 4014 new cases were detected.

The sample positivity rate also continued to rise. It was reported to be 16.62 percent on Wednesday marking a sharp rise from 14.27 percent on Tuesday.

In order to control the further spread of Coronavirus in the country, the government of Bangladesh has extended the ongoing restrictions on movement and public gathering till July 15. Government has imposed COVID 19 related restrictions in the country since April 5 which has been extended with certain modifications in several phases. The current phase of COVID restrictions ended on Tuesday.

According to the notification issued by the Cabinet Division on Tuesday, the government has authorised district administration of high risk districts to decide about restrictions or lockdown. All tourist places, resorts, community centres and recreation centres will remain closed. Social, religious or political gathering will be restricted. Hotels and restaurants will be allowed to serve people upto half of their capacity. Similarly, public transport will also operate by allowing people to board only upto half of their capacity.
However, government and private offices and factories will remain open with observance of health guidelines.

Rajesh Jha/Dhaka/16.6.2021
Rajesh Sir: Bangladesh to set up international vaccine institute- Prime Minister Hasina

Bangladesh will set up an international institute for vaccine production including for COVID 19. Announcing it in Parliament on Wednesday, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said that the government will sign an agreement with South Korea to set up the vaccine institute in Bangladesh. She said that government to government negotiations are going on with the countries which have developed vaccines for COVID 19 for technology transfer.

The capacity of three Banglaesshi firms has been assessed for the production of the COVID 19 vaccines. Prime Minister Hasina told parliament that a vaccine developed by one of the Bangladeshi companies Globe Biotech Ltd is now in the trial stage.

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said that the government has taken initiative to produce COVID 19 vaccine alongwith collecting vaccines from various sources in the world in view of the Corona pandemic. She said Bangladesh has so far received 1.08 crore doses of the COVID 19 vaccine from foreign sources out of which 1.02 crore doses came from India including the gifted doses of over 3 million doses.

The Sports Authority of India has recieved requests through NRAI for the vaccination of two skeet shooters Angad Vir Singh Bajwa and Mairaj Ahmed Khan who are shooting in Italy.

The former needs his second dose and the latter requiring his first, since he has recovered from Covid infection just over a month ago.

For the vaccination of the skeet shooters, National Rifle Association of India intimated SAI on June 10. The Embassy of India in Rome, has taken the issue up with the concerned Italian authorities and are working towards organising vaccine doses for both. The SAI and Embassy are in touch with both athletes to help resolve the issue. The Italian government’s health department has requested for details of athletes with regards to their past Covid history, which have been furnished.

As for the extension of the gun permits and visas of the two shooters and visa of the physical trainer Jitender Arya till July 18, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has already written to the Ministry of External Affairs for assistance. Since Italian authorities have said the visas of those already in Italy cannot be extended as per rules, the Embassy of India in Rome has taken it up with the Italian Olympic Committee to help secure the extension of visas.

Both athletes are likely to travel to Croatia for the World cup from Italy. The Indian Government has also made backup arrangements for their vaccination in Croatia in the event of vaccination not taking place in Italy, so that both athletes get two doses before their travel to Tokyo.

What is a Cell Tower?

Cell towers, also known as cell sites, are where electric communications equipment and antennae are mounted, allowing the surrounding area to use wireless communication devices like telephones and radios. Cell towers are usually built by a tower company or a wireless carrier when they expand their network coverage or capacity, providing a better reception signal in that area. Cell towers are basically everywhere across the United States, although some cities have more than others. And Millman Land was there since the late 1990s, ensuring that the cell towers are all properly inspected. There are currently more than 307,000 cell towers in the United States. Sometimes they can be spotted on tops of buildings. Other times cities require cell towers to blend into the cityscape seamlessly. Rural areas sometimes hide them in treescapes, disguising them as a tree.

Our wireless services include cell tower surveys, cell tower audits and As-builts. In this article, we aim to tell you more about cell towers and how they work. We also want to address people’s growing concerns over 5G and put to rest the rumors. How Do Cell Towers Work? cell tower in New YorkThere are over 300 million cell phones being used daily in the United States.

Whenever a cell phone is used, it emits an electromagnetic radio wave, called a radio frequency, that is received by the nearest cell tower’s antenna. Once the cell tower receives this signal, it will transmit the signals to a switching center. This allows the call to be connected to either another mobile phone or to a telephone network. It’s crazy to think all of this happens in mere seconds. Related: The Ultimate Guide to ALTA Surveys Parts of a Cell Tower The insanely fast technology of a cell tower is due to its parts. You’ll hear us mentioning cell carriers a lot in this section. That’s because a lot of the parts of a cell tower are provided by individual cell carriers, also known as wireless networks. There are four wireless networks in the United States that have the best coverage. Right now the top provider is Verizon, which has 70% 4G coverage. AT&T is in close second with 68%. T-Mobile has 62% and Spring is in fourth with 27%, a major decline in coverage. Verizon US 4G coverage cell towers in US The Tower There are actually four different types of cell towers. The first kind is known as a lattice tower. Also called a self-supporting tower, this type of tower offers incredible flexibility. It usually has three or four sides with similar shaped bases. The second type of tower is a monopole tower. This type of tower features a single steel or concrete tube tower, usually under 50 meters. It only requires one foundation. The antennas are attached to the exterior. A guyed tower is cost-effective but requires a bigger amount of land. It’s usually built 100 meters or greater, connected buy guy wires to anchor and support it. They are attached to the ground in all directions. Most radio and television towers are guyed towers. The fourth type is the stealth tower, which we briefly touched upon before. Often required by councils, these are more expensive than the other three options but aim to beautify the community they’re in. They require additional materials that help them hide in plain sight. While much more appealing, they often do not provide the same amount of capacity for tenants.

The Equipment The equipment on cell towers includes transceivers and other supporting technology. These are installed in cabinets or shelters or any other way that wireless carriers choose to protect them. Some even create outdoor cabinets on concrete pads or prefabricated equipment shelters.

The Antennas Alright, we’ve touched on antennas a lot, but what are they? There are multiple antennas attached to a cell tower, typically mounted on a head frame. Some towers even have up to 15 antennas per carrier. This number really depends on the antenna’s performance, coverage and capacity requirements. Utilities and Access Carriers will also install utilities at the cell tower site. Each carrier has power to run to the site as well as phone service. Each cell tower also requires access by the carriers for initial installation and ongoing maintenance.Cell Tower Range The aforementioned parts help determine just how far a cell tower can be a from a cell phone while still able to pick up its signal. That distance is determined by the connecting technology, landscape features (hills, trees and buildings), the power of the tower’s transmitter, the size of the cellphone network and the network’s design capacity. What’s interesting is that a cell tower will sometimes have their transmitter seat to a lower power on purpose to ensure it doesn’t interfere with neighboring cells. But even with all of those factors, the typical cell tower can provide service up to 45 miles away. That’s quite impressive! Let’s take a closer look at what various components affect a cell tower’s range and effectiveness.

What Affects a Cell Tower’s Range?

The range of a cell tower is not a fixed figure. That’s because there are so many variables when it comes to the range in which a cell tower connects a mobile device. The most common variables include:How hight the antenna is over the surrounding landscape.The frequency of the signal in use.The rated power of the transmitter.The directional characteristics of the antenna array on the site.Nearby buildings and vegetation absorbing and reflecting radio energy.The local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions.Cell towers are often built in areas with high population densities. That’s because these cities have the most potential cell phone users. For that reason, you’ll often find cell towers “overlapping” in more crowded areas. This helps to avoid interference problems. If you find yourself wondering why you don’t have a signal on your cell phone, it could be because you’re too far from a tower or because the cell phone signal has been decreased by hills, large buildings or other structures. You may also lose your signal if a lot of people are attempting to use the cell tower at the same time. That often leads to calls getting dropped. While driving, your phone can switch from one cell tower to the next mid-conversation. As you continue your journey, the cell phone will pick the strongest signal and release the weaker cell tower, making it available to another caller. Another factor that could affect your signal is a problem with the cell tower. With help from surveyors like Millman National Land Service, these issues can be identified so they don’t turn into a major headache. man on cell tower overlooking city dangerousIs

5G Dangerous?With the coronavirus pandemic continuing to strike fear into people all over the world, it’s no surprise that we’re seeing an abundance of conspiracy theories regarding COVID-19 and how it’s spread. One of the most bizarre are the Facebook posts claiming that 5G has created the coronavirus pandemic. While definitely a little on the radical side, there are still some health concerns about 5G that are a bit more grounded in science. But no: 5G did not cause the coronavirus. What is 5G?Big wireless carriers like AT&T, Verizon and Spring have started to implement 5G as the new wireless standard. In a year or so, 5G will be available throughout the United States. There are currently some devices that use 5G, like Samsung’s Galaxy S10, but most current phone models do not support 5G just yet. 5G will basically be a major improvement on network performance. It’s considered a huge upgrade from 4G, which debuted back in 2009. While 4G delivers 10 Mbps, 5G will deliver peak speeds between 10 and 20 Gbps. It’s also more ideal for video game streaming, downloading movies and other heavy-duty data activities since network latency will drop from 30ms to 1ms. While this is all exciting technology-wise, there are currently growing concerns over the health risks of 5G, since it’s a stronger radiofrequency. While 5G has not caused the coronavirus, are there other dangers lurking on cell towers across the United States?

How Dangerous Is Radiofrequency Radiation?So what are these Facebook conspiracy theorists claiming about 5G? There are growing concerns that 5G’s higher energy radiation will bring potentially damaging effects to human beings near the cell towers. This increase in radiofrequency radiation will supposedly lead to cancer, premature aging and disruption in cell metabolism thanks to damage done to human DNA. Is this true? Well, not to be an alarmist, but RFR can also be found in your microwave, radios and other daily activities and common household items. Even computer monitors. Because of this, it’s already been determined that RFR is not really all that dangerous unless used in certain circumstances. What are these dangerous circumstances? Well, the radiation has to be “ionizing” to be strong enough to break chemical bonds. This includes x-rays and gamma rays. Wi-fi and FM radio are “non-ionizing,” meaning they’re too weak to cause any damage. Non-ionizing RFR, like those found coming from cell towers, have no known mechanism that causes biological effects or DNA mutations. In other words, it’s completely safe. The Risks of 5GSo 5G is a new technology – a stronger technology. Should people be concerned? Currently, 5G is a non-ionizing RFR, meaning it’s not able to do any real damage. Many conspiracy theories point towards the fact that 5G will require more transmitters. Since there are more popping up in cities, towns and neighborhoods, will the dose be higher? While a reasonable question to ask, 5G cell towers are still not a threat, even when there’s more cropping up. The electromagnetic radiation you withstand by walking outside is far greater than a 5G cell tower. But what about 5G’s higher gigahertz frequency? Since it’s higher, is it more dangerous to living organisms? Currently, there’s no science supporting this. The FCC has also stated that there are no health problems currently associated with cell towers. “For 5G equipment, the signals from commercial wireless transmitters are typically far below the RF exposure limits at any location that is accessible to the public,” said Neil Derek Grace, a communications officer at the FCC.While scientists are continuing to look into 5G technology and possible health risks, there is currently nothing to support that 5G cell towers do real harm to humans or animals.

We don’t pay attention to what needs attention. We don’t pay attention to the need of the heart. Because the inspiration to be in peace comes when we listen to our heart. The inspiration to be content comes from our being. The inspiration to be clear comes from here, and we need to listen; we need to hear.

We don’t hear ourselves. We don’t hear the needs that we have. We don’t hear the wish of this heart to be content, to have simplicity in life, to have joy, to feel gratitude every single day, to be inspired by the magic of all magics, by the miracle of all miracles which is the coming and going of this breath.

We are alive! The best news which one can have and if we are incapable of hearing this news, and it sounds to us like a foreign language, then I would suggest we should learn that language. And it is called “the language of the heart”.

Khushi Agarwal

Salem witch trials (June 1692- May 1693), In American history series of investigations and persecutions, caused 19 convicted witches to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts).

The events in salem in 1692 were only one chapter in a long story of witch hunts that began in Europe between 1300 and 1330 and ended in the late 18th century (the last known execution for witchcraft taking place in Switzerland in 1782). The salem trials occurred late in the sequence. The hunts were efforts to identify witches rather than pursuits of individuals who were already thought to be witches. Witches were considered followers of satan who had traded their souls for his assistance. It was believed that they employed demons to accomplish magical deeds. There is a little doubt that some individuals did worship the devil and attempt to practice sorcery with harmful intent. The process of identifying witches began with suspicions or rumours. Accusations followed, often escalating to convictions and executions. The salem witch trials came out as a result of church politics, family feuds and hysterical children all of which unfolded in a vacuum of political authority.

There were two Salems in the late 17th century: a bustling commerce-oriented port community on Massachusetts Bay known as Salem Town and roughly 10 miles inland from it, a smaller, poorer farming community of some 500 persons known as Salem Village. The village itself had an obvious social divide that was exacerbated by a rivalry between its two leading families, the well-heeled Porters, who had strong connections with Salem Town’s wealthy merchants, and the putnams, who sought greater autonomy for the village and were the standard-bearers for the less-prosperous farm families. Squabbles over property were typical.

In 1689, through the influence of the Putnams, Samuel Parris, a merchant from Boston became the pastor of the village’s congregational church. Parris, whose studies at Harvard College had been interrupted before he could graduate, was in the process of changing careers from business to the ministry. He brought to Salem Village his wife, their three children, a niece, and two slaves who were originally from Barbados—John Indian, a man, and Tituba, a woman.

Parris had shrewdly negotiated his contract with the congregation, but relatively early in his tenure, he sought greater compensation, including ownership of the parsonage, which did not sit well with many members of the congregation. Parris’s orthodox puritan (puritanism: a religious reform movement that sought to purify the church) theology and preaching also divided the congregation, a split that became visible when he routinely insisted that nonmembers of the congregation leave before communion was celebrated. In the process, Salem divided into pro-and anti-Parris factions.

Stimulated by voodoo tales told to them by Tituba, Parris’s daughter Betty (age 9), his niece Abigail Williams (age 11), and their friend Ann Putnam (about age 12), began indulging in fortune-telling. In January 1692 Betty’s and Abigail’s increasingly strange behaviour came to include fits. They screamed, made odd sounds, threw things, contorted their bodies, and complained of biting and pinching sensations.

Looking back with the perspective provided by modern science, some scholars have speculated that the strange behaviour may have resulted from some combination of asthma, encephalitis, Lyme disease, epilepsy,  child abuse, delusional psychosis, or convulsive ergotism. In February, unable to account for their behaviour medically, the local doctor, William Griggs, put the blame on the supernatural. At the suggestion of a neighbour, a “witch cake” (made with the urine of the victims) was baked by Tituba to try to ferret out the supernatural perpetrator of the girls’ illness. Although it provided no answers, its baking outraged Parris, who saw it as a blasphemous act.

Pressured by Parris to identify their tormentor, Betty and Abigail claimed to have been bewitched by Tituba and two other marginalised members of the community, neither of whom attended church regularly: Sarah Good, a short-tempered beggar, and Sarah Osborn (an elderly bed-ridden woman who was scorned for her romantic involvement with an indentured servant). On March 1 two magistrates from Salem Town, John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin, went to the village to conduct a public inquiry. Both Good and Osborn protested their innocence, though Good accused Osborn. Initially, Tituba also claimed to be blameless, but after being repeatedly tormented and undoubtedly fearful owing to her status as a slave, she told the magistrates what they wanted to hear that she had been visited by the devil and made a deal with him. In three days of vivid testimony, she described encounters with Satan’s animal familiars and with a tall, dark man from Boston who had called upon her to sign the devil’s book, in which she saw the names of Good and Osborn along with those of seven others that she could not read.

The magistrates then had not only a confession but also what they accepted as evidence of the presence of more witches in the community. Other girls and young women began experiencing fits, among them Ann Putnam; her mother; her cousin, Mary Walcott; and Putnam’s servant, Mercy Lewis. Significantly, those that they began identifying as other witches were no longer just outsiders but rather upstanding members of the community. As weeks passed, many of the accused proved to be enemies of the Putnams, and Putnam Family members and in-laws would end up being the accusers in dozens of cases.

On May 27, 1692, after weeks of informal hearings accompanied by imprisonments,  Sir William Phips, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, interceded and ordered the convening of an official Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) in Salem Town. Presided over by William Stoughton, the colony’s lieutenant governor, the court consisted of seven judges. The accused were forced to defend themselves without the aid of counsel. Most damning for them was the admission of “spectral evidence”—that is, claims by the victims that they had seen and been attacked (pinched, bitten, contorted) by spectres of the accused. Those who confessed and named other witches—were spared the court’s vengeance, owing to the Puritan belief that they would receive their punishment from God. Those who insisted upon their innocence met harsher fates, becoming martyrs to their sense of justice. Many in the community who viewed the unfolding events as tragedies remained mute, afraid that they would be punished for raising objections to the proceedings by being accused of witchcraft themselves.

On June 2 Bridget Bishop—who had been accused and found innocent of witchery some 12 years earlier—was the first of the defendants to be convicted. On June 10 she was hanged on what became known as Gallows Hill in Salem Village. On July 19 five more convicted persons were hanged, including Nurse and Good. George Burroughs, who had served as a minister in Salem Village from 1680 to 1683, was summoned from his new home in Maine and accused of being the witches’ ringleader. He too was convicted and, along with four others, was hanged on August 19. On September 22 eight more convicted persons were hanged, including Martha Corey, whose octogenarian husband, Giles, upon being accused of witchcraft and refusing to enter a plea, had been subjected to peine forte et dure (“strong and hard punishment”) and pressed beneath heavy stones for two days until he died.

As the trials progressed, accusations spread to individuals from other communities. On October 3 Cotton Mather’s father,  Increase Mather, an influential minister and the president of Harvard, condemned the use of spectral evidence and instead favoured direct accusations.

On October 29, as the accusations of witchcraft extended to include his wife,  Governer philps once again stepped in, ordering a halt to the proceedings of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. In their place, he established a Superior Court of Judicature, which was instructed not to admit spectral evidence. Trials resumed in January and February, but of the 56 persons indicted, only 3 were convicted, and they, along with everyone held in custody, had been pardoned by Phips by May 1693 as the trials came to an end. Nineteen persons had been hanged, and another five (not counting Giles Corey) had died in custody.

In the years to come, there would be individual and institutional acts of repentance by many of those involved in the trials. In January 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts declared a day of fasting and contemplation for the tragedy that had resulted from the trials. That month,  Samuel Sewall, one of the judges, publicly acknowledged his error and guilt in the proceedings. In 1702 the General Court declared that the trials had been unlawful. In 1706 Ann Putnam apologized for her role as an accuser. Twenty-two of the 33 individuals who had been convicted were exonerated in 1711 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which also paid some £600 to the families of the victims. In 1957 the state of Massachusetts formally apologized for the trials. It was not until 2001, however, that the last 11 of the convicted were fully exonerated.

The abuses of the Salem witch trials would contribute to changes in U.S. court procedures, playing a role in the advent of the guarantee of the right to legal representation, the right to cross-examine one’s accuser, and the presumption of innocence rather than of guilt. The Salem trials and the witch hunt as metaphors for the persecution of minority groups remained powerful symbols into the 20th and 21st centuries.

Personally, MBA has been a long term plan since the third year in college. I was always excited about the various brands I come across in everyday lives and was amazed by the manner in which these firms made consumers believe that they are the best bet in the market. Went ahead and researched about such jobs and understood that an MBA degree is something that can give me a structured path to achieve my dream of working for top FMCG firms. I knew that being a GEM candidate, the road will be tough. A lot of articles on Quora and Youtube videos made me believe that unless I am able to score 99.5+ in CAT, no big college is going to accept my application. A lot of people think so much about this burden of scoring a high score, that they drop the idea of taking CAT in the first place. So if you are reading this and have decided to take CAT, you are already ahead of 20-30% of the candidates. Congratulations for that!

. Important of paper

The invention of paper was of. high. Importance for. the social development of the human kind . keeping information especially for contractual obligations was. Vital for the development of trade

paper is. an indispensable part of every day life .beyond its use as the basis material for written and. Printed. Communication paper in its various forms are used.

The United Nations development program lauded India’s aspirational districts Program (ADP) for its work in the upliftment of 112 backward districts of India. Ranchi, Chandauli, Simdega, Sonbhadra and Rajghar emerged as the top five districts with maximum change since the program started in 2018 in net resilience according to the UNDP. The UNDP recognized that the Aspirational district program can be used as a template for regional disparities in any part of the world.

Overview of the Aspirational District Program

• Launched in 2018
• Anchored by NITI Aayog
• Aim- quickly and effectively transform the socio-economic backward districts
• The broad contours of the program are 3C’s
  – Convergence of central and state schemes
  – Collaboration of central, state-level ‘Prabhari’ officers and district collectors
  – Competition among districts driven by a mass movement
• District teams work to achieve the aim of the programme
• There is a joint secretary or additional secretary-level officer appointed by the Government of India as a central officer for each district to guide the district team. Hence there is an element of experience.
• The focus is on five critical sectors-
  – Healthcare
  – Education
  – Agriculture and water resources
  – Financial inclusion and skill development
  – Basic infrastructure
• Monitoring real-time data
• convergence across government programs and schemes (large funds are not given under the program. The teams have to make efficient use of the resources that they receive under the central and state schemes.)
• Involvement of NGOs and the civil society
• Real time data of the district indicators and a delta ranking dashboard to infuse competitiveness

UNDP report

The success story can be exemplified by the fact that few aspirational districts outperformed non aspirational districts. The districts have also admitted that the continued focus on the program on health and nutrition has made them resilient in tackling the pandemic.

The report highlighted a few best practices like competitiveness increases performance. The best practice of one aspirational district is shared with others. They can then develop a new model suited for their needs. Also, it was seen that if a district team is challenged, they will find a solution. Another notable feature of the initiative was that it is a team program. Example of GoalMart, an e-commerce portal launched by a Assam’s Goalpara district administration to promote rural, ethnic and agrarian products of the district in the national and global markets. This was gainful, particularly during the lockdown. Black rice was in high demand and it was even exported to Australia and New Zealand.

The UNDP report has highlighted few areas of improvement. For example, the sectors of emphasis can be expanded to include gender and environment. There is a need to focus on capacity building, especially the appointment of dedicated personnel in the aspirational areas. In this context, education, health and agriculture need attention due to the remoteness. People don’t want to work in secluded regions, away from towns. One major issue of concern is the misreporting and under-reporting of data. This however has been tackled by the involvement of central officers and a system of third party audit. An online dashboard shows progress in real-time. It applauds the good work of a district and at the same time, it highlights the districts which are left behind in the race. Likewise, the delta ranking exhibits the top-most and the bottom-most districts. Sitamarhi in Bihar, Gumla in Jharkhand, Dantewada in Chhattisgarh, Bijapur in Karnataka and Nawada in Bihar are among the least improved districts according to UNDP’s resilience and vulnerability index.

With the motto of ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas’ an inclusive developmental model was designed. The recognition by UNDP’s resilience and vulnerability index speaks volumes about the potential of the program. Going forward the government has to make sure that the districts don’t remain aspirational for long. They should graduate by coming at par with other developed districts. This will mark the true success of the program.

Proper nutrition and hydration are vital. People who eat a well-balanced diet tend to be healthier with stronger immune systems and lower risk of chronic illnesses and infectious diseases. So you should eat a variety of fresh and unprocessed foods every day to get the vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, protein and antioxidants your body needs. Drink enough water. Avoid sugar, fat and salt to significantly lower your risk of overweight, obesity, heart disease, stroke, diabetes and certain types of cancer.

Eat fresh and unprocessed foods every day 

* Eat fruits, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils, beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat, brown rice or starchy tubers or roots such as potato, yam, taro or cassava), and foods from animal sources (e.g. meat, fish, eggs and milk).

*Daily, eat: 2 cups of fruit (4 servings), 2.5 cups of vegetables (5 servings), 180 g of grains, and 160 g of meat and beans (red meat can be eaten 1−2 times per week, and poultry 2−3 times per week).

*For snacks, choose raw vegetables and fresh fruit rather than foods that are high in sugar, fat or salt.

*Do not overcook vegetables and fruit as this can lead to the loss of important vitamins.

*When using canned or dried vegetables and fruit, choose varieties without added salt or sugar.

Drink enough water every day

*Water is essential for life. It transports nutrients and compounds in blood, regulates your body temperature, gets rid of waste, and lubricates and cushions joints.

*Drink 8–10 cups of water every day.

*Water is the best choice, but you can also consume other drinks, fruits and vegetables that contain water, for example lemon juice (diluted in water and unsweetened), tea and coffee. But be careful not to consume too much caffeine, and avoid sweetened fruit juices, syrups, fruit juice concentrates, fizzy and still drinks as they all contain sugar.

Eat moderate amounts of fat and oil

*Consume unsaturated fats (e.g. found in fish, avocado, nuts, olive oil, soy, canola, sunflower and corn oils) rather than saturated fats (e.g. found in fatty meat, butter, coconut oil, cream, cheese, ghee and lard).

*Choose white meat (e.g. poultry) and fish, which are generally low in fat, rather than red meat.

*Avoid processed meats because they are high in fat and salt.

*Where possible, opt for low-fat or reduced-fat versions of milk and dairy products.

*Avoid industrially produced trans fats. These are often found in processed food, fast food, snack food, fried food, frozen pizza, pies, cookies, margarines and spreads.

Eat less salt and sugar 

*When cooking and preparing food, limit the amount of salt and high-sodium condiments (e.g. soy sauce and fish sauce).

*Limit your daily salt intake to less than 5 g (approximately 1 teaspoon), and use iodized salt.

*Avoid foods (e.g. snacks) that are high in salt and sugar.

*Limit your intake of soft drinks or sodas and other drinks that are high in sugar (e.g. fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates and syrups, flavoured milks and yogurt drinks).

*Choose fresh fruits instead of sweet snacks such as cookies, cakes and chocolate.

 Avoid eating out 

Eat at home to reduce your rate of contact with other people and lower your chance of being exposed to COVID-19. We recommend maintaining a distance of at least 1 metre between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing. That is not always possible in crowded social settings like restaurants and cafes. Droplets from infected people may land on surfaces and people’s hands (e.g. customers and staff), and with lots of people coming and going, you cannot tell if hands are being washed regularly enough, and surfaces are being cleaned and disinfected fast enough.

Counselling and psychosocial support

While proper nutrition and hydration improve health and immunity, they are not magic bullets. People living with chronic illnesses who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19 may need support with their mental health and diet to ensure they keep in good health. Seek counselling and psychosocial support from appropriately trained health care professionals and also community-based lay and peer counsellors.

The colonization is very well explained in Kanthapura by Raja Rao.The identity and rebellious attitude of our very own country is revealed here in this text. Self-expression of one’s point of view is found here. The strong duty towards our country has been identified.

This is the story of a boy named leaving home and assimilating his own mentality and later becoming the best citizen of India. The path guided by Gandhiji has been adopted in this text. The story speaks of a village, some people, and their ideals. Ancient mythology is described here. The use of khadi-material of our country plays an important role here.

The main purpose of this text is to highlight all parts of our country. Our pride-our hope, these words are very significant to this text. Spiritual expression out of its own atmosphere is presented here. Gandhiji’s ideology and the passion of walk together is quite clear in kanthapura.

Women’s empowerment (or female empowerment) is the process of Empowerment women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoints or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training.Women’s empowerment equips and allows women to make life-determining decisions through the different problems in society.They may have the opportunity to redefine roles or other such roles, which in turn may allow them more freedom to pursue desired goals.Women’s empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. Economic empowerment allows women to control and benefit from resources, assets, and income. It also aids the ability to manage risk and improve women’s well-being.It can result in approaches to support trivialized genders in a particular political or social context.While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment concerns people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role. Women empowerment helps in boosting the status of women through literacy, education, training and awareness creation.Furthermore, women’s empowerment refers to women’s ability to make strategic life choices which had been previously denied them.Nations, businesses, communities and groups may benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of female empowerment.empowerment of women enhances the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development.Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human empowerment.role of education People engage in public debate and make demands on government for health care, social security and other entitlements In particular, education empowers women to make choices that improve their children’s health, their well-being, and chances of acquiring survival skills Education informs others of preventing and containing a disease. Such education empowers women to make choices that can improve their welfare, including marrying beyond childhood and having fewer children. Education can increase women’s awareness of their rights, boost their self-esteem, and provide them the opportunity to assert their rights.Education is not universally available and gender inequalities persist. A major concern in many countries is not only the limited numbers of girls going to school, but also the number of educational pathways for those that step into the classroom. There are efforts to address the lower participation and learning achievement of girls in science, technology, engineering and mathematics  education.some parts of the world, girls and women are attacked for attending school,and societal efforts to stop this may be lacking. Woman ‘s gods gift of all woman.

“HIGH SCHOOLS MUST PROVIDE YOUNG PEOPLE WITH ADEQUATE SEX EDUCATION BECAUSE NOW, IGNORANCE CAN BE HARMFUL”.

One of the much debated topics across the WORLD is the IMPORTANCE OF SEX EDUCATION IN SCHOOL! Sex, is a SENSITIVE topic,that, as a rule is not usually discussed by parents with their children. Parents may feel often uncomfortable when asked by their CHILDREN about how children are conceived, and born and other related topics! But, DON’T YOU PEOPLE THINK ITS IMPORTANT TO TALK ABOUT SEX EDUCATION TODAY? TELLING and EDUCATING OUR YOUTH/CHILDREN about the IMPORTANCE OF SEX EDUCATION? WHAT IS SEX EDUCATION? Well, there can be many benefits of knowing about this Important topic in today’s generation.

SEX EDUCATION refers to a BROAD PROGRAMME designed to impart KNOWLEDGE or TRAINING regarding values, attitudes, and practices affecting family relationships. The real PURPOSE behind SEX EDUCATION is the TRANSFIGURATION of a MALE CHILD into MANHOOD, and of a FEMALE CHILD into WOMANHOOD. It is the education that provides KNOWLEDGE on PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, MORAL, BEHAVIOURAL, and PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES and DEVELOPMENTS during PUBERTY. SEX EDUCATION is acquiring information about the DEVELOPMENT of our BODIES, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, SEXUAL CHARACTER. It teaches the ADOLESCENTS about the role of boys and girls in FAMILY and SOCIETY, RESPONSIBILITY and ATTITUDE of BOYS and GIRLS towards Each other, etc within SOCIAL CONTEXT.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? SEX EDUCATION aids people to get the INFORMATION, MOTIVATION, and ABILITIES to make the RIGHT DECISIONS about SEX and SEXUALITIES. Teenagers need this kind of information in order to make right Choices for themselves and to protect themselves. There is CONTROVERSY in whether SEX EDUCATION should be taught at SCHOOLS, but the fact that TEENAGERS are not aware of this information, leads to them making WRONG and BAD DECISION on account of their ignorance. Relying to that, we realize that SEX EDUCATION is IMPORTANT to be inserted in a person’s life. Therefore, SEX EDUCATION should be MANDATORY in HIGH SCHOOLS.

While, SCHOOLS DOING THEIR PARTS, PARENTS SHOULD ALSO start EDUCATING their CHILDREN about SEX EDUCATION, as early as possible. There are many debates between the VIEWS of PARENTS, regarding the AGE at which SEX EDUCATION should be introduced at SCHOOLS. There are some PARENT groups who considers that SEX EDUCATION should not start until grades 5 or 6. Whereas there are others who say that SEX EDUCATION should be taught to CHILDREN when they are in 3 or 4 grades. They find this age suitable for the children for giving knowledge about their SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR and BODIES. There are numerous reasons why SEX EDUCATION is RELEVANT!

SEX EDUCATION plays a RELEVANT role in children’s life as it would help them to understand their BODIES and not to be SURPRISED when their BODIES start changing during PUBERTY.

SEX EDUCATION plays a RELEVANT role in the REDUCTION of TEENAGE PREGNANCIES. It has been proven that SEX EDUCATION can help to scale down TEENAGE PREGNANCIES and BIRTHS. In 2002, researchers from the UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON did a study on heterosexual teens, aged 15-19. The results showed that 9% received no Education at all whereas 66% were taught SEX EDUCATION with mention of BIRTH CONTROL. The children who received this EDUCATION, were 60% less likely to become PREGNANT, or get someone else Pregnant, than those who received no EDUCATION at all. In this study, it is evident that SEX EDUCATION does help to reduce TEENAGE PREGNANCIES and That it should be taught. The INFORMATION you should get on SEX EDUCATION should be from APPROPRIATE SOURCES such as SCHOOLS. Getting the PROPER SEX EDUCATION needed, reduces the number of TEENAGERS with SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES(STDs).

The sole aim of such an EDUCATION would be to teach children to establish and accept the roles and Responsibilities of their own GENDER by acquiring the knowledge of SEX. Understanding the SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCE BETWEEN two GENDERS, in terms of BODY and MIND will set up s foundation for the future development in their acquaintance with friends and lovers and their interpersonal relationships. An effective SEX EDUCATION at SCHOOL along with adequate COMMUNICATION between CHILDREN and PARENTS can bring about a lot of change, as it’s high time! One should talk about it openly.

KNOW THE KEY SOCIAL NETWORK

Whatever you’re interning, you’ll probably focus on a few key platforms: Twitter and Facebook for most business, along with maintaining a blog, but sometimes Instagram, YouTube and Pinterest too. Interning for a brand aimed at teens or twenty somethings means you’ll need to brush up on Snapchat, even if you don’t use it personally, whereas you’ll clock up the hours on Pinterest if your company targets women interested in crafts, interiors or wedding. Whatever the focus is, know each network’s best practice and, of course,#don’t #hashtag #every #word!

LEARN FROM SOCIAL MEDIA GURUS

Anyone who hasn’t worked in social media assumes it’s just a case of posting a few tweets and hoping for the best but no. That’s why even the most experienced social teams keep an eye on industry websites and try to learn from top influencers. Websites like Mashable and Social Media Examiner will be your bread and butter, so bookmark them now to pick up trends and buzzwords. Plus, look at case studies of crisis management on social media, to see how brands have survived bad publicity or online disasters. Recent uproars revolves around fake news stories shared on Facebook, and the disappointing new look of Toblerone bars.

CHECK OUT THE COMPETITION

Who competes for attention with the company? There should be a few stand out rivals in the market wherever you’re interning, be it a tech start up, a magazine or a bank. Check out any rival’s influential followers and watch how they engage with their audience. Success isn’t about copying what everyone else is doing, but you can learn from their examples.

NEGATIVE SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS

Find out which social media monitoring tools the company uses before you start your internship and you’re one step ahead. If you’re not sure, there’s no harm in trying some of the most popular tools on the market for scheduling posts and monitoring hashtags : Hootsuits, Buffer and Tweetdeck. The right tool will make your easier, allowing you to reach fans at peak times and keep track of your progress.

REVIEW THE COMPANY’S PROFILES

Work out which platforms benefit your company the most, and if there’s anything they could potentially do to interact with followers, such as posting more photos to their timeline, or ask questions to interact with people. Also, look at their. This is really important if your internship involves taking the initiative without many pre-existing guidelines or rules, or if you’re joining a large social media team, because it’ll be up to make things consistent.

EDIT YOUR OWN PROFILES

Ideally you should have removed any unflattering posts when you were applying for internships, but if you haven’t done so already, it’s time to take them down. Once you start interning you’ll be retweeting, liking and sharing content through your own accounts too, so your profile must be employer friendly.

DRAFT SOME CAMPAIGN IDEAS

Arrive with a few ideas on how to increase fans, followers and bran awareness – all useful to have as back up if you get quizzed during a team meeting. Look at bloggers, vloggers and influencers who could potentially get involved with the company.

Now you’re prepared for your internship, you can make the most of it and hopefully kick start your social media career. Good Luck!