Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 romantic novel of manners written by Jane Austen. The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness. Its humour lies in its honest depiction of manners, education, marriage, and money during the Regency era in England.

Story Line

Pride and Prejudice is set in rural England in the early 19th century, and it follows the Bennet family, which includes five very different sisters. Mrs. Bennet is anxious to see all her daughters married, especially as the modest family estate is to be inherited by William Collins when Mr. Bennet dies. At a ball, the wealthy and newly arrived Charles Bingley takes an immediate interest in the eldest Bennet daughter, the beautiful and shy Jane. The encounter between his friend Darcy and Elizabeth is less cordial. Although Austen shows them intrigued by each other, she reverses the convention of first impressions: pride of rank and fortune and prejudice against the social inferiority of Elizabeth’s family hold Darcy aloof, while Elizabeth is equally fired both by the pride of self-respect and by prejudice against Darcy’s snobbery.

The pompous Collins subsequently arrives, hoping to marry one of the Bennet sisters. Elizabeth, however, refuses his offer of marriage, and he instead becomes engaged to her friend Charlotte Lucas. During this time, Elizabeth encounters the charming George Wickham, a military officer. There is a mutual attraction between the two, and he informs her that Darcy has denied him his inheritance.

After Bingley abruptly departs for London, Elizabeth’s dislike of Darcy increases as she becomes convinced that he is discouraging Bingley’s relationship with Jane. Darcy, however, has grown increasingly fond of Elizabeth, admiring her intelligence and vitality. While visiting the now-married Charlotte, Elizabeth sees Darcy, who professes his love for her and proposes. A surprised Elizabeth refuses his offer, and, when Darcy demands an explanation, she accuses him of breaking up Jane and Bingley. Darcy subsequently writes Elizabeth a letter in which he explains that he separated the couple largely because he did not believe Jane returned Bingley’s affection. He also discloses that Wickham, after squandering his inheritance, tried to marry Darcy’s then 15-year-old sister in an attempt to gain possession of her fortune. With these revelations, Elizabeth begins to see Darcy in a new light.

Shortly thereafter the youngest Bennet sister, Lydia, elopes with Wickham. The news is met with great alarm by Elizabeth, since the scandalous affair—which is unlikely to end in marriage—could ruin the reputation of the other Bennet sisters. When she tells Darcy, he persuades Wickham to marry Lydia, offering him money. Despite Darcy’s attempt to keep his intervention a secret, Elizabeth learns of his actions. At the encouragement of Darcy, Bingley subsequently returns, and he and Jane become engaged. Finally, Darcy proposes again to Elizabeth, who this time accepts.

SOURCES

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pride-and-Prejudice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice

In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystal, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemical may compose the droplets and crystal.

5Facts about the clouds:

1. Clouds are whit because they reflect light from the sun. Gray cloud become so filled with water that they don’t reflect light.
2. Green cloud often mean a tornado is coming
3. Cirrus clouds are high in the sun.
4. Altostratus clouds are low and gray or White
5. Cirrostratus are high in the sky.

Types of clouds:

The foundation consists of 10 major cloud type.

in addition to Cirrus, Stratus, cumulus, and nimbus clouds, there are cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, altostratus, altocumulus, nimbostratus and cumulonimbus clouds.

The biggest clouds is:

CIRRUS clouds are the highest of All clouds and are composed entirely of ice crystals. Cirrus clouds are precipitating clouds, although the ice crystals evaporate high above the earth’s surface.

The rarest cloud:

most frequently, mammatus clouds are made up primarily of ice but in some cases they been known to be a mixture of ice and liquid. NOCTILUCENT clouds, are one of the rarest clouds formation there us.

Effect on the troposphere, climate, and climate change:

Tropospheric clouds exert numerous influence on earth Tropospheric and climate.

first and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding clouds free air clouds can be associated with vertical motion of the air.

-Aastha Joshi

According to Darwin’s theory species have evolved due to minor variation in the individual members of species, which ways they are inherited by the offspring’s and so the variation end up on the emergence of a new specie. amongst the species that are extant, apes and monkeys are the closest resemblance to human beings.

1. PRIMATES-Monkeys, humans and apes belong to primates group. They have features which allow them to climb on trees with ease and use their forelimbs extensively. They are prehensile. Because of evolution they have got stereoscopic vision because of which they get a three dimensional picture of the surroundings.

Classifications of primates

a. Prosimii – They are more primitive. They include lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.Some zoologist also classify tree-shrews with prosimians. They are small squirrel like creatures who might represent transformation from insectivores to early primates. They are small in size but possess large eyes. Their eyes are located in ring like structure.

b. Anthropoidea – More advanced primates like money, apes and humans. They differ from the prosimii in the structure of bones in which their eyes are places. Their eyes are bowl like in shape, which allows them greater freedom of vision to see in various angles.

Hominoidea are furture classified into :1. PONGIDEA-Also classified as apes,gorillas, orangutans are a part of this group of species.

2. HOMINIDAE-Human beings and extant species of closest ancestors.

● APES-They are relatively larger in size than monkeys and have large cannon size teeth which are built strong.They are not adaptive to arboreal habitat and so exploit land resources equally as the resources from trees.

DRYOPITHECUS-Fossil evidences reveal that apes which lives in Africa were well adaptive to living in group such type of apes were referred as Dryopithecus

RAMAPITHECUS-15 million years ago the African-Arabian landmass collided with Asia bringing two continents together. This created conditions of expansion from Africa to Asia. A branch of dryopithecus separated and evolved into what we call ramapithecus. Their fossils

have been found in Siwalik hills and Rawalpindi areas.

The molecular biology has reveled that humans are decedents of African apes. Who first developed bipedalism and then in the second phase rapid expension of brain size was seen. On the basis of fossils hominids have been divided into two parts:

1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS-They were first evolved, what separated them from apes was their upright posture. Their fossils were originally discovered in south Africa by Raymond Dart. They are further classified into

AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS-Their forehead is steeper and the skull was more round at the top. The were omnivorous

AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTON-They have flatter forehead and cheek teeth. In males they have a bony crest at the top of the skull. They were herbivorous.AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI- Their fosssils were discovered in east Africa. Louis and Mary Leakey found its remains in Tanzania. These species were caked zinjanthropus now called Australopithecus boisei.

AUSTRALPITHECUS AFARENSIS- These were evolved much earlier then other forms of australpithecus and might be the ancestors of other species.

★ HOMO- The had an upright posture with changes in jaw and teeth leading to the increase in the size of brain. They are further subdivided into:

★ HOMO HABILIS- They are the oldest form of homo and were found near the lake Turkana in Kenya. Its brain size was 800 cc and they were tool makers.

★ HOMO ERUCTUS- Their fossils were found in east turkana Kenya, thy were almost like modern humans ,apart of upright posture they had larger brain size and well developed hands. They were much taller then Australopithecus and had abrain size of 1000 cc, while made tools with great skills

★ NEANDERTHALS- They were early homo sapiens and found in Germany first in 1856. In them brain size was further expanded wand stone tools became more efficient but their skull was thicker and less rounded unless modern humans

HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS-Richard Leakey argued that they had African origin. They had a brain size of 1350 c.c. and they had mobility in speech except high level social interaction and complex stone tools. A larger brain size combined with well developed hands that were free to use was a revolutionary change, they also had better social interaction. They skull of modern humans is of globular shape while the changes in neck help with speech for resonation of sounds as they were able to produce vast amounts of sounds which were unique. Language and communication with the ability to arrange theideas is what made them efficient and adaptive the most and this feature of helped them to transmit knowledge and information to the successive generations also the more advanced brain help them to store information.

Q-1 Trace the crucial stages in biocultural evolution of humankind.

Ans-INTRODOCUTION

According to Darwin’s theory species have evolved due to minor variation in the individual members of species, which ways they are inherited by the offspring’s and so the variation end up on the emergence of a new specie. amongst the species that are extant, apes and monkeys are the closest resemblance to human beings.1. PRIMATES-Monkeys, humans and apes belong to primates group. They have features which allow them to climb on trees with ease and use their forelimbs extensively. They are prehensile. Because of evolution they have got stereoscopic vision because of which they get a three dimensional picture of the surroundings.Classifications of primatesa. Prosimii – They are more primitive. They include lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.Some zoologist also classify tree-shrews with prosimians. They are small squirrel like creatures who might represent transformation from insectivores to early primates. They are small in size but possess large eyes. Their eyes are located in ring like structure.b. Anthropoidea – More advanced primates like money, apes and humans. They differ from the prosimii in the structure of bones in which their eyes are places. Their eyes are bowl like in shape, which allows them greater freedom of vision to see in various angles.

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

Fraud is defined as any dishonest act or behavior that allows or intended for one individual to obtain an unfair advantage over another. Fraud leads the victim to lose money, either directly or indirectly. The Indian Penal Code does not precisely define or discuss fraud, however it does have sections dealing with cheating. The topics of concealment, forgery, counterfeiting, and violation of trust have been discussed, all of which lead to fraud.

Banking fraud accounts for a sizable portion of the white-collar crimes investigated by the authorities. Unlike typical thefts and robberies, the money stolen in these crimes is in the millions and crores of rupees. In many countries, bank fraud is defined as attempting to obtain property or money from a federally insured financial institution.

Types of Bank Fraud:-

1. Accounting fraud:-

Some firms have been known to use false bookkeeping to overestimate sales and income, inflate the value of the company’s assets, or report a profit when the company is operating at a loss in order to disguise major financial problems. In a final attempt to obstruct justice, these manipulated records are used to seek investment in the company’s bond or security issues, or to submit fake loan applications.

2. Demand Draft Fraud:-

Employees take a few DD leaves or DD books from the stock and write them in the same way as a regular DD. They understand the coding and punching of a demand draught since they are insiders. These forged demand draft are frequently made payable to a distant city and thus do not debit a bank account. At the payable branch, the drafts is cashed. By the time the money is gone, the fraud is only found when the bank’s main office undertakes the branch-by-branch reconciliation, which generally takes six months.

3. Check Fraud:-

Remotely created checks are checks that the payee creates and the client authorizes via the phone or the internet by supplying the relevant information, including the MICR code from a valid check. Unlike regular cheques, they do not bear the signatures of the clients. Instead, they have the legend “Authorized by Drawer” on them.

4. Loan Fraud:-

Accounting fraud can lead to loan fraud, however this type of fraud isn’t restricted to companies providing false information on loan applications. Loan fraud occurs when people provide fraudulent information in order to get a loan. Another sort of loan fraud is when a thief steals someone’s identity and applies for a loan in their name.

5. Card Skimming:-

Card skimming is a sort of bank fraud in which criminals utilize a small electronic device known as a skimmer to obtain card information. The skimmer is often inserted in a ATM machine. When you swipe your credit or debit card through a skimmer, the gadget gathers and retains vital information from the magnetic strip. Fraudsters copy this information to the magnetic strip of a blank card and use it to steal money from your bank account.

6. Phishing:-

You may have received an email stating that you are eligible for an interest-free loan, that you may get a loan without a credit check, and so forth. However, none of these emails are real. These emails are called phishing mails. The purpose of sending these emails is to steal bank account information. Many consumers assume these emails are authentic and supply their banking information, but they eventually lose their money.

7. Vishing:-

Vishing is also called voice phishing. In this scam, scammers act as representatives of a reputable organization and seek for personal banking information. They steal money from your bank account after gathering your personal financial details.

Government’s step to curb Bank Fraud.

1. The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act of 2018 was enacted to prevent economic offenders from avoiding Indian law by residing outside of Indian courts’ jurisdiction. The statute allows for the attachment of a fugitive economic offender’s property, confiscation of such property, and the denial of the offender’s right to defend any civil action.

2. PSBs have been advised to obtain certified copies of the passports of the directors and other authorized signatories of companies seeking loan facilities of more than Rs. 50 crore, to decide on publishing photographs of willful defaulters in accordance with RBI instructions and as per their Board-approved policy, and to strictly ensure rotational transfer of officials/employees.

3. The National Financial Reporting Authority was established by the government as an independent authority to enforce auditing requirements and ensure the quality of audits.

-Aastha joshi
3 Idiots

3 idiots is a Hindi comedy-drama film directed by Rajkumar Hirani which was released on 25 December 2009, starring Amir khan as Rancchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad, Sharman Joshi as Raju Rastogi, R Madhavan as Farhan Qureshi as their central actors. The central idea of the plot strikes the commonly raised issue amongst the youngsters that is consciously taking decision of ones own life, shaping the life that one wants to live and not a life of compulsion because of societal and parental issues. It appeals the audience and specially the youth to be non conformist and choose the path that can lead them toward success so that they can shape their own identity.

The story starts when 3 boys Rancchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad, Raju Rastogi, Farhan Qureshi meet for the where first time at the city’s most renowned engineering college where the first year ragging was going on. Rancchoddas believed in practical learning of the things and not the illogical rote leaning of the concepts and running after excellence. He quite often pointed out onseveral flaws in the education system. While it was his turn of getting ragged by the seniors he was a basic concept of science that salt water is a good conductor of salt and applied it on the time of crises while he was being ragged my the seniors because of which he easily escaped the situation and eventually the three became very goody friends ,while the Farhan and Raju used to be extra anxious students burdened with family pressure to score well, Rancchoddas use to make them comfortable by asking them to say all is well whenever the feel stressed.

The three of them used to be under the loop of duel will the principle authority of the college Viru

Sahastrabuddhe (Boman Irani) who used to believe that life is a race and the ones who would not be able to perform will get defeated because there is only one place at the top, modelling students like chatur as the ideal state of a student. He even pressurise his own son with so much burden to peruse Engineering and not literature that he attempted suicide. While at the end he is convinced that letting a person do what he/she longs for will make them successful in future as Rancchoddas plays a major role in the successful delivery of his daughter at the time of excessive flood because of which reaching hospitals were impossible. Students like Rancchodass succeed in their lives because they arehight at both intelligence quotient and emotional quotient unlike chatur who opted the path of rote learning then practical learning of the concepts. Mean while he made Farhan realise that perusing wild life photography which gives him immense satisfaction will lead him to happy life then engineering so he must talk to his father about it. While it was witnessed in the movie that in the near future Rancchoddas emerged as the most leading and high profiled scientist as he did what he felt he is potent of where as both Raju and Farhan were also performing exceptionally well in their respected occupations. r

The movie very gracefully conveys its message without getting dull or loosing its humour at any point of time. Smalls punches of comedy adds a different taste to the movie making it more entertaining and eye catching for the audience. Scenes like the instance of ragging, creation of virus generator and speech given by chatur will burst the audience out loud in laughter. While it does not miss out on the emotional flavour to the movie, impressing the critics. It also beautifully portrays messages of humanity, selflessness and importance of friendship and love. Certain scenes from the movie specially the child birth scene does not fail to impress the audience. All three central actors Amir Khan, Sharman Joshi, R.Madhvan do justice to their roles doinga splendid and their acting is highly appreciable.

-Aastha Joshi

When a superior written material gets published into printed forms and is recognized by the people and artist it is called as literature. It gives people wider platform to showcase their thought and ideas which then people take into consideration. The person engaging into writing have so much power that in a few words they can express a whole lot of emotions and can even make a person immortal forever in their works. Literature even gives an opportunity to the writer to portray their subconscious of wild thoughts, fantasies or real life instances to entertain people, while the audience or the reader take them into consideration. It is a skill that takes a person into trans state where personal relives the literature relating himself/herself with the protagonist, and for some it’s a relief as its an escape for the harsh realities of life and give them a wider space of imagination and pleasure. It can consist of wide ranging material to read like prose,fiction, drama, poetry etc. while it can be both fiction and non fiction and have several genres according to the interest of the reader. If we talk about the history of literaturethe ancient Egyptian literature along with Sumerian literature is considered as the earliest form of literature. In the ancient Egypt the literature was used in from of didactive texts which tells us about the societal norms, rules and social orders of that time, hymns which were usually sung by the people in praise of their worship deities, popular folks and stories which were prevalent during those times were also noted into text for example Panchatantra. In the medieval period the manuscript literature was considered as an art of great precision and utmost importance. Hence literature is of a great importance in our lives as it not only enhances our spectrum of knowledge and imagination but also give us an opportunity to know the history and legendary people by giving us a glimpse of their lives, which inturn give us a new vision to view the world and get motivated by certain incidents keeping in mind the mistakes that me must not repeat that were already done in past.

What is History?
-AASTHA JOSHI

What is history? written by Edward Haller Carr is an amalgamation of various views of him about what history actually is and how is it suppose to be written.

It’s a classical contribution to the field of history and a treasure box for the lovers of history. Carr starts by discussing that history is all about facts and collection of as much facts as one can to strength the source of history. He says that some facts are like fish on the fish mongoose slab which are ready to be chosen and cooked. According to him facts are raw and only speaks when the historians cooks then to turn them into a dish. One fact is selected over other because its considered more importance and useful in the sight of historians. He said that use use facts to understand something larger so we have the historians in the present on one side ,making judgements about what facts are suppose to chosen. While we have other fact sources like dairies, treaties, document, letters butcertainly they are the source that tell us no more then what the author thought and so are one sided. He said about the classical liberal view of history that was extensively popular in the 19th century allows the historians to choose from the humongous market of facts would result in universal social harmony. He pointed out several probl9ems with this issue, the facts of past are only assessable through present. The ideas and word used then are also very applicable in the current scenario. To answer the issue of skepticism he said in his book that facts are collected and interpreted turning into a narrative. He says that the historians and continuously engaged in the process of collection of facts, interpreting them and again molding their facts and interpretation, it’s impossible to priorities one over other both have their equal share of importance and none of them can be neglected. He mentions in his book that past is only useful to us in the light of present and wecan’t fully understand the present with the reference of past, so the are interlinked. The process according to him is not an individual one because the person historians study were not located in isolation andvacuumed, they functioned in a social context with a proper environment and a physical surrounding and so it becomes important that we look towards and study the social forces,classes and the physical environment that existed so that we donot miss any important facts and information. He in his book said that the scientist no more spend time studying the nature but instead come up with results and hypothesis, test if it’s a fact and then reassess. Science is also driven by back and forth and also values the ideas and notions of present. He finds lots of objections questioning about history being a science, like its said that history deal with particular with unique events and dates but science deals in general but also argue that history is also general another argument was that history is unable to protect the future. Like science can predict only possibilities but history cannot be predicted prior. According to him search of causality is impossible without the reference to values behind the causality that lie directly or indirectly behind the incident. As we always learn and grow with history so to avoid total skepticism the facts and interpretations chosenand done by the historians should be organized with the idea of efficient progress. He says when we mean about historian object we mean two things,first that he has the capacity to raise above the limited versions of situation in the society and in the history. Secondly that he has the potential to project his vision into the future in such a way that they leave a more lasting and profound insight into the past that can be attained by the historians whose outlook is bound by their own immediate situation, and so historians must work in the direction of development. He has been criticized for having a different view about the history. The book in the beginning also reveals about the multiple professions of E.H Carr like philosopher, historian, journalist and biographer. This book would give the readers a deep insight about history and will make a aware about a very different perspective and ideology about the history, help them to makeup their own mind about the history. The book fully expresses that he has just not studied history but mastered in it efficiently. One cannot copy or create history by merely collection facts but by actuallycollecting various facts and putting them together to create a piece of history. The actual idea of history expressed is that we can certainly know more about the past then the past actually knows about us. Carr proposed the idea in the progress of history that each generation of historians assimilate the insight of previous generations, not replacing them but incorporating then to give a comprehensive and wide perspective The variety of ways in which he has portrayed his notions about history makes him one of the best historians of the last century. He moved forward to gave a systematic way of writing history so that it is approachable to wider section of people and incorporate various ideas within history. He is a leading historian for many who are studying history and his was of thinking influences young mind. This book is a must read specially for the students of historian and people perusing history in the near future. It would also keen the interested minds of history, so all those who are linked with history must read this book

For the past century, Anthropology has come to be known as a study of an infinite curiosity about humans. Not only concerned with an interest in human beings and their developements, Anthropology is much more broad in concept of trying to understand the relationships between human beings and all possible questions about them. Anthropology is trying to understand all aspects of human beings through the broad discovery, study, interpretation and inference of past and present cultural characteristics. In appling the knowledge aquired, one can gain an understanding of individuals in society, regardless of the resulting conclusion being right or wrong.

The scope of anthropology is much more broad than that of other disciplines ofscience.…show more content…Motivated by the will to eliminate error and inaccurate theory, Anthropology seeks to find consistent data for analysis of human exsistence. By removing skeptic ideals, Anthropologists can form a widley accepted explanation of human developement through time.

There are different branches of Anthropology and each of them enhances our understanding of us by recourse to theory and practical application of the theory to the questions concerning our human existence.

History of anthropology

The modern discourse of anthropology crystallized in the 1860s, fired by advances in biology, philology, and prehistoric archaeology. In The Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin affirmed that all forms of life share a common ancestry. Fossils began to be reliably associated with particular geologic strata, and fossils of recent human ancestors were discovered, most famously the first Neanderthal specimen, unearthed in 1856. In 1871 Darwin published The Descent of Man, which argued that human beings shared a recent common ancestor with the great African apes. He identified the defining characteristic of the human species as their relatively large brain size and deduced that the evolutionary advantage of the human species was intelligence, which yielded language and technology.

Branches of anthropology

Anthropology is the study of evolution of culture and societal origins of humankind. The subject of Anthropology concerns itself with the study of all aspects of human existence.

Compared to other subjects like Economics and the Social Sciences, Anthropology covers a wide gamut of fields and sub-topics that range from cultural studies to evolution to organization of societies. Hence, there are different branches of Anthropology within the main grouping and we discuss some of them here. Among the branches of Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology refers to that field of study that concerns itself with studying the logic behind cultural norms. During the course of studying cultures, cultural anthropologists live with the cultures that they are studying and observe the norms and rituals that these cultures follow and research the underlying reasons for them. For instance, we in the US might find scarring of the bodies to be bizarre. However, there are tribes in Africa where this is the accepted norm and hence this branch of Anthropology brings us insights into different cultures around the world.

Importance of anthropology

If you ask people about the importance of Anthropology, you would different answers depending on whom you ask.

The fact that Anthropology is important as a discipline is universally recognized and acknowledged by experts in the field. As humans, we are inquisitive and curious by nature. We want to know where we came from, why we are the way we are. We turn to different explanations offered by different subjects like economics, biology and history. And, Anthropology is the one field that can provide comprehensive answers that tie in the different strands of thought from all these fields. Hence, Anthropology and its study are indeed important from the perspective of knowing more about us.

Anthropology has different branches and each of the branches provides for a certain aspect of the inquiry into our origins and evolution as a species. For instance, the study of language is the domain of linguistic anthropology. We all know that there are different languages spoken around the world and dialects among these languages as well. To know more about the linkages between these different languages and the differences that exist in the use of words is something that Anthropologists explain.

What is cultural anthropology ?

Cultural anthropologists study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups. Through immersive fieldwork, living and working with the people one is studying, cultural anthropologists suspend their own sense of what is “normal” in order to understand other people’s perspectives. Beyond describing another way of life, anthropologists ask broader questions about humankind: Are human emotions universal or culturally specific? Does globalization make us all the same, or do people maintain cultural differences? For cultural anthropologists, no aspect of human life is outside their purview. They study art, religion, healing, natural disasters, and even pet cemeteries. While many anthropologists are at first intrigued by human diversity, they come to realize that people around the world share much in common.

While cultural anthropologists traditionally conduct fieldwork in faraway places, they are increasingly turning their gaze inward to observe their own societies or subgroups within them. For instance, in the 1980s, American anthropologist Philippe Bourgois sought to understand why pockets of extreme poverty persist amid the wealth and overall high quality of life in the United States. To answer this question, he lived with Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harlem, New York. He contextualized their experiences both historically in terms of their Puerto Rican roots and migration to the U.S. and in the present as they experienced social marginalization and institutional racism. Rather than blame the crack dealers for their poor choices or blame our society for perpetuating inequality, he argued that both individual choices and social structures can trap people in the overlapping worlds of drugs and poverty (Bourgois 2003). For more about Bourgois, please see the interview with him in the learning resources, Anthropology in Our Moment in History .

Summary

Social anthropology can and should be part of the interdisciplinary study of human origins. Anthropological theory and ethnographic comparison can easily be brought into the frameworks of both primary research and intellectual debate on the subject. I would go further: the study of human origins can and should be a legitimate subdiscipline within social anthropology. I hope I have demonstrated that its inclusion among the sciences dealing with this issue is warranted and that its contribution could be considerable.From within social anthropology the contribution of the discipline might at first seem more speculative than that of some other disciplines, but social anthropology is a qualitative social science by nature. It need not be any more speculative than, say, archaeology or human genetics – disciplines in which plausibility and likelihood are often sufficient for the construction of hypotheses and even for longstanding and widely accepted theories. No modern scientist has ever seen the origin of tool-making, the development of language, a symbolic revolution or a migration which has led to the colonization of an empty continent. In this, social anthropology is on exactly the same footing as archaeology or human genetics. The only difference is that genetics and archaeology rely on ‘hard data’, which are almost invariably either material (in the case of archaeology) or quantitative, or at least involving careful sampling (in the case of genetics). After that, the rest (for archaeologists and geneticists) is pure inference and deduction.

A tribute to India’s golden boy, Neeraj Chopra, on behalf of the Navachetna Welfare Society

The star javelin thrower becomes the first Indian track and field athlete in history to win a gold medal for India. It’s safe to say that this man is a living embodiment of perseverance.

Despite suffering from an arm injury before qualifying for the Olympic games, he recorded a victory throw of 87.86m. This man has an arm of iron in the true sense.

Being 6 feet tall army boy Neeraj Chopra is such a down-to-earth and humble person.
After his historic winning, our star javelin thrower said that he could not believe that he won asserting that although being confident he was unsure of winning gold.
His first words to his father were “Gaad diya papa laath” meaning I left a mark papa.

Well, he left a mark on all our hearts, and on this Independence Day , we can all proudly sing “Saare Jahan Se acha Hindustan Hamara ” as Neeraj Chopra is the legacy of these words.

Independence Day is yet to arrive but the once called Golden Bird bagged the Gold a few days prior to celebrating its 75 independence Day. The Golden Man of India, Neeraj Chopra has become the face of the nation by his tremendous performance in Javelin Throw at Tokyo Olympics 2020, while the Olympics weren’t ordinary this time, so was not the performance. His more than exemplary throw of 87.58 meters not only got a gold to him, but to 1.4 billion people of the country and paved the way for several more to come. While all the players performed in their true spirits, the Army man Neeraj along with others showed how a patriotic person can show his love and respect towards nation in whatever and wherever they do.

Unemployment is a term referring to individuals who are employable and actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Included in this group are those people in the workforce who are working but do not have an appropriate job. Usually measured by the unemployment rate, which is dividing the number of unemployed people by the total number of people in the workforce, unemployment serves as one of the indicators of a country’s economic status. The term “unemployment” is often misunderstood, it as it includes people who are waiting to return to a job after being discharged, yet it does not include individuals who have stopped looking for work in the past four weeks due to various reasons such as leaving work to pursue higher education, retirement, disability, and personal issues. Also people who are not actively seeking a job but do want to work are not classified as unemployed.

Interestingly, people who have not looked for a job in the past four weeks but have been actively seeking one in the last 12 months are put into a category called the “marginally attached to the labor force.” Within this category is another category called “discouraged workers,” which refers to people who have given up looking for a job. The categories mentioned above sometimes causes confusion and debate as to whether the unemployment rate fully represents the actual number of people who are unemployed. For a full understanding, one should juxtapose “unemployment” with the term “employment,” which the bureau of labor statistics (BLS) describes as individuals aged 16 and above who have recently put hours into work in the past week, paid or otherwise, because of self-employment.

Types of Unemployment

There are basically four types of unemployment: (1) demand deficient, (2) frictional, (3) structural, and (4) voluntary unemployment.

1. Demand deficient unemployment

Demand deficit unemployment is the biggest cause of unemployment that typically happens during a recession. When companies experience a reduction in the demand for their products or services, they respond by cutting back on their production, making it necessary to reduce their workforce within the organization. In effect, workers are laid off.

2. Frictional unemployment

Frictional employment refers to those workers who are in between jobs. An example is a worker who recently quit or was fired and is looking for a job in an economy that is not experiencing a recession. It is not an unhealthy thing because it is usually caused by workers trying to find a job that is most suitable to their skills.

3. Structural unemployment

 Structural umemployment happens when the skills set of a worker does not match the skills demanded by the jobs available, or alternatively when workers are available but are unable to reach the geographical location of the jobs.

An example is a teaching job that requires relocation to China, but the worker cannot secure a work visa due to certain visa restrictions. It can also happen when there is a technological change in the organization, such as workflow automation that displaces the need for human labor.

4. Voluntary unemployment

Voluntary unemployment happens when a worker decides to leave a job because it is no longer financially compelling. An example is a worker whose take-home pay is less than his or her cost of living.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is caused by various reasons that come from both the demand side, or employer, and the supply side, or the worker. Demand-side reductions may be caused by high interest rates, global recession, and financial crisis. From the supply side, frictional unemployment and structural employment play a great role.

Effects

The impact of unemployment can be felt by both the workers and the national economy and can cause a ripple effect. Unemployment causes workers to suffer financial hardship that impacts families, relationships, and communities. When it happens, consumer spending, which is one of an economy’s key drivers of growth, goes down, leading to a recession or even a depression when left unaddressed. Unemployment results in reduced demand, consumption, and buying power, which in turn causes lower profits for businesses and leads to budget cuts and workforce reductions. It creates a cycle that goes on and on that is difficult to reverse without some type of intervention. Unemployment is a serious social and economic issue that results in a tremendous impact on everything but is often overlooked. A stronger system of assessing unemployment should be put in place in order to determine its causes and how to address it better.

Banks may be classified into the following categories:

1. Central bank:

It is the apex bank which regulates the entire banking system and maintain monetary stability in the country. It is the banker to all other banks and to government.

2. Commercial bank:

These bank collect demand deposits.they allows withdraw of money through cheque etc.

3. Development Bank:

The bank are set up to support industry growth and development. They provide long term credit to industry and render support and advisory services.

4. Indigenous bankers:

Banking units which operate on traditional lines are called indigenous bankers. They are known as native bank & primitive bank etc

5. Scheduled bank:

Banks whose paip up capital and reserves are aa per RBI guidelines and which are included in the second schedule of the RBI act 1934 are scheduled bank

6. Non scheduled bank:

they are commercial bank which are not included in the second schedule bank of the act 1934.

7. Agriculture bank:

Banks which provide financial assistance to agriculture activities are called agriculture bank.

8. Regional rural bank:

they are bank operating in rural areas providing banking services to the rural population.

9. Co-operative bank:

they are bank operating on the basis of cooperative principles and registered under societies registration act.

10. Exchange bank:

they are bank who deal in foreign exchange and specialise in financing foreign trade.

11. Saving bank:

savings bank collect the saving of people. Their primary objective is to promote and collect saving from small deposits.

social media is a computer based technology that facilities the sharing of idea’s thought, and information through the building of virtual network and Communities.

Statistics

There are currently 3.78billion social media users worldwide. Among UD adult,

84percent of those aged 18_19

81 percent of those aged 30_49

73 percent of those aged 60_64

45 percent of those aged 65 and above are active social media users.

#Advantages of social media:

. Brand awareness

.Brand reputation

.Cost effective

.Website traffic

.Evaluation

.Customer interaction

.Targets audience

.Brand loyalty

#Disadvantage of social media:

.Resources

.Ineffective use

.evaluation

Types of social media:

social media media may take the form of a variety of tech- enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social network, video,sharing, business network, virtual world, review, and much more.

even government and politicians utilizes social media to engage with constituents and voters.

Example of social media:

while social media has its positive side, many point to the platform and call out negative featured, likening it’s overuse to an addiction.

some contest it contribute to inattentiveness, stress and jealousy.

1.Facebook ( 2.74billions users)

2. youtube (2.29billions users)

3. sino weibo (511million users)

4. Qq(617millions users)

5. Tiktok (689billions users)

6. What’s app(1.21billion users)

7. Instagram (1.22billions usres)

The following are the basis etiquette to be followed as a public speaker:

1. Preparation

Know you stuff! The best thing is you can do is to be overwhelmingly, thoroughly and completely prepared and in mastery of your material.

2. Always thank the introducer and greet the audience

before beginning your speech, it is polite to thank the person who introduced you and to greet the audience making a special greetings to dignitaries, government officials and other special attendees. Remember your were invited and consider it us privilege.

3. Do not apologize for lack of preparation

there is no substitute for preparedness however there are time when preparation is not possible.

4. Eliminate distracting habits and verbal crutches

those uhs, and ums can be very distracting and annoying. Practice your speech and record it us to identify verbal crutches.

5. Every gesture, look, motion, and sounds should have purpose

although body movement can enhance a message, movement that is made fir the sole purpose of movement appears unnatural and awkward. Use hand and body movement to emphasize a pint or to help the audience visualize.

6. Do not lose eye contact

some talks are made to be read, others are not. Whether your notes are for reference only or meant to be read, poor eye contact is distracting.good eye contact is a learned skill practice

7. Do not thank audience

As children we were taught that it is polite to say thank you. Is still is but after speech it is erroneously used to fill in the space after the last word has been uttered.

– Sasthika Das

Women do know that, of course not all men are assaulters or sexual abusers. However, how are we supposed to know which ones aren’t? How are we supposed to know who is saying hello in a friendly manner, or who actually just needs directions as opposed to just wanting to harass us? Women mostly assume the worst since they have most of the times, assumed the best. A stranger asking for directions that made her stop and give them, ended up following her because he mistook her kindness for interest. That man she casually chatted with at the bar when she thought he was being nice, ended up forcing himself on her.

We are not talking about men as individuals, we are talking about structural issues- patriarchal society, institutions, systems. For example, imagine you got stung by a bee as a child which caused you to have a fear of bees. Whenever you saw a bee swarming towards you, you would flee as fast as you can or shriek in horror or even hide behind someone to shield yourself, regardless of the bee’s intention to sting you or not. This is the same for women all over the world. They grow up in a patriarchal world, being told what they are capable of or how they should behave, being exploited and oppressed, being abused. Just like being stung by bees, we are stung by men. Since, we do not know what their intentions are, we are afraid of every single man.

We must never forget that one benefits from privilege by being part of a group, not because of anything they have done to earn or deserve it. Just by being a man, you are more privileged in a society than a woman. Similarly, for example, by being white, one is more privileged than people of color. These are accidents of nature- you did nothing to earn or deserve such privilege. When we do not acknowledge this, we are part of the problem.

When you are removing yourself from the discussions about the oppression of women by using the “not all men” slogan, you are the problem. When you interrupt a discussion on misogyny/rape culture/sexism to let us know that you are not like these men, you silence women and men having these discussions and derail the conversion from its initial purpose.

Most women AND men are assaulted by men. The fact that you never assaulted or harassed a woman or man, doesn’t negate the fact that most perpetrators of assault are men. This isn’t about you or your ego. Not assaulting someone or harassing someone is the bare minimum required by humans.

The saying “not all men” is a part of systematic and internalized patriarchy. This is the sad reality and the gateway to finding a solution only starts with the realization of this predicament.

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has started a public awareness campaign to warn people against digital banking frauds.

• For the new campaign, RBI has roped in Olympic Gold medalist Neeraj Chopra.

• The central bank has asked people to be a little cautious as doing so can protect them from a lot of troubles. A little caution takes care of a lot of trouble.

• The campaign sees Chopra urging users to not divulge details like OTP, CVV number and ATM PIN in front of anyone.

• So Reserve bank of india appointed NEERAJ CHOPRA for banking fraud awareness campaign.

Family background of NEERAJ CHOPRA.

Chopra was born to Satish Kumar and Saroj Devi on 24 December 1997, in Khandra village, Panipat district, Haryana. He has two sisters and his family is largely involved in agriculture. He graduated from Dayanand AngloVedic College in Chandigarh, and is currently pursuing a Bachelor of Arts from Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, Punjab.

Who is Neeraj chopra ?

Neeraj Chopra (born 24 December 1997) is an Indian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. A Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) in the Indian Army, Chopra is the first track and field athlete to win a gold medal for India at the Olympics. In his debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Chopra won the gold medal on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m.

Chopra participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2018 Asian Games, being the flag-bearer in the latter and winning gold medals in both. In his debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Chopra won the gold medal on 7 August 2021 with a throw of 87.58m in his second attempt. As of 2021.

he is one of only two Indians to have won an individual Olympic gold medal (the other being Abhinav Bindra), as well as the youngest-ever Indian gold medalist in an individual event and the only one to have won gold in his Olympic debut.

Award and Recognition.

Arjuna Award – 2018

Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM) – 2020 Republic Day honours

Managers are constantly making decisions, and those decisions often have significant impacts and implications for both the organization and its stakeholders. Managerial decision-making is often characterized by complexity, incomplete information, and time constraints, and there is rarely one right answer.

Conflict management is the practice of being able to identify and handle conflicts sensibly, fairly, and efficiently. Since conflicts in a business are a natural part of the workplace, it is important that there are people who understand conflicts and know how to resolve them.

Decision-making can be defined as the process of selecting a right and effective course of action from two or more alternatives for the purpose of achieving a desired result. Decision-making is the essence of management.

the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.

It’s always frustrating to forget why you walked into a room, or to forget someone’s name right after being introduced. Before worrying that annoyances like these are signs of a memory problem, try out some simple techniques that may naturally enhance your short term memory.

Focus on what you want to remember.

Scientifically speaking, short term memory only lasts around 15-30 seconds—after that, the information is either discarded or moved to long term memory. Therefore, focusing closely on a new piece of info for 15-30 seconds can keep it in your short term memory and may help transfer it to your long term memory.

Engage multiple senses.

Using your senses increases focus and builds memory-helping associations. When you meet someone new, listen carefully and look directly at them as they state their name. Repeat their name immediately afterward. Shake their hand and feel their grip. Even take notice of their perfume or cologne! The more sensory associations you build, the more firmly the memory is encoded.

Utilize mnemonic devices.

These visual and verbal techniques really help with multiple bits of information. Do you still remember learning “VIBGYOR” in school to keep track of the order of colors in the rainbow? Mnemonic devices can really stick in your memory! Try constructing colorful, even silly visualizations or verbalizations to help encode a group of things in your short-term memory.

Lay out structured associations.

Memorize the primary pieces of info and how the secondary pieces relate to them. In other words, prioritize remembering the most vital information, but also focus on memorizing the structure that connects this vital info to the less important material you also want to remember. Essentially you’re creating a mental “bubble map”—where the central bubble contains the main info and is connected by lines to surrounding bubbles containing supporting info.

Eat a brain-healthy diet.

Healthy food choices are good for your brain and may improve your memory. By and large, the healthy, balanced diet you should strive to achieve for overall health is also what is needed for a healthy brain that is better primed to encode memories. Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, add in lean proteins and whole grains, and cut back on saturated fats, sodium, and sugars.

SOURCES

https://www.wikihow.com/Increase-Your-Short-Term-Memory