Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray has urged people to behave in a Covid-appropriate manner, warning that if the number of coronavirus cases in the state rises, the state will be forced to reimpose a lockdown. Thackeray made the remarks after unfurling the national flag at the state secretariat ‘Mantralaya’ on the 75th anniversary of the country’s independence. “The majority of the COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted. However, the danger is far from finished. As new strains of the virus are discovered in other nations, we must remain vigilant to ensure that the threat does not reach us. Given the scarcity of medical oxygen, if the number of daily COVID-19 cases rises, the state will be placed under lockdown, according to Thackeray.
BOOK REVIEW: PHOTOBOOTH ( A GRAPHIC NOVEL)
Description
He wanted to change the past, but first he would have to alter the future…
A new deadly drug is about to flood the streets of New York City. The police have no leads on who is producing the drug, or where it is coming from. As far as Praveer Rajani, a reckless Interpol agent, is concerned the only way to prevent countless deaths lies in a handful of mysterious photographs.
Within the photographs, Praveer can see images of places he has never known, and people he has long forgotten. But what are the photographs leading him to? Is Praveer being told that his life is spiraling out of control, and he now has one chance to put things right?
Or are the photographs related to a murder that Praveer is desperate to solve? Perhaps they are showing the love that his brother, Jayendra, let slip away or even the family that his sister, Nisha, wants back?
The mystery will finally be solved in this exciting romantic thriller from Campfire.
Review
“This is a highly recommended comic-book thriller with a well-paced, well-produced, and well-characterised plot that keeps you guessing until the very end.
The artwork by Sachin Nagar is fantastic, and the book is well-made… Campfire is a new to me Indian-based publisher with a terrific selection of original graphic novels and classic adaptations.
If this is representative of their work, anyone looking to expand their graphic book library should look into them.”
Rahul Kumar (Rahul Kumar) (student)
“Campfire’s comics come highly recommended. They accomplish their goals and do it in a way that piques children’s interest in classic literature.”
Author Information
Lewis Helfand was born in Philadelphia on April 27, 1978. Lewis’ first comic book, Wasted Minute, was written with a political science degree and a passion for comic books. It told the storey of a world without crime where superheroes are forced to work regular jobs. Following the success of the first issue, he began collaborating with other artists and issued four further issues over the next few years. Lewis is still a freelance writer and reporter for several national print and internet magazines.
Setsubun
Setsubun has its origin in China, and it is said that it entered in Japan in the Heian period. It is a fun festival celebrated the day before the first day of spring. it is also known as the ‘bean-throwing festival’. Setsubun is a traditional ceremony that is performed by the Japanese people to banish demons, and is celebrated on 3rd or 4th of February. People scatter beans or the ‘mamemaki’ to drive demons away. This is one of the many rituals that are performed to dispel evil. One of the elder in the family dresses as a demon while children throw beans at them and the children also scatter the beans all around the house. Usually people start to scatter beans from the room that is the farthest from the entrance and then gradually come towards the entrance while scattering beans throughout the house. Windows are left open and beans are thrown out of the windows in order to throw out the demons along with it.
On setsubun, beans; usually soybeans, are scattered everywhere around the house, be it outside or inside while chanting ‘oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi!’ i.e. out with demons, in with good luck! It also a custom for the members of the family to eat the same number of beans as their age, this is said to bring good health. People also eat Makisushi rolls in complete silence while facing the lucky direction of the which is determined by the zodiac of the year, and the makisushi roll is eaten as a whole without slicing it as it is considered that slicing it would mean slicing your good luck. People close their eyes and make a wish while eating the makisushi rolls.
Many people visit temples during the setsubun as nowadays, many shrines hold special events during setsubun.
SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES
SOFTWARE QUALITY:
Quality will always be a concern in all stages of planning and execution. Software quality is defined as the functionality of a product that satisfies the user or customer requirements. To achieve quality, check characteristics that define the quality of a product. For each characteristic of quality, set standards. Find out the reason that is affecting the software quality and rectify it.
IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE QUALITY:
INCREASING CRITICALITY OF SOFTWARE: The end-user of the software product will always have a concern about the quality of the software product. For example, in aircraft systems, the customers are concern about the quality of the product. Any software failure in this may lead to dangerous accidents.
ACCUMULATING ERRORS DURING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: A software product undergoes several stages to get it finished as a deliverable product. If the error in the initial stage is not identified, then it may get increased in the further stages causing disasters like the failure of the product. If the error is found at the later stages, then it will be more expensive to solve these errors. The debugging phases will be difficult since the numbers of errors are unknown.
REPUTATION: Some companies have a strong reputation among people because of their quality of production. A good, solid reputation is hard to earn but easy to lose. So the company with a good reputation will have a strong business. The loss of quality in their product will not only bury their reputation but also affects sales and marketing.
SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:
Software quality is groped into three sets namely product operation qualities, product revision qualities, and project revision techniques.
PROJECT OPERATION TECHNIQUES
- CORRECTNESS: It is the agreement of program code with specifications. The product should be independent of the actual application of the software system. It is the extent to which the software satisfies the user requirements and specifications.
- RELIABILITY: Reliability of software is defined as the level of the system that fulfills the qualities under specific input trials in a specific period. The software will be seen as reliable if it has a low number of errors. The sub characteristics of reliability are maturity, fault tolerance, and recoverability.
- EFFICIENCY: The ability of a product can perform its function with the best possible utilization of time and space. A product that works with high speed and low space and memory will be more efficient.
- INTEGRITY: Software integrity is the process of maintaining the safety and security of the code. Analytics will be clear and accessible. It prevents the product from cyber threats.
- USABILITY: It is the user’s experience of using the product. The product should attain the user’s satisfaction. The sub characteristics of usability are understandability, learnability, and operability.
PROJECT REVISION TECHNIQUES
- MAINTAINABILITY: It is the suitability for debugging and modification of an application. Readability, extensibility, and testability are the qualities that maintainability relies on.
- FLEXIBILITY: The ability of the software to be flexible to external environmental and user’s requirements.
- TESTABILITY: The ability of software to undergo debugging. The software should have to meet the user’s conditions and produce the best product.
PROJECT TRANSITION TECHNIQUES
- PORTABILITY: The ability of software to work in other environments than the place where it was originally designed. The portability of the software depends on the hardware independence, the language of implementation, and hardware properties.
- REUSABILITY: It is the ability of software to be reused in different environments. It is achieved by software metric techniques.
- INTEROPERABILITY: It is defined as the ability of different software that facilitates the effective exchange and process of information with one another. Interoperability testing methodology follows the PCDA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) Cycle.
Attraction
Ever thought why do we get attract to someone? Well everyone has different answer to it. For some it can be the way one look, smiled, walk or may be their was an unusual aura around that one.
What is attraction?
Attraction, especially in a romantic way, is a complex process that take place in our brains, and has had it’s roots since it’s beginning of the humankind. It’s our minds way of telling us who has the potential to be our partner, our friend, or even our soulmate, and is based on a complex blend of our interest, values, experience, and desire. Physical and romantic attraction, which are often focused on, are only small facets of a much larger equation.
Psychologist look at the ingredients of attraction is in a form of pyramid, split into 4 different sections.
The base of the pyramid is made up of health and status:-
- Status – 1. internal (confidence, self set, beliefs) 2. External (person’s job, possession and appearance.
- Health – Physical attributes, smell, basic level of intelligence.
If the potential partners passes these initial requirements then we move to the center of the pyramid, which are the emotional factors:- includes
- trust comfort someone wants,
- their emotions intelligence, and
- unique characteristics.
The final portion of the pyramid is “Logic”.This is the part that differentiate us from other animals, and is the part where our brains seriously
- considers whether we are totally compatible for that person.
- It ensure that the other person is aligned with us in term of what they want – things such as marriage, children, even the city they want to live.
According to this model, the more alignment there is, the more attraction there is, but it doesn’t always have to follow from bottom to top – like online dating.
What makes someone Attractive?
The answer to this questions make come to our mind is physical traits. Due to the influence of media, we tend to favor women who is younger, and more feminine features, in men on the other side, qualities such as broad shoulders, a deep voice, and strong jawline are highly upon.
Scientists suggest that, these also have an evolutionary origin because these traits are associated with a higher chance of producing health offspring and passing of good genes. Also, values, culture, and the environment, that we grow in also plays an important role.
Hence, attractiveness is complex, there’s a number of different perspective to consider, and at the end of the day, there’s very little we can choosing who we are attracted to. As each person looks for unique set of traits and, while physical traits are often focused there are far more factors that come into play. A person’s upbringing, behavior and even lifestyle have major influence. The most important thing to remember is to be happy and make the most of it.
WORLD
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor and support life. About 29.2% of Earth’s surface is land consisting of continents and islands. The remaining 70.8% is covered with water, mostly by oceans, seas, gulfs, and other salt-water bodies, but also by lakes, rivers, and other freshwater, which together constitute the hydrosphere. Much of Earth’s polar regions are covered in ice. Earth’s outer layer is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over many millions of years, while its interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates Earth’s magnetic field, and a convective mantle that drives plate tectonics
WORLD MAP
A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of projection. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of the earth. Many techniques have been developed to present world maps that address diverse technical and aesthetic goals.[
Charting a world map requires global knowledge of the earth, its oceans, and its continents. From prehistory through the Middle ages, creating an accurate world map would have been impossible because less than half of Earth’s coastlines and only a small fraction of its continental interiors were known to any culture.
Maps of the world generally focus either on political features or on physical features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement.
WORLD RELIGIONS
The world religions paradigm was developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s, where it was pioneered by phenomenological scholars like Ninian Smart. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the UK and other countries.
Since the late twentieth century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion like Jonathan Z. Smith, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered “major”. Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially constructed category.
WORLD LANGUAGES
In sociolinguistics, a world language is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate. The term may also be used to refer to constructed international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto.
English is the foremost—and by some accounts only—world language. Beyond that, there is no academic consensus about which languages qualify; Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish are other possible world languages. Some authors consider Latin to have formerly been a world language.
WORLD HISTORY
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; leading practitioners have included Voltaire (1694-1778), Hegel (1770-1831), (1818-1883) and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975). The field became much more active (in terms of university teaching, text books, scholarly journals, and academic associations) in the late 20th century.
It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale. World history looks for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. World historians use a thematic approach, with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).
Hatsumode
Hatsumode refers to the ‘first shrine or temple visit’. It marks a person’s first visit to the shinto shrine or a Buddhist temple during the new year. It used to be an absolute custom to visit a shrine or a temple during the new year that is located in the direction of one’s home; it was considered to be extremely auspicious and is said to bring prosperity in the next year. This practice used to be called ‘ehomairi’. But, nowadays, it has become a common practice to visit famous shrines and temples, not bothering about their locations. The visits to the shrine or temples begin at midnight on the new year’s eve, and are made by a large number of people.
during Hatsumode many people get their fortune predicted by drawing an ‘omikuji’ which is a paper that tells you about your luck in the upcoming year. many people buy various charms and amulets, along with talismans that are supposed to ward off evil and increase one’s luck in the upcoming year. These are kind of like lucky charms. many people even bring charms and amulets of the previous year and offer it to kami, to purify and incinerate them, in order to return it back to the heavens. Many people write their wishes on wooden wishing plaques and hang the in the shrines to get their wishes granted by the kami.
The most popular shrines that are visited by people during the new year are Tokyo’s Meiji Shrine, Kamakura’s Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine and Kyoto’s Yasaka Shrine. These shines expect millions of visitors on the first three days of new year each year. It is the most auspicious to visit the shine on the 1st of January, but nowadays, people avoid going to the shires on day one as it gets very crowded.
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda’s inspiring personality was well known both in India and in America during the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. The unknown monk of India suddenly leapt into fame at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, at which he represented Hinduism. His vast knowledge of Eastern and Western culture as well as his deep spiritual insight, fervid eloquence, brilliant conversation, broad human sympathy, colourful personality, and handsome figure made an irresistible appeal to the many types of Americans who came in contact with him. People who saw or heard Vivekananda even once still cherish his memory after a lapse of more than half a century.
The Swami’s mission was both national and international. A lover of mankind, he strove to promote peace and human brotherhood on the spiritual foundation of the Vedantic Oneness of existence. A mystic of the highest order, Vivekananda had a direct and intuitive experience of Reality. He derived his ideas from that unfailing source of wisdom and often presented them in the soulstirring language of poetry.
Quotes
Arise,awake and donot stop until the goal is reached.You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.You have to grow from the inside out. None can teach you, none can make you spiritual. There is no other teacher but your own soul.We are what our thoughts have made us; so take care about what you think. Words are secondary. Thoughts live; they travel far.All the powers in the universe are already ours. It is we who have put our hands before our eyes and cry that it is dark.
House of Cards
By – Sudha Murthy
Hello readers
House of Cards is the story of Mridula, a bright young woman with enormous enthusiasm for life who hails from a Karnataka village. A chance meeting with Sanjay, a talented but impoverished doctor, leads to love—and the couple marry and settle in Bangalore. The more Mridula sees of the world, the more she realizes how selfish and materialistic people can be. But she does not take the ups and downs of life to heart, and lives each day with positive energy. Trouble brews when Sanjay quits his government job and starts an immensely successful private practice. With affluence comes the neverending ambition for more, and the inevitable slide into corrupt practices. For a long time, Mridula has no idea that Sanjay has sold his soul; when the truth hits her, she has no recourse but to walk out on him. But can she really find a space of her own?
This intricately woven novel explores human relationships in telling detail, and holds up a mirror to our society with candour and with conviction.
This book is wonderfully written. The harsh realities of the real life are fictioned in a simple language. The story focus on both love and practical life. The end of the story is very good. The fictional village (Aaladahalli, Karnataka) amuses the readers. It tells us the power of money, and how it affects the relationships. This will keep you hooked up.
Would recommend it. As Sudha Murthy writes beautifully in a simple language it is easy for most of the readers to grab the information and relate to a few characters. For beginners, I suggest to start with her children’s books and then her novels. This book is worth a read.
Like I say : Reading books is magic, it makes you live hundreds of lives in a single one. Or atleast that’s what I believe. Hopefully this book will have an impact and magic you are/ were waiting for. I’ll take a leave.
And Thanks. 😇
Eyeshadows
Powder Eyeshadow
Powder eyeshadows are hands down the most common type of eyeshadow that you will come across. And if you are an beginner, this is the best eyeshadow for you. Pressed powder eyeshadows are the easiest to blend.
Cream Eyeshadow
If bold, striking colours and an intensely pigmented colour payoff is what you are after, cream eyeshadow is the right one for you. Available in pots, tubes, and stick formats, creamy eyeshadows are pigmented yet super-blendable. The only downside of cream eyeshadows is that they tend to crease easily, so avoid wearing these eyeshadows in humid weather or if you have extremely oily eyelids.
Loose Glitter Eyeshadow
Loose glitter eyeshadow are finely milled eyeshadows that are highly pigmented and are the best eyeshadows for you if you want to go the extra mile and create dramatic and glam eye makeup looks. To work with loose eyeshadows, you need to first lay down an eye primer on your eyelids, so the glitter has a tacky base to adhere
Shogatsu: New year
New year is the most important and the most elaborate of all events that took place in Japan. Whilst, there are differences in the local customs on how new year is celebrated, at this time all the houses are thoroughly cleaned and decorated and the holidays are celebrated with family members, friends and many people visit shrines. officially, new is observed from 1st January to 3rd January, and during this period all the schools, colleges and offices are closed.
these preparations for the new year are undertaken to greet the toshigami; the god of the incoming year (the chinese zodiac gods, for eg. year 2021 is the year of the Ox). cleaning of the houses start early and then the houses are decorated traditionally; ‘shimenawa’ or the sacred rope made out of straw with white papers dangling on it known as the ‘shide’ is hung over at the front door as a mark of the toshigami’s temporary abode and in order to keep the evil spirits away. ‘Kadomatsu’ or an arrange ment of tree springs are also placed at the entrance of the house. The ‘toshidana’ or the special alter for the toshigami is placed and is filled with the ‘kagamimochi’ or the rice cakes along with ‘sake’, persimmons and other special food all to honor the toshigami, who is residing in the house temporarily.
The night before the new year is called the ‘omisoka’. A large number of people visit Buddhist temples to hear the bell ring 108 times at midnight that is believed to end all evil of the last year. People believe that eating the ‘toshikoshi soba’ or the year-crossing noodles will extend family fortune just like the long noodles.
The very first day of the new year known as the ‘ganjitsu’ is celebrated with family members. People also visit shrines and temples on this day. Early in the morning of 1st January the emperor performs the rite of ‘shihohai’ in the imperial palace and prays for the prosperity of the nation. On the 2nd of January, the public is allowed to visit the inner grounds of the palace. On the 2nd and 3rd January people meet with their friends and acquaintances and extend greetings for the new year.
Oshogatsu and Koshogatsu
Shogatsu means the first month of the year. ‘Oshogatsu’ or the’ big new year’ is calculated by the Gregorian calendar and ‘koshogatsu’ or the ‘small new year’ is calculated according to the lunar calendar.. Koshogatsu starts with the first full moon of the year, i.e. from 15th January.
Changes to be done in our Education System
A great majority of the engineers that are produced in the country today are unemployable. All of these cumulatively hint at the fact that there is indeed something that is wrong with the Indian education system. This article throws light at some of the ways in which we can bring about a change by improving the education system.
Education is not preparation for Life, its Life itself.
TIPS
1. Rote Learning
We have progressed with time; however, we still have not been able to move away from rote learning. The schools must be encouraged to introduce conceptual learning which avoids students to mug up what they are being taught. While this will help students to understand the concepts better, they will also be able to retain and apply them better.
2. Evaluation system
Marks still continue to play the most important card in deciding the future of children and this often comes down upon students as a burdening factor. The pressure of marks often makes students underperform.
Instead of focusing the evaluation on a three-hour exam, the focus of evaluation should be classroom participation by a student, projects, communication and leadership skills and extra-curricular activities.
Only then will the students give their best and be evaluated at their best.
3. Better training of educators
Teachers play the most important role in schools and hence, they should be given the best of class training. After all, they are shaping the future of the nation, the children. Teachers are often considered as second parents.
Thus, they should be imparted their training in a way that they can act as parents to the children away from their homes.
4. Technology
Students must be taught about technology right from the early years of their education so that it does not come like an alien thing in their later times.
Indian schools must embrace technology and education with an open heart and propagate the same to the students as it is there, where their future lies.
5. Equal respect to all the subjects
We continue to survive in the education system where science stream topples the stream hierarchy. Students are pushed to become a machine which only goes for high-profile subjects and subjects like languages, communications, arts are looked down and are not considered high-profile.
Students should rather be pushed to pursue the subject that they like instead of creating a differentiation between subjects.
Conclusion
The Indian education system must change for the better. It must give the students equal opportunities to shine better in the future. We need to let go of the old and traditional ways and enhance the teaching standards so our youth can get create a better world.
Ways to practice self-love
Hey! Smile please….
Yes yes you only, you’re very special. Did you know that you’re very special. There’s nobody like you on the whole planet. You deserve to be loved immensely not only by the creatures around you but by the most important person in your life and that’s YOU. If you ever desire to be in a relationship, be in the everlasting one with yfourself first. Practicing self-love can be challenging for many of us, especially in times when we face serious challenges. It’s not about being self-absorbed or narcissistic, it’s about getting in touch with ourselves, our well-being and our happiness. We practice self-love so we can push through our limiting beliefs and live a life that truly shines.
So do yourself a favor, take a deep breath, give yourself a little hug and start practicing the following:
▪Begin each day by telling yourself something positive. It can be anything which makes you feel pleasant. How adorable you look today. How well you handled a situation.
▪ Fill your body with food and drink that nourishes it and makes it thrive.
▪ Move that gorgeous body of yours every single day and learn to love the skin you’re in. You can’t hate your way into loving yourself.
▪ Don’t believe everything which hits your mind. There is an inner critic inside of us trying to keep us small and safe. The downside of this also stops us from living a full life.
▪ Surround yourself with people who love and encourage you. Let them remind you just how amazing you are.
▪ End all toxic relationships. Seriously. Don’t just waste your time in it. Anyone who makes you feel anything less than amazing doesn’t deserve to be a part of your life.
▪ Avoid the comparisons. There is no one on this planet like you, so you cannot fairly compare yourself to someone else. The only person you should compare yourself to is you.
▪ Step outside of your comfort zone and try something new. It’s incredible the feeling we get when we realize we have achieved something we didn’t think we could do before.
▪ Celebrate your wins no matter how big or small. Pat yourself on the back and be proud of what you have achieved.
▪ Embrace and love the things that make you different. This is what makes you special.
▪ Take time out to calm your mind every day. Breathe in and out, clear your mind of your thoughts and just be you.
▪ Follow your passion. You know the thing that gets you so excited but scares you at the same time. The thing you really want to do but have convinced yourself it won’t work. You should go do that!
▪ Be patient but persistent. Self-love is ever evolving. It’s something that needs to be practiced daily but can take a lifetime to master. So be kind and support yourself through the challenging times.
▪ Be mindful of what you think, feel and want. Live your life in ways that truly reflect this.
▪ Treat others with love and respect. It makes us feel better about ourselves when we treat others the way we hope to be treated. That doesn’t mean everybody will always repay the favor, but that’s their problem not yours.
▪ Find something to be grateful for every day. It’s inevitable that you are going to have your down days. This is fine and very human of you. It’s especially important on these days to find at least one thing you are grateful for as it helps to shift your mind and energy around what’s going on.
▪ Reach out to family, friends, healers, whomever you need to help you through the tough times. You are not expected to go through them alone.
▪ Learn to say no. Saying no sometimes doesn’t make you a bad person, it makes you a smart person.
▪ Forgive yourself. You know that thing you did one time (or maybe a few times) that made you feel bad, embarrassed, ashamed? It’s time to let that go. You can’t change the things you have done in the past but you can control your future. Look at it as a learning experience and believe in your ability to change.
▪ Write it down. So many thoughts running in your mind gives you headache? Write them all down on a piece of paper, no matter how crazy, mean, sad, or terrifying they are. Keep it in a journal, tear it up, burn it, whatever you need to do to, just let it go.
▪ Just you. Grab a cup of your favorite tea, coffee, wine, whatever your choice of drink, and sit down for a few minutes on your own. No TV or distractions, just you. Think about the wonderful things that are happening in your life right now, what your big dreams are and how you can make them happen.
▪ Give up the need for approval from others. Believe in yourself and go for it.
▪ Be realistic. There is no person on this earth that is happy every single moment of every single day. It’s because we are all human. We make mistakes, we feel emotions (good and bad) and this is OK. Allow yourself to be human.
▪ Get creative and express yourself in whatever way you like. Painting, writing, sculpting, dancing, reading, music, whatever takes your fancy, and make sure you leave your inner critic at the door. There are nothing called PERFECT to be creative.
▪ Find your happy place. Where’s the one place you feel totally at ease, calm, happy, positive, high on life? Go to that place when you are going through hard times, or imagine yourself being there. Adore each and every thing you’re surrounded with.Think about how it feels, what it smells like, what it looks like.
▪ Let go of past trauma and wounds. This can be a really tough one and it may be one of those times you need to turn to others for support. The truth is though, when we let go of things that have happened to us it’s almost like a weight is lifted off our shoulders. We don’t have to carry that around with us anymore. We deserve better.
▪ The next time you are feeling happy and on top of the world make a list of your best qualities and accomplishments. It may sound a little corny, but it can be a wonderful reminder when you are having a day that’s less than amazing.
▪ Get in touch with your inner self. If it’s anything less than loving, encouraging and supportive, it’s time to make a change. You deserve to be spoken to in the same way you would speak to your best friend, sister, brother, daughter, or son.
▪ Have fun! Get out there and do the things that light your fire. Enjoy them, enjoy being you and enjoy your incredible life.
Be happy:)
Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Bhikaji Cama
Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Bhikaji Cama
Bhikaji Cama(1861-1936) was a strong-minded lady who played an important role in India’s early years of freedom struggle.
Born on September 24, 1861 in Mumbai(then Bombay) she always had a flair for diligence and languages.
She unfurled the first Indian tricolor on foreign land i.e., Germany. This flag was a modification of the ‘Calcutta flag’ designed by Madame Cama and Shyamji Krishna Varma. This flag became one of the models out of which the present Indian National Flag was designed.
While staying in London she became acquainted with Dadabhai Naoroji and joined the Indian National Congress.
Fearing deportation, she moved from London to Paris and helped revolutionary activities from there.
She helped publish the newspaper, Bande Mataram, copies of which were smuggled back to India.
She was finally allowed to return to India in 1935. And she died one year post returning her homeland.
Things to know about B.A English.
Bachelor of Arts (B.A) English. It is an undergraduate degree for three years. The course would focus on the main aspects of the language and it will help us develop creative and independent thinking. The course helps us to enhance our communication skills.
Why English Literature?
English Literature introduces us to a world of creativity. You would get a chance to discover poems, novels and plays. You get to read incredible novels as per your prescribed syllabus. You get the knowledge of the history of literature. You will be able to think without confinement. There are no particular reasons but;
- If you are drawn to literature.
- If you are interested in the language.
- If you love reading books.
- If you want to make a career based on this course
- If you would love to learn about the wide range of cultures.
- It will help you broaden your boundary.
The actual answer lies in your perspective and interest.
B.A English Literature Subjects
Literature students will have major, allied and core subjects. The subjects may differ in correspondence to where you are studying. The subjects are as interesting as it sounds. We will get the flavour of distinct eras. The subjects will pull out the self-reliant sense.
- History of English Literature.
- American Literature.
- Victorian Literature.
- Feminism.
- Women’s Writing.
- Linguistics.
- Indian writing.
- Poetry and
- Literary Criticism.
Best College to Study Literature
- Loyola College.
- Stella Maris College.
- Madras Christian College.
- Ethiraj College for Women.
- Meenakshi College for Women.
- Women’s Christian College.
- Patrician College of Arts and Science.
When it comes to college, we have a few things to consider. The accommodation, fees structure, reputation of the institution, etc. In that case, I have listed out colleges in Tamil Nadu, Chennai. The chrome will help you sort out colleges in your location.
Job Opportunities After B.A. English Literature.
- Content writer.
- Educator.
- Editor.
- Writer.
- Journalist.
- Public relations.
- Blogging.
- Creative writing.
- Language translator.
- Media and advertising, etc…
The career opportunities are impressive and you can be a freelancer too. Although, many prefer to do Masters in Literature. There are alternatives.
Books for Literature Students
The books may vary according to the syllabus prescribed. Classics to add to your never-ending reading list are;
- Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
- Jane Austen’s works.
- Shakespeare’s works.
- A Tale Of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
- Animal Farm by George Orwell.
- Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.
- The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, etc.
As literature students, we might have the self-expectation of reading a particular genre. You need not read only classics to be acknowledged as a literature student. Try to savour the stories.
To know the history of English literature, you can refer to;
1. An Outline History of English Literature by William Henry Hudson.
2. A Critical History of English Literature Vol 1 & 2 by David Daiches.
Side Hustles for Litreature Students
I’m no expert, but I do have few ideas. Book lovers know the pain of having N number of books on their wishlist and not being able to get them all. Well, with side hustles we will be able to squeeze in extra books while buying.
- Content Writing.
- Freelancing.
- Book logging & Bookstagram.
- Bootubing (although the channel will take some time to get monetized.)
- Copywriting.
- Proofreading.
- Affiliate Marketing.
- Social Media Marketing.
However, the above-stated side hustles won’t make you rich but will be more like pocket money. There are plenty of internships that will pay you with a certificate.
For clear ideas, consult your counsellor, teachers and mentors. Is Literature tough? No, it is neither easy nor difficult. Unlike the olden days, we have technology and the internet facility. Literature is a wonderful way to know history.
“When in doubt, go to the library.”
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets, J.K. Rowling.
FORGOTTEN LANGUAGES
Language is a very basic and important medium of communication . Different countries have a different and unique language which has its own rich heritage . But there are several languages have been forgotten about and nobody speaks it anymore , even though people still learn about it . Here are a few forgotten languages :
COPTIC – This was an Afro-Asiatic language which was spoken in Egypt from the 2nd century c.e . Coptic was used by Ptolemaic rulers after the spread of Greek culture . This language was divided into six dialects out of that, four were spoken in upper Egypt and two in lower Egypt . Coptic now exists in the liturgy of Coptic church in Egypt
SUMERIAN LANGUAGE – Sumerian is the language of ancient Sumer . Sumerians were well known for being the civilization to invent a system of writing . It was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia . As the Sumerian empire was on the brink of declining , citizens moved to north in search of fertile land and a better place to settle in . They merged with the Akkadians and so did their culture and language .
AKKADIAN – This language was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia from 3rd to the 1st millenium BCE .It was spoken in a vast area that stretched from the mediterranean sea to the Persian gulf This language could not stand the test of time either .
LATIN – Latin is an Indo-European language in the Italic group and is the most well known forgotten language . It is also the ancestor language of modern Roman languages . Latin was spoken by people living along the lower Tibet river . The Roman empire was the reason why the geographical areas that used Latin grew vast .Even though Latin is not spoken anymore , it sure has been assimilated in other languages like French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and Italian .
Different shades of foundation
liquid foundation
Liquid foundation is one of the most popular options for foundation, liquid foundation, is just what it sounds like—foundation that has a liquid formula. In liquid foundations there’s are different skines shades like oily,dry etc
Cream foundation.
This type of foundation has a creamier, thicker consistency. It’s also usually a great option for those with dry skin
Powder foundation.
If you have oily skin, you may find yourself turning to a powder formula. While you can layer on the powder formula, they generally offer lighter coverage
. Serum foundation
A trendy foundation type, serum foundation is a variation of your standard liquid foundation. Its formula contains a serum, making it a skin care and makeup hybrid.
Water-based foundation.
Those with acne-prone skin may find themselves turning to a water-based foundation. Another liquid foundation option, this foundation includes water as its main ingredient and is generally free of oils.
How to build trust
Hey yah!!!!! People how are you all …I hope all are doing great.
So people today I am here with an amazing lesson of life about how to build trust and lead life
Once upon a time, A successful business man presented his son with a set of three small dolls as he above to handle the reins of his successful company to the young man. Confused, the son asked his father, “Am I a girl that you are giving me this dolls to play with?” Calmly, the father replied, “This is the gift for a future business genius. Have a look at the dolls son, said the father. You’ll see a hole in each ear of each of the three dolls. Then the business man gave a string and asked him to pass it through the ear holes of each of the dolls .
Intrigued the young man picked up the first doll and put the string into the ear, it came out from the other ear. “This is one type of person,” said the father.
TYPE 1: Whatever is heard through ones ear comes out of the other. He cannot retain any thing.
When the man put the string into the ear hole of the second doll, it came out from the mouth. “And this is the second type of person,” said the businessman.
TYPE 2: Whatever is heard through the ears comes out of the mouth.
As the son picked up the third doll and repeated the process, the string just didn’t come out, “This is the third type of person,” said the father.
TYPE 3: Whatever is heard through the ears is locked up and never comes out. Amused the son asked his father, “Which one of the three is the best, dad?” As an answer to that question, the businessman handed him the fourth doll, When the young man put string into the ear hole of the doll, it came out from the other ear, Do it again, said the father.
This time, the string came out of the mouth. When he put the string in the third time, it did not come out at all. “This is the person you must look for as your confident,” said the business man.
- “To be trust worthy a man should know when not to listen, letting the information pass from one ear and out of the other.”
- “He should always know when to speak up and when to remain silent and should also never share what’s gone in.”
Ladies and gentlemen, whether in our personal or professional dealings, if we can practice these three principles and also find those who do, “the level of trust goes up and interpersonal dealings, can be enhanced.”
Different shades of lipstick
Sheer lipstick
A sheer lipstick is a good choice if your lips are dry for some reason .sheer can moisturize your lips but also provide a lot of gloss and shine.
Satin lipstick
Satin lipstick is great for moisture and a high gloss look.One of the essential things to remember about satin lipstick is that it has a high oil content.
cream lipstick
The cream lipstick is a bit different than the first two options on our list.The cream is a much more subtle, low gloss look.Cream lipstick is not shiny, but it will look very nice and smooth as a covering on the lips.
Gloss lipstick
Gloss lipstick is going to stand out a bit more than a cream lipstick.When you add shine to your lips, you will make them look bigger than they are.For women who have very small lips, gloss lipstick can be a great fit.Some people will use cream lipstick and then put a gloss lipstick on top.
lipsticks stain
A lipstick stain can sound a bit scary to be putting on your face, but they are not.Another name for these could be lipstick paint.The lipstick stains are all about color, but they are not about shine or gloss.
pearl lipstick
pearl lipstick is designed to reflect light.Where the lipstick stain focuses on color, the pearl lipstick will be more about shine and light.Many of the pearl lipsticks will also sparkle.
Matte finish lipstick
Sometimes when you are looking for a modern look, you will want a matte finish lipstick.The matte is exactly like the name sounds, not shiny or glossy at all.You will have a very flat look with a matte lipstick, but they come in a variety of colors.Matte lipsticks give a very bold look even though they don’t shine.
GROW UP.
Hi cutie’s,
Today I gonna share a lovely story, which I read recently. And I do want you all to read this, for sure you gonna love this. This story is about 87yrs old lady.
The first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn’t already know.
I stood up to look around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady beaming up at me
with a smile that lit up her entire being.
She said, “Hi handsome. My name is Rose. I’m eighty-seven years old. Can I give you a hug?”
I laughed and enthusiastically responded, “Of course you may!” and she gave me a giant squeeze.
“Why are you in college at such a young, innocent age?” I asked.
She jokingly replied, “I’m here to meet a rich husband, get married, and have a couple of kids…”
“No seriously,” I asked. I was curious what may have motivated her to be taking on this challenge at her age.
“I always dreamed of having a college education and now I’m getting one!” she told me.
After class we walked to the student union building and shared a chocolate milkshake. We became instant friends. Every day for the next three months, we would leave class together and talk nonstop. I was always mesmerized listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.
Over the course of the year, Rose became a campus icon and she easily made friends wherever she went. She loved to dress up and she reveled in the attention bestowed upon her from the other students. She was living it up.
At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I’ll never forget what she taught us. She was
introduced and stepped up to the podium.
As she began to deliver her prepared speech, she dropped her three by five cards on the floor. Frustrated and a little embarrassed she leaned into the microphone and simply said, “I’m sorry I’m so jittery. I gave up beer for Lent and this whiskey is killing me! I’ll never get my speech back in order so let me just tell
you what I know.”
As we laughed she cleared her throat and began, “We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There are only four secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day.
You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die.
We have so many people walking around who are dead and don’t even know it! There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up.
If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and don’t do one productive thing, you will turn twenty years old.
If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eight.
Anybody can grow older. That doesn’t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding opportunity in change.
Have no regrets.
The elderly usually don’t have regrets for what we did, but rather for things we did not do. The only people who fear death are those
with regrets.”
She concluded her speech by courageously singing “The Rose.”
She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives.
At the year’s end Rose finished the college degree she had begun all those years ago. One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep.
Over two thousand college students attended her funeral in tribute to the wonderful woman who taught by example that it’s
never too late to be all you can possibly be .When you finish reading this, please send this peaceful word of advice to your friends and family, they’ll really enjoy it!
These words have been passed along in loving memory of ROSE.
REMEMBER, GROWING OLDER IS MANDATORY. GROWING UP IS
OPTIONAL.
We make a Living by what we get, We make a Life by what we give..
When I read this story, I came to my sense and questioned myself.
Am I really growing up?
Or
Just growing older?
And I found my answer.
Now,it’s your turn to find out..
Best of luck!!!
And do share this to your lovely friends and family and help them to grow up.
Have a lovely day❣️
The link for the above: story:https://livelifehappy.com/live-life-happy-stories/
Khoob ladi Mardani Voh toh Jhansi Waali Raani thi…
Remember Something, or felt something? Or the memories of primary days of Hindi classes? If yes, then let me tell you the story of this Indian Poetess who wasn’t just dedicated to her literature and poems but also she was the first Satyagrahi to get an order of court arrest during our fight for freedom.
She wrote many poems which moved millions of hearts from its feeling of patriotism that she was able to awake in people through her writings.
The poetess wrote this down by remembering the sacrifices and courage of yet another freedom fighter but today it feels like she was defining herself too through the blend of different words under the impression of bravery and courage of Jhansi Ki Rani.
Shubharda Kumari Chauhan
Today on the 16th of Aug, this day is celebrated as the 117th birth anniversary of Indian Poetess Mrs. Shubhadra Kumari Chauhan Ji.
She was a writer with a promising future and great importance even in the era wherein India there was male dominance in every field out there.
She was born in Nihalpur village in Allahabad (Prayagraj) and she started her first fight against Britishers at the age of 9 by writing a poem full of patriotism and inspiration to come forward and fight along with every Indian out there to restore India’s Independency.
To overcome every boundary
Being a dedicated wife and all above being a woman didn’t ever hinder the path of her tremendous willpower to always fight for her Country alongside everyone.
She took part in many marches alongside Gandhi Ji and even discarded every point of view that can differentiate people based on caste, creed, etc.
Even though she was sent to Jail she continued her participation in the activity of freedom and contributed her part nevertheless.
The Calls
She was always enthusiastic and eager to help others and motivate them to help for the Country’s cause. She called for people’s unity and help through her poem and as result, the poem of this poetess now is of great Importance in Hindi literature.
She even took an active part in National Indian Movement resulting in inspiring many more women especially when she overcome the society norms, hardships and contributed her part as an independent individual.
She published many poems and short stories around 100 in number during her awakening of patriotism in countrymen and made many revolutionary statements too.
She lives
After one year of our independent India our poetess, our warrior, and yet another one of our gems gone away too soon.
Once she was returning from an event in Nagpur the poetess met with a car accident resulting in the passing away of our first-ever woman Satyagrahi.
Even though her body passed away and her soul reached the height of salvation yet she lives through her writing, she is living through every young mind who all are getting inspired by her writing even at this modernized age of thoughts.
I am going to share about my pets
I am going to share my pets experience. It gives me immense happiness while with them.It’s a feeling can’t be expressed through words. Words won’t be enough to describe my feelings towards my dogs .It’s unique relationship between dog and dogs luvers. Only dog’s luvers can feel it. The dog luvers have their own world. I see it as a soul. I had lots conversation with my dogs . It never let me down in any situation . Dogs luvers have a unique conversation and relationship with dogs. I feel extreme level of happiness . A blissful day . Traveling with my dogs is one kind of delight . Travelling with loved one is a bliss . Travelling alone with my dogs is euphoria. It was with me even at the sad time . I shared a lot . I want to travel a lot with my dogs. A best partner ever I had . My secret keeper, crime partner and my closest soul forever
A Tale of two Armies: Why the Afghan Army proved no match for Taliban
Unexpected as it was, the US decision to completely pull out its troops from Afghanistan may not have been as surprising as the speed at which the Afghan armed forces that it created and trained have capitulated to the Taliban in one major city after another. More numerous and better equipped than the Taliban on paper, the Afghan national army is seen as suffering from grave systemic issues that have hollowed out its fighting capabilities.
WHAT IS THE STRENGTH OF THE AFGHAN ARMY, AND THE TALIBAN?
The latest Quarterly Report of the US Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) dated July 30 says that there are more than 300,000 personnel who make up the Afghan National Security and Defence Forces (ANDSF), which includes the entire gamut of all armed and law and order staff on the Kabul government’s payroll.
However, the US Combating Terrorism Centre at West Point, a military training academy, said in January this year that a 2014 study had found that while combat forces made up around 60 per cent of the Afghan forces, “the number of soldiers showing up for duty each day is even lower”. It said that the Afghan army can count on an “estimated on-hand army fighting force of about 96,000 soldiers” and, including police forces, “the ANDSF are likely fielding a fighting force in the vicinity of 180,000 combat personnel each day”.
But SIGAR highlighted another problem: “ghost soldiers”. Pointing to the “corrosive effects of corruption within the ANDSF”, it cited the “existence of ghost soldiers and police”, which are nothing but “fake personnel records that corrupt actors used to pocket salaries”. Though it said that biometric systems have been introduced to weed out the non-existent soldiers, what it means is that there may be a big mismatch between the muster roll of soldiers and actual boots on the ground.
The Taliban, on the other hand, may have an estimated “60,000 core fighters, give or take 10-20 per cent”, the West Point report said, adding that a 2017 study had, however, “concluded that the group’s total manpower exceeds 200,000 individuals, which includes… another 90,000 members of local militias, and tens of thousands of facilitators and support elements”.
HOW DO THE TWO SIDES MATCH UP IN FIREPOWER?
The Taliban are seen as being a “less technically sophisticated fighting force than the Afghan government — lacking an air force, heavy artillery, a fleet of armoured vehicles”. But its strength may lie in the fact that it is a leaner force than the ANDSF, which has relied majorly on foreign funding for military infrastructure and hardware.
Increasingly, bits of US military equipment are falling into Taliban hands. The SIGAR report says that where Afghan soldiers have fled Taliban attacks, they have often abandoned “their US-supplied equipment, which the Taliban then displayed on social media as propaganda to tout its victories”, including, recently, a US army a knocked out US army helicopter.
HOW DID TALIBAN SEIZE THE MOMENTUM?
Along with the “questionable accuracy of data on the actual strength of the force”, the SIGAR report also expresses concern over the lack of any means to gauge “the influence on combat readiness of intangible factors such as the will to fight”. Morale has been one key element where the Taliban is seen as being able to score decisively over the Afghan forces, especially as they go from strength to strength in overrunning the country.
While Afghan forces were seen as offering resistance in some districts, the SIGAR report said that “in others they surrendered or fled in disorder”, noting how in some cases, “local elders reportedly mediated truces that allowed the ANDSF defenders to leave”. The West Point report points to the Taliban’s “ability to recruit and deploy new fighters in recent years” which also underlines its “ability to withstand significant casualties — estimated to be in the range of thousands per year”.
For all the talk of theirs being a better funded and equipped fighting force, reports suggest that the Afghan forces actually may be suffering from a lack of cohesion and organisational support. A New York Times report said that Afghan forces have complained of an absence of logistical backing and even of food as they face an increasingly crippling onslaught from the Taliban.
SOURCES
Iam going share about Online shopping
Now days online shopping is very useful to us . Easy to buy a product at low cost . online shopping is purpose of online shopping is to save time, save money. Through online shopping one can save his valuable time. One can watch and select things he wants to buy. Through online shopping we can save our money because prices are less than market prices and we receive our bought things at our home. There are many online shopping websites like Amazon, Flipkart, meesho, Myntra, etc. An online shopping aims at making shopping comfortable and enjoyable process.
Things You Should Know About Dengue Fever – Prevention And Control
With the onset of monsoon, like every year, spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue is on rise. Currently there is a rise increasing cases of dengue and malaria. Monsoon can cause a surge in dengue cases due to the increase in mosquito breeding surroundings. The monsoon season is here and so being the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. While talking about mosquito-borne diseases
Dengue:
Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of an “Aedes” mosquito infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their blood. It can’t be spread directly from one person to another person.
Symptoms of Dengue Fever:
Symptoms, which usually begin four to six days after infection and last for up to 10 days, may include
- Sudden, high fever.
- Pain behind the eyes.
- Severe joint and muscle pain.
- Fatigue.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Skin rash, which appears two to five days after the onset of fever.
Severe dengue:
A patient enters what is called the critical phase normally about 3-7 days after illness onset. It is at this time, when the fever is dropping (below 38°C/100°F) in the patient, that warning signs associated with severe dengue can manifest. Severe dengue is a potentially fatal complication, due to plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, or organ impairment.
Warning signs that doctors should look for include:
- severe abdominal pain.
- persistent vomiting.
- rapid breathing.
- bleeding gums.
- fatigue.
- blood in vomit.
- restlessness.
If patients manifest these symptoms during the critical phase, close observation for the next 24–48 hours is essential so that proper medical care can be provided, to avoid complications and risk of death.
If you think you have dengue:
- Seek a healthcare provider if you develop a fever or have symptoms of dengue.
- Rest: Take rest as much as possible.
- Take the medicines: paracetamol is usedto control fever and relieve pain. Do not take aspirin or ibuprofen
- Drink plenty of fluids: To stay hydrated. Drink water or drinks with added electrolytes.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.
- Fever reducers and pain killers can be taken to control the symptoms of muscle aches and pains, and fever.
- The best options to treat these symptoms are acetaminophen or paracetamol.
- NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin should be avoided. These anti-inflammatory drugs act by thinning the blood, and in a disease with risk of hemorrhage, blood thinners may exacerbate the prognosis.
Precautions and Control:
The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for dengue as well as for other diseases that Aedes mosquito transmit.
- Covering, emptying and cleaning of domestic water storage containers on a weekly basis.
- Applying appropriate insecticides to water storage outdoor containers.
- Wearing clothing that minimizes skin exposure to mosquitoes.
- Using of personal household protection measures, such as window screens, repellents, insecticide treated materials, coils and vaporizers.
- Drink boiled water.
- Consume fresh homemade food.
- Make sure your home is well-ventilated.
- Wash hands before eating any food.
- Avoid touching your nose and mouth without washing your hands.
- Avoid going to crowded places to reduce risk of viral infections.
- Disposing of solid waste properly and removing artificial man-made habitats that can hold water.
- Allow the sick child or family member to rest and sleep under a bed net or use insect repellant while feverish.
- Eat well: Consuming a healthy and balanced diet rich in essential nutrients can help boost immunity.
- Educate yourself: Make yourself aware of the disease, its symptoms, and treatment to ensure reaching out for the appropriate treatment at the right time. Progression of the disease can be fatal.
Oracle PL/SQL Exception Handling: Examples to Raise User-defined Exception
What is Exception Handling in PL/SQL?
An exception occurs when the PL/SQL engine encounters an instruction which it cannot execute due to an error that occurs at run-time. These errors will not be captured at the time of compilation and hence these needed to handle only at the run-time.
For example, if PL/SQL engine receives an instruction to divide any number by ‘0’, then the PL/SQL engine will throw it as an exception. The exception is only raised at the run-time by the PL/SQL engine.
Exceptions will stop the program from executing further, so to avoid such condition, they need to be captured and handled separately. This process is called as Exception-Handling, in which the programmer handles the exception that can occur at the run time.
In this tutorial, you will learn the following topics-
- Exception-Handling Syntax
- Types of Exception
- Predefined Exceptions
- User-defined Exception
- PL/SQL Raise Exception
- Important points to note in Exception
Exception-Handling Syntax
Exceptions are handled at the block, level, i.e., once if any exception occurs in any block then the control will come out of execution part of that block. The exception will then be handled at the exception handling part of that block. After handling the exception, it is not possible to resend control back to the execution section of that block.
The below syntax explains how to catch and handle the exception.
BEGIN <execution block> . . EXCEPTION WHEN <exceptionl_name> THEN <Exception handling code for the “exception 1 _name’' > WHEN OTHERS THEN <Default exception handling code for all exceptions > END;
Syntax Explanation:
- In the above syntax, the exception-handling block contains series of WHEN condition to handle the exception.
- Each WHEN condition is followed by the exception name which is expected to be raised at the run time.
- When any exception is raised at runtime, then the PL/SQL engine will look in the exception handling part for that particular exception. It will start from the first ‘WHEN’ clause and, sequentially it will search.
- If it found the exception handling for the exception which has been raised, then it will execute that particular handling code part.
- If none of the ‘WHEN’ clause is present for the exception which has been raised, then PL/SQL engine will execute the ‘WHEN OTHERS’ part (if present). This is common for all the exception.
- After executing the exception, part control will go out of the current block.
- Only one exception part can be executed for a block at run-time. After executing it, the controller will skip the remaining exception handling part and will go out of the current block.
Note: WHEN OTHERS should always be at the last position of the sequence. The exception handling part present after WHEN OTHERS will never get executed as the control will exit from the block after executing the WHEN OTHERS.
Types of Exception
There are two types of Exceptions in Pl/SQL.
- Predefined Exceptions
- User-defined Exception
Predefined Exceptions
Oracle has predefined some common exception. These exceptions have a unique exception name and error number. These exceptions are already defined in the ‘STANDARD’ package in Oracle. In code, we can directly use these predefined exception name to handle them.
Below are the few predefined exceptions
| Exception | Error Code | Exception Reason |
|---|---|---|
| ACCESS_INTO_NULL | ORA-06530 | Assign a value to the attributes of uninitialized objects |
| CASE_NOT_FOUND | ORA-06592 | None of the ‘WHEN’ clause in CASE statement satisfied and no ‘ELSE’ clause is specified |
| COLLECTION_IS_NULL | ORA-06531 | Using collection methods (except EXISTS) or accessing collection attributes on a uninitialized collections |
| CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN | ORA-06511 | Trying to open a cursor which is already opened |
| DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX | ORA-00001 | Storing a duplicate value in a database column that is a constrained by unique index |
| INVALID_CURSOR | ORA-01001 | Illegal cursor operations like closing an unopened cursor |
| INVALID_NUMBER | ORA-01722 | Conversion of character to a number failed due to invalid number character |
| NO_DATA_FOUND | ORA-01403 | When ‘SELECT’ statement that contains INTO clause fetches no rows. |
| ROW_MISMATCH | ORA-06504 | When cursor variable data type is incompatible with the actual cursor return type |
| SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT | ORA-06533 | Referring collection by an index number that is larger than the collection size |
| SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT | ORA-06532 | Referring collection by an index number that is outside the legal range (eg: -1) |
| TOO_MANY_ROWS | ORA-01422 | When a ‘SELECT’ statement with INTO clause returns more than one row |
| VALUE_ERROR | ORA-06502 | Arithmetic or size constraint error (eg: assigning a value to a variable that is larger than the variable size) |
| ZERO_DIVIDE | ORA-01476 | Dividing a number by ‘0’ |
User-defined Exception
In Oracle, other than the above-predefined exceptions, the programmer can create their own exception and handle them. They can be created at a subprogram level in the declaration part. These exceptions are visible only in that subprogram. The exception that is defined in the package specification is public exception, and it is visible wherever the package is accessible. <
Syntax: At subprogram level
DECLARE <exception_name> EXCEPTION; BEGIN <Execution block> EXCEPTION WHEN <exception_name> THEN <Handler> END;
- In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type.
- This can be used as in a similar way as a predefined exception.
Syntax:At Package Specification level
CREATE PACKAGE <package_name> IS <exception_name> EXCEPTION; . . END <package_name>;
- In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type in the package specification of <package_name>.
- This can be used in the database wherever package ‘package_name’ can be called.
PL/SQL Raise Exception
All the predefined exceptions are raised implicitly whenever the error occurs. But the user-defined exceptions needs to be raised explicitly. This can be achieved using the keyword ‘RAISE’. This can be used in any of the ways mentioned below.
If ‘RAISE’ is used separately in the program, then it will propagate the already raised exception to the parent block. Only in exception block can be used as shown below.
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ]
AS
BEGIN
<Execution block>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN
<Handler>
RAISE;
END;
Syntax Explanation:
- In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the exception handling block.
- Whenever program encounters exception “exception_name”, the exception is handled and will be completed normally
- But the keyword ‘RAISE’ in the exception handling part will propagate this particular exception to the parent program.
Note: While raising the exception to the parent block the exception that is getting raised should also be visible at parent block, else oracle will throw an error.
- We can use keyword ‘RAISE’ followed by the exception name to raise that particular user-defined/predefined exception. This can be used in both execution part and in exception handling part to raise the exception.
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ] AS BEGIN <Execution block> RAISE <exception_name> EXCEPTION WHEN <exception_name> THEN <Handler> END;
Syntax Explanation:
- In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the execution part followed by exception “exception_name”.
- This will raise this particular exception at the time of execution, and this needs to be handled or raised further.
Example 1: In this example, we are going to see
- How to declare the exception
- How to raise the declared exception and
- How to propagate it to the main block
DECLARE Sample_exception EXCEPTION; PROCEDURE nested_block IS BEGIN Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside nested block’); Dbms_output.put_line(‘Raising sample_exception from nested block’); RAISE sample_exception; EXCEPTION WHEN sample_exception THEN Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in nested block. Raising to main block’); RAISE, END; BEGIN Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside main block’); Dbms_output.put_line(‘Calling nested block’); Nested_block; EXCEPTION WHEN sample_exception THEN Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in main block'); END: /
Nostalgic Nightmares
Introduction
Dreams and Psychology
“Dreams are as simple or as complicated as dreamers.” The interpretations of the dreams are the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. The theories state that dreams don’t mean anything. These are just images put in by the brain from the memories. These are the stimulants that help one face the tragedies of life. As it’s truly said, “an individual suffers more in imagination than in reality” proves in this situation. Before facing it in person if a being conquers it in the dreams, then it will encourage him to win easily in real life. Its history goes back to the early stages when it was used as a tool to fool enemies because though our bodies get paralyzed while dreaming minds stay active. There is a whole psychology behind the dream theory and an explanation of why we dream in the way we do?
You dream, what you believe!!
Interesting Facts
“I always dream about falling from great heights.” It symbolizes that something in your life isn’t well. It might mean you need to rethink a choice or consider a new direction in some areas of life. It characterizes fear in existence, perhaps falling in work or love. It often expresses a need to let go and enjoy more.
“I was attacked by a chaser in my dream.” These types can be quite terrifying. It might indicate a desire to escape from your fears. Running away from an animal often depicts that you are hiding from your anger, passions and other feelings. If your pursuer is mysterious, it represents childhood trauma. And if a person is of opposite sex then it reveals that you are haunted by love or past relationships.
“I died, no not in real….in my sleep.” Death is a very common subject of dreams. People imagine death either of loved ones or about themselves. It reflects anxiety about a change. Just like death, change can be scary. Those approaching the end of life and loved ones around them experience significant and meaningful dreams, often relating to a confronting presence, preparing to go, watching or engaging with the deceased, loved ones waiting, distressing experiences, and unfinished business.
“I flew like a bird while dreaming.” It can be liberating at the same time, quite frightening. It can represent two sides. One, independence and freedom. On the other hand, escape from the realities of life.
There are a lot of things that influence dreams. The first thing includes health conditions that affect the secretions of the brain causing sleep to disrupt. The type of food one intakes can also become the factor for the feeling of sickness and in turn affect the types of dreams one visualize. Daily exercises and a little change in daily activities can help improve sleep and at last the dreams. There are two ways to remember dreams; one by telling yourself that you want to remember them when you wake up and the other by grasping as many images as you can before getting out of bed or using a smartphone.
Dreams are more profound when they seem the craziest. “Life is only a dream and we are the imagination of ourselves.”
How Does an Engineer Create a Programming Language?
Besides being a software engineer, Marianne Bellotti is also a kind of technological anthropologist. Back in 2016 at the Systems We Love conference, Bellotti began her talk by saying she appreciated the systems most engineers hate —”messy, archaic, duct-tape-and-chewing-gum.” Then she added, “Fortunately, I work for the federal government.”
At the time, Bellotti was working for the U.S. Digital Service, where talented technology workers are matched to federal systems in need of some consultation. (While there, she’d encountered a web application drawing its JSON-formatted data from a half-century-old IBM 7074 mainframe.)
The rich experiences led her to write a book with the irresistible title “Kill It with Fire: Manage Aging Computer Systems (and Future Proof Modern Ones).” Its official web page at Random House promises it offers “a far more forgiving modernization framework” with “illuminating case studies and jaw-dropping anecdotes from her work in the field,” including “Critical considerations every organization should weigh before moving data to the cloud.”
Bellotti is now working on products for defense and national security agencies as the principal engineer for system safety at Rebellion Defense (handling identity and access control).
But her latest project is a podcast chronicling what she’s learned while trying to write her own programming language.
“Marianne Writes a Programming Language” captures a kind of expedition of the mind, showing how the hunger to know can keep leading a software engineer down ever-more-fascinating rabbit holes. But it’s also an inspiring example of the do-it-yourself spirit, and a fresh new perspective on the parsers, lexers and evaluators that make our code run.
In short, it’s a deeply informative deconstruction of where a programmer’s tools really come from.
Going Deep
In one blog post, Bellotti invited listeners to “start this strange journey with me through parsers, grammars, data structures and the like.”
And it is a journey, filled with hope and ambition — and a lot of unexpected twists and turns. “Along the way, I’ll interview researchers and engineers who are active in this space and go deep on areas of programming not typically discussed,” the podcast host promised. “All in all, I’m hoping to start a conversation around program language design that’s less intimidating and more accessible to beginners.”
But the “Marianne Writes a Programming Language” podcast also comes with a healthy dose of self-deprecation. “Let’s get one question out of the way,” her first episode began. “Does the world really need another programming language? Probably not, no.” But she described it as a passion project, driven by good old-fashioned curiosity. “I have always wanted to write a programming language. I figured I would learn so much from the challenge.”
“In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”
—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host
Fifteen years into a sparkling technology career, “I feel like there are all these weird holes in my knowledge,” Bellotti told her audience. And even with the things she does know — like bytecode and logic gates — “I don’t have a clear sense of how all those things work together.”
In the podcast’s third episode, Bellotti pointed out that, “for me at least, the hardest part of learning something is figuring out how to learn it in the first place.” She discovered a surprising lack of best-practices documents, she wrote in an essay in Medium. “In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”
Still, her podcast’s first episode showed the arrival of those first glimmers of insight. “Even knowing very little upfront, I had a sense that in order for a programming language to work, there had to be some sense of cohesion in its design.”
Where to Begin?
Her Medium post cited a 2012 article titled “Programming Paradigms for Dummies: What Every Programmer Should Know,” which offers a taxonomy of language types based on how exactly they’re providing their abstractions. That article apparently got her thinking about how exactly a programming language helps communicate the connections that exist between its various data structures — which led to more insights. (In a later podcast, Bellotti even says “technology suggests to its user how it should be used.”)
“Eventually I came to my own conclusions,” she wrote in her Medium article. To be successful at creating her own language, she realized that she needed to think of programming paradigms like object-oriented or functional programming “as logical groupings of abstractions and be as intentional about what is included and what isn’t.”
Bellotti is also trying to design a language that will work for her specific needs: to know how likely certain types of problems are in a given system, to achieve model resilience. But on her first podcast episode, Bellotti acknowledged that she still had to begin by typing, “How do you design a programming language” into Google —and was surprised by how little came up. (Although she did discover “there’s a whole world of obscure experimental languages that appear in research papers, rack up a host of citations, and never touch an actual computer other than their inventor’s.”)
“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,”
—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host
So where to begin? Avoiding the standard dry collegiate textbooks like “Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools,” she instead found her way to the book Writing an Interpreter in Go, a book which by necessity also created its own programming language (a modified version of Scheme called Monkey) for its interpreter.
That book’s author, Thorsten Ball, became her podcast’s first guest, explaining that his language was not so much designed as experimented into existence. (Later, other people suggested something similar — that Bellotti “pick something you like in another language and copy the implementation to start, because figuring out all the edge cases from scratch is really hard.”)
In that first podcast episode, Bellotti explained her concern that “tiny little design decisions I don’t even realize I’m making could have dramatic impacts… it does seem to be the case that programmers create languages without being able to fully anticipate exactly how they will be used or how technology will change around them.”
Things Get Complicated
There are moments where it all sounds so simple. (“What you’re doing when you write a programming language is actually writing a series of applications that take string input and translate it into something the machine can execute.”)
But things get complicated pretty quickly, and by episode three Bellotti started to see a pattern: “Confronting what feels like a tidal wave of information is becoming an all too familiar feeling on this project.” Yet, while considering a need for her language’s source code-interpreting parser, she realized that parsers can be auto-generated — as long as she can supply that tool with the necessary grammar rules.
“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,” she told her podcast audience.
She ends up talking to a linguist who studied under Noam Chomsky, who refers her to another linguistics professor, who begins by discussing whether language can be learned through the brute-force assimilation of machine learning, and ends up explaining why Chomsky’s “context-free grammar” ultimately became the basis for programming languages and compilers.
But there are resources to discover. Along the way, Bellotti found a Reddit forum about programming language design. (“This subreddit is full of great stories and people will give detailed explanations and encouragement, which is rare on the internet these days.”) She’s also found a forum for people building Domain Specific Languages.
By December, she’d received a comment from a grateful listener who was also writing their own programming language, and was glad to find a relevant podcast. And Bellotti acknowledged in a response that her whole journey “has been so much fun so far.”
Progress is clearly being made. By episode 12, Bellotti considered how hard it would be to add modules to her language. (“From my vantage point, being able to split a system specification into smaller parts means you get to reuse those parts and build progressively more complex systems that are in easily digestible chunks.”) And there’s also already an empty repository on GitHub that’s waiting expectantly for the code to arrive.
Then, in mid-April Bellotti announced that episode 12 would be the last one “for a while. I’ve made some design decisions that I feel really good about, but it’s clear that the only way to validate them is to write code and try things out.”
She’s also spending some time researching how to optimize her compiler, “But really, I just need to just be heads-down, hands-on-a-keyboard for a while on this.”
And so, the podcast has entered a productive hiatus, leaving listeners with this tantalizing promise.
“I’ll be back in a couple of months to let you know how that went.”
A Pipe Dream: Decline of Humanity
A pipe dream is something for which we are hopeful for but it seems fancy enough to be the reality of the present.
Does this indicate any incident which is happening right now but all we can do is hope for Pipe Dream to happen?
If you haven’t guessed yet but here I am talking about the Afghanistan crisis, the shift in the power of the country to the Taliban’s clutches.
The power shift, the race of afghans to save their lives everything happened just because a few people decided on their own that it’s time to let people die there, let people run for their lives just because that few people are strong and have power enough to do so or are there any reason behind the pullout?
But before diving into the conclusion, we all need to know some facts and reasons why they did that and even if they did can’t someone help them?
Many questions like this might be arising in many of our minds, So to answer a few and to find more this article is here.
The Story from the beginning
The army of the USA went to Afghanistan in 2001 to get even with the terrorist group involved in the 9/11 attack on Newyork and Washington under the supervision of leader Bin Laden.
Bin Laden was getting protection from the Taliban who were in power since 1996 and that was the point the USA needed to take things into their hand and hence with Nato allies a new government took place in 2004, but still, the Taliban was adamant with the attacks killing many in the process.
With this in 2014, the allies of Nato came to an end, handing over the responsibility to the Afghan army, allowing the Taliban for having more than half control over what was left.
And finally, in 2020 even America decided it’s time to save their troop and people from the Taliban and agreed on withdrawing in return for the safety of Americans and their allies from terrorist attacks in the future.
The turn of the Taliban
Was the Taliban always like this? And if they were always like this how did they had gained this power and why?
They emerged in the civil war of Afghanistan promising a decline in corruption and providing security to the people and just like that they started spreading and till 1998 they were all over the country and had almost complete control over people.
They started enforcing many rigid laws for men and women and even TV, music, and cinema all were banned.
And just like this, it was the rise of the fall of civil rights of people of Afghans.
The Catastrophe
The president of the US Mr. Joe Biden decided to plow away all the troops from the Afghans in the name of relocating their troops where they are needed most and where they can strengthen the USA army.
According to him, they were in Afghanistan to take revenge for the 9/11 attack and not to make any relation there and so now this will be the decision of the Afghans to decide what future they want for their own country and they will have to work for their self.
The catastrophe, the people of Afghans are being subject to is very near even though president Joe Biden believes that they have equipped and trained enough soldiers for this fight against the Taliban, the stats and predictions are predicting the fall of the Afghanistan army by the end of 6 months after the removal of army troops.
Top 5 crocodiles that are famous for their attacks
Crocodiles a huge creature indeed. And when this creature attacks then the scenerio is probably the deadliest. But these creatures have attacked not once or twice but uncountable times on humans. Here are 5 famous attacks of crocodiles, which will definitely give you goosebumps. They are known to kill 1000 people per year.
1) Gustave
Gustave a large male Nile crocodile from Burundi. He is regarded as man-eater and is rumoured to kill more than 300 people from the banks of the Ruzizi river and northern shores of Lake Tanganyika. He was greatly feared by the people. His age was approximately 65-66 years and he has a massive weight of 900kg.
2) Ricky Ganya- A teen who was eaten alive
In 2020, Ricky Ganya a teen who was just 14 years old, when this terrifying creature arrived, clawed and jumped on the boy and dragged him underwater. Boy’s aunt wittnessed the horrific incident and called for help. The emergency service help arrived but all in vain the deadly creature had fled with the boy.
They used chicken to lure the 14ft crocodile out of the water and then his stomach was checked where sadly the human remains of this missing teen was found.
3) Consumed whole
In June 2020, a woman named Fatimah, 45 was fishing in a river in north Kalimantan, Indonesia when she was attacked by the monsterous reptile. Her friends wittnessed the incident and heard the horrifying scream of Fatimah as the reptile dragged her underwater.
The next day this giant 19 foot long giant crocodile was caught by the angry residents. They cut opened the stomach of the giant croc and remove the limbs of the victim. Her head and other parts were later found nearby after been discarded by the massive croc.
4) Monster who fed upon 80 people
A 16ft, 75 years old beast named osama got his name after the notorious terrorist behind 9/11 attack. The reptile reign of terror took place from 1991-2005. This beast wiped out a tenth of the village’s population. According to reports,the beast would emerge from Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake to snatch kids and swim beneath fishing boats purposely to capture then. It bought a great terror among villagers.
Paul narrated that he and his brother was fishing. He was rowing the boat while his brother Peter was fishing from the front when osama arrived and snatched his brother. Peter was screaming from pain and for help he hold his brother and for five minutes they fought until Paul heard a tearing sound. Paul added that Peter shouted that he has broken his leg then he let go his brother and he was dragged by the monster into the water. A few days later Peter’s head and arms were found.
5) Dad’s attempt to save his son
On 3rd March 2021, Dimas mulkan a 8 year old boy was the victim of the massive 26ft crocodile.
The little boy was fishing with his father, when he strayed further from the shore where this massive croc suddenly jumped on him in Tempakul river, East Kalimantan. Seeing this massive monster dragging his son Dimas father, subliansyah sawn after the crocodile and punched him and tried to release it’s son but all in vain the deadly monster swallowed the little boy.
Next day on March 4 the crocodile was found and Dimas body was found inside the monsters stomach,lifeless.
Mini Movie Review|It touched the hearts but not the brains
A character played by Kirti Sanon personifies surrogacy through Mimi who was aspired to chase her dreams but couldn’t fulfill it.
Nothing like you are expecting!!
Cast: Kirti Sanon, Pakaj Tripathi, Sai Tamhankar, Supriya Pathak, Manoj Pahwa
Director: Laxman Utekar
In a patriarchal society like India, women have always been under the umbrella of the community. It’s barely seen in the families who support a girl’s dream and accept her to be a dancer.
The movie begins with the introduction of a foreign couple who came to India in the search of a surrogate. After long hours of work, they were finally able to find a girl with the help of the driver (a role played by Pankaj Tripathi) in a hotel. Mimi(the girl) was a dancer and getting influenced by its flexibility they decided to offer her 20 lakhs to be the surrogate. Being an ambitious 25-year old woman agrees to take the risk for the same of becoming a famous Bollywood actress. She decides to live at her friend’s house by convincing the parents saying, she is going to a film shoot. With the required procedure, Mimi becomes the surrogate, and for the first four months, she was having a good time with the pregnancy. However, after eight months tests revealed that the baby is suffering from some mental disorder. This news outraged the couple and they decided not to accept the baby after birth and told Mimi to abort. This became the turning point in her life. She sacrificed all her dreams by deciding to give birth to the child and raise him. Later, the couple returned to her after 2 years when they came to know that the baby was born healthy. Mimi refused to give the child back and in the end, they decided to adopt a girl.
Message
- A girl is also born with a dream and her character is not decided with what she pursues but what she is.
- The support of family is crucial in the darkest times. Mimi faced all the criticisms from society but her parents never let her alone and accepted her as she was.
- Killing is not an option. It’s not the fault of a child to be born unhealthy.
- One loyal friend is more important than a group of unloyal ones. The driver and the friend were with Mimi till the end, helping her go through all the difficulties with a smile.
Every coin has two sides. Even though the movie won the hearts of the audience, it faced several criticisms like not following the laws related to a sensitive topic of surrogacy, using the term casually, and disrespect towards the decision of abortions.
It played with the emotions well, yet failed to manipulate the thoughts.
ENTREPRENEUR
MEANING
A person who sets up a business or businesses,organises,manages and takes for granted on financial risks in the hope of profit is known as ‘entrepreneur’.
An entrepreneur is a rare person who can visualise and materialise water in the desert. His foresightedness, vision,motivation, persistent efforts the ability to presume the risks involved and their outcomes, and the thrust to achieve the desired goal, facilitate him to convert his ideas into reality. The water in the desert here refers to a scarce commodity, hence an entrepreneur visualises this need or the need arising in near future and grabs this opportunity or challenge, before others can think about it.
Definition
According to Richard Cantillon, “An entrepreneur is a person who buys factors services at certain prices with a view to selling its product at uncertain price”.
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs:
- Determination to succeed
- Independence
- Risk-taking
- Ability to control
- Perseverance
- Flexibility
- Analytical ability of mind
- Confronting uncertainty
- Stress takers
- Innovative and creative
- Ability to mobilise resources
- Leadership.
Functions of Entrepreneurs
- Idea generation
- Fund raising
- Procurement of machinery
- Determination of ownership
- Determination of objectives
- Procurement of raw materials
- Market research
- Recruitment of manpower.
- In other words, an enterpreneur is one who discovers innovative ideas, advances them into products and services, and follows it’s feat persistently with untiring spirit. In this way, they taste the success and show the real meaning of the word ‘entrepreneur’. These entrepreneur having the initiating and action-taking ability, are responsible for the existence of different successful ventures. There is a misconception about entrepreneurs that they are opportunity-seekers and selfish people, but in reality they are highly driven people trying to find solutions to the “needs of the people”
Forms of Economic Analysis: Micro vs. Macro
Micro and Macro-economics
The subject matter of economics has been divided into two parts Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. These terms were first coined and used by Ragnar Frisch and have now been adopted by the economists all over the world. Nowadays one can hardly come across a text book on modern economic analysis which does not divide its analysis into two parts, one dealing with microeconomics and the other with macroeconomics.
The term microeconomics is derived from the Greek word mikros meaning “small” and the term macroeconomics is derived from the Greek word makros meaning “largo.” Thus, microeconomies deals with the analysis of small individual units of the economy such as individual firms and small aggregates or groups of individual units such as various industries and markets.
On the other hand, macroeconomics concerns itself with the analysis of the economy as a whole and its large aggregates such as total national output and income, total employment, total consumption, aggregate investment. Thus, according to K E Boulding, “Microeconomics is the study of particular fums, particular households, individual prices, wages, Incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.”
About macroeconomics he remarles, “Macroeconomics deals not with individual quantities as such but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual incomes but with the national Income; not with individual prices but with the price level; not with individual outputs but with the national output “.
- MICROECONOMICS
As stated above, microeconomics studies the economic actions and behaviour of individual units and small groups of individual units. In microeconomic theory we discuss how the various cells of economic organism, that is, the various units of the economy such as thousands of consumers, thousands of producers or firms, thousands of workers and resource suppliers in the economy do their economic activities and reach their equilibrium states. In other words, in microeconomics we make a microscope study of the economy.
But it should be remembered that microeconomics does not study the economy in Its totality. Instead, in microeconomics we discuss equilibrium of innumerable units of the economy piecemeal and their interrelationship to each other.
” For instance, in microeconomic analysis we study the demand of an individual consumer for a good and from there go on to derive the market demand for the good (that is, demand of a group of individuals consuming a particular group).
Examples of Microeconomic variables: Demand of a commodity, Supply of a commodity, Income of a consumer, Price of the commodity etc.
Examples of Microeconomic theories/study: Law of demand, Law of supply, Determination of consumer equilibrium, Determination of producer equilibrium etc.
-> Importance of Micro Economics
I. Price Determination:
Micro economics helps in elucidation how the prices of diverse commodities are determined. It also explicates how the prices of various aspects of production such as rent for land, wages for labour, interest for capital and profits for entrepreneur are decided in the commodity and factor market.
II. Working of a Free Market Economy:
Free market economy is the economy where the economic pronouncements regarding production of goods such as ‘What to produce, How much to produce, How to produce etc.’ are taken by private individuals. These verdicts are based on the inclination of the consumer or demand for the product. Micro economics theory helps in grasping the working of the free market economy.
III. International Trade & Public Finance:
Micro economics helps to elucidate many international trade facets like impacts of tariff, determination of exchange rates, advantages from international trade etc. It is also beneficial in public finance to analyse both, the occurrences as well as effect of a specific tax.
IV. Utilization of Resources:
Micro economics helps in elucidating how the scarce resources can be effectually and efficiently utilized by the producers in order to achieve highest output.
V. Model Building:
Micro economics helps in grasping various complex economic situations with its modest models. It has made an imperative contribution to the science of economics by the development of numerous terms, concepts, terminologies, tools of economic evaluation etc.
VI. Helps in Taking Business Decisions:
Micro economic theories are beneficial to businessmen for taking decisive business decisions. These decisions comprise the cost of production, values, maximum output, consumer’s preferences, demand and supply of the product etc.
VII. Useful to Government:
Micro economics is that subdivision of economics which is related with the study of economic behaviour of individual economic units. It is beneficial in building economic policies such as taxation policy, public expenditure policy, price policy etc. These policies aid the government to reach its goal of efficient distribution of resources and promoting economic wellbeing of the society.
VIII. Basis of Welfare Economics:
Micro economics endorses economic and social welfare by making finest utilization of the resources, thereby evading wastage.
- MACROECONOMICS
Macroeconomics is a Study of Aggregates. We now turn to explain the approach and content of macroeconomics. ‘As said above, word macro is derived from the Greek word ‘makros’ meaning large and therefore macroeconomics is concerned with the economic activity in the large.
Macroeconomic analyses the behaviour of the whole economic system in totality or entirety. In other words, macroeconomic studies the behaviour of the large aggregates such as total employment, the national product or income, the general price level of the economy. Therefore, macroeconomics is also known as aggregative economics. Macroeconomics analyses and establishes the functional relationship between these large aggregates. Thus Professor Boulding says, “Macroeconomics deals not with individual quantities as such but with the aggregates of these quantities; not with individual incomes but with the national income, not with individual prices but with the price level; not with individual output but with the national output.
“Macroeconomics, then, is that part of the subject which deals with large aggregates and averages of the system rather than with particular items in it and attempts to define these aggregates in a useful manner and to examine their relationships. ” Professor Gardner Ackley makes the distinction between the two types more clear and specific when he writes, macroeconomics concerns itself with such variables as the aggregate volume of output in an economy, with the extent to which its resources are employed, with the size of the national income, with the general price level”. Microeconomics, on the other hand, deals with the division of total output among industries, products and firms and the allocation of resources among competing uses. It considers problems of income distribution. Its interest is in relative prices of particular goods and services.
Examples of Macroeconomic variables : Aggregate supply, Aggregate demand, National income, Total output etc.
Examples of Macroeconomic studies/theories : Determination of equilibrium level of income, Determination of foreign exchange rate, Determination of govt. budget etc.
-> Importance of macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is a vibrant concept that studies the whole nation and works for the welfare of the economy. It is beneficial for the timing of economic variations to prevent or be prepared for any financial crisis or any long – term adverse situations. The system of fiscal and monetary policies rest on entirely on the examination of the widely held macroeconomic situations in the nation. Macroeconomics mainly purposes to help the Government and the financial bodies to fix economic stability in the country. This course of economics gives a broader viewpoint of social or national issues. The ones who want to provide to the welfare of society need to study macroeconomics. It guarantees or keeps a check over the appropriate functioning of the country’s economy and real position. The analysis of macroeconomics concepts and issues helps the economists to understand the causes and possible explanations of such macro-level problems. Dealing with numerous economic situations through the use of macro-economic data unlocks the door for development in the country.
Dotcom
A dotcom, or dot-com, is a company that conducts business primarily through a website. A dotcom company embraces the Internet as the key component in its business. The businesses are normally conducted through a website with the domain “.com” in the URL. Popular dotcom companies include Amazon.com, eBay.com, Priceline.com, coupons.com, and shuttelfly.com. The companies survived the burst of the dot-com bubble.
The Dotcom Bubble Burst
People started a dotcom or a website for almost everything, right from buying groceries from nearby grocers to buying pencils, but they did not figure out how much money they spent on making the website and buying space and designing it. They did not even access how much money they should make by selling their products to recover the cost because they had funds from others supporting them. Later, when the supporting people who funded their website started asking how they would recover money, the founders were clueless. So, the website was shut down. This happened all over the world. Then, the venture capitalists or the VCs (the people who fund other people to start a business) became careful about the money they were spending to avoid losses. This caused a lot of disappointment among people who wanted to start a venture. Hence, the dotcom bubble busted.
It was like bargaining for onions
An eleven-year-old from Bangalore sold off his excess sandwiches, made by his mom to his friends; perhaps this was his first venture.
When he attended a lecture at Standford University, he learned about the history of founders like Steve Jobs or Scott McNealy. He thought to himself, “This is no big deal, I can do this.”
This is the story of none other than Indian – Sabeer Bhatia, the person who founded hotmail.com.
Working in Apple Computers, he hated it when others had access to his company email. He decided to form an email system that could be accessed only by the owner, and no matter where he was, he could check his inbox and receive emails for free.
He was rejected by 19 funding organizations. Finally, a company agreed because it felt introducing a free email service would revolutionize the Internet.
The day hotmail was launched; servers were flooded with people signing up. Thousands and thousands of people flocked to sign up every day.
By year-end, they were greeting their millionth customer. When Microsoft came knocking, 12 months later, they’d signed up nearly 10 million users. But what were 10 million subscribers worth?
Bhatia didn’t know how to sell a company. But he did know how to buy onions. “In India, you’ve got to negotiate for everything,” he says. “Even while buying vegetables, you’ve got to negotiate.” When the bargaining started, Bhatia felt right at home. “They came in low with $160 million, so I came in at $700 million! And when they said: that’s ridiculous! Are you out of your mind?” I knew it was just a ploy. Bhatia won’t budge and finally, they had to succumb.
Microsoft purchased hotmail.com for a whopping 400 million dollars.
There are plenty of options available to you if you wish to choose a career in a dotcom company. Here are a few of them :
- Venture Capitalist
- Web Developer
- Web Designer
Importance of education
The best definition of education?
Education is define as the ” Process of gaining knowledge. The process of training and developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc by formal schooling, teaching, training.
True education means beyond earning degree it is more than bookish knowledge.
types of education:
Formal education: under that
- school/ institution involved
- Has hierarchical structure
- Uniform full time and proper
- Subject oriented
- Certificate/degree
Informal education:
- Practical adult learning
- Diversity in method and content
- Mobilize local resources
- Built on learned participation
- Real life example of learning
Non- formal education:
- Very long process
- Learning from experience
- Learning from home
- Learning from work
- Learning from environment.
Why education is the key to success?
Education lessens the challenge you will face in life. The more knowledge you gain the more opportunity will open up to allow individual to achieve better possibilities in career and personal growth.
Does education change a person:
Education can stimulate economic growth less directly, increasing innovation, productivity and human capital. And education also has a history of fostering positive social change by encouraging things like political participate, social equality, and environment sustainability.
Education important:
Education shows us the importance of hard work and at the same time help us grow and develop. It teaches us to live in harmony.
How to stay mentally healthy
Good mental health is characterised by a person’s ability to fulfil a number of key functions and activities, including : the ability to learn, the ability to feel, express and manage a range of positive and negative emotions, & the ability to form and maintain good relationships with others. Who doesn’t want to be strong mentally?
Here are some methods for good mental health :
1. Value yourself
While self-worth is more emotional, self-value is more behavioural. This is where we take the foundation of how we feel about ourselves and put it to work. Self-value is the driving vehicle that allows us to walk the walk and act in ways that align with what we value. This shows up in the way we talk to people or in steps we take to speak our truth. Both self-worth and self-value feed off of one another, but it’s helpful to point out the subtle differences. Treat yourself with kindness and respect, and avoid self-criticism. Make time for your hobbies and favourite projects, or broaden your horizons. Do a daily crossword puzzle, plant a garden, take dance lessons, learn to play an instrument or become fluent in another language
2. Give yourself
Volunteer your time and energy to help someone else. You’ll feel good about doing something tangible to help someone in need and it’s a great way to meet new people.
Healthy Ways to Take a Mental Break :
- Get Outside. Getting outside and enjoying the fresh air is a great way to renew your energy
- Be Active
- Meditate
- Treat Yourself
- Drink Water
- Make Time to Socialise
3. Take care of your body
Taking better care of our bodies means increased energy levels, and a better ability to accomplish our daily goals. It means better ability to concentrate on any given task, and that our tasks will take less time to complete. Taking care of yourself physically can improve your mental health. Be sure to :
- Eat nutritious meals
- Avoid smoking and vaping
- Drink plenty of water
- Exercise, which helps decrease depression and anxiety and improve moods
- Get enough sleep. Researchers believe that lack of sleep contributes to a high rate of depression in college students.
4. Surround yourself with good people
When you surround yourself with positive people, you’re more likely to adopt empowering beliefs and see life as happening for you instead of to you. Just as you benefit when you surround yourself with people who make you happy, you suffer when those in your business or social circles are negative or narrow-minded. People with strong family or social connections are generally healthier than those who lack a support network. Make plans with supportive family members and friends, or seek out activities where you can meet new people, such as a club, class or support group.
5. Quiet your mind
Try meditating, mindfulness or prayer. Relaxation exercises and prayer can improve your state of mind and outlook on life. In fact, research shows that meditation may help you feel calm and enhance the effects of therapy. Silencing the mind does not mean stopping to think at all. It means thinking when you need to think, but keeping the mind calm when you don’t need to think.
6. Learn how to deal with stress
Like it or not, stress is a part of life. Practice good coping skills: Try One-Minute Stress Strategies, exercise, take a nature walk, play with your pet or try journal writing as a stress reducer. Also, remember to smile and see the humour in life. Research shows that laughter can boost your immune system, ease pain, relax your body and reduce stress.
7. Set realistic goals
Decide what you want to achieve academically, professionally and personally, and write down the steps you need to realize your goals. Aim high, but be realistic and don’t over-schedule. You’ll enjoy a tremendous sense of accomplishment and self-worth as you progress toward your goal. Wellness Coaching can help you develop goals and stay on track.
8. Avoid alcohol and other drugs
Keep alcohol use to a minimum and avoid other drugs. Sometimes people use alcohol and other drugs to “self-medicate” but in reality, alcohol and other drugs only aggravate problems.
Some ways to avoid using alcohol :
- Keep a diary of your drinking
- Don’t keep alcohol in your house
- Choose alcohol-free days
- Watch for peer pressure
- Set a drinking goal
9. Break up the monotony
Although our routines make us more efficient and enhance our feelings of security and safety, a little change of pace can perk up a tedious schedule. Alter your jogging route, plan a road-trip, take a walk in a different park, hang some new pictures or try a new restaurant.
5 Ways to Break the Monotony of Your Routine
- Start your morning with something different
- Add some new scenery to your day
- Shake up your lunch break
- Listen to music
- Review your habits regularly
10. Get help when you need it
Seeking help is a sign of strength not a weakness. And it is important to remember that treatment is effective. People who get appropriate care can recover from mental illness and addiction and lead full, rewarding lives. Asking for help allows us to surround ourselves with people who can make us feel good and facilitate further development. These people create optimism and hope that we are able to deal with challenging situations, which improves our resilience.
Six plans which PM Modi needs to arrive by any means, and need for a quantum hop in approach 2024
PM Narendra Modi’s push in his Independence Day discourse for “100% immersion” of government plans includes six key drives, which however have arrived at a huge populace up until now, need a quantum hop in the approach 2024 when Modi would look for a third term in office as PM.
As rattled off by the PM himself, these plans are Ayushman Bharat which offers free clinical protection, Ujjwala Yojana that offers free LPG associations, the twin extra security plans upheld by the public authority, Atal Pension plot, the PM Housing Scheme, and Har Ghar Jal Scheme for drinking water. Four of them carried out in Modi’s initial term and assumed a part in his 2019 success while ‘Ayushman Bharat’ and ‘Har Ghar Jal’ solely affect the ground in Modi’s second term up until now.
“Crores of individuals are getting the advantages of many plans began over the most recent seven years. Today the speed of government plans has expanded and they are accomplishing the ideal objectives. We have advanced a lot quicker than previously. However, it doesn’t end here. We need to accomplish immersion. We need to push forward with an outlook of penny percent accomplishment… for this, we don’t need to keep a far off cut off time. We need to make our goals work out inside a couple of years,” the Prime Minister said from the Red Fort.
Ayushman Bharat – Lot to be finished
Dispatched in late 2018 not long before the Lok Sabha surveys, Ayushman Bharat should give free clinical protection family front of Rs 5 lakh to almost 50 crore individuals in the country. While the plan has no objectives given the idea of the plan includes clinical help, around 10 crore recipients have cards so far to approve their qualification for the plan, suggesting that almost 40 crore recipients are still to get these cards from the Centre. Different states have likewise stretched out the plan to cover 15 crores more individuals and have offered cards to 6 crores of such individuals up until now.
The two greatest states with the most recipients, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, are slacking on this front of appropriating cards with 1.4 Cr and 70 lakh cards dispersed so far separately however both these states have almost 10 Cr recipients each. Two crore medical clinic confirmations have been accounted for under the plan to date with claims worth Rs 25,000 crore. In any case, UP and Bihar have revealed far less affirmations up until this point, at 7.7 lakh and 2.9 lakh separately, and more modest states have performed better, showing the plan’s mindfulness in UP and Bihar isn’t as wanted up until this point.
Ujjwala Yojana — Best Saturation
The free LPG association plan of Ujjwala was finished in front of the cut-off time in 2019 for eight crore recipients who didn’t have a gas association in the country. This was a distinct advantage conspire for the Modi government in the 2019 races. PM last week dispatched a second form of the plan in which one crore more recipients will get a free LPG association that is relied upon to convert into full LPG entrance in the country. Inside seven days of the dispatch, more than three lakhs of these associations have been given out and the public authority might accomplish its objective in 2021 itself.
Two Life Insurance Schemes — Need a Push
The two disaster protection plans dispatched in Modi’s initial term have seen unassuming improvement and have scope for more inclusion. They are wilful. PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) has 23.6 crore recipients as of date between the age of 18-70 who pay only Rs 12 as an expense in a year to get inadvertent extra security of Rs 2 lakh. The take-up of the PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) is lesser at just 10.5 crore recipients between the age of 18-50 who pay Rs 330 every year for a front of Rs 2 lakh if there should be an occurrence of death.
There are almost 55 crore individuals in the country in the age gathering of 18-50 years and around 65 crores in the age bunch 18-70 years.
Atal Pension Yojana — Big Scheme, Low Uptake
Just 3.13 crore individuals have selected themselves into the Atal Pension Yojana dispatched in PM Modi’s initial term as a feature of an aspiring point of a ‘general government backed retirement framework’. The plan is near the public authority’s heart as it offers a month-to-month annuity of Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 to any individual get-togethers age of 60 years relying upon how much premium he decides to pay, moves the annuity advantage to the companion of the recipient after their demise and moves the whole corpus of benefits abundance till the age of 60 years to the candidate after several passes away. The plan is available to anybody between 18-40 years old to join and this age bunch has more than 45 crore youngsters in the country.
PM Housing Scheme — 2022 point
This is one plan that is doing sensibly well against its aggressive objective of giving each vagrant a house before the finish of 2022. Against a new objective of conveying about 2.67 crore houses before the finish of 2022, 1.53 crore houses (60%) have been finished up until now and another 48 lakhs have been endorsed and are in different phases of development. The public authority is expecting to finish 2.01 crore houses consequently by March 2022 and the remainder of the objective (65 lakh houses) before the finish of 2022. Large states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are anyway battling, covering under half and 40% generally speaking objective of theirs individually up until this point.
Har Ghar Jal — Game-Changer for 2024?
The funnelled drinking water for all plan dispatched in Modi government’s second term on Independence Day in 2019 could be the genuine distinct advantage for the BJP come 2024, as it has an objective for culmination around the same time. Just 17% of the nation’s families, about 3.2 crore, had faucet water associations when the plan started, and this has effectively ascended to 42% as of date with 4.7 crore associations given over the most recent two years. The Center has an aggressive point of going after the plan early in 2023, preceding the overall appointment of 2024. For that to occur, the greatest territory of Uttar Pradesh should beat as it actually has just 17% faucet water immersion with 32 lakhs out of 2.6 crore families covered up until this point. West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have under 15% inclusion. Rajasthan is at 20%.
Narendra Modi’s words from Red Fort are a message additionally to focal government divisions running these plans to propel themselves for 100% immersion. “The greatest benefit of this 100% achievement rate is that nobody stays denied of the advantages of the public authority plot. At the point when the public authority works with an objective to contact the individual in the last line, really at that time there is no separation and there is no degree for debasement,” the PM focused from the Red Fort on Sunday.
Radiation
What is radiation?
The movement of electromagnetic wave without any physical contact of a body is called radiation. Example – light coming from the sun. Heat transfer form hoter to colder body.
All bodies radiate some energy except at zero Calvin. The energy emitted by the body is in the form of packets or quanta of energy called photon.
When the radiation is incident on the surface of a body some fractional part of energy is being absorbed by the surface, some fractional part of energy being transmitted by the surface and some fractional part being reflected by the surface.
The fractional part which is absorbed by the body is called absorbitivity of that body and it is denoted by sigma. The fractional part which is reflected by the body is called reflectivity and it is denoted by row. The fractional part which is transmitted by the body is called transmissivity and it is denoted by tow. Mathematical expressions for this
ρ + α + τ = 1
Where ρ is reflectivity, α is absorbitivity and τ is transmissivity.
The value of these are depend upon
1 nature of surface of the body
2 Temperature of the body. – greater the temperature greater will be the radiation
3 wavelength of the incident rays.
Black body
The body that absorbed all the radiation, and does not trasmite or reflect any radiation is called black body. i. e α =1 and ρ =τ=0. It doesn’t mean that for the black body the body should be black. For example snow which is white in colour and whose absorbitivity is 0.955 that is very near to the 1, hence it is a black body.
White body
The body which which reflects all the radiation is called white body. i.e α = τ = 0, ρ = 1.
Gray body
It is a hypothetical body because the value of absorbitivity, reflectivity and transmissivity does not varies with temperature. ρ + α + τ =1
Women empowerment
Women empowerment is the process of empowering women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoint or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training.
How can I empower women and girls?
standing with and investing in women is an Important start. From workplace and school to home and committee, women
gender equality underpins all of the world Vision work and there are many great activities you can get involved in to support the rights of women in developing countries.
Why do we need women empowerment:
Women’s empowerment is really needed in the societies. It’s so important for women self-esteem and also for societies. Empowering women is to give women the right. Women can equal rights to participate in education, society, economy and politically.
Empowering feminist Quote from inspiring women:
I raise up my voice- not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard.
if couse I am not worried about intimidating men.
how can I empower women and girls:
standing with and investing in women is an important start. From workplace and school to home and communities.
How world Vision is helping empower women?
we believe that healthy educated and empower women and girls are agents of change.
when women and girls are support they gain opportunity to speak up for their right and also to advocate for their communities.
they are also able to rise in social standing, and they can feel into future generations.
Tips to learn a new language faster
Learning a new language often considered as really tough task, but is it true? Maybe for some, but the real truth is if followed right resources and direction is definitely an task to do so. So for this here are some tips that might help you.
1) Know about the language that you are going to learn
By writing this I mean one should know what language is he or she going to learn. If you have clear idea of what actually you are going to learn will help you to set almost perfect goals which will ultimately help you to do what you want.
2) Set goals
Setting goals to learn a new language will help you to go far and keep yourself ahead. Goal setting should be done after being familiar by the subject.
3) Set small goals
Setting small goals will help you to complete your work on given time. Setting small goals will also help you to analyse yourself and keep your records on track.
4) Analyse yourself
Analysing is an art if done properly will take you way to far. Whenever do things do them on time and analyse what mistakes you make or what are the problem that you have encountered.
5) Challenge yourself
This part will help you to grow. grow beyond your limits. But one thing to keep in mind while doing so is do not challenge yourself more than what will harm you. Doing this in moderation will definitely help but if done excessive will also harm.
6) Use the language as frequently as you can
If you do so it will help you to retain things faster. It will also help you to clear your vocabulary and pronunciation and also will help you to keep everything you learn stored in your brain for a long time.
7) Test yourself
At the end complete your learning and test your self this will help you to know how much you have learn about the language.
Hope you will like my blog follow the steps and go ahead. Happy learning!
Lucid Dreams
What are lucid dreams?
Lucid dreams occur when you are aware that you are dreaming while sleeping.You’re aware that the events that are flashing across your mind aren’t genuine. However, the dream is vivid and real. You could even be able to guide the action in your sleep, as if you were directing a movie. According to studies, roughly half of all adults have had at least one lucid dream. However, they are unlikely to occur frequently, usually only a few times per year.
When do lucid dreams happen?
Lucid dreams are most common during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is characterised by rapid eye movement, faster breathing, and increased brain activity. About 90 minutes after falling asleep, you normally enter REM sleep. It lasts approximately ten minutes. Each REM cycle lasts longer than the one before it, eventually reaching an hour.
Lucid Dreams Research
Neuroscientists are baffled as to how and why lucid dreams occur. They do, however, have some suggestions. For one instance, research have discovered physical differences in the brains of those who have lucid dreams versus those who don’t. People who have lucid dreams have a larger prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for high-level processes such as decision-making and memory recall. That shows that people who are most prone to have lucid dreams are self-reflective individuals who ruminate on their own thoughts. In a tiny study conducted in Germany, individuals’ brain electrical activity was monitored as they slept. According to the findings, lucid dreaming may be a kind of “in-between state” in which you aren’t entirely awake but also not fully sleeping. Some sleep researchers believe that lucid dreams can occur outside of REM sleep, which was previously regarded to be the only moment when people dreamed.
Benefits of Lucid Dreams
Lucid dreams may assist your waking life by providing advantages such as:
– Less Anxiety: There is less anxiety. The sense of control you experience during a lucid dream may linger and make you feel powerful. You can mould the tale and the finale after you realise you’re in a dream. This could be used as a form of treatment for people who suffer from nightmares, teaching them how to manage their dreams.
– Better motor skills: Some research suggests that by “practising” in a lucid dream, you might be able to improve simple things like tapping your fingers faster. Whether you visualise the actions while awake or run through them in a lucid dream, the same area of your brain becomes engaged.
– Improved Problem-solving skills: Researchers discovered evidence that lucid dreams can assist people address difficulties involving creativity (such as a disagreement with another person) rather than reasoning (such as a math problem).
– Increased creativity: Some participants in lucid dream studies were able to generate new ideas or insights, sometimes with the assistance of characters in their dreams.
Dangers of Lucid Dreams
Lucid dreaming can lead to a variety of issues, including:
– Sleep deprivation: Vivid dreams might wake you up and make it difficult to fall back asleep. And if you’re too concentrated on lucid dreaming, you can have trouble sleeping.
– Confusion, delirium, and hallucinations: Lucid dreams can cause confusion, delirium, and hallucinations in people with certain mental health problems.
Green Tea and 6 Reasons Why You Should Drink It Daily
Green tea is often regarded as one of the world’s healthiest beverages. It’s high in antioxidants, which have a variety of health benefits, including:
– enhanced mental performance
– slimming down
– anti-cancer protection
– reducing the risk of coronary artery disease
1. Contains Healthy Bioactive Compounds: Green tea is more than just a drink that keeps you hydrated. The green tea plant has a variety of beneficial substances that make their way into the finished beverage. Tea is high in polyphenols, which are natural substances with health advantages such as inflammation reduction and cancer prevention. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a catechin found in green tea (EGCG). Catechins are natural antioxidants that aid in the prevention of cell damage as well as providing other advantages. These chemicals can protect cells and molecules from damage by reducing the generation of free radicals in the body. These free radicals contribute to ageing and a variety of ailments. One of the most potent components in green tea is EGCG. Its ability to assist treat a variety of ailments has been studied. It appears to be one among the key chemicals responsible for the therapeutic benefits of green tea. Green tea also contains trace minerals that are beneficial to your health.
2. Increases Fat Burning: If you look at the ingredients list of any fat-burning supplement, you’ll almost certainly see green tea. This is because green tea has been shown to increase fat burning and metabolic rate in studies. Green tea extract boosted the quantity of calories burnt by 4% in a research involving ten healthy men. Green tea extract boosted fat oxidation by 17 percent in another study involving 12 healthy males when compared to those who took a placebo.
However, some research on green tea have found no increase in metabolism, suggesting that the effects may vary depending on the individual and how the study was conducted.
3. May Protect The Brain From Aging: Green tea has been shown to increase brain function in the near term as well as protect the brain as it ages. Alzheimer’s disease is a widespread neurological illness that is the leading cause of dementia among seniors. Another prevalent neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease, which is characterised by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Green tea catechin chemicals have been shown in several studies to have diverse protective effects on neurons in test tubes and animal models, potentially lowering the incidence of dementia.
4. May Improve Brain Function: Green tea may assist increase brain function in addition to keeping you alert. Caffeine, a well-known stimulant, is the main active component. It doesn’t have as much caffeine as coffee, but it’s enough to elicit a response without generating the jittery affects that come with too much caffeine. Caffeine impacts the brain by inhibiting adenosine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. This enhances neuronal activity and neurotransmitter concentrations such as dopamine and norepinephrine. Caffeine has been found in studies to increase mood, vigilance, response time, and memory, among other aspects of brain function.
5. Antioxidants May Lower the Risk of Some Cancer: Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell development. It is one of the major causes of death in the world. Oxidative damage has been linked to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to chronic diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants can aid in the prevention of oxidative damage. Green tea is high in antioxidants and is a great source of them. Green tea components have been associated to a lower risk of cancer in studies such as these:
Breast cancer: Breast cancer is a disease that affects women. According to a meta-analysis of observational studies, women who drank more green tea had a 20–30 percent lower risk of breast cancer, one of the most frequent diseases in women.
Prostate cancer: Prostate cancer is a disease that affects men. Men who drank green tea had a decreased chance of advanced prostate cancer, according to one study.
Colorectal cancer: Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon. Green tea drinkers were 42 percent less likely to acquire colorectal cancer, according to a review of 29 research.
Green tea users are less likely to acquire numerous types of cancer, according to many observational studies, but more high-quality research is needed to corroborate these findings.
Avoid adding milk to your tea to obtain the maximum health advantages. According to certain research, it may lower the antioxidant value of various teas.
SEVEN INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT SPACE
1.In 3.75 billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will collide.
The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way- where our solar system is at a rate of around 110 kilometers per second (68 mi/s) and, the two will collide to form a giant elliptical galaxy.
2.Andromeda is probably the most massive galaxy in the Local Group.
There are around 1 trillion stars in the Andromeda galaxy, compared with the Milky Way, which has 200-400 billion.
3.If two pieces of the same type of metal touch in space, they will permanently bond.
This incredible fact is also known as cold welding, and it happens because the atoms of two pieces of metal have no way of knowing they are separate. It doesn’t happen on Earth because of the air and water found between the pieces.
4.The Moon was once a piece of Earth.
The theory is that when Earth was a relatively young planet, was struck by a giant object, and this collision broke a piece of the Earth away to create the moon. This piece then began to orbit the Earth as a result of its gravitational pull.
5.Space is completely silent.
Sound waves need a medium to travel through. Since there is no atmosphere in the vacuum of space, the realm between stars will always be eerily silent. Astronauts use radio waves to communicate.
6.The Apollo astronauts’ footprints on the moon will probably stay there for at least 100 million years.
Since the moon doesn’t have an atmosphere, there’s no wind or water to erode or wash away the Apollo astronauts’ mark on the moon. That means their footprints, overprints, spaceship prints, and discarded materials will stay preserved on the moon for a very long time. Erosion is still happening on the moon, just very slowly.
7.Some planets have no surface to land on.
There are four gas giants in our solar system — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune — where it wouldn’t be possible to land on. Although different in composition, a gas giant is usually made out of hydrogen and helium and has a small rocky center.
Why do we have 10 fingers?
Scientists have several ideas why humans can high-five each other instead of, say, high four or high six. One theory suggests four fingers and a thumb on each hand are the perfect number and length to grip objects firmly. (Another study suggests we can gasp most things with just our thumb and index finger if necessary ; the other four fingers are spares).
The process of evolution determined the most beneficial number of fingers and toes for our survival. Pandas, after all, have thumblike digits to help them grasp bamboo shoots, while some birds have quadruple digits for perching and tucking away during flight. Occasionally, babies are born with extra fingers and toes (a condition known as polydactyly), but those additional digits have never offered enough of an edge to survive to later generations. In other words, evolution determined that five fingers per hand are just right for humans.
Why do we have thumbs?
Having no thumbs would make you all thumbs, fumbling to tie your shoes or assemble a hamburger. (Don’t believe us? Tape one of your thumbs against the side of your hand and see how hard life becomes). We inherited a fully “opposable” thumb named for its ability to close tip-to-tip against our other fingers – grom our primate ancestors around two million years ago. These ancient relatives needed handier hands to help get a grip on simple tools. So give a thumbs – up to your thumbs. So give a thumbs – up to your thumbs. They are the main reasons you can text with one hand and build a burger without fumbling the bun.
Do other animals have thumbs beside us?
Lots of them, although the exact number depends on your definition of “thumbs”. Apes and many monkeys have opposable thumbs just like us, while smaller primates, pandas, and koalas have thumblike digits and claws that help them grip plants and prey.
Why do we have fingerprints?
Those whirls, swirls, loops, and arches on your fingertips (and toes, in case you didn’t know) are hnique to you – even if you have an identical twin – and they remain unchanged throughout your entire life. In fact, the faint ridges known as fingerprints form before you have ever born. Fluids in the womb put pressure on your developing digits, which, combined with your rate of growth and genetic makeup, create one-of-a-kind designs.
Okay, but why do we have fingerprints?
Ah, you want to know the point of those fingertip designs ( well, besides incriminating crooks who forget to wear gloves). Scientist have put forth all sorts of possible reasons. Fingerprints might magnify the hand’s ability to detect vibrations, for example, or improve our sense of touch. They also might work like tyre trying to help They also might work like tire treads to help us grip objects.
Why do my fingers wrinkle when we’ve been swimming?
You might think that playing in the pool or soaking in the tub makes your fingertips and toes waterlogged and soggy. Not so ! The prune effect is caused by blood vessels bringing just below the skin – an automatic reaction triggered by your nervous system when it senses long exposure to water. Scientists think people evolved this reaction to improve their grip and traction in wet environments. After all, pruny fingers make it easier to snag slippery fish.
Why can we pop our knuckles?
When you move or bend your fingers, you occasionally squeeze tiny air bubbles that form in the protective fluid around your body’s joints.Those poping bubbles create an audible crack.
References :
WHY? – Answers to everything, Image publications.
STETHOSCOPE
” stethoscope is only jewellery that can’t be earned by money. It can only be earned by passion and hard work “
A stethoscope is used to hear the heart beats sounds, sound due to inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs and the respiratory pathways and also the stomach movements. It is a very useful diagnostic tool to help localize problems and to diagnose disease.
Stethoscope are also used along with the sphygmomanometer. The first usable binaural stethoscope was invented in 1855.
The modern electronic stethoscope are high precisioned instruments. These can be used to hear a patient’s heart and lungs clearly even in high noisy environments and even through layers of clothing.
The electronic stethoscope also make it possible to hear the foetal sounds in mother’s womb.
Uses
☆ Stethoscope helps in find normal (lub-dub) versus abnormal heart sounds ( heart murmurs) and also to diagnose valve functions.
☆ Stethoscope can indicate fluid in lungs in case of pneumonia and pulmonary edema. It can diagnose airway diseases like bronchitis and pleuritis.
☆ Stethoscope are also used to compare the movements in the normal versus overactive or underactive intestinal tract.
” Wherever the art of medicine is
loved, there is also a love of humanity”
~ Hippocrotes
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LIFE
Life is an unpredictable and a rollercoaster journey where everything might be seem sorted but still can mess up thereafter. You might be chilling in one second but in another second you can be in a huge trouble you haven’t think of. This is what life is. It is full of craziness, happiness, sadness, surprises, adventures and much more. It is a bundle of joy for one but can be a sad and painful story for another because they all have their different experiences. But you should enjoy every moment of your life before it turns into a memory. As it is said, ” YOU ONLY LIVE ONCE ”. Live your life to the fullest. So there are some interesting facts about life you should know-
1- HUMANS ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT ENJOY SPICY FOODS – Only humans are the creatures who enjoy spicy foods, no other creature enjoys it.
2- When you die, there are companies that will turn your ashes into fireworks so you can literally ” Go out with a bang ”.
3- It is impossible to hum while holding your nose.
4- It rains diamonds on Saturn and Jupiter.
5- ” I am ” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.
6- There are at least 6 people in the world who look exactly like you. There is a 9% chance that you’ll meet one of them in your lifetime.
7- The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows.
8- People say ”Bless you” when you sneeze because when you sneeze, your heart stops for a millisecond.
9- Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil. It can be tasted and added in food for years and years.
10- The name of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with.
11- It is impossible to lick your elbow.
12- Hot water will turn into ice faster than cold water.
13- The average person walks past 36 murderers in their lifetime.
14- A different version of you exists in the minds of everyone who knows you.
15- 99% of people who read this will try to lick their elbow.
These are some amazing facts you would want to hear and definitely enjoy it. It’s just short and simple facts but very interesting ones.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the
natural intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines
perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most
noteworthy, Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines.
“Artificial intelligence would be the ultimate version of Google. The ultimate search
engine that would understand everything on the web. It would understand exactly what
you wanted, and it would give you the right thing. We’re nowhere near doing that now.
However, we can get incrementally closer to that, and that is basically what we work
on.”
Experts believe that AI in future will be able to make human life much easier by
providing a solution to almost all challenges. Humans will also be made aware of
potential threats from beforehand by Artificial Intelligence use. One of the fastest-
growing fields of technology and invention is that of AI. AI has established its position
in several marketing activities. And the automation of marketing processes has
increased the demand for AI implementation in the industry recently as well. AI has also
brought opportunities to marketers to expand their business and provided user
interface insight.
There are mainly two types of artificial intelligence. Type 1 includes
Narrow Artificial Intelligence – Can perform the single task example voice recognition,
General Artificial Intelligence – Having an ability to perform tasks like human beings. To
date, no such machine is developed, Super Artificial Intelligence – AI with the capability
to perform better than a human being itself. The research is still going on. Type 2
includes Reactive Machine – This machine responds quickly to a situation. It is not able to store any data for present or future use. It works according to the fed data, Limited Memory – This machine can store smaller amount of data for a limited period. Examples are self-driving cars and video games, Theory of Mind – These are the machines which would understand human emotions, there would be much smarter. But these types of machines have not yet developed. Therefore the concept totally speculative. Last but not the least Self Awareness – These types of machines attributes to a better working than that of human beings. To date, no such machine has been developed. Efforts are continuously made in the same direction. Artificial intelligence is enhancing the ability of machines to make it perform in the same way as human beings. The different emerging technologies are relatively helping in artificial intelligence to excel. The machine in form of computers, mobiles, and other devices is helping aids. The different set of data as the input given to the machine helps
it in performing any task. So in a better way, we can state that artificial learning comprises machines inbuilt with human intelligence by developing a set of data or algorithms.Technologies are advancing day by day. They are proving it to be a blessing for mankind. They make the work easier, further helping to resolve a problem in a human
way. Every technology has its both positive as well as negative impacts and so artificial intelligence too. It has its importance in different industries and research sectors but can be a curse if used up in the wrong way and can become a threat to mankind.
Stars can’t shine without darkness:
Life isn’t a bed of roses. Rather it is like a rose garden filled with thorns along with roses. Our lives too have thorns. Each and every one of us come across various kinds of struggles in life. Most of the time we view these struggles as barriers instead of taking them up as an opportunity for something better. God decided to add struggle in our lives for a reason. If the Almighty wished, our lives could have been made without any problems or struggles but eventually, it will cripple us.
Our life is just like the night sky. We find the night sky the most beautiful because of those beautiful stars shining brightly out there. Imagine trying to search those stars during the day.
When you read or hear that stars can’t shine without darkness, it means that without bad things happening in your life, you would not realize what the good ones are. It is when you are only going through dark days that you know what you capable of. Life doesn’t end; it’s rather a new beginning.
How could you ever understand feeling good from feeling bad, if you only know the good all the time? What lessons could you learn? Is there a specific reason why disaster strikes?
Life is so that every so often tragedy strikes. It frequently is when you think everything is going great that your world tumbles down. Yet, the best way to look at dark times is to understand that there are no endings but only new beginnings. So, without darkness, there is no light.
Wherever you look, everything has an opposite in this universe. So, no matter how much you want only great things to happen to you and be happy go lucky all the time, life does not work that way. It is persistently made of ups and downs and highs and lows. But adverse life events always bring a possibility for you to grow, change and be better.
Look at the Bright Side
In our lives, when we are going through difficult moments, it is true that we have a tendency to more easily focus on all the negative things that are going on. But one day, the rain will stop falling, and a rainbow will take its place. So, it is the reason why you need to remember that stars can’t shine without darkness.
If there were no way to distinguish happiness, you would not be happy because you would not know what it is. Whenever you are going through an unfortunate circumstance, it is what is going wrong that hits you harder than the rest. And it is only human to have such feelings.
But if you decide to sit and wallow about your situation, then you will only prolong the pain. You should look and focus on the positive events in your life. No matter how small they are. The stars would not shine as brightly if there were not some darkness. Think about that!
Stars Can’t Shine Without Darkness
Easy is not an option. Life is hard at times. But we can all agree that theoretically speaking; stars can’t shine without darkness. You could not enjoy the warmth of the summer if there were no cloudy skies and cold winters. There can’t be any music without silence. Therefore, there is also no success without failure in life.
Yet, everyone thinks that failure is a step backward, but it is not true. I believe that each failure is a step forward in the right direction. I know it can be uneasy, but shining in the darkness is the thing that you should do when you are in the midst of a trial or misfortune in your life. It is like looking at a picture and seeing the good times in between the bad ones.
So, let’s take a different perspective for an instant. What if your same negative life event happens to someone else than you? You would see how different they would act or react. Some people would handle it better while some not. Why? Because it is how you define your reality, and everything that happens to you, that determine your reaction to the situation at hand.
Darkness, Stars, and Light
As a result, what is happening right now in your life is not happening to you as a result of chance. Your past experiences, beliefs, and consciousness have helped to create it. Believe it or not, your current situation has its causes and roots in the past.
Let’s consider this realistic analogy: When you look up into the night sky and see the stars, what you actually see is the past because some of those bodies may no longer exist. It is possible because stars are hundreds and thousands of light years away. The meaning is that it takes their light, traveling at 300,000 kilometers or 186,000 miles per second, hundreds or thousands of years to reach the earth.
Therefore, the bright light you see from a star a hundred light years away is actually a light it emitted a hundred years ago. That particular star could have exploded and disintegrated twenty-five years ago, but you would still see its light, and continue to see it for another seventy-five years, even though it has long ceased to exist.
The Power to Make a Difference
So, what I am trying to say is that you create your life by your perception of reality. And there is an opportunity in every difficulty. If something bothers you, then you need to take a look at what beliefs you have deep inside. Once you identify the wrong ones, you have the power to change and replace them. Then you can embrace the magical power of a different life.
And that is why you should look at everything in your life as an opportunity. It helps you show what you can do, not only to others but yourself as well. How would you ever know what you can truly handle until it is placed before you? But if you are pessimistic, you won’t know what you are really capable of. And if you are too realistic, you may never discover what life has in store for you.
So, enter each life situation with your eyes wide open, but always be optimistic no matter what. You have no better choice. Then allow life to happen to you in miraculous ways and know that there is always light at the end of the tunnel. Stay strong and shine the brightest. And always treasure each experience you have because , just like you, stars can’t shine without darkness.
Japanese aesthetics
The Japanese aesthetics are a set of ideals followed since the olden days including Miyabi, yuugen, mono no aware, wabi and sabi. These ideas showcase was is considered to be beautiful in Japanese culture and aesthetic norms. The aesthetic norms in japan are considered to be an indispensable part of Japanese people everyday life.
Miyabi is one of the oldest Japanese aesthetic ideal. It is the norm to polish ones manners and to eradicate any kind of roughness and crudility in order to achieve the highest level of grace. The term miyabi can be translated as ‘elegance’. It requires the removal of any vulgar actions. It is also closely related to mono no aware.
Wabi and sabi entails that one should have a mindful approach in everyday life. According to this aesthetic ideal the true beauty of things lie in their impermanent and imperfect nature. It looks at the notion that the things that are in their full glory at the moment will eventually fade or decay. That beauty lies in the fact that things come and go and nothing stays permanently. In this way we can find beauty in the most simplest and ordinary things.
According to the zen philosophy there are 7 principles for achieving wabi and sabi.
Kanso or simplicity, yugen or grace, fukinsei or irregularity, shizen or natural, koko or basic, datsuzoku or to be free and seijaku or silence are the 7 principles of wabi sabi.
Each of these are found in nature and are the virtues of human character.
Yuugen is one of the most important of the Japanese aesthetics. Yugen implies to be having a deep awareness of the universe. It is one of the deep rooted idea in the Japanese Buddhism.
Yugen refers to looking at the world that we live in deeply and becoming aware of the virtues and the true beauty lying within.
The meaning of mono no aware has been complex and ever changing but the deep rooted meaning remains the same, it refers to the pathos of things deriving from their transcience.
In the classic anthology of Japanese poetry from the eighth century the feeling of aware is typically triggered by the plaintive calls of birds or other animals. It also played an important role in the world’s first novel, Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘The Tale of Genji’, in the early eleventh century clearly show impermanence as the basis for the feeling of mono no aware.
Nowadays mono no aware can be seen in the love of Japanese people for cherry blosoms. Huge crowds of people go to view cherry blossoms every year.
The blossoms of the Japanese cherry trees are more beautiful than those apple tree because of their transience, as they begin to fall within a week of their first appearing. It is precisely the evanescence of their beauty that evokes the wistful feeling of mono no aware in the viewer.
Importance of Reading Books
There are many little ways to enlarge your child’s world. Love of books is the best of all!”- Jacqueline Kennedy
Books are a useful resource that provide a wealth of information, as well as insights into a happy existence, life lessons, love, prayer, fear, and a wealth of useful advice. Books provide access to a world of inventiveness, resourcefulness, and invention. Stories are an important aspect of our life since they tell us about our history, mythology, beliefs, goals, future prospects, and so on. Books can become a person’s dearest friend, staunch supporter, and life advisor.
Early reading offers several advantages and is essential for a child’s mental and emotional development. The development of critical thinking skills is one of the major advantages of instilling the habit of reading. Reading books broadens your knowledge, improves your inventiveness, expands your vocabulary, and makes you wiser in general.
Neurological
The importance of a child learns faster in the early years than at any other period in their lives. When parents converse, sing, and read with their children, the child’s brain cells strengthen as new connections are formed. And learning to read has a significant impact on the development of a child’s cognitive ability.
Educational
Reading is important in the early years since it contributes to a child’s academic achievement and instils a lifetime love of learning. Strong oral language abilities lead to increased general knowledge and linguistic command. It may be easier for them to learn and speak numerous languages. They have stronger focus and concentration, as well as longer attention spans. Reading helps the brain to think in a similar sequential chronicle pattern, and thus spends more time on developing a storey rather than racing through each detail, due to the sequential chronicle pattern of most books — a beginning, middle, and finish. Children who read grow more adept at grasping what they’re reading and have also been shown to be better listeners. It’s fascinating to learn that early readers don’t just become lifetime readers; they also become lifelong leaders.
Psychological
A child who learns to read at a young age demonstrates independence and composure. Reading fosters maturity and discipline, as well as a sense of wonder about the people, places, and things in their environment. As a result, the child’s creativity and imagination are sparked. When a youngster chooses to sit and read, he or she is able to channel his or her physical energy. Reading has been connected to creativity on numerous occasions.
Linguistic
The earlier children learn to read, the more books they will be exposed to, which will help them gain knowledge, improve their vocabulary, writing and spelling skills, and make them more articulate conversationalists and successful communicators. Reading Aloud together is the most crucial step in preparing a kid to become a reader.
Reading aloud to youngsters can help them build literacy skills and a lifelong love of reading. Everyone enjoys reading aloud because it is participatory, sensory, and thrilling. Sharing a book with a youngster is enjoyable because it allows you to spend time together, laugh, and discuss. It assists in the development of a strong and loving bond with the child.
It’s a simple approach to communicate with children, and they pick up new vocabulary and linguistic abilities as a result. A child’s attention is held by books with illustrations and age-appropriate language. Reading time is made more engaging and fun by using hilarious accents and diverse facial expressions. Voices could be thunderous or as faint as a mouse.
Comprehension
Well, without proper comprehension skills, students lack the ability to understand what they read. The point of reading isn’t to make sounds in your brain or out loud, but rather, to understand important lessons, stories and arguments. Through the act of writing, our ancestors have recorded important knowledge that we can understand simply by reading. By understanding what we read, we pick up important information, understand scientific theories, past opinions and new frontiers.
Having excellent reading comprehension skills is crucial. It increases the enjoyment and effectiveness of reading and helps not only academically, but professionally, and in a person’s personal life. Imagine, for example, that your boss gives you a complicated document: you can read the words, but you cannot understand what the document is telling you. What then, is the point of being able to ‘read,’ if it can’t help you move forward?
Importance of comprehension
Comprehension is the goal of reading , however it can be considered as the most difficult skill to master, especially for English language learners. Reading comprehension can be defined as the ability to read text, process it and understand its meaning. An individual ‘s ability to comprehend text is influenced by their traits and skills, one of which is the ability to make inferences. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read (Stanovich, 1986). There are a number of approaches to improve reading comprehension, including improving one ‘s vocabulary and reading strategies.
Building reading comprehension
Overwhelmed by the far-reaching implications of Reading Comprehension? Don’t be! Comprehension is actually quite simple to build. However, it will require daily, active involvement from a parent or guardian, where you guide your child through the thought processes that underly understanding any text.
Daily reading practice:
All children should spend at least half-hour daily, reading with a loved one. Not only does this foster a positive relationship with reading, but it also allows you to model the cognitive steps required to comprehend what is read.(Seriously, we can’t emphasize this enough. The research out there is endless — every child requires daily reading at home to succeed).
Make connections :
As you and your children read aloud, share experiences you have had that relate to the story and have them share theirs. Not only does this build an interest in reading, but it grounds them in the idea that there is something common and shared in the act of reading, and it invests them in the story.
Create a visual :
Sometimes children have a hard time visualizing what they just read. Help your children visualize by describing the scene, characters, and plot. You can even ask them what they are visualizing and have them draw in pencil, pen, markers, or colored pencils. They will be involved and creating their own story, which will help them get a clearer understanding of what is happening.
Check for understanding :
Whether you are reading, or your child is reading, ask key comprehension questions, periodically, while reading. Doing this not only helps you see if they are understanding what is being read, but it also teaches them what questions they should be asking themselves as they read.
Before Starting- Look at the Cover & Title! What do you think this book will be about?- Do you know anything about this topic?- What types of characters do you think will be in the story?
During Stop periodically (every paragraph or page) and ask:-. “Who?”- “What just happened?”- “Where?” At key points, you can also ask “How did it happen?” and “Why did it happen?
“As you progress through the story, make sure that your child is holding on to the story by asking “What has happened so far?
“Teach them to predict / imagine / hypothesize by asking “How do you think the character will handle the situation?
“Also, clear their doubts and give them a voice in your daily reading practice by asking “Is there anything you are wondering right now?”
After: Check to see if your child understood the text by asking- “What was the main message in the story/text?”- “Tell me the story in your own words” “What were the most important events in the story?”
Make inference and prediction :
Making inferences and predictions goes hand-and-hand with asking questions. Inferring is the ability to take clues and given knowledge from a text and conclude what will happen next. To help them infer, ask them to predict what might happen next in the story “What does the author want you to think about?” “Why do you think the character did ______?” “What do you think will happen next?” “If the story had a sequel, what do you think it would be about?”
Fix any type of confusion :
It is important to go back and re-read as soon as your child seems confused! Make sure you are tracking your child’s comprehension progress. The moment they can’t answer one of your questions, whether it’s at the first sentence or in the middle, or maybe even at the end, back up and re-read!
Remember, building Reading Comprehension will take time. Comprehension is built on phonetic awareness, reading fluency, vocabulary, and / or language arts. Stick to your daily reading practice (especially when you want to give up) and remind your child that it is important to understand every single word / sentence / paragraph / story they read.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT INDIA
- India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.
- When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
- The name ‘India’ derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
- Chess- invented in India.
- Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus are the studies, which originated in India.
- The ‘Place Value System’ and the ‘Decimal System’, were developed in India in 100 B.C.
- The World’s First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
- India has the largest democracy in the world, the 7th largest country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
- The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th-century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called ‘Mokshapat’. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices, that is good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
- The world’s highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built-in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
- India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.
- The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
- The world’s first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
- Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
- India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India’s wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
- The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago.
- Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484 days.
- The value of “pi” was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.
- Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world(Source: Gemological Institute of America).
- The Baily Bridge is the highest in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains.
- Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over 2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataracts, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery, and brain surgeries.
- The four religions born in India – Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world’s population.
- Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.
- Islam is India’s and the world’s second-largest religion.
- Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively.
- The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.
- Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.
- Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called “the Ancient City” when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C. and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
- Martial Arts were first created in India and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
- Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.
For further more facts refer to:
https://knowindia.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/interesting-facts-about-india.php
Films – Which Will Change Your Perception Towards Life!
I have seen many motivational movies both in Bollywood and Hollywood. But Bollywood movies are very special as they contain emotional content and beautiful songs. There are many people who think Bollywood only produce entertaining movies which I don’t think is a fact. Cinema is the reflection of society and vice-versa. However, a society has its own deep rooted beliefs and perceptions which trickle down through the ages and become a reference point for generations to come. In such a scenario, is it possible for a piece of art to come and impact your perceptions in a way that you see something in a whole new light?
I have collected a list of Bollywood movies that I have watched and I suggest you to watch if you’re free this weekend..Here is the list!
Swades (2004)
We all want to secure good marks in college, get a high-paying job, if possible settle abroad and live our lives comfortably ever after. However, how many of us can leave this settled life behind and devote it to the upliftment and betterment of the lives of our rural brethren. Swades is a story of self-less devotion to the country and bringing development at the grass-root level. A must-watch for all who want to contribute to their motherland in their own little way.
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Have we ever wondered why a glass appears half empty to some of us while it looks half full to others? It’s just a matter of perception, we say. Taare Zameen Par breaks the stigma attached with the differently-abled children and leads us to give them a fair chance. Such movies leave a lasting impact on our psyche and help us immensely in bettering our judgement towards life. And in case, you forgot the message of the movie, repeat it with us, every child is special.
Luck By Chance (2009)
Luck by Chance brings the struggles and cynicism of the film industry to the fore like never before. Most of us are dreamy eyed about the glamour world and think of it as ‘the life’ to have. Here’s where Zoya Akhtar’s LBC comes in and takes you to a walk through the backstage of Bollywood. It introduces you to the personalities you never imagined existed and tells you the level of stakes involved in the business, through the eyes of an aspiring actor Vikram (Farhan Akhtar). Consider this your Bible if you see your future in the showbiz.
Rocket Singh (2009)
Admit it! We have all given up on some life-changing idea at least once in our lives because we lacked the courage to make the actual plunge. No wonder we move on with a familiar remorse in our hearts. Rocket Singh teaches us an amazing lesson about self-worth which stresses on the fact that an organisation is only as good as its employees and that taking risks in life is not as bad as it seems initially.
Lakshya (2004)
Being aimless in life and careless about career is a phase everyone goes through. Having a quarter-life crisis is not so bad either. However, the magic lies in waking up at the right time. Forget everyone else, the real deal is to surprise yourself with your own capabilities and to do something that you yourself never expected to do. After all, this is what Lakshya taught us. To leave one life and live the other!
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Anyone who watches this movie will feel a connect, especially the youth. Aren’t our adrenaline levels always pumping and haven’t we all discussed the flaws of the system over a cup of steaming chai ? But what have we actually done to fix it? Nothing. Rang De Basanti tries to create an environment of increased activism on matters of public interest and throws open a debate: do we want to take matters into our hands or keep crying foul about the inefficiencies of the society?
Paan Singh Tomar (2010)
While biopics of legendary people always inspire viewers, it takes a movie like Paan Singh Tomar to shake them up to the conditions and tragedies of these stalwarts post their prime. PST is the story of a real-life athlete Paan Singh Tomar, a gold medalist who went onto becoming a dacoit, after the world around him refused to acknowledge him for his accomplishments and kept pushing him down. The USP of the movie lies in the stirring tragedy of PST’s life which drives him to seek revenge from the system, for his lost career and life. This one is history in motion.
A Wednesday (2008)
In these times of increased violence and hatred towards each other, aren’t we all living an uncertain life which might just end today, at this very moment? But we, the common people, sit quietly like always while our safety becomes a game of ping-pong between terrorists and our government. This film stresses on the importance of a wake-up call to our government to act towards the safety of its citizens. A Wednesday is a stirring message to all common men like me and you to not play vulnerable all the time and come together and ask our system to be accountable to us.
Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
There are times when you want the clock to stop. There are times when you don’t want to leave a place. There are times when everything just feels right about the company that you have. Such is the gravity of friendship in youth. You don’t want to grow old. But unfortunately, time waits for no one and one has to move on in life and live one’s own story. Dil Chahta Hai is a coming-of-age story which remains an essential part of everyone’s life, simply because it holds true no matter how many times we watch it.
Udaan (2010)
Easily the most relatable, easily the most convincing. That’s why Udaan works and changes your deep rooted perceptions towards a very tender phase of a child’s life, teenage. The movie tracks the journey of Rohan, who returns to his home after 8 years of boarding school, only to be welcomed by a disciplinarian father and a half brother. The beauty of Udaan lies in the way Rohan fights and aims for his dreams rather than being tied down by his father. The movie sends a strong message which says we can become whatever we want in life, all we need to do is give our dreams a little flight.
ARE COMPUTERS REALLY INTELLIGENT?
When it comes to the possibilities and possible perils of artificial intelligence (AI), learning and reasoning by machines without the intervention of humans, there are lots of opinions out there. Only time will tell which one of these quotes will be the closest to our future reality. Until we get there, it’s interesting to contemplate who might be the one who predicts our reality the best.
“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”— Stephen Hawking
Will computers eventually be smarter than humans?
Everyone is talking about artificial intelligence (AI) – in the media, at conferences and in product brochures. Yet the technology is still in its infancy. Applications that would have been dismissed as science fiction not long ago could become reality within a few years. With its specialty materials, the Electronics business sector of Merck is contributing to the development of AI.
HOW SMART ARE YOU?
Who’s smarter — you, or the computer or mobile device on which you’re reading this article? The answer is increasingly complex, and depends on definitions in flux. Computers are certainly more adept at solving quandaries that benefit from their unique skill set, but humans hold the edge on tasks that machines simply can’t perform. Not yet, anyway.
Computers can take in and process certain kinds of information much faster than we can. They can swirl that data around in their “brains,” made of processors, and perform calculations to conjure multiple scenarios at superhuman speeds. For example, the best chess-trained computers can at this point strategize many moves ahead, problem-solving far more deftly than can the best chess-playing humans. Computers learn much more quickly, too, narrowing complex choices to the most optimal ones. Yes, humans also learn from mistakes, but when it comes to tackling the kinds of puzzles computers excel at, we’re far more fallible.
Computers enjoy other advantages over people. They have better memories, so they can be fed a large amount of information, and can tap into all of it almost instantaneously. Computers don’t require sleep the way humans do, so they can calculate, analyze and perform tasks tirelessly and round the clock. On the other hand, humans are still superior to computers in many ways. We perform tasks, make decisions, and solve problems based not just on our intelligence but on our massively parallel processing wetware — in abstract, what we like to call our instincts, our common sense, and perhaps most importantly, our life experiences. Computers can be programmed with vast libraries of information, but they can’t experience life the way we do.
Some of that’s rethinking how we approach these questions. Rather than obsessing over who’s smarter or irrationally fearing the technology, we need to remember that computers and machines are designed to improve our lives, just as IBM’s Watson computer is helping us in the fight against deadly diseases. The trick, as computers become better and better at these and any number of other tasks, is ensuring that “helping us” remains their prime directive.
The important thing to keep in mind is that it is not man versus machine. “It is not a competition. It is a collaboration.”
Top 5 venomous snake species
Snake are deadliest animal. Whenever one encounters it many get hurt or you can easily say they are dangerous to humans. They have aggressive nature. They are very dangerous especially for rural area people’s. There are estimated 3,500 snake species out of which 600 are venomous. Their estimated yearly attacks ranges from 53 lakhs to 54 lakhs, out of which more than 1 lakh people die due to their attack.
1) Inland Taipan
They are also known as fierce snake. They has the most toxic venom in the world. The average quantity venom give by this snake is 44mg while the most given is 110mg, which is enough to kill 100 people. Its venom consists of neurotoxins, Hemotoxins (procoagulants) affecting the blood, myotoxin affecting the muscles, nephrotoxins affecting the kidneys and hemorrhaggins causing hemorrhage. Its venom paralysis the body and cause hemorrhage. It is found in Australia.
2) Dubois sea snake
Dubois sea snake is also known as reef shallow sea snake. It is a species of venomous sea snake. Adult sea snake grows upto 4.86ft but usually grow upto 2.6ft. It is most venomous sea snake and one of the top three most venomous snakes in the world. The venom is lethal and contains neurotoxin that act on the nerve cell, myotoxins acting on muscles. The venom of this snake paralysis the respiratory system which ultimately cause death of the person. They feed on fish and swallow the whole fish. True incident of sea snake bite has not been recorded but they might have caused bite in rural area where taking record might not be possible. They are not aggressive but can bite if feel threatened or surprised. Fisherman’s are more likely to get trapped in their bites often when they try to remove them from fishing net. They are found in Australia, and some parts of Indian Ocean and Timor sea.
3) Eastern brown snake
Eastern brown snake or also known as common brown snake. This snake is highly venomous snake in the family Elapidae. Adult eastern brown snake goes upto 2m or 7ft. The venom of the snake mainly affects the circulatory system, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest mainly the death occurs due to cardiac arrest. And one of the main components of venom is prothombinase which breaks down prothrombin. It is responsible for about 60% of snake bite death in Australia. They are native to eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea.
4) Black mamba
Black mamba also belongs to highly venomous species of family Elapidae. It is second longest venomous snake after king cobra. It grows upto 2m (6ft 7in) and commonly grow to 3m (9ft 10in). Its colour varies from grey to dark brown and it’s species is both terrestrial and arboreal (found on trees). It is native to parts of Sub Sahara Africa. Its venom is composed of neurotoxins and it’s induce symptoms within ten minutes and is frequently fatal. This species of snake is aggressive but only attack when threatened or cornered. It constantly bites more than once and it’s bite derive 100mg-120mg of venom, the highest venom recorded is 400mg. It is considered as snake of medical importance by World Health Organization. Its venom if not treated on time will result in respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse and ultimately death.
5) Boomslang
Boomslang snake is one of the venomous snake of family Colubridae Average adult Boomslang is 100-160 cm in total length and exceeds to 183cm. Colouration is very different like males are light green with black or blue scale edge while females may be brown. Their weight varies from 175 to 510 g. The Boomslang snake is able to open its jaws up to 170 degree when butting. It is found in sub Saharan Africa, south africa, Botswana and Namibia. Its venom is hemotoxin and disables coagulation process and the victim die as a result of internal or external bleeding. Its venom cause hemorrhaging in to tissue such as muscles and the brain tissue. Its venom is slow acting. This snake is timid and only bite if attempted to handle, catch or kill.
Women Safety in India: Still a Major Concern?
Protection of women in India has become a crucial issue. We cannot assure the safety of the women nowadays because if we read a newspaper or go on social media, the news of girls getting raped by cab drivers, acid burning, child marriage, domestic violence, molestation is flooded from different parts of India. Such incidents have created fear and fright among young girls and women. They don’t feel safe in their own country. In rural areas, the conditions are worse where women are burned and killed by in-laws or tortured for dowry. Moreover, female infanticide is still practised in some remote areas.
The most dreadful event that the country faced was the Nirbhaya gang-rape incident. To curb such horrendous crimes against women, the government has passed laws for women’s safety. They are Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1886, Indian Divorce Act 1969, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Prohibition of Sex Selection Act 1994, Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place Act 2013 etc. and many more.
How to Ensure Women Safety in India?
Everyone requires to determine and willingly agree that every person has the freedom to feel safe. Indian constitution states that every person is even before the law. But unfortunately, it is not practiced everywhere. Women and girls around the world should be given access to education, freely walk at any place, reach to hospitals, the opportunity of choosing a career, freedom of choice of marriage partner and also the freedom to wear their own choice of clothes. They should not be punished for the selection of garments, friends, and other extra-curricular activities.
Education is the demand for the hour to eradicate such problems and to help individuals in the nation recognize and respect limits, and approval in order not to dishonor women’s rights. As individuals, we can regard each other with respect. Let us stand as active bystanders where we stop sexual violence and interfere if any such incidence happens anywhere with the women. Most importantly, do not perpetuate it.
Role of the Government:-
The Government must ensure that the law in force is activated. What is the point of having women’s security law if the order is definitive and inhibiting? There is a requirement to improve the infrastructure to secure women’s freedom. Notwithstanding the production of various efficient laws and ordinance by the Government of India to trade with and set assaults against females, the volume and repetition of sins against females are growing daily. The state of women in the country has been metal assault and offensive in the past few years.
Women’s belief in their protection in their country has decreased. Women are in questionable conditions for their security and anxiety while going everywhere or outside their houses (such as office, market, etc.). We should not criticize the government, because it is not just the duty of the government to safeguard women but of every citizen of India, especially the people who require it. Research that put India as the most unsafe place due to its raised incidence of sexual violence, deficiency of access to trial in rape instances, child wedding, female feticide and trafficking in human beings. India surpassed nations that have a high rate of women’s criticism.
The safety of women in India is a significant concern today. We cannot say that women are safe in India by going through crimes against women in the past few years. Women feel frightened to move out and roam around by themselves.
Some Major Safety Tips:-
- Self-defense routines are the first and foremost method that every woman must be mindful of and have sufficient self-defense practice for their security.
- Women need to be mindful of some efficient defense techniques, such as crotch kicks, blocking punches, etc. Usually, most women should be trained well to recognize the issue.
- Women should at once limit any situation that they feel wrong about.
- Escape and operate is also an excellent way to mitigate some of the risks women face whenever they are in trouble.
- They should never travel alone with an unknown person in some strange location.
- Women must know and feel their dynamic power and practice it subsequently. They should nevermore think that they are more insecure than men and get some self-defense practice.
- Women should be alert to interact with someone on the Internet in cyberspace.
- Pepper spray can also be used as a self-defense tool, but it may be not effective for some people who cannot be harmed by even full-face spraying. It may not obstruct the attacker; thus women should not depend completely on it and use other methods as well.
- Women should carry all the emergency numbers with them to tell their family members and the police immediately, in case of any emergency.
Conclusion:-
Though we had a woman prime minister, a woman president and a woman finance minister, and a woman defense minister, still we have a gender non-inclusive legislature primarily. At 12%, India is one of the stragglers among its associates in the portrayal of women in Parliament.
Free India represents women as half of the population, which is observed in the Chinese bureaucracy. The situation is not very promising yet in the state of the judiciary, where, as a nation, we are glorifying only the first instance of three female judges sitting in the 68-year tale of the nation’s Supreme Court. Notwithstanding repeated crimes against women and young girls, India still does not have a wide database of physical offenders. Registration and information systems for sex offenders have been created around the world over the past 20 years. Since 1994, 18 more countries have launched new laws on the recording of sex offenders.
Women, in the past years, have made an extraordinary contribution to the world whether she is Mother Teresa, Marie Curie, Virginia Woolf, Betty William, and the most present one is Malala Yousafzai. They fought for their freedoms and stood up for their convictions against all the odds. Few more women such as Kalpana Chawla, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, Indra Nooyi, etc. are the examples in the history of India, who broke down all the obstacles in their routes to progress and impact.
Women empowerment in the nation encourages equality between women and men and supports women by allowing them with power and courage to be the decision-maker of their individual life. Women’s empowerment in India has achieved power with the support of women’s welfare organizations by giving them all the required support.
IMMUNOLOGY SERIES- PART 7- TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
The previous article dealt in detail with immunoglobulin and how they help in phagocytosis. This article is about the types of immunoglobulins, their functions.
The types of immunoglobulins are based on the types of light and heavy chains. There are two types of light chains namely the kappa and the lambda. An immunoglobulin contains either kappa (K-K) or lambda (L-L) but does not have a mixture of both (K-L not possible). About 60% of the immunoglobulins in humans have kappa chains.
So, the classes of immunoglobulins are based on the heavy chain. So based on this condition, there are five classes of immunoglobulins namely:-
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – gamma
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – mu
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA) – alpha
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD) – delta
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE) – epsilon
These immunoglobulins have certain configurations and play different roles in the human body. The immunoglobulin G is present the most. It constitutes about 80% of the total immunoglobulin. These are mostly present in the blood, plasma, and other body fluids. This immunoglobulin has the lowest carbohydrate content when compared to the rest. This immunoglobulin has a half-life of 23 days which is the longest of all. Some of the unique features and functions of this immunoglobulin:-
- This is the only immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta (this is a unique feature because this immunoglobulin provides immunity to the foetus inside the womb and also after birth for some months. Presence of others may indicate infection)
- This helps in killing bacteria and viruses by opsonisation (the process of covering the pathogen with a protein coat such that the pathogens become more presentable to the immune cells)
- Neutralize toxins
- Activate complement by classical pathway (The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane)
- Unique catabolism (breaking down of molecules) based on concentration
- There are four sub classes (G1, G2, G3 and G4) out of which 1,3 and 4 cross the placenta and offer immunity
- Also involves in the Rh immunization (there are two types’ Rh+ve and Rh-ve based on the presence of Rh factor in blood). The mother being Rh+ve and child the opposite is not a problem in the first pregnancy but can be fatal in second, killing the foetus.
The immunoglobulin M constitutes about 5-10% of total proteins. This is a pentamer structure with a J chain. This weighs about 900000-1000000 and is the heaviest of all. They have 5 days of half-life. Some of its features-
- Presence in newborn indicate congenital infection as they don’t cross placenta
- Short lived, so their presence indicates recent infection
- First Ig to participate in primary response
- Opsonisation
- classical pathway
- bacteria agglutination
- Play an important role in ABO blood grouping (discovered by Landsteiner). There are 8 types of blood groups based on antigen, antibody and Rh factor
Immunoglobulin A is also known as the secretory immunoglobulin and is mostly present in body secretions (tear, saliva, sebum, mucous, and milk) in which they are dimer and are monomer in blood. They constitute 10-15% of the proteins. They also have a J chain and secretory piece. Their half-life is 6-8 days.
- The secretory piece protects the Ig from enzymes and juices
- Complement activation by alternate pathway
- Promote phagocytosis
- Intracellular microorganism killing
- First line of defense against some microbes
Immunoglobulin E is a dimer similar to IgG. This is present in low concentrations (about 0.3) and has the weight of about 1,90,000. These have a half-life of about 2 days and can become inactivated at 56 C.
- Present extra-cellularly
- Associated with allergic reactions like asthma, hay fever and anaphylactic shock
- Bind with the Fc of mast cells and basophils resulting in degranulation and release histamine which causes allergy
- Mediate the some immunity reactions
- No complement activation
- Provide immunity against helminthes
The last is immunoglobulin D. It is present in low concentrations and on the surface of B lymphocytes. They constitute 0.2% of proteins. They have a half-life of 3 days. The IgM and IgD bind on the B lymphocyte to help in antigen identification.
Hence these were the different types of immunoglobulins and the mechanisms by which they help with immunity. The next article is about the process of inflammation.
HAPPY READING!!
IMMUNOLOGY SERIES- PART 7- TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
The previous article dealt in detail with immunoglobulin and how they help in phagocytosis. This article is about the types of immunoglobulins, their functions.
The types of immunoglobulins are based on the types of light and heavy chains. There are two types of light chains namely the kappa and the lambda. An immunoglobulin contains either kappa (K-K) or lambda (L-L) but does not have a mixture of both (K-L not possible). About 60% of the immunoglobulins in humans have kappa chains.
So, the classes of immunoglobulins are based on the heavy chain. So based on this condition, there are five classes of immunoglobulins namely:-
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – gamma
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – mu
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA) – alpha
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD) – delta
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE) – epsilon
These immunoglobulins have certain configurations and play different roles in the human body. The immunoglobulin G is present the most. It constitutes about 80% of the total immunoglobulin. These are mostly present in the blood, plasma, and other body fluids. This immunoglobulin has the lowest carbohydrate content when compared to the rest. This immunoglobulin has a half-life of 23 days which is the longest of all. Some of the unique features and functions of this immunoglobulin:-
- This is the only immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta (this is a unique feature because this immunoglobulin provides immunity to the foetus inside the womb and also after birth for some months. Presence of others may indicate infection)
- This helps in killing bacteria and viruses by opsonisation (the process of covering the pathogen with a protein coat such that the pathogens become more presentable to the immune cells)
- Neutralize toxins
- Activate complement by classical pathway (The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane)
- Unique catabolism (breaking down of molecules) based on concentration
- There are four sub classes (G1, G2, G3 and G4) out of which 1,3 and 4 cross the placenta and offer immunity
- Also involves in the Rh immunization (there are two types’ Rh+ve and Rh-ve based on the presence of Rh factor in blood). The mother being Rh+ve and child the opposite is not a problem in the first pregnancy but can be fatal in second, killing the foetus.
The immunoglobulin M constitutes about 5-10% of total proteins. This is a pentamer structure with a J chain. This weighs about 900000-1000000 and is the heaviest of all. They have 5 days of half-life. Some of its features-
- Presence in newborn indicate congenital infection as they don’t cross placenta
- Short lived, so their presence indicates recent infection
- First Ig to participate in primary response
- Opsonisation
- classical pathway
- bacteria agglutination
- Play an important role in ABO blood grouping (discovered by Landsteiner). There are 8 types of blood groups based on antigen, antibody and Rh factor
Immunoglobulin A is also known as the secretory immunoglobulin and is mostly present in body secretions (tear, saliva, sebum, mucous, and milk) in which they are dimer and are monomer in blood. They constitute 10-15% of the proteins. They also have a J chain and secretory piece. Their half-life is 6-8 days.
- The secretory piece protects the Ig from enzymes and juices
- Complement activation by alternate pathway
- Promote phagocytosis
- Intracellular microorganism killing
- First line of defense against some microbes
Immunoglobulin E is a dimer similar to IgG. This is present in low concentrations (about 0.3) and has the weight of about 1,90,000. These have a half-life of about 2 days and can become inactivated at 56 C.
- Present extra-cellularly
- Associated with allergic reactions like asthma, hay fever and anaphylactic shock
- Bind with the Fc of mast cells and basophils resulting in degranulation and release histamine which causes allergy
- Mediate the some immunity reactions
- No complement activation
- Provide immunity against helminthes
The last is immunoglobulin D. It is present in low concentrations and on the surface of B lymphocytes. They constitute 0.2% of proteins. They have a half-life of 3 days. The IgM and IgD bind on the B lymphocyte to help in antigen identification.
Hence these were the different types of immunoglobulins and the mechanisms by which they help with immunity. The next article is about the process of inflammation.
HAPPY READING!!
IMMUNOLOGY SERIES- PART 6- IMMUNOGLOBULIN
The previous article was about the different types of immune cells. This article is about a special molecule in immunity known as immunoglobulin.
There might be a question that what is so special about this immunoglobulin. There is a reason for this. These molecules play an important and inevitable role in the phagocytosis of pathogens. To understand this, it is essential to know about immunoglobulins.
The immunoglobulin is a gamma globulin, a specialized group of proteins (glycoprotein) produced in response to pathogens. It is produced by the plasma cells (a globulin protein present in the plasma). These constitute 25-30% of the blood proteins.
There are two important terms that are more commonly known by the most, they are the antigen and the antibody. The antigen is the molecule present on the surface of the pathogen and can stimulate an immune response. There is a small part of the antigen called the epitope which interacts with the antibody. The epitope is known as the antigen determinant site. An antigen can have unlimited epitopes.
On the contrary, the antibody is the molecule produced in response to the antigen in order to kick it away. The part of the antibody which interacts with the antigen is called a paratope. An antibody must have at least 2 paratopes. These antibodies belong to the immunoglobulins. All antibodies are immunoglobulins but not immunoglobulins are antibodies. To understand how the antibody helps in immunity, it is essential to understand the structure of an antibody/immunoglobulin. The image below shows the general structure of an immunoglobulin:-
There are two chains in an immunoglobulin namely the light chain and heavy chain. The light chain has 212 amino acids (the building block of protein) and the heavy chain has 450 amino acids. Each chain has two types namely the constant and variable. These regions are based on the amino acid sequences. Half of the light chain (1 out of 2) is constant and the rest is variable. A quarter of the heavy chain (1 out of 4) is variable and the rest is constant. These are linked by two types of sulfide bonds namely the intra (H-H AND L-L) and inter (H-L). These molecules contain carbohydrates (CHO) hence these are called as glycoproteins.
The tip of the variable regions of the heavy and light chain is hypervariable in nature and these constitute the antigen-binding site (Fab). These are hyper-variable because they have to produce amino acid sequences complementary to that of the antigen so that they can interact together. The other site is called a crystallizable region (Fc).
Having known all this, now it will be convenient to explain the process by which the antibody plays in the prevention of infections.
There are millions of substances that pass through the blood every day. So there must be a criterion/substance to identify them whether they are pathogenic. This is where antigen comes to play. These antigens present on the surface of the pathogens alert the immune system which then identifies this as a pathogen. So in response to the antigen, a suitable antibody is secreted and deployed to the target site. On reaching the antigen, the Fab region binds with the antigen.
The ultimate aim of the immune system is to abolish the pathogen and one way is by phagocytosing them. This is done by the macrophages. But it is essential for them to identify the substance before engulfing it. This is where the antibody comes to play. The Fc region of the antibody combines with the receptor of the macrophage. This facilitates the process of phagocytosis.
Hence the antibody acts like a bridge between the source (antigen) and the destination (macrophage) aiding in phagocytosis. This is essential because in most of the cases the macrophages, it is difficult to identify the non-self-objects and this is where antibody helps.
In the case of the new pathogen, the antigen is new, and therefore their might not be a suitable antibody. In that case, the macrophage cannot phagocytocise the pathogen and it reigns in the body causing infection and disease.
The next article is about the types of immunoglobulins.
HAPPY LEARNING!!
COVID 19 on INDIAN ECONOMY
COVID’s IMPACT
The outburst of COVID 19 became a challenge to Indian economy by the potential downfall in the GDP. However, the second wave was much severe when compared to the first which made a downside risk to the economic activity due to National level lockdown. Several segments like manufacturing, small scale, Information technology, small unions are lost in the pandemic. The supply chain management with the global economy along with the procurement was drastically affected. The immensity of the impact is directly proportional to the health crisis and duration of the lockdown. In this the analysis had been done on the affected segments and the Government concentrations of lockdown to increase the capital expenditure and to implement the structured reforms as well.
CHANGES
There are several sectors which are impacted by the COVID-19 and the chances of their revival are not in the near future. Their profitability is continuously decreasing and fixed cost is intact. Like media and entertainment industry; all multiplexes are closed and people do not want to visit the multiplexes in the near future. Many organizations have taken loan from the commercial banks and other financial institutions. They have to pay interest on the loan despite of poor financial position.
Increase in the income provisions for the supportive measures of the rural and urban population The productive way is to increase recovery rate by emergency approval of the foreign vaccines when the demand for the vaccines increases in India. The Government and the RBI need to keep interest rate low despite borrowing on policy basis. The Success of the borrowing program depends on RBI support, by providing indirect liquidity which is really big as this is pandemic. But the liquidity expansions has its own limits.
FORECOMING CHALLENGES
The sectors like construction, trade and transport, hotel, mining, quarrying sectors and some other services are having a strong base effect on the challenging recovery part. These kind of hard situation are monitored clearly and the demand for those kind of sectors are faltering due to the crisis which would become more aggressive and would be the most unavoidable once for the upcoming years. The country’s long term goal is affected badly and the performance needed to with held by hard efforts for the further improved output.
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