It is not a theory not a concept which you can learn but a story with many emotions , unfortunately without words . A life of middle class family is just like this it seems that they have everything but the truth is everyone is suffering . The faces of the members seem to be happy but inside it there dreams are suffocating like a bird without wings . In this era where everyone is suffering to make there name to be written in golden words there are some of them who are killing there dream because of money and peer pressure , since no one is there to understand there dream and support them . The middle class family always suffer as they are neither poor hence no reservation in any colleges nor rich to pay the college fees . The middle class family always live in dilemma .There family is not enough educated which can understand the dream of their child or by chance if they can understand then no financial help can be provided . And the education nowdays are becoming so costly that if anyone dream to get higher education then they have to think hundred times to do or not . ”I have to live for others not for myself that’s the middle class morality”

Higher education is becoming difficult as the time passes ,it’s difficult for everyone poor people suffers from money whereas some rich people suffers from lack of interest but both of them might suffers from peer pressure , society pressure and status pressure . Our country is developing and it has maximum youngsters which lead to competition among citizens for jobs .More talent more degrees more will be the chances to be on the front row of competition . Our country has very talented youngsters but some didn’t get platform or some didn’t get support . This issue should be solved by our government our country is young and cheerful if they get proper harvesting then it is good for our country . For ex , every year almost 15 lakh students give the entrance exam neet for mbbs but only 1 lakh got selected , India needs doctor and there are plenty of student interested in it but due to lack of colleges they even didn’t got a chance . So our government should give a thought about this . As dream is for everyone and everyone has right to achieve it .

8085 is pronounced as “eighty-eighty-five” microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.

It has the following configuration −

• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB
• A 16-bit program counter
• A 16-bit stack pointer
• Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
• Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

Architecture of 8085 microprocessor

8085 is an 8-bit, general purpose microprocessor. It consists of following functional units:-

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
   It is used to perform mathematical operations like: addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, decrement, increment, etc.
    
2. Flag Register:
   It is an 8-bit register that stores either 0 or 1 depending upon which value is stored in the accumulator.
    
3. Accumulator:
   Accumulator is used to perform I/O, arithmetic and logical operations. It is connected to ALU and internal data bus. 
    
4. General Purpose Registers:
   There are 6 general purpose registers. These registers can hold 8-bit values. These 8-bit registers are B, C, D, E, H, L. These registers work as 16-bit registers when they work in pair like: B-C, D-E, H-L.
    
5. Program Counter: 
   Program Counter holds the address value of the memory to the next instruction that is to be executed. It is a 16-bit register.
    
6. Stack Pointer:
   It works like stack. In stack, the content of register is stored that is later used in the program. It is a 16-bit special register.
    
7. Temporary Register:
   It is a 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and logical operations.
    
8. Instruction registers and decoder:
   It is a 8-bit register that holds the instruction code that is being decoded. The instruction is fetched from the memory. 
    
9. Timing and control unit:
   The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow of data from CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by the microprocessor and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control signals like: Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals, Status Signal. 
    
10. Interrupt control:
    Whenever a microprocessor is executing a main program and if suddenly an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the main program. There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessors: INTR, TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5
     
11. Address bus and data bus: 
    Data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored.  Address bus is unidirectional and carries location where data is to be stored.
12. Serial Input/output control:
    It controls the serial data communication by using Serial input data and Serial output data.

Working of 8085 Microprocessor

Now after having an idea about the functional units of the 8085 microprocessor, let us proceed further to understand the operation of the 8085 microprocessor.

We already know that the function of a microprocessor is to execute instructions. Also, to execute an instruction, it first needs to be fetched then decoded and then executed. And to fetch an instruction, firstly the address of the instruction must be known.

The address of the instruction is present in the program counter. This address is then placed on the 16-bit address bus and is then forwarded towards the memory. From the memory, the instruction present at that memory location is fetched through the 8-bit data bus.

Here, in the above figure, we can clearly see that we have combinedly used data bus and address bus so as to reduce the number of lines. As we know that at a particular time the processor will access either the data bus or the address bus.

Further when the instruction is fetched from the memory, then through internal buses the instruction is provided to the instruction register. At this particular point of time fetching the instruction from the memory is over.

Now, it’s time for the processor to decode the instruction. So, it is then fed to the instruction decoder.

We already have the idea that both data and instruction in the memory is stored in the form of an opcode. So, the fetched opcode is analyzed by the instruction decoder present inside the processor in order to execute the instruction.

But, a noteworthy point over here is that, after an instruction is fetched from the memory, then PC increments itself thereby providing the address location of the next instruction. As PC does not play any role in decoding and executing.

However, after execution of first instruction, the next is fetched form the memory.

Now, this is all about fetching and decoding, now what about the execution of the instruction.

In the above figure, we can see the timing and control circuit. This circuit basically sends the control signals to the various units of the microprocessor to execute the instruction.

Suppose, the instruction is ADD A and B. This simply tells the ALU to add the data present in B register with the data present in accumulator i.e., A register. But, in 8085 the decoded instruction is simply ADD B. So, automatically, the ALU adds the value present in the accumulator with the data in register B.

Also, in 8085 the outcome of the operation is stored register A  which is nothing but an accumulator.

Further when an instruction ADD C is decoded by the 8085, then data at C register is added to the data present in register A and is stored at register A. Due to such cumulative action, register A is termed as an accumulator.

Basically, the timing and control circuit timely sends the signals to the accumulator to release its value for proceeding execution. Also, this timing and control circuit sends signals to the register select that tells it to choose the particular register.

Once the data is fetched from a particular register then it is stored in the temporary register and it is used by the ALU. It is to be kept in mind that a programmer can only access the general purpose register as the temporary register is used by the processor to hold the 2^nd operand of the operation.

Now, once the operation is executed, then the result is fed to the accumulator through the data bus. But a flag register is also present that holds the status of the result present at the accumulator.

As we have also discussed in the functional unit that a flag register holds a sign, carry etc. related information of the generated result.

After every instruction execution performed by the ALU, the status of the flag register gets changed. So, ALU produces the result and its status simultaneously after each operation.

As we have already discussed that W and Z are the temporary registers but these are not accessed by the programmer as both are used by the processor to hold the temporary value stored by it.

So, this is all about the block diagram and working of 8085 microprocessor.

Applications of 8085 microprocessor

8085 finds its major applications in programmable calculators as well as in numerical control and environment monitoring systems. These are also used in switching, banking and financial systems.

I just watched a movie “Wake up Sid” starring Ranbir Kapoor and Konkana Sen Sharma directed by Ayan Mukherjee and I can still say this that this movie still gives me all those feels that it gave me 12 years back as a teenager. This movie taught some life changing lessons that its still so relevant:

1. It’s necessary to break your shells and come out of your comfort zone

“Tumhe kabhi laga hai ki apna ghar ho, apna khana khud banao, apne paise khud kamao aur udao, Sab kuchh apna banaya hua ho? Independence, you know what I mean?” 
It’s very necessary in life to realise the importance of independence, and make oneself capable of earning one’s own bread. Aisha emphasises the value of self reliance, and personal growth. 

2.Being fearless is the only way in life, to make your dreams come true

“Tumhe nahi pata kitna darr lagta hai but you know what, sab theek ho jaega. Bombay aana mera sapna tha. Aur ab yahan hoon toh darr nahi sakti. Itna kuchh karna hai yahan ki darr ke jaye koi jagah hi nahi hogi”
When Aisha opened up about being scared everyday, but taking this as a challenge to pursue her dream, she gave us a major reality check about life. She inspires one to be brave and take chances.

3.Live in the moment, make memories everyday

“Who cares ki kal kya hoga… As long as we have some fun tonight!”
As millennials go with the quote, ‘you only live once’, Sid made sure to do justice to the saying, with his carefree character. Sometimes, it’s okay to escape and find happiness and pleasures under the multicoloured lights, late night drives with the best of your friends.

4. Embrace the little things and moments in life, while making them countable

“Yeh bhi toh party hain…tum, main our doh cup chai”
Making a layered cake with bread loafs, loaded with jam in ten minutes and stargazing with the city skylines inspires us to embrace the simple pleasures in life. Aisha and Sid touched our hearts in these moments. 

5. Failure doesn’t hold the power to define you

Main apne dad ke bagair kya hoon? Meri khud ki pehchan kya hai…Mujhe nahi pata mujhe naukri karni hai. Main janta hoon mujhe kuchh nahi aata, pata nahi mujhe kaun naukri dega. Par ab mujhe kaam karna hai bas”
Being lost can help pave one’s road of success. Sid loved his passion so much, that he believed to take it responsibly and make it a profession. He encourages one to realise and embrace your inner calling. He inspires one to create a unique identity about oneself. 

6. Grab every opportunity that is capable of reflecting your potential

“Tere liye, Nayi hai zameen naya aasmaan, Likh de hawaaon mein koi nayi dastaan..” 
These heart warming lyrics from the song ‘Aaj Kal Zindagi’ allowed us to have a moment with ourselves while Sid takes the internship opportunity to start working. Watching Sid from being a spoilt brat to becoming a responsible adult was surely captivating enough to motivate us.

7. Family is the strongest support system and should be your first love

“Bas aapse milna tha, I miss you mom” 
“Tumhare friend’s ke tarah agar main bhi English main baat karungi, toh kya pata hum bhi friends ban jaye…Siddy, Tumhara khaana wagera sab theek hain naa ?”
No matter wherever you go, whatever you follow with a good note, your parents will always support you. Your parents have unconditional love for you and would accept you no matter what. They deserve to be loved and respected equally.

8. Some friendships are capable of surviving storms as they are meant to be forever

“Yaar haan, mujhe hona chaiye tha yaar dilaane ke liye…sorry”
True friends will always support you and pray for you even on bad terms. Sid rekindling his friendship with Rishi eventually brought a smile on our faces, and allowed us to reflect our bonds with our friends. 

9.It’s okay to enjoy the simple things in life, if they are comforting and make you safe

“Puraani Hindi film songs….at least unhe aasaani se gaa toh sakte hain…Maine socha tha ki…main bhi Jazz enjoy Karne lagungi, par actually mujhe Jazz pasand hi nahi hain….It’s just not me”

It’s not necessary to fit in to make yourself feel accepted. Things which comfort you will always find your way towards you to give yourself a unique identity about yourself. Ayesha teaches one to hold on and accept things which can make you feel home.

10. Separation hurts, but don’t let that emotion be a burden on someone else

“Itni jaldi chale jaoge…pata nahi main kyun upset hori hoon…kyun nahi rahe sakte yaha Sid…itna bada faisla liya aur mujhse baat bhi nahi ki, socha takk nahi ki mujhe kaisa lagega”
It’s okay to acknowledge your feelings, but sometimes words cut through real deep. Ayesha was right at her point, and so was Sid. There was a lack of understanding between the two, but soon they rekindled their bond. Separation happens for the good, and needs to be embraced with ease. 

11. Love isn’t always perfect, but will always be pure when found in the right person

“Goals paane ki khushi tabhi mehsoos hoti hai … Jab usse kisi ke saath share kar sako”
Love that makes you grow as a person is empowering. While Ayesha learns to address her feelings, she realises that she has fallen in love with the friendship she shared with Sid. Both allowed each other to grow individually and that helped them perceive their goals and feel respected for what they truly are.

Looking for a paradise to travel? Here’s what I have for you today. ANDAMAN, yes you’re right a Union territory. What it feels like to be on Andaman and Nicobar island? I would love to tell you about this with my experience, me being a travel passionate had an amazing and rewarding experience in Andaman. Living in Andaman is all about nature-nature-nature, it is all about dense forests and wast island including flora and fauna. This place enjoys a moderate climate as there is no boiling weather nor chilly & frosty weather. It is a place of the rich biodiversity of people. Besides being home to the Indian population, it is also home to Sentinelese people and many such unknown tribes. Sentinelese is the much-known tribe.

Andaman and Nicobar Island are a Union Territory of India which consist of 572 Islands, out of which 38 Island are colonized at the interface of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman sea. The territory is in the north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar from the Andaman sea. It is divided into two islands, 1- Andaman Island and 2- Nicobar Island. The capital of it is Port Blair.

TOURIST ATTARCTION IN ANDAMAN ISLAND

The main atraction of this places is beaches, you’ll ought to find many beautiful beaches and here. The most famous ones are here :-

Port Blair is the capital gateway to visit Andaman and Nicobar Island. It is known for historical museums and beaches it is the entry way for the variety of flora and fauna. It is connected to all sorts of beautiful island through land and by the water ways obviously. The main attraction here is firstly Cellular jail, its been a crucial historical part of port blair.Unforgettable fighters such as Veer Savarkar, Yogendra Shukla, Batukeshwar Dutt, were some of the prisoners here. This the places where all the freedoms fighters were treated very inhumanly, staverd,tortured and britishers used to isolate them till there last breath. One can roam around in day and can hire a guide for the history and in night dont miss the light and sound show. Its’s one of an amazing sound and light show. There are some museums, a shopping place, and water sports too. Ross Island was too one of the places to reside in Andaman for Britishers. It is situated in the east-central of Port Blair. it was a headquarters for the British colony. There are numerous amount of churches, houses, clubs which explained British life back then. North Bay island is a few minutes away from Port Blair. It is a fascinating place to enjoy the serenity of nature with its cold brew and enjoying a variety of water sports and has beautiful coral reefs. This place the one magnificent underwater view.

Havelock Island is a few hours away from Port Blair. The only way to reach havelock is by water, by the air-conditioned ferry. There are also 2 kinda ferries, the government ferry, and the private ones. My personal choice is the government ferry and it takes 2.5 hours to reach. The journey from Port Blair to Havelock Island was one hell of a beautiful and memorable journey in my whole trip. Havelock is known for its beaches like elephant beach, Radhanagar beach with its coral leaves. Havelock is the best place to water sports and scuba diving, it is natural and pleasant. Elephant beach is for water sports and it is a good trek from havelock to elephant beach, the trek is reckless and is full-loaded adventurous. Radhanagar is a crescent-shaped beach with a view of the beautiful sunset. Stunning Kalapathar beach is embedded embedded in the corner of havelock with a cloudless, sky-blue, and crystal clear water with the white sand shore. Scuba diving is a wonderful experience, diving underwater with all the marine diversity. The water is so crystal clear that is make certain for divers to dive in with a beautiful view and great visibility.

Baratang Island is a very beautiful island in north and middle Andaman. It takes almost 3 hours to reach Baratang by cab from port Blair. It is known for mud volcanos, caves, and mangroves. This place divine nature and a quiet place through adventures.

So to conclude, here what I had for you guys. Andaman Island is a must-visit place with stunning tourist attractions mentioned over with a modest budget. must say a pocket-friendly trip whole lot of luxury amenities.

In August, 1947, when the Britishers left and India got its independence , the partition of subcontinent happened as India and Pakistan. The partition involved two territory Punjab and Bengal, wide range of non-muslim and muslim population living there. Bengal was divided into two half East and West. Majority Muslim shifted to East Bengal and later it became Bangladesh. In North-west India the punjab was divided into two , half of it became Pakistan and rest of it was Indiaa.This also led to division of British Indian Army,Railway,Indian Navy and Central tressure.This partion outlined the Indian Independence Act 1947 which led to end of British Raj and on 15th August in midnight, pakistan came into legal existence.

The partition displaced 10 to 20 million people, which created refuges in newly constitued territory.There was a large scale violoence happened, estimated huge loss of life. During this,75,000 to 100,000 women were kidnapped and raped, Later they worked and returned 12,000 abducted women to India and 6000 in pakistan. The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted and Pakistan government claimed 50,000 women were abducted during the riots.Muslim women were sent to pakistan and Hindu and Sikh women were sent to India. Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to return to India as a fear that there family would not accept them. 15 million people were crossing borders from Pakistan to India during the violent partition, there were Hindus and Sikhs they were killed by mobs as said the violence was made by muslims community, the train arrived in india with death bodies in it. It is said that mobs rampaged, looted and bombed in every section and compartment of train. Womens, desperate to avoid rap and kidnap, committed suicide. By that time a milion or more have died. This violent nature created a ditance between India and pakistan and has affected a relationship in today’s day.

The India-Pakistan partition is one of an unforgettable history. Most of the people were not only attached to there religion but to there territoy. Britain was hestitated to use there own group to maintain order and law. The situation in punjab was more worse, weapons and demolishes soldiers were kidnapped. Where on the under side pakistan’s population end being more religious than they orginally were.There leader assumed they would be having fair amount of non-muslim population, who’s presencce would safegaurd muslim community in India. All though Pakistan apparently created a homeland for India’s Muslim minority,not all muslim supported this formation. Muslim remained largest minorty in India.there population was 10% in 1951. Gandhi was assasinated in 1958 by a Hindu nationalist who blamed him for suppoting Muslim community during the partition.

Both territory has faced mny consequences and problems in accommodating partition refugees.The number of refugees went up as both the territoy started a war over Jmmu and Kashmir in 1947-1948. This has led to fight and its still going on in 20th century.

As of now,the two countries are not even close to make a healthy relation, Kashhmir remains a flashpoint , both countries are on the verge ofhaving another war. Indian muslims are blamed and suspected for being a part of Pakistan and helping them throughout there plan.

This is our comment on the “power of the subconscious” by author Joseph Murphy. A self-help e-book will help those who are struggling to turn their ideas into reality. Power beyond our daily ability. The book is divided into several parts and contains many items. As the book draws to a close, the theory becomes more complicated. It is easy to follow the examples in the e-book, and these examples can serve as meaningful comparisons for breaking down complex sentences. Sometimes it can be regarded as a self-service e-book, suitable for those who have no motivation to take defensive measures and turn ideas into actions. Because, due to non-public prejudice, whether we want to solve these problems or not, we may become one of the biggest obstacles to our way forward. This is not a new book, it first hit the shelves in 1963. Even after six years, knowledge is still true. In a sense, unconscious thoughts have always attracted me because I was attracted to this idea a few years ago. The idea that we can explore without actively paying attention to the subject or listening to the recording in our sleep still bothers me today.The starting point of this idea is a journey about how the electrical impulses ignited in my talent can lead to physical manifestations in the form of something as simple as housework, and the complexity of my daily tasks that I minimize every day. It’s like owning a service vehicle when you reach a safe experience level; the body just reacts to the situation. In fact, when website visitors actively consider sharing tools or know very little about the content of the tournament, it slows down your reaction because the idea is executed faster when executed unconsciously. The author Joseph Murphy makes some lofty claims that this is still a reality beyond any scientific basis or certification. You should use your personal collective judgements, as well as the statements in the e-book, and try to get things done. Instill it in your life from him. Won’t hurt him. It may also be useful to you, or you may be tired of preparing to present important meanings, but it provides many options in e-books. Your genius should keep this idea and use it to make your existence higher than personalized. Because there is no single method for human thinking. Since subconscious thinking works from the beginning of our business to our last breath, we can find its wider application in the following simple steps. Obviously, he is a spiritual man who uses biblical royalties, and they turn the entire experience into thought, even if it does not include a spiritual perspective. I am a lazy atheist, and giving up the idea of ​​an unnamed god used to be a difficult capsule to swallow, but there is no scientific objection to some factors so I can check it, admit it for a minute, and others will think about it. I can quantify and examine myself.

Protection and conservation of forests and wildlife are essential to maintain the earth’s health and environment. The earth is the only known living planet and it is because of its special environment and ecology which are life-supporting. Forests are part and parcel of our environment. They are one of the most valuable resources and gifts of nature. They play a key role in the maintenance of climate, rain-patterns, water and soil conservation. They are the natural home of many types of animals, birds, reptiles, insects tic. They supply timber, fuel, medicines, wood for paper pulp and raw materials for many industries. The increasing depletion and destruction of wildlife is a sauce of great concern. On out of every seven persons of the world live in India. India has 16 per cent of the world’s population with only 2.4 per cent of its land area.

India is very rich both in flora and fauna but many plant and animal species are already extinct and many other are on the road to extinction. In spite of various acts and rules-regulations against exploitation of wildlife, the real conservation has still a long way to cover. India is a huge country and one of the major wildlife producer countries of the world and yet there is a skeleton staff to safeguard the interest of wildlife. Poachers are on the prowl even in sanctuaries and protected forest areas. They have become fertile influential people and traders in animal-skins, horns, etc.

Protection and conservation of forests and wildlife are essential to maintain the earth’s health and environment. The earth is the only known living planet and it is because of its special environment and ecology which are life-supporting. Forests are part and parcel of our environment.They are one of the most valuable resources and gifts of nature. They play a key role in the maintenance climate, rain-patterns, water and soil conservation.They are the natural home of much type- of animals, birds, reptiles, insects etc. They supply timber, fuel, medicines, and wood for peeper-pulp and raw materials for many industries. The increasing depletion and destruction of wildlife is a source of great concern. One out of every seven persons of the world live in India.

India has 16 per cent of the world’s population with only 2.4 percent of its land area. There is much pressure on our natural resources including forests. In these times of increasing consumerism and nature- hostile activities, the forest-cover is depleting and deteriorating very fast.The conservation of wildlife which includes native plants and animals, depends on protection of forests. Wildlife is the direct product of the land resources and habitat conditions. The neglect of forests moans the destruction of the wild animals.Wildlife, like we human beings, need food, water, and shelter. Destruction of forests, wetlands, marshes, points, grasslands etc. eliminates their sources of food, water and habitat. The National wildlife action Plan launched in 1983 provides the framework of strategy as well as programme for conservation of wildlife.

India is very rich both in flora and fauna but many plant and animal species are already extinct and many other are on the road to extinction. In spite of various acts and rules- regulations against exploitation of wildlife, the real conservation has one of the major wildlife producer counties of the world and yet there is a skeleton staff to safeguard the interests of wildlife. Poachers are on the prowl even in sanctuaries and protected forest areas.They have become fertile hunting grounds for illegal hunting and killing of animals. The rich and influential people and traders in, animal-skins, horns, etc. have been indulging in hunting, killing and trading of wildlife with impunity. They carry telescopic rifles and other weapons, use traps and poison food and kill the animals. As a result of ecological imbalances and depleting forest-cover, the wild animals come out at night in search of food in the villages and attack human beings and domestic animals and fowls. In some parts of Uttar Pradesh the hyena and wolf-menace was very much in the news. Many children were killed by the wolves and hyenas.Similarly, in Pauri Garwal district of UP some leopards turned into man-eaters. Faced with the scarcity of animals for prey in the forest and continuing attacks from poachers, they become man- eaters. And once a man-eater is always a man- eater because man is the softest target.On many an occasion, the villagers injure more animals then they kill and so the injured animals turn into man-eaters and attack villages at night for food. When a human kill takes place, every leopard or tiger is regarded as man-eater and there is indiscriminate killing consequently, the number of these felines is decreasing fast.Thousands of snails, frog, rats, earthworms, cockroaches and other animals are killed for dissection in schools, colleges and laboratories for experiments. Snakes are also killed indiscriminately out of ignorance as greed. This destroys and disturbs the fragile ecological balance. Tigers are subjected to utmost brutality by man, the most intelligent and evolved animal on the earth.

Conservation of forests and wildlife is also important from aesthete point of view. They make life beautiful and colourful. Without them human life will lose much of its beauty, charm and meaning. Their proper protection and conservation also means a continuous and adequate supply of food, fodder, medicines, timber etc. Forests and wildlife and renewable resources which need to be diligently protected, preserved and increased in a planned way. There is a need to spread the awareness about forest and wildlife conservation. Social forestry can be taught in schools as a subject.More and more trees should be planted, protected and seen growing and maturing. There should be a ban on mobile zoos and animal rights activists should come forward to wage a war on behalf of the mute and innocent animals.

Introduction:

The storage battery or secondary battery is such a battery where electrical energy can be stored as chemical energy and this chemical energy is then converted to electrical energy as and when required. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy by applying external electrical source is known as charging of battery. Whereas conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy for supplying the external load is known as discharging of secondary battery. The battery which uses lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, this type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost. Efficiency of Lead Acid Battery is 50-95%.

Construction of Lead Acid Battery:

The Lead Acid Battery is made up of different parts:

• Container– The container of the lead acid battery is made of glass, lead lined wood, ebonite, the hard rubber of bituminous compound, ceramic materials or moulded plastics and are seated at the top to avoid the discharge of electrolyte. At the bottom of the container, there are four ribs, on two of them rest the positive plate and the others support the negative plates. The material of which the battery containers are made should be resistant to sulfuric acid, should not deform or porous, or contain impurities which damage the electrolyte.
• Plates– The plate of the lead-acid cell is made up of lead and active material. they all form some type of grid, it is essential for conducting the electric current and for distributing the current equally on the active material. The grids are made up of an alloy of lead and antimony. The plates of the battery are of two types. They are the formed plates or plante plates and pasted or faure plates.
• Active Material– The material in a cell which takes active participation in a chemical reaction (i.e. absorption of electrical energy) during charging or discharging is called the active material of the cell. The active elements of the lead acid are:
  • Lead peroxide (PbO₂) – It forms the positive active material. The PbO₂ are dark chocolate broom in colour.
  • Lead – Its form the negative active material. It is grey in colour.
  • Dilute Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) – It is used as an electrolyte. It contains 31% of sulfuric acid.

• Separators– The separators are thin sheets of non-conducting material made up of chemically treated leadwood, porous rubbers, or mats of glass fibre and are placed between the positive and negative to insulate them from each other.
• Battery Terminals– A battery has two terminals the positive and the negative.

Working of Lead Acid Battery:

During charging of battery, current is passed through it which causes some chemical changes inside the battery. This chemical changes absorb energy during their formation. When the battery is connected to the external load, the chemical changes take place in reverse direction, during which the absorbed energy is released as electrical energy and supplied to the load.

The lead acid storage battery is formed by dipping lead peroxide plate and sponge lead plate in dilute sulfuric acid. A load is connected externally between these plates. In diluted sulfuric acid the molecules of the acid split into positive hydrogen ions (H⁺) and negative sulfate ions (SO₄ ^2-). The hydrogen ions when reach at PbO₂ plate, they receive electrons from it and become hydrogen atom which again attack PbO₂ and form PbO and H₂O (water). This PbO reacts with H₂ SO₄ and forms PbSO₄ and H₂O (water).

SO₄ ^2- ions are moving freely in the solution so when they will reach to pure Pb plate where they give their extra electrons and become radical SO₄. As the radical SO₄ cannot exist alone it will attack Pb and will form PbSO₄. As H⁺ ions take electrons from PbO₂ plate and SO₄ ^2- ions give electrons to Pb plate, there would be an inequality of electrons between these two plates. Hence there would be a flow of current through the external load between these plates for balancing this inequality of electrons. This process is called discharging of lead acid battery. During discharging,

• Both of the plates are covered with PbSO₄.
• Specific gravity of sulfuric acid solution falls due to formation of water during reaction at PbO₂ plate.
• As a result, the rate of reaction falls which implies potential difference between the plates decreases during discharging process.

Now, when we connect an external DC source to the termial, Hydrogen ions (cation) being positively charged, move to the electrode (cathode) connected with negative terminal of the DC source. Here each H⁺ ion takes one electron from that and becomes hydrogen atom. These hydrogen atoms then attack PbSO₄ and form lead and sulfuric acid.

SO₄^2- ions (anions) move towards the electrode (anode) connected with positive terminal of DC source where they will give up their extra electrons and become radical SO₄. This radical SO₄ cannot exist alone hence reacts with PbSO₄ of anode and forms lead peroxide (PbO₂) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). So, during charging,

• Lead sulfate anode gets converted into lead peroxide.
• Lead sulfate of cathode is converted to pure lead.
• Terminal potential of the cell increases.

Films play a huge role in our life, and especially during these times where we cannot go outside to travel with our friends and family to the places that we want to go or had the plans to go. That’s when films and TV shows helped us to go through our lockdowns and be sane in this pandemic. There were many films released this year and brought to us via digital platforms. One such film that we are waiting for it to release in India is “SHEER QORMA”.

Sheer Qorma an upcoming Indian short film Drama LGBT romance written and directed by Faraz Arif Ansari and produced by Marijke de Souza. It is produced by Futterwacken Films. Starring Shabana Azmi, Divya Dutta and Swara Bhaskar, the film revolves around a woman and a non-binary person (played by Dutta and Swara Bhaskar) in love with each other.

Sheer Qorma has won Best Short Film Audience Award at the Frameline Fest and has also qualified for the BAFTA this year.The Faraz Arif Ansari directorial was screened at the Frameline Fest as part of the Enby Love shorts program. The film also recently won the Best Short Film, Audience award at the 34th Connecticut LGBT Festival.

Sheer Qorma is a romantic drama that showcases how love is judged in society based on gender and how people have preconceived notions about sexuality. It has Swara playing the role of a Pakistani-Canadian citizen who travels to India with her lover (Divya Dutta). But Dutta’s mother, played by Shabana Azmi, finds it difficult to come to terms with her daughter’s choices.

Speaking about the film in an earlier statement, Ansari had shared, “The character that Shabana ji essays in Sheer Qorma is going to not only resonate with mothers all across the world but will also open a much needed dialogue about parenthood, and with not just parents of queer children but a more universal dialogue that I hope will bring a lot of love back in our universe. Shabana ji’s character in Sheer Qorma is the mother we all deserve.”

Sheer Qorma has travelled to several film festivals but is yet to release in India.

Hello everyone! I hope you all are doing good and are safe. I am here to throw some light upon the topic Urbanisation.
Urbanisation is one of the most important cause of population explosion. Generally each and everyone of us want a better standard of living than what we are having now. We all plan for having a good life always. In order to get a good and desired standard of living we need to work hard for it. People struggle for getting good job opportunities now a days as most companies don’t have their preferred vacancies.
Finding good job opportunities to have a better lifestyle is not a problem but in order to make it happen people from all the rural areas migrate to urban areas and that is what we call urbanisation. There are many causes and effects of urbanisation. The causes include the people who are in search of good jobs to lead a proper life but there are some very harmful consequences because of that. Firstly, urban areas are running out of space for people to occupy it and start to lead a life there. Second thing even if they find a place to leave there is a shortage of all the basis necessities. There are atleast four needs that one should have that is food, shelter, good air and clothes to wear.
Now because of the increasing population in urban areas there is an increase in the demand for shelter and because of which trees are been cut in order to establish settlements there for people to reside which leads to exploitation of natural resources. Other than shelter, food is a necessity. Increasing number of people increases the demand for food as well and which is why farmers while yielding crops can’t make it happen naturally. It is hard for them to harvest an increased amount of crops in a shorter time as the demand rises. Due to all these reasons farmers tend to apply a huge amount of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides to get the crops in a shorter time which results in soil erosion. This harms the land so much that it is not possible for farmers to yield crops on that land again. All this leads to scarcity of cultivable land.
People start residing in slums by building those near good and developed areas as they can’t find place to stay. Many of us don’t even have that much amount of money in order to pay huge rent and stay in an apartment. It is just not affordable. People start to use lakes and dams as their means of consumption. This also results in contamination of water which means water pollution. As the population in urban areas increases there is an increase in the number of private vehicles which results in air pollution and can cause many diseases such as asthma etc.
We should avoid wasting resources as its not just ours, we need to provide it to further generations too. We need to start sustainable development and love according to it in order to give humans a better life in present and in future too. It is understandable that a better standard of living is essential now a days but if it brings so many consequences then it will do no good to us in future. Though doing all this will give us a good living but it will just be temporary and can cause harsh consequences. Lets get together in order to save our environment and take good care of it.
Thank you!

Corona virus came up with lot of destructions. It has a major effect in our lives. It became stressful for every age group. Social distancing can make people feel isolated and it cause more stress and anxiety. Learning to cope up with stress will make you and your environment healthy. 

Stress can cause the following problems  :

• Feelings of fear, anger, sadness, worry, numbness, or frustration
• Changes in appetite, energy, desires, and interests
• Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
• Difficulty in sleeping or nightmares
• Headaches, body pains, stomach problems, and skin rashes
• Worsening of chronic health problems
• Worsening of mental health conditions
• Increased use of tobacco, alcohol.

Ways to cope with stress: 

• Meditation 

Meditation can reduce the areas of anxiety, chronic pain, depression, heart disease and high blood pressure.

• Make time to unwind 

Try to do the activities which you enjoy.

• Connect with others 

Physical distance may effect our mental health .It is very important to connect socially in this challenging time. 

• Take care of your body 

Try to eat healthy , get plenty of sleep and do exercise regularly.

If you are still struggling to cope, there are many ways to get help. Call your healthcare provider if stress gets in the way of your daily activities for several days in a row.

SECOND WAVE CAN ENFEEBLE INDIAN ECONOMY

It has been more than one and half year since the COVID-19 pandemic made the way for the great core of human progress and made us to understand the power of mother nature. To understand impact of the second wave on Indian economy, let’s remember the first wave and also its impact on the Indian economy. The first wave of covid-19 gave us the phrase where the nation went into lockdown for a long period with the less numbers of peak cases. But the lockdown continued. After reporting the very  first case in late January 2020 in the state of Kerala, India introduced rigorous effect of coronavirus (COVID-19). The following weeks saw a quick progression of covid leading to a suspension of all travel in and out of the country by March 22 that year. While infections proceed to increase during this period, We were now quarantined  to our homes to lower the spread of the virus. Economists slit the GDP rates for the anticipatable future due to the crystal clear impact of the lockdown. Unsurprisingly, the most touched industries i.e. services and manufacturing, precisely travel & tourism, financial services, with sinking rates of up to 23% between April and June 2020. In the direction of the end of 2020, however, India saw some appearance of healing of certain sectors. The pandemic came with inconstancy and hint on all aspects of business across the world.  For small businesses, however, it depended on how long they could ride out the storm. And this pandemic changed scenario and the daily lifestyles drastically. Economic activity began to take a hit again in March 2021, and it resulted the country to face the second wave of the pandemic. On May 31, Government of India announced the facts for GDP for the financial year 2020-21, GDP shrink by 7.3%. It can be considered as the most severe contraction from the time of independence till now. As the outcome, GDP forecasts were envisioned to fall, lays losses at over 38 billion U.S. dollars if lockdown resume till June 2021.

IMPACT OF SECOND WAVE SECTOR WISE

MANUFACTURING SECTOR

Manufacturing was the sector which underwent through the first as well as the second wave. To lower down the spread of coronavirus, many manufacturing sectors went for working at lesser capacity or made them to shut down completely. Manufacturing sector with non-essential facilities was also tremble for long time and with more strict restrictions. The fear of the continuing of the lockdown made migration back to their villages.

AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Strict rules and long period of lockdown has been seen in many rural parts of the nation. The Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Mandis seen to be closed for all the functions or have taken steps according to their situation. Specially, Mandis in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra were seen to be closed during peak of harvesting.

SERVICE SECTOR

From the last 20 years services sector has been the backbone of the Indian economy contributing to more than half of the GDP. The first wave of covid-19 made a straight line required for an organization to development of infrastructure and processes for remote working. For the employees, first lockdown made them to work within the four wall which took time for them to get to work from home and be productive. But the second wave disturbed this pattern again.

Hello everyone! I am here to talk about Women Empowerment.
It is an issue that we are supposed to be paying attention on long back. Women empowerment is something that is very important for a developed and successful country. Each and every educated one according to my proper knowledge will want women to get empowered as they know the importance having equality in a nation. In the earlier days women were supposed to keep quite in all the problem solving and decision making matters, they were expected to just do household chores. The condition and thinking was so bad that at some households women were supposed to have their meals after the men of the house.
Patriarchy was there on an extent that men were supposed to be the only leaders of their house. They used to take decisions and everyone should go according to what they say and what they feel is right. There was also a Sati system where women were told to die if their husband did. No one asked women if they want to do that or not. Irrespective of how a women feels about a certain thing, she was told to do it without giving any options or choices. People were so ignorant about the feelings of women.
Now as years have passed and people have gained knowledge. Modernisation has led to make women of some regions feel a little bit equal to men. Earlier there used to only be one earning member in the house that is man and women were always playing a role of depending members in the family. As time have passed women are getting chances to speak on certain topics and this is where I feel there is freedom of speech and expression finally given to a woman. In order to make women feel equal to men there are a lot of things we can do individually as well as forming groups and campaigns.
In an individual way we can let woman make certain choices and decisions that are considered really very important which will make them feel happy that they are given importance of taking such decisions for the family or any other matter. The idea of not eating together is however vanished in a lot of places now. Women have meals with their family at the same time but still there are some families who are following same old traditions that needs to be changed in order to see our country make progress. We should think that in today’s economy, to lead a healthy and successful life with luxury there should be more than one earning member in a family. This is where women should be encouraged to do jobs and earn so that even they get motivated and love themselves for being independent.
I feel that women is a very supporting pillar of a country. Other than taking care of household and reproducing, she should also be treated as equal in workplaces. Government has come with so many campaigns related to empowering women. Even we should altogether form groups and donate some amount of our salary for the women who are been thrown out of their houses because they didn’t obeyed those orthodox thinking. With that money we should find women good job opportunities and help them so that they don’t depend on anyone in their lives.
Thank you!

The Proceedings against an Individual are governed by Section 249 of Insolvency and Bankruptcy code, 2016 as amended in 2019 and made operational by Central Government from 01.12.2019.And By Provincial towns insolvency Act 1909 and Provincial insolvency act 1920 and are enforced by the courts.Section 249 of IBC, 2016 Provides for Amendment of Act 51 (Recovery of debts due to banks and financial Institutions Act) of 1993. In cases of Individuals Section 249 provides it for minimum default of Rs. 1 thousand is necessary to trigger a suit against an Individual or It can be triggered by filing a suit in Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) which would have circuit sittings in all district headquarters. Clause 1A of Section 8 of Recovery of debts due to banks and Financial institutions, Insolvency resolution and bankruptcy of individuals and partnership firms Act 1993 (as amended by section 249 of IBC 2019 amendment Bill) Provides for the power to the central government to establish Debt recovery appellate tribunals which would exercise powers and authority to entertain appeal under Part III of IBC, 2016 And Also to establish Debt recovery tribunals Under clause 1A of section 3 in the same act named above.

OBJECTS AND REASONS OF IBC 2016 There is no single law in India that deals with insolvency and bankruptcy. Provisions relating to insolvency and bankruptcy for companies can be found in the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, the Recovery of Debt Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 and the Companies Act, 2013. These statutes provide for creation of multiple fora such as Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) and National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and their respective Appellate Tribunals. Liquidation of companies is handled by the High Courts. Individual bankruptcy and insolvency is dealt with under the Presidency Towns Insolvency Act, 1909, and the Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920 and is dealt with by the Courts. The existing framework for insolvency and bankruptcy is inadequate, ineffective and results in undue delays in resolution, therefore, the proposed legislation. The Code seeks to provide for designating the NCLT and DRT as the Adjudicating Authorities for corporate persons and firms and individuals, respectively, for resolution of insolvency, liquidation and bankruptcy. The Code separates commercial aspects of insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings from judicial aspects.JURISDICTION OF PROVINCIAL INSOLVENCY ACT 1920The scheme of Section 60(2) and (3) is thus clear – the moment there is a proceeding against the corporate debtor pending under the 2016 Code, Any bankruptcy proceeding against the individual personal guarantor will, if already initiated before the proceeding against the corporate debtor, be transferred to the National Company Law Tribunal or, if initiated after such proceedings had been commenced against the corporate debtor, be filed only in the National Company Law Tribunal. However, the Tribunal is to decide such proceedings only in accordance with the Presidency-Towns Insolvency Act, 1909 or the Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920, as the case may be. It is clear that sub-section (4), which states that The Tribunal shall be vested with all the powers of the Debt Recovery Tribunal, as contemplated under Part III of this Code, for the purposes of sub-section (2), would not take effect, As the Debt Recovery Tribunal has not yet been empowered to hear bankruptcy proceedings against individuals under Section 179 of the Code, as the said Section has not yet been brought into force. Also, we have seen that Section 249, dealing with the consequential amendment of the Recovery of Debts Act to empower Debt Recovery Tribunals to try such proceedings, has also not been brought into force. The liability of a guarantor arises as soon as the principal debtor defaults in paying back the loan. It is to be noted that a contract of guarantee focuses upon the breaking of a promise, whereas the IBC focuses upon the existence of a default. Contrary to the proceedings under the IBC which can only be conducted in NCLT, a breach of guarantee contract can be brought into DRT, that too when ‘public money’ is involved. The rights available to a creditor to proceed against the personal guarantor of a corporate debtor are many-fold, i.e. he can either go to DRT solely for the purpose of debt recovery, or he can file insolvency proceedings against the personal debtor. Para 19 in the case of state bank of India Versus Ramakrishna provide:“We are afraid that such arguments have to be turned down on a careful reading of the Sections relied upon. Section 60 of the Code, in sub-section (1) thereof, refers to insolvency resolution and liquidation for both corporate debtors and personal guarantors, the Adjudicating Authority for which shall be the National Company Law Tribunal, having territorial jurisdiction over the place where the registered office of the corporate person is located. This sub-section is only important in that it locates the Tribunal which has territorial jurisdiction in insolvency resolution processes against corporate debtors. So far as personal guarantors are concerned, we have seen that Part III has not been brought into force, and neither has Section 243, which repeals the Presidency-Towns Insolvency Act, 1909 and the Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920. The net result of this is that so far as individual personal guarantors are concerned, they will continue to be proceeded against under the aforesaid two Insolvency Acts and not under the Code. Indeed, by a Press Release dated 28.08.2017, the Government of India, through the Ministry of Finance, cautioned that Section 243 of the Code, which provides for the repeal of said enactments, has not been notified till date, and further, that the provisions relating to insolvency resolution and bankruptcy for individuals and partnerships as contained in Part III of the Code are yet to be notified. Hence, it was advised that stakeholders who intend to pursue their insolvency cases may approach the appropriate authority/court under the existing enactments, instead of approaching the Debt Recovery Tribunals.”ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR’S PROPERTY“Under Section 56 of the Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920, the estate of the insolvent vests in the receiver only for the purpose of its administration and to pay off the debts to the creditors. The receiver acquired no personal interest of his own in the property. The receiver appointed by the court takes possession of the properties in the suit on behalf of the court and administers the property on behalf of the ultimate successful party as an officer of the court and he has no personal interest in the property vested there under.Section 56 of the Provincial Insolvency Act (5 of 1920) empowers the Court at the time of the making of the order of adjudication or thereafter to appoint a receiver for the property of the insolvent and to further provide that “such property shall thereupon vest in such receiver”. The word “vest” employed therein is only for the purpose of the receiver to administer the estate of insolvent for payment of the debts after realizing, and the property of the insolvent vests in the receiver not for all purposes but only for the purpose of the Insolvency Act and the receiver has no interest of his own in the property.