Angels and Demons – book summary

IMPORTANT CHARACTERS

  • Robert Langdon: A professor of symbology at Harvard University and the protagonist of the novel. He is flown to CERN to help investigate the murder of Leonardo Vetra. He is described as wearing a Harris Tweed jacket, a turtleneck sweater, and a pair of chino pants. His name is a tribute to John Langdon.

  • Leonardo Vetra: A scientist working at CERN and a priest. He is researching on antimatter when he is murdered by the assassin. He is also the adoptive father of Vittoria.

  • Vittoria Vetra: The adopted daughter of Vetra. She, like her father, works with CERN. She is a strict vegetarian. Her research focuses on biology and physics. The reader learns early in the novel that Vittoria worked with her father in their research of antimatter.

  • Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca: The Camerlengo (papal chamberlain) during the conclave. He murdered the pope, who is later revealed to have been his biological father. His code name for dealing with the assassin is “Janus,” taken from the two-faced Roman god of beginnings and ends.

  • Commander Ernesto Olivetti: The commandant of the Swiss Guard. He is initially skeptical about the claims of Langdon and Vittoria until he talks with the Hassassin. He, along with other Swiss Guards, searches desperately for the missing antimatter hidden somewhere in the Vatican. He is killed by the Hassassin at the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria

  • Captain Elias Rocher: The second-in-command after Commander Olivetti. He is contacted by Maximilian Kohler about his knowledge on the real cause of the events. He is killed by Lt. Chartrand, who was under the impression that Rocher was an Illuminatus.

  • Hassassin: The killer hired by Janus to fulfill his plans. He is of Middle Eastern origin and displays his sadistic lust for women throughout the novel. He murders Leonardo Vetra, the Preferiti, and Commander Olivetti. He dies after being pushed from a balcony by Langdon at Castel Sant’Angelo and breaking his back on a pile of cannonballs below.

  • Maximilian Kohler: The director of CERN. He is feared at CERN despite his paralysis. His wheelchair contains electronic gadgets such as a computer, telephone, pager, video camera, and a gun. He contacts Langdon to help him find the killer of his friend, Leonardo Vetra. He blames the Church for his disability, due to his highly religious parents denying him medical care as a child and becomes a scientist as a way to rebel.

  • Gunther Glick and Chinita Macri: A reporter and his photojournalist for the BBC. They are contacted by the Hassassin regarding the events happening in the Vatican. Glick has a notorious reputation as a sensationalist and conspiracy theorist journalist. Macri, meanwhile, is a veteran camerawoman and a foil to Glick. They have the first hand account on the events in the novel, from the beginning of the conclave to the election of Mortati as pope.

  • Lieutenant Chartrand: A young Swiss Guard. He, together with Commander Olivetti and Capt. Rocher, searches desperately for the antimatter hidden somewhere in the Vatican. He shoots and kills Captain Rocher after he is mistaken as an Illuminatus. Near the end of the novel, he is sent by the new pope to give the Illuminati Diamond to Langdon on indefinite loan

  • Cardinal Ebner: One of the four preferiti from Frankfurt, Germany. He is killed by smothering, via dirt and soil forced into his mouth.

  • Cardinal Lamassé: One of the four preferiti from Paris, France. He is killed by punctures to his lungs from which he bled to death.

  • Cardinal Guidera: One of the four preferiti from Barcelona, Spain. He is burned alive.

  • Cardinal Baggia: One of the four preferiti from Milan, Italy; the favorite to succeed as the new pope. He is drowned by the assassin.

STORY PLOT

CERN director Maximilian Kohler discovers one of the facility’s top physicists, Leonardo Vetra, murdered, his chest branded with an ambigram of the word “Illuminati.” Kohler contacts Robert Langdon, an expert on symbology, who determines that the ambigram is authentic. Kohler calls Vetra’s adopted daughter Vittoria home and it is ascertained that the Illuminati, an ancient anti-religious organization thought extinct, have stolen a canister containing antimatter, a substance with destructive potential comparable to a nuclear weapon. When at CERN, the canister is stored in a unique electrical charger which ensures the antimatter’s stability, but when removed, its backup battery provides power for 24 hours, after which the antimatter would fall out of suspension and, on coming into contact with the physical matter of the container, explode. The canister is located somewhere in Vatican City, with a security camera in front of it, as its digital clock counts down to an explosion due to occur at midnight, which will wipe out the Vatican.

Langdon is initially convinced that the Illuminati cannot be responsible for two reasons: 1) the Illuminati went extinct centuries ago, and their remnants were absorbed into the Freemasons and 2) the Illuminati, as men of scientific truth, would never sanction the murder of a fellow scientist. Kohler explains that Vetra might be an exception, as he was also an ordained Catholic priest.

Langdon and Vittoria make their way to Vatican City, where the Pope has recently died. They are told that the four Preferiti, the cardinals who are most likely to be elected pope, are missing. Langdon and Vittoria search for the preferiti in hopes that they will also find the antimatter canister. Their search is assisted by Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca (the late pope’s closest aide), the Vatican’s Swiss Guard and Commander Olivetti.

Langdon tells Vittoria how the Illuminati created a citywide map known as the “Path of Illumination,” a trail once used by the Illuminati as a means of inducting new members; aspirants who wanted to join the Illuminati were required to follow a series of subtle clues left in various churches in and around Rome. The clues indicate the secret meeting place of the Illuminati. Langdon’s theory is that the Path was marked by sculptures created by a mysterious Illuminati artist: an Illuminati member placed as a mole within the Vatican itself. Langdon is granted access to the Vatican Archives by the camerlengo, where he believes a document containing the clues to the Path of Illumination is located. The clues to the Illuminati markers are placed inside Galileo’s famous book called ‘Diagramma.’ Langdon then sets off on the Path of Illumination in hopes of saving the preferiti and recovering the antimatter canister.

The Path leads Langdon and Vittoria to four churches in Rome, each one containing works of art by Baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini (who Langdon realizes is the Illuminati artist) depicting angels and associated with one of the primordial elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Langdon realizes the four preferiti will be murdered in a way thematically related to each location’s related element. The first cardinal is branded with an Earth ambigram and has soil forced down his throat, suffocating him; the second is branded with an Air ambigram and has his lungs punctured; the third is branded with a Fire ambigram and is burned alive; and the fourth is branded with a Water ambigram and is wrapped in chains and left to drown at the bottom of a fountain.

During their search for the Illuminati lair, Langdon and Vittoria are seen getting closer.

After finding the bodies of the first two preferiti, Langdon hurries to the Santa Maria della Victoria Basilica and finds the preferiti’s abductor in the act of setting the third cardinal on fire. The kidnapper is an unnamed assassin who is working under the orders of the Illuminati master “Janus,” whose true identity is unknown. Commander Olivetti is killed and the assassin kidnaps Vittoria. Langdon escapes and accosts the assassin at the final element’s marker (Water) but he is unable to save the cardinal.

Langdon must complete the Path of Illumination in order to find the assassin and rescue Vittoria. His search leads him to Castel Sant’Angelo which he realizes is the “Church of Illumination,” the Illuminati’s secret lair. Under the papal fortress is a tunnel which leads directly into the pope’s private library in the Vatican. Langdon frees Vittoria and together they send the assassin falling several hundred feet to his death. The two hurry back to St. Peter’s Basilica, where they find that Kohler has arrived to confront the camerlengo in private. Langdon and Vittoria fear that Kohler is Janus and that he has come to murder the camerlengo. Hearing the camerlengo scream in agony from being branded with the Illuminati Diamond (a symbol combining all four Illuminati ambigrams), the Swiss Guards burst into the room and open fire on Kohler. Just before he dies, Kohler gives Langdon a mini video camera containing a video Kohler made while confronting the camerlengo and tells him to give it to the media.

With time running out, the Swiss Guard evacuates the Basilica. The camerlengo rushes back in, claiming that he has received a vision from God, who has revealed the location of the antimatter canister to him. With Langdon in pursuit, the camerlengo ventures into the catacombs and finds the canister sitting atop the tomb of Saint Peter. Langdon and the camerlengo retrieve the antimatter and get in a helicopter with only minutes to spare. The camerlengo manages to parachute safely onto the roof of St. Peter’s just as the canister explodes harmlessly in the sky. The crowd in St. Peter’s Square look in awe as the camerlengo stands triumphantly before them. Because of this “miracle,” the cardinals debate whether to elect the camerlengo as the new Pope. Langdon manages to survive the explosion using a window cover from the helicopter as a parachute, a trick he learned while touring CERN with Maximillian Kohler and lands in the Tiber River.

As Langdon regains consciousness, he finds himself in a hospital located on an island. He is given the video camera which he placed in the pocket of his tweed jacket. He is shocked when he hears the footage and becomes desperate to head back to the Vatican. The video shows the camerlengo branding himself with the Illuminati diamond and confessing that he himself is Janus, and who set in motion the night’s chain of events in order to sabotage the Vatican. He also confesses that he killed the Pope with an overdose of heparin, a powerful anticoagulant because the Pope revealed he had fathered a child.

After viewing Kohler’s tape, Langdon, Vittoria, and the cardinals confront the camerlengo. Shortly before the novel began, the Pope met with Leonardo Vetra, who believed that antimatter was capable of establishing a link between science and God. Vetra’s beliefs caused great discomfort to the camerlengo. While discussing Vetra, the pope revealed that his support was caused by science having given him a son. Without waiting to hear the explanation (that the child was the result of artificial insemination) and horrified that the Pope appeared to have broken his vow of chastity, the camerlengo plotted to rectify the situation. He poisoned the pope and, under the guise of an Illuminati master (Janus), recruited the assassin to kill Vetra, steal the antimatter and kidnap and murder the preferiti. The camerlengo planted the antimatter in St. Peter’s Basilica, feigned his last-minute vision from God, and retrieved the canister just in time to save the Vatican from the ensuing explosion, hoping to unite the struggling Catholic Church. The Illuminati involvement was merely a plot engineered by the camerlengo to cover his own involvement.

Upon the discovery and the camerlengo’s attempts to justify his murder of the Pope, Cardinal Saverio Mortati, Dean of the College of Cardinals, reveals that the camerlengo is, in fact, the late pope’s biological son, conceived with a nun through artificial insemination. Overcome with guilt, Ventresca soaks himself in oil and sets himself on fire before a crowd of onlookers in St. Peter’s Square. His ashes are recovered by Mortati, who places them in an urn which is placed inside his father’s sarcophagus. It is revealed that the cardinals’ endorsing of him would have made him Pope by acclamation. Mortati is unanimously elected pope by the cardinals, and Langdon and Vittoria reunite at Hotel Bernini. The last brand, the Illuminati Diamond, is given to Langdon on indefinite loan, provided that he return it to the Vatican in his will.

Divorce – Tragedy of life of a couple.

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

Divorce is the legal dissolution of a man and a woman’s marital union. Divorce is one of life’s most devastating events for any couple. Furthermore, if the divorce is disputed in India, it can be a complicated and expensive process. Even couples who agree to divorce must show that they have been separated for at least a year before the courts would hear their case.

Divorce by Mutual Consent.

The courts will consider a divorce with mutual consent if both the husband and woman agree to divorce. However, in order for the petition to be allowed, the couple must have been separated for at least a year or two years (depending on the relevant laws) and be able to demonstrate that they are unable to live together.

There are three factors where a husband and wife must strike a deal.

One is the issue of alimony or maintenance. According to the law, there is no minimum or maximum maintenance amount. It could be any number or none.

The second factor is the custody of the child. This must be worked out between the parties, as it is inevitably what takes the most time in a divorce where there is no mutual consent. In a mutual consent divorce, child custody might be shared, joint, or exclusive, depending on the spouses’ understanding.

The property is the third factor. The husband and wife must agree on who gets what portion of the property. This refers to both moveable and immovable assets.

What does the Section say?

According to Section 13 B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and Section 28 of the Special Marriage Act, 1954, the couple must live separately for at least one year before divorce proceedings begin. It’s important to remember that living separately does not always mean living in different places; the couple only needs to prove that they haven’t been living together as husband and wife during this time.

Reason behind Divorce.

1. Adultery.

Adultery is defined as engaging in any type of sexual relationship, including intercourse outside of marriage. Adultery is considered a criminal conduct, and sufficient evidence is required to prove it. One act of adultery is enough for the petitioner to receive a divorce, according to a 1976 revision to the legislation.

2. Cruelty.

When a spouse is subjected to any type of mental or physical injury that puts his or her life, limb, or health in danger, he or she has the right to petition for divorce. The ephemeral acts of cruelty committed by mental torture are determined on a series of events rather than a single act. Certain situations, like as denial of food, chronic ill-treatment and abuses to obtain dowry, weird sexual acts, and so on, are included cruelty.

3. Desertion.

The abandoned spouse can launch a divorce action on the grounds of desertion if one of the spouses intentionally abandons his or her partner for at least two years.

4. Mental Disorder.

Mental disorder can be used as a basis for divorce if the petitioner’s spouse suffers from an incurable mental illness or insanity, making it impossible for the couple to stay together.

5. Leprosy.

The other spouse can bring a petition based on this reason if the other spouse has a ‘virulent and incurable’ form of leprosy.

6. Venereal Disease.

If one of the spouses has a serious disease that is easily transmissible, the other spouse can file for divorce. AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are classified as venereal diseases.

7. Renunciation.

If one spouse joins a religious order and renounces all belongings, the other spouse is eligible to divorce.

8. Presumption of Death.

If the spouse has not been heard of as being alive for at least seven years by those who would have heard about him or her if he or she were alive, the spouse who is living can obtain a divorce decision from the court.

My Opinion

Marriage is a lifelong Commitment that is necessary for society’s establishment structure to function. When Children are involved in a divorce, the decision becomes much more difficult, which is why both couples must make restitution. Marriage is a major life decision that should be carefully considered. To make the relationship flourish, more efforts should be taken other than getting divorce.

Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Labanya Prabha Ghosh

Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Labanya Prabha Ghosh

Not much is known about Ghosh’s early life, but available records do state that she was born in 1987 in Purulia district, West Bengal to Nibaran Chandra Dasgupta, a freedom fighter.

District government records show that she was elected as the representative of the District Congress Committee from Manbhum district in 1926. Purulia was then a part of the Manbhum district.

When Gandhi launched the salt satyagraha in March 1930, Ghosh helped organize similar marches locally, including a flag satyagraha in 1945 in Konapara in Purulia.

She was an active member of “Shilpashram”, an important center of freedom struggle movement of Manbhum region.

Between 1941 and 1947, Ghosh was arrested several times for her revolutionary work, including for organizing protests during the Quit India movement of 1942.

Post independence

Ghosh’s revolutionary work did not stop with India’s independence. She was also prominent in the Bhasha Andolan that emerged following partition and the creation of separate states.

Between 1949 and 1956, Ghosh participated in several protests, including the Tusu Satyagraha, and led marches from Puluria to Calcutta, for which she was arrested.

The protests became impossible for the government authorities to ignore and in November 1956, Puluria was broken away from Bihar and acceded to West Bengal.

WINTER SEASON

Winter is the coldest season of the year in some parts of the northern and southern hemisphere, this season is characterized by falling snow and freezing cold temperatures, usually exacerbated by strong winds,… The sun comes out very late on winter mornings and when it does is not hot.

  1. Winter is the coldest season which starts in the month of December and last till mid of March.
  2. After autumn season winter season arrives, mainly due to the orientation in the axis of earth away from the sun.
  3. December and January are the coldest months of winter season.
  4. Winter season have temperature dropping of 3 degree to 5 degree in night in northwest region.
  5. During this season high speed of cold wings blows from north region in peak months.
  6. Winter seasons leads to the formation of thick fog because air is cooled to the fog droplets sue to low temperature.
  7. During winter season, nights become long and day becomes of shorter duration.
  8. Winter season is an ideal season for tours and travels to hilly region.
  9. It is the season of healthy fruits and green leafy vegetables.
  10. This season comprises of snowfall, winter storms, old rains, frost, fogs, and very low temperature most of the time.

Major festivals like Deepawali, Makar Sankranti, and Republic day fall in winter season. People enjoy many activities in hilly areas like ice skating, skiing, ice hockey, etc… Winter season gives relief from heat and humidity after long summer. Many people plan vacation and adventurous trips to tourist places during winter season.

Various beautiful birds like Siberian cranes and blue throat migrate to India during winter season. Rain during winter season has disadvantages too as it destroys crops, vegetables and fruits. Day during winters are pleasant because of the low heat intensity of sun. Excess cold during winter season also brings a period of discomfort to old and poor people.

I personally love winter season. This season brings a lot of happiness to all of us. All people get the chance to eat fresh fruits, vegetables and more. Apart from all of this things lots of flowers bloom during this winter season.

Photo by eberhard grossgasteiger on Pexels.com

The season are defined as spring (March, April, May), summer(June, July, August), Autumn( September, October, November) and winter (December, January, February) .

Antarctica is certainly the coldest country in the world , with temperature sinking as low as -67.3 degree celsius.

YAKUTSK:

Yakutsk, Russia – The capital city of the vast (1.2 million square miles). Siberian region known as the Sakha Republic, Yakutsk is widely identified as the world’s coldest city. ” No other place on the Earth experiences this temperature extreme”.

HARBIN:

Under the koppen climate classification , Harbin features a monsoon-influenced , humid continental climate (Dwa). Due to the Siberian high and its location above 45 degree north latitude, the city is known for its cold weather and ong winter.

Dras:

The coldest place in India. Dras is a lonely town in the infamous Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, popularly known as ‘The gateway to Ladakh’ . Dras is the coldest place in India and often touted as second to the coldest place inhabited on Earth.

LEH:

Leh, no doubt, Leh is one of the coldest places to visit in India. Perched in the newly formed Union Territory of Ladakh, the temperature is known to drop to as less as -13 degrees celsius!.

INTRESTING ABOUT WINTER- Delhi is the city which is coldest in December one

Delhi, which is shivering under on intense spell of cold wave for two weeks, experienced its coldest recorded December day on Monday, with the maximum temperature being at just 9.4 degrees celsius, the IMD announced.

WINTER FORMS OUR CHARACTER AND BRINGS OUT OUR BEST ” .

Top 5 Best Writing Apps for Writers in 2020

Writing is a beautiful hobby one can ever have for which there are best writing apps for writers. It is not easy to find perfect words, perfect phrases that will express your feelings properly. And the one who can put his thoughts on paper most creatively and aptly possible can be considered as a good writer. Though we all will agree that paper and pen are the essential parts of a writer’s life, a modern-day writer will surely not ignore all the technological developments around him. Young and enthusiastic writers of the 21st century have started making effective use of modern technology in their passion for writing, and the technical experts are taking into consideration, the demands of writers.

Also, we must remember that writing includes everything – it includes writing a book, a short story, a novel, a project, or even a news article. And time and space constraints may not allow us to write anytime, anywhere, according to our comfort. To overcome this, there are several online applications, the ‘writing apps’ which provide a supporting hand to all those who want to write something according to their will. In this article, we will be talking about some of the best writing app for writers in 2020.

5. Evernote

Evernote is a quite simple, user-friendly application for taking notes. If you not a techno-savvy person, and prefer a simple, best writing app for your use, then Evernote can be a good choice for you. You can use it for making general notes, or to write something of your choice.

Evernote application is one of the best writing apps for windows, a best writing app for android, and for iOS as well. The cool thing about this app is that it provides more features in its free version in comparison with any other free versions – the free version of Evernote allows you to make separate notebooks, eBooks, or even simple notes. It is a comfortable application for simple writings, which makes it a best app for poetry, and other creative writings. It comes with the feature of ‘dictations to transcribe voice into text’, has an easy-sync across devices, and easily integrates with other supporting applications, which makes it easy to work in collaboration with your team.

Evernote is available in both free and paid versions – Paid version will cost you $ 3.99 per month, or $ 2.99 per month with yearly payment.

4. iA Writer

If you are searching for the best writing app for Mac, and also a best writing app for iPad or iPhone, then iA Writer is a distraction-free writing application that will fulfill your need. Its interesting feature is that it only highlights the text that you are working on/typing, and everything apart from that fades away. It is a simple, easy to use app which comes with a dark mode too, and allows us to focus and concentrate on only the content that we are working on.

The creative writers looking for some good application must give a try to iA writer’s free version, which is available for 14 days trial. It is quite an all-inclusive app that supports/functions on Mac, iOS, Windows, and a free trial is also available for android users – great, isn’t it?

iA Writer paid version for Mac will cost you $ 2.99, and the paid version for Windows comes with a much higher rate – $ 19.99.

3. MS Word

Does this one need an introduction? An all-inclusive software application for writers, considered as the best writing apps for windows. We have been using right from our school projects up to office presentations. It can be used by a beginner who has the most basic knowledge about writing apps, and also by a professional writer to write a whole book or novel using it. Every penny that you spend on the paid version of MS Word is worth it, taking into account the numerous features that this writer’s favorite application provides.

MS Word comes with many features that include text to speech input, voice typing, built-in templates for use, keyboard shortcuts, proofreading, word count, linked notes, spelling and grammar check, and much more. It’s suitable for writing for all age groups, and all types of writings, so if you have MS Word, there’s no need to look for an alternative. Though buying a complete set of MS Office may seem a costly matter, but it will be very useful and again, WORTH IT.

2. Reedsy Book Editor

It’s a free writing application which helps in editing and formatting of your book. It provides professional assistance for the writers who wish to write and publish a book, and are looking for proper guidance. It is probably one of the best writing apps for windows.

Reedsy Book Editor is very helpful for typesetting your work without any complex process. It helps in proper organization of detailed writings, thereby making them interesting and flawless. Its sleek interface and easy-to-navigate formatting options are very useful for the modern writers.

Reedsy also allows writers to export their writings in PDF format, or ePublishing. Also, it helps us in looking for the past edited versions of our document, a feature that is not found in most of the other writing apps. It helps in easy formatting of the front and back pages of your book, so it’s like an all-inclusive writing application for professionals. Buying a paid version will come with more such features and assistance, thus one must give it a try.

1. Google Docs

Google is everywhere – applications and services provide by Google are an inseparable part of our lives, so how is it possible that we will proceed without mentioning the Google Docs in the best writing apps?

Google Docs is available on android as well as Windows. It’s a perfect solution to all the queries of a writer looking for a best writing app for android. Google Docs is available for free, and it can be linked with your Gmail account. It comes with some of the amazing features, which are almost similar to those provided by MS Word.

Also, all the changes that we make in the document are saved automatically, so there’s no fear of losing your progress even if you forget to save the changes. Apart from professional writings, we can use it for creative writing as well, thus its definitely a best writing app for poetry, and a best writing app for writers of the modern world.

Google Docs comes with the option of sharing the document in Word, PDF, or link form. Also, as it is connected with your Gmail account, collaborative working and doing team tasks becomes easy. If you still haven’t tried Google Docs, you must go for it.

To conclude, it can be said that whatever a writer does, it has to come from his heart. His work has to be a wholehearted contribution, otherwise, it will not have any impact on the minds of the readers. The year of 2020 has begun with a difficult challenge for us. During this lockdown period, people have started realizing the need of acquiring technological literacy, and we have to start it from ourselves.

The aim of writing this article was to make writers aware of some of the best writing app for writers in 2020 that are available on the web. There creative thinking and writing can go on, through such application, and they should not stop making their contribution to the society.

Advertisements

Experience Gypsy Lifestyle in 2020.

Ever wondered what it would be like if you had no permanent residence, no permanent job and you were simply a traveler? That is somewhat how being a Gypsy is. The gypsy lifestyle meaning can be two-fold – one – the Romani tribal people are known as Gypsies and two – in the broader scenario, a Gypsy is one who follows a very different way of living. You could be traveling with a caravan, or with your family to places doing odd jobs to make ends meet and you could be called a Gypsy. Being Gypsy does not mean being homeless, it means not following the idea of one home, one life, one job, one place.

The gypsy lifestyle meaning differs from regionally so the gypsy lifestyle in America would be significantly different from the Gypsy lifestyle in, say, Japan, or Europe. In this article we will share information about the gypsy lifestyle meaning, gypsy lifestyle in the USA, how different is the gypsy lifestyle in America to other places, and give brief insights on the gypsy lifestyle 2018, gypsy lifestyle 2020, gypsy lifestyle today. To understand how to lead a gypsy lifestyle, we must first understand the origins of that word and how those kinds of people – the Romani – lead their life.

Meaning of Gypsy Lifestyle

Let us first understand the gypsy lifestyle meaning. Google defines Gypsy as a nomadic, free-spirited person. ‘Gypsy’ is really a term for Romani individuals—an entirely distinctive culture. Nonetheless, in the event that you have a free soul that needs to investigate the world, meet new individuals, and carry on with an effortless life, a Gypsy way of life is the thing that you need. “Gypsy” as a word originated in the sixteenth century and implied Egyptian since Romanies were at first considered to be from Egypt. A  “Gypsy” is regularly viewed as unfavorable because of its use to mean unlawful conduct and a meandering way of life, rather than as an identifier for a specific race of individuals.

“Gyp,” which intends to cheat, is likewise hostile to Romanies on the grounds that the word likely gets from “vagabond” and generalizations each one of those ideas to be “rovers” as swindlers. So, yeah, in case you see a Romani and do not want them to get violent, don’t call them as “Oh, hey Gypsy, I read about you!” To clarify – this article refers to the definition of Gypsy as free-spirited, nomadic people who wish to lead a life on the road and be one with nature.

Gypsy Lifestyle in America

Coming to the gypsy lifestyle in the USA. There is an expected 1 million Roma (Gypsies) living in the United States, showing up to the country from various nations and communicating in various dialects. The U.S. has assumed a role of an oppressor against these people, as certain states have on their books made laws that restricted where Romanies could lease property, where they could work, and what merchandise they could sell. Be that as it may, exact insights about American Romanies are constrained due to:

  • The absence of studies surveying the financial real factors of American Romani
  • The nonappearance of Romani data on enumeration returns.
  • The pattern of some American Romanies to shroud their Romani legacy as a remnant mindset established in the separation their progenitors suffered in Europe.
  • The absence of mindfulness among certain Americans that the Romani are a real ethnic gathering, not “a Halloween ensemble” or” anecdotal characters with “wagons and ponies and tambourines”. 

With an end goal to cure the absence of insights on American Romanies, Harvard University has as of late propelled an investigation to survey the auxiliary, social, and financial status of the American Romani people group. So, if you’re an American, practicing the gypsy lifestyle in America is seen more as a downright inferior thing rather than a choice at leading a unique lifestyle.

How has it changed over the years?

There has been significant growth in the way of life that the gypsies have led in the past few years. The changes have been to an extent that you will find a major difference in the gypsy lifestyle 2018 and the gypsy lifestyle 2020. The gypsy lifestyle today is more about the modern means of earning, realizing the importance of education, etc. The best example of this is 40-year-old Roxy Freeman. She was one of 6 children to her Romani father and an American mother.

The first time she joined college was when she was 22…with no prior schooling. In her blog, she explains how she could cook for a family of 10, light a fire, and bake bread on an open fire by the age of 9. She could even forecast when it would rain by simply smelling the air. When she wrote the blog, she lived in an apartment in London with her boyfriend – and that was almost 11 years ago!

So you would be expected, if you desired to live a gypsy lifestyle today to be modern but mediocre, skillful but humble, and most importantly, minimal but content.

How are the Gypsy and Minimalistic Lifestyles related?

While the two terms may sound different, you must do one if you wish for the other. If you have understood the gypsy lifestyle meaning, you have understood it’s a way of living with no luxurious amenities or extras. You may use technology for working remotely – maybe use a laptop and internet for work from home job, but that does not mean you watching memes on Instagram is okay.

So, say bye to the hundred sets of shoes and satchels that you own! Figure out how to have a basic existence. This doesn’t mean you live in a cavern, wearing dry leaves, however, that you comprehend there’s a whole other world to life than materialistic attractions.

How can one follow the Gypsy Lifestyle?

Recall Esmerelda from Disney’s Hunchback of Notre Dame? Since we saw the excellent rover young lady, with a spiritualist and free soul, we’ve longed for being a tramp, as well. However, there’s much more to being a tramp, obviously. It’s not just about the voyaging, long, flowy garments, astounding gems, and so on. A bit of advice that would surely do you a world of good when you embrace this lifestyle is – find a partner. It’s bad for you to stay single, and not on the grounds that you’ll be forlorn. Unmarried grown-ups are regularly thought to be a little wobbly like possibly you have a few issues you have to work out. Try not to stress however, wedded life will be okay. Ladies are treated as equivalents with men, you simply have various tasks to carry out.

How to earn a buck as a Gypsy?

Begin doing some voice practices now since one way you’ll procure some cash for the family is by singing or recounting stories. In case you’re truly not one for the performing arts you may take up the job of entryway to-entryway sales rep. At last, there are the well-established crafts of fortune-telling and palm reading to acquire a buck or two. With regard to traditions, the Gypsies are extremely severe. To the extent that for your body, the upper portion of you is treated as pure. It’s free of impurities and overall allowable to be shown-off. Everything in the lower half — forget about it.

That half of you is unclean so make certain to keep it hidden, procured under full-worn clothes. You can even defile a male in the event that you let your skirt touch with him openly. In case you’re seen as impure, you may get kicked out of the community. Things you must learn before beginning are – cooking, eating raw food sometimes and adjusting in relation to living in trailers and natural hollows.

These steps aren’t as hard as they sound, and people who have embraced this way of life have been able to create a lot of memories they will cherish for life. So that was all about the gypsy lifestyle meaning, gypsy lifestyle in the USA, along with differences between traditional gypsy lifestyle or say the gypsy lifestyle 2018 compared to the gypsy lifestyle 2020 i.e. the gypsy lifestyle today. If you have new insights of facts to add about this unique way of life, let us know in the comments section down below! Oh, and if you ever plan to embrace this life, don’t forget to tell us your plans!

Advertisements

What are germs?

The term “germ” encompasses an army of tiny terrors, including viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. These “pathogens” all have the ability to spread from victim to victim(called a host). Germs are so small you can see them only through a microscope. They look like spiky blogs, oozing spirals,hairy hotdogs, or other microscopic monsters.

Why are germs bad for us?

These microorganisms hitch a ride into our bodies on the food we eat, in the air we breathe, or through a variety of other methods. Once they have invaded our personal spaces, germs reproduce and create toxic waste, which triggers our body’s most repulsive reactions. They make us sniffle, upchuck, run to the toilet, break out in rashes and fevers, and suffer even more unpleasant symptoms.

How do we get sick from viruses?

Most viruses are frail little things ( unlike bacteria and fungi, viruses are not even alive ) that can multiply only inside a living host ( including animals, plants, and even bacteria). There they spread overwhelming and attacking the host’s immune system and causing all sorts of nasty symptoms. Colds, flus, chicken pox, immune disorders, and measles are caused by viruses. Among the worst is a Ebola, which triggers bleeding and is fatal more than half the people who catch it.

How do we get sick from fungi?

Fungi are microscopic molds, yeasts, and other plant like pathogens that thrive in wet, warm places like our armpits, our belly buttons, and the dank spaces between our toes. They feed on our respect and dead tissues and produce stinky wastes that irritate our skin.

How do we get sick from parasites?

This ghastly germ group includes itty-bitty insect larvae, amoebas, and one celled organisms called Protozoa that live in nasty food, damp soil, or dirty water. Parasites depend on a living host for their survival. They sneak into our bodies in tainted water and food, costing of all sorts of gastrointestinal gripes: diarrhoea, vomiting, upset stomachs, and worse. Malaria – common diseases that causes chills, shaking, and fevers – is spread by a parasite passed in mosquito bites. These life-sucking relationships are often the stuff of nightmares.

How do we get sick from bacteria?

Unlike viruses, bacteria are living single celled organisms that can reproduce both outside and inside the body. Like all living things, bacteria create waste -microscopic poops that can act as a poison inside the host. You can blame sore throat, ear infections and tooth-tartar buildup on bacteria. One of the most famous bacteria is Escherichia coli. This rod shaped micorbe lives deep in your intestines, the body’s busiest bacterial neighborhood. Harmful ones make you puke for days.E.coli strains produce an important vitamin. That’s right – some bacteria are actually good for you!

How many bacteria are inside our body right now?

Your body is built of trillions of itty-bitty living blobs, called cells, that work together to make you you. But for every cell you call your own, ten foreign bacteria cluster around or near it. You are a microbe metropolis! Scientists call these communities of foreign bacteria your body’s “flora”, and no two people host the same mix of microorganisms. In fact, scientists are beginning to think of your flora as just another organ.

Can we see these bacteria?

No, they are microscopic. But you can certainly smell them. Like any living thing, bacteria eat, reproduce,die, and create waste which can make your life stink – literally !(Bacteria are the source of bad breath and body odor.)

Benefits of Bacteria

Your gut reaction might be to wrinkle your nose at the thought of bacteria inside your guts, but it turns out that many so-called good bacteria are essential to your health, the survival of life on Earth, and the making of tasty foods. Behold, the benefits of a microscopic allies…

Health boosting

Your body’s microbes support your immune system, which fights sickness.

Plant feeding

Blue-green algae and other types of bacteria convert the nitrogen in the air into compounds plants can use.

Food processing

Micorbes in our innards play a huge role in the digestive process, helping us absorb nutrients and vitamins from our food.

Food making

Bacteria are a vital ingredient in the process of turning milk into yogurt and tasty cheeses. The holes in Swiss cheese are created by carbon dioxide bubbles exhaled by bacteria during the cheese making process.

Planet Cleaning

Bacteria breakdown dead animals and plants, which “decompose” into nutrients for the living.

References :

WHY?-Answers to everything, Image publications.

A new way: Startups

Startups wow….. The newest way to an innovative world. Startups can be the most appropriate option for today’s world. Startups create job opportunities with better knowledge, technique, skill and experience. We can say these things provide a perfect balance for a good startup. Earlier startup was not seen as a career objective because there is high risk and no surity that the individual will succeed. But when people realised that there is so much competition and it’s almost impossible for any government to provide a secured job to every individual, start-ups came into existence . Startup does not need a qualified degree. It can be a group of people of village or an MBA individual. It’s just that one must have the passion to do it. Startups are employment creators and as we are seeing in the world the problem of unemployment, population crisis, lack of jobs people are thinking about it. People are accepting the fact that starups can be proved as a game changer in any economy. The youth is taking interest and participating into the startup programs and enhancing their skills. Not only the youth, there is a section which is neglected and that section is of our senior citizens. Yes u read it right senior citizens , they are in the habit of doing a particular job for a long period of time and once they get retired they can’t accept the fact mentally. They are in habit of doing something. Startups can be a good way to utilise their knowledge and experience. Start-ups makes an individual to be a boss of your own and who doesn’t like it. A tea seller who is selling tea is also doing a startup and a businessman too is doing the startup. By this we can say that startup not only creates employment opportunities but also eliminates the feeling of being superior. Any individual from any background can start his startup. It’s like a dream to come true and you are not being judged by the society at that time.

The world is looking towards India in the field of start-ups. The government is also understanding the need of startups and they have launched many schemes and loans for the people to do their own startup. Startup makes an individual self reliant and self dependent. Startup also develops communication and leadership skills to deal with the outside world with your own thoughts and ideas. A platform for a person to prove himself that nothing is greater than knowledge. If you have the correct guidance and passion you can do your work with complete devotion and that’s what startup is.

Hope you will like reading the article and encourage yourselves!!! Thank you

Importance of Exercise

We have consistently heard the word ‘wellness’ and ‘wellbeing’. We use it ourselves when we say such expressions like ‘wellness is the key’ and ‘wellbeing is abundance’. The word wellbeing implies ‘being admirably’. At the point when an individual capacities well genuinely just as intellectually, we call that individual sound and fit.

A solid way of life requests ordinary exercise, and it is a fundamental piece of being fit. Many examinations has shown us the different advantages it can have. In addition to the fact that regular exercises assist you with lessening your danger of creating illnesses and deal with your weight, however it can likewise help forestall and treat psychological wellness issues. Exercise is an incredible method to loosen up from the anxieties of life and can support your prosperity and disposition. Regardless one’s age, everybody gets profited with standard exercise.

Exercise helps in the incitement muscles improvement, joints and bones, just as the lungs and heart. It assists youngsters with keeping a consistent sound weight. Day by day practice additionally gives kids the chance to make companions and cooperate with others. Exercise assists youthful with peopling oversee manifestations of wretchedness and nervousness.

To Read List – 2021

See the source image

“The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.”

― Dr. Seuss, I Can Read With My Eyes Shut!

As it is rightly said, “Between the pages of a book, is a lovely place to be.” Books fit all the cliché surrounding them, they put dreams in your eyes and give wings to your dreams. Reading is an exercise like no other. It sweeps you into a magical universe and transmutes your mundane into a bewitching dream.

See the source image

There is such diverse content available in the literary spectrum today that leaves ones mind in a state of bafflement and awe.

Today we explore some of the genera of the great literary abyss.

1. Mystery

  • Murder on the Orient express – Agatha Christie
See the source image
  • Gone Girl Gillian Flynn
See the source image
  • The Girl on the Train – Paula Hawkins
See the source image
  • The Da Vinci CodeDan Brown
See the source image
  • The Murders in the Rue Morgue – Edgar Allan Poe
See the source image

2. Romance

  • Pride and Prejudice – Jane Austen
See the source image
  • Me before You – Jojo Moyes
See the source image
  • Beautiful Disaster – Jamie McGuire
See the source image
  • Red , White & Royal Blue – Casey McQuiston
See the source image
  • The Time Traveler’s Wife – Audrey Niffenegger
See the source image

3. Fantasy

  • A Wrinkle in Time – Madeleine L’Engle
See the source image
  • The Golden Compass – Phillip Pullman
See the source image
  • Six of Crows – Leigh Bardugo
See the source image
  • Or What You Will – Jo Walton
See the source image
  • Gardens of the Moon Steven Erikson
See the source image

4. Sci-Fi

  • The Time Machine – H.G Wells
See the source image
  • The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet – Becky Chambers
See the source image
  • Nineteen Eighty- Four – George Orwell
See the source image
  • To Sleep In a Sea of Stars Christopher Paolini
See the source image
  • Children of Ruin – Adrian Tchaikovsky
See the source image

5. Non- fiction

  • The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck- Mark Manson
See the source image
  • A Room of One’s Own – Virginia Woolf
See the source image
  • Becoming – Michelle Obama
See the source image
  • We Should All Be Feminists – Chimamanda Ngozi Adichi
See the source image
  • Ghosts Of The Tsunami – Richard Lloyd Parry
See the source image

“Let’s be reasonable and add an eighth day to the week that is devoted exclusively to reading.”

– Lena Dunham

BOOK REVIEW “THE WIZARD’S OF OZ”

. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

L.Frank Baum was an American author born on May 15,1856 Chittenango New York. He has written 14 novel on Oz, plus 41 on others and many more works.

. SUMMARY

Let’s talk about one of the greatest literary work of L.Frank ‘The Wizard’s of Oz’ which became a classic of children literature. The novel is about a girl named Dorothy, who lives with her uncle Henry and aunt Em with her pet dog Toto in Kansas. A sudden cyclone strikes and swift away Dorothy and Toto along with her uncle’s farmhouse and dumped it in the land of Munchkin of Oz’s, in the process killing the wicked witch of East. Wanting to go back to her homeland the story embarks her journey on the yellow brick road to the emerald City of great wizard of oz. On the way she makes friends with the Scarecrow who wants a brain, the Tin woodmen who wants a heart and a cowardly Lion who wants courage. After many adventures they reach the Emerald City to the great wizard of Oz. The wizard lay’s a condition only if they kill the wicked witch of west the desires will be fulfilled. They commence their journey on killing the witch , after a lot of difficulties they are able to kill the witch. On returning back to the wizard they are left shocked………. Let me leave the summary on this note so the readers curiosity is not killed.

. THEME

The story has many theme ; one must find their strength in oneself and their friendship. The courage to tackle the problems comes from within and the good circle of friends who surrounds them. The grass is not greener on the other side , we should enjoy our present and stay contented from within . It also depicts there no place like home one can not find the happiness of a family to a foreign land but their own land . Life throws you many hurdles but one must fight with it with their full potential and never to lose hope .

Maharashtra Lockdown

Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray has urged people to behave in a Covid-appropriate manner, warning that if the number of coronavirus cases in the state rises, the state will be forced to reimpose a lockdown. Thackeray made the remarks after unfurling the national flag at the state secretariat ‘Mantralaya’ on the 75th anniversary of the country’s independence. “The majority of the COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted. However, the danger is far from finished. As new strains of the virus are discovered in other nations, we must remain vigilant to ensure that the threat does not reach us. Given the scarcity of medical oxygen, if the number of daily COVID-19 cases rises, the state will be placed under lockdown, according to Thackeray.

BOOK REVIEW: PHOTOBOOTH ( A GRAPHIC NOVEL)

Description

He wanted to change the past, but first he would have to alter the future…

A new deadly drug is about to flood the streets of New York City. The police have no leads on who is producing the drug, or where it is coming from. As far as Praveer Rajani, a reckless Interpol agent, is concerned the only way to prevent countless deaths lies in a handful of mysterious photographs.

Within the photographs, Praveer can see images of places he has never known, and people he has long forgotten. But what are the photographs leading him to? Is Praveer being told that his life is spiraling out of control, and he now has one chance to put things right?

Or are the photographs related to a murder that Praveer is desperate to solve? Perhaps they are showing the love that his brother, Jayendra, let slip away or even the family that his sister, Nisha, wants back?

The mystery will finally be solved in this exciting romantic thriller from Campfire.

Review

“This is a highly recommended comic-book thriller with a well-paced, well-produced, and well-characterised plot that keeps you guessing until the very end.
The artwork by Sachin Nagar is fantastic, and the book is well-made… Campfire is a new to me Indian-based publisher with a terrific selection of original graphic novels and classic adaptations.
If this is representative of their work, anyone looking to expand their graphic book library should look into them.”

Rahul Kumar (Rahul Kumar) (student)

“Campfire’s comics come highly recommended. They accomplish their goals and do it in a way that piques children’s interest in classic literature.”

Author Information

Lewis Helfand was born in Philadelphia on April 27, 1978. Lewis’ first comic book, Wasted Minute, was written with a political science degree and a passion for comic books. It told the storey of a world without crime where superheroes are forced to work regular jobs. Following the success of the first issue, he began collaborating with other artists and issued four further issues over the next few years. Lewis is still a freelance writer and reporter for several national print and internet magazines.

Setsubun

Setsubun has its origin in China, and it is said that it entered in Japan in the Heian period. It is a fun festival celebrated the day before the first day of spring. it is also known as the ‘bean-throwing festival’. Setsubun is a traditional ceremony that is performed by the Japanese people to banish demons, and is celebrated on 3rd or 4th of February. People scatter beans or the ‘mamemaki’ to drive demons away. This is one of the many rituals that are performed to dispel evil. One of the elder in the family dresses as a demon while children throw beans at them and the children also scatter the beans all around the house. Usually people start to scatter beans from the room that is the farthest from the entrance and then gradually come towards the entrance while scattering beans throughout the house. Windows are left open and beans are thrown out of the windows in order to throw out the demons along with it.

Photo by Josie Agerton on Pexels.com

On setsubun, beans; usually soybeans, are scattered everywhere around the house, be it outside or inside while chanting ‘oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi!’ i.e. out with demons, in with good luck! It also a custom for the members of the family to eat the same number of beans as their age, this is said to bring good health. People also eat Makisushi rolls in complete silence while facing the lucky direction of the which is determined by the zodiac of the year, and the makisushi roll is eaten as a whole without slicing it as it is considered that slicing it would mean slicing your good luck. People close their eyes and make a wish while eating the makisushi rolls.

Many people visit temples during the setsubun as nowadays, many shrines hold special events during setsubun.

SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES

SOFTWARE QUALITY:

Quality will always be a concern in all stages of planning and execution. Software quality is defined as the functionality of a product that satisfies the user or customer requirements. To achieve quality, check characteristics that define the quality of a product. For each characteristic of quality, set standards. Find out the reason that is affecting the software quality and rectify it.

IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE QUALITY:

INCREASING CRITICALITY OF SOFTWARE: The end-user of the software product will always have a concern about the quality of the software product. For example, in aircraft systems, the customers are concern about the quality of the product. Any software failure in this may lead to dangerous accidents.

ACCUMULATING ERRORS DURING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: A software product undergoes several stages to get it finished as a deliverable product. If the error in the initial stage is not identified, then it may get increased in the further stages causing disasters like the failure of the product. If the error is found at the later stages, then it will be more expensive to solve these errors. The debugging phases will be difficult since the numbers of errors are unknown.

REPUTATION: Some companies have a strong reputation among people because of their quality of production. A good, solid reputation is hard to earn but easy to lose. So the company with a good reputation will have a strong business. The loss of quality in their product will not only bury their reputation but also affects sales and marketing.

SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:

Software quality is groped into three sets namely product operation qualities, product revision qualities, and project revision techniques.

PROJECT OPERATION TECHNIQUES

  • CORRECTNESS: It is the agreement of program code with specifications. The product should be independent of the actual application of the software system. It is the extent to which the software satisfies the user requirements and specifications.
  • RELIABILITY: Reliability of software is defined as the level of the system that fulfills the qualities under specific input trials in a specific period. The software will be seen as reliable if it has a low number of errors. The sub characteristics of reliability are maturity, fault tolerance, and recoverability.
  • EFFICIENCY: The ability of a product can perform its function with the best possible utilization of time and space. A product that works with high speed and low space and memory will be more efficient.
  • INTEGRITY: Software integrity is the process of maintaining the safety and security of the code. Analytics will be clear and accessible. It prevents the product from cyber threats.
  • USABILITY: It is the user’s experience of using the product. The product should attain the user’s satisfaction. The sub characteristics of usability are understandability, learnability, and operability.

PROJECT REVISION TECHNIQUES

  • MAINTAINABILITY: It is the suitability for debugging and modification of an application. Readability, extensibility, and testability are the qualities that maintainability relies on.
  • FLEXIBILITY: The ability of the software to be flexible to external environmental and user’s requirements.
  • TESTABILITY: The ability of software to undergo debugging. The software should have to meet the user’s conditions and produce the best product.

PROJECT TRANSITION TECHNIQUES

  • PORTABILITY: The ability of software to work in other environments than the place where it was originally designed. The portability of the software depends on the hardware independence, the language of implementation, and hardware properties.
  • REUSABILITY: It is the ability of software to be reused in different environments. It is achieved by software metric techniques.
  • INTEROPERABILITY: It is defined as the ability of different software that facilitates the effective exchange and process of information with one another. Interoperability testing methodology follows the PCDA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) Cycle.

Attraction

Ever thought why do we get attract to someone? Well everyone has different answer to it. For some it can be the way one look, smiled, walk or may be their was an unusual aura around that one.

What is attraction?

Attraction, especially in a romantic way, is a complex process that take place in our brains, and has had it’s roots since it’s beginning of the humankind. It’s our minds way of telling us who has the potential to be our partner, our friend, or even our soulmate, and is based on a complex blend of our interest, values, experience, and desire. Physical and romantic attraction, which are often focused on, are only small facets of a much larger equation.

Psychologist look at the ingredients of attraction is in a form of pyramid, split into 4 different sections.

The base of the pyramid is made up of health and status:-

  • Status – 1. internal (confidence, self set, beliefs) 2. External (person’s job, possession and appearance.
  • Health – Physical attributes, smell, basic level of intelligence.

If the potential partners passes these initial requirements then we move to the center of the pyramid, which are the emotional factors:- includes

  • trust comfort someone wants,
  • their emotions intelligence, and
  • unique characteristics.

The final portion of the pyramid is “Logic”.This is the part that differentiate us from other animals, and is the part where our brains seriously

  • considers whether we are totally compatible for that person.
  • It ensure that the other person is aligned with us in term of what they want – things such as marriage, children, even the city they want to live.

According to this model, the more alignment there is, the more attraction there is, but it doesn’t always have to follow from bottom to top – like online dating.

What makes someone Attractive?

The answer to this questions make come to our mind is physical traits. Due to the influence of media, we tend to favor women who is younger, and more feminine features, in men on the other side, qualities such as broad shoulders, a deep voice, and strong jawline are highly upon.

Scientists suggest that, these also have an evolutionary origin because these traits are associated with a higher chance of producing health offspring and passing of good genes. Also, values, culture, and the environment, that we grow in also plays an important role.

Hence, attractiveness is complex, there’s a number of different perspective to consider, and at the end of the day, there’s very little we can choosing who we are attracted to. As each person looks for unique set of traits and, while physical traits are often focused there are far more factors that come into play. A person’s upbringing, behavior and even lifestyle have major influence. The most important thing to remember is to be happy and make the most of it.

WORLD

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor and support life. About 29.2% of Earth’s surface is land consisting of continents and islands. The remaining 70.8% is covered with water, mostly by oceans, seas, gulfs, and other salt-water bodies, but also by lakes, rivers, and other freshwater, which together constitute the hydrosphere. Much of Earth’s polar regions are covered in ice. Earth’s outer layer is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over many millions of years, while its interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates Earth’s magnetic field, and a convective mantle that drives plate tectonics

WORLD MAP

A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of projection. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of the earth. Many techniques have been developed to present world maps that address diverse technical and aesthetic goals.[

Charting a world map requires global knowledge of the earth, its oceans, and its continents. From prehistory through the Middle ages, creating an accurate world map would have been impossible because less than half of Earth’s coastlines and only a small fraction of its continental interiors were known to any culture.

Maps of the world generally focus either on political features or on physical features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement.

WORLD RELIGIONS

The world religions paradigm was developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s, where it was pioneered by phenomenological scholars like Ninian Smart. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the UK and other countries.

Since the late twentieth century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion like Jonathan Z. Smith, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered “major”. Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially constructed category.

WORLD LANGUAGES

In sociolinguistics, a world language is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate. The term may also be used to refer to constructed international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto.

English is the foremost—and by some accounts only—world language. Beyond that, there is no academic consensus about which languages qualify; Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish are other possible world languages. Some authors consider Latin to have formerly been a world language.

WORLD HISTORY

World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; leading practitioners have included Voltaire (1694-1778), Hegel (1770-1831), (1818-1883) and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975). The field became much more active (in terms of university teaching, text books, scholarly journals, and academic associations) in the late 20th century.

It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale. World history looks for common patterns that emerge across all cultures. World historians use a thematic approach, with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).

Hatsumode

Hatsumode refers to the ‘first shrine or temple visit’. It marks a person’s first visit to the shinto shrine or a Buddhist temple during the new year. It used to be an absolute custom to visit a shrine or a temple during the new year that is located in the direction of one’s home; it was considered to be extremely auspicious and is said to bring prosperity in the next year. This practice used to be called ‘ehomairi’. But, nowadays, it has become a common practice to visit famous shrines and temples, not bothering about their locations. The visits to the shrine or temples begin at midnight on the new year’s eve, and are made by a large number of people.

during Hatsumode many people get their fortune predicted by drawing an ‘omikuji’ which is a paper that tells you about your luck in the upcoming year. many people buy various charms and amulets, along with talismans that are supposed to ward off evil and increase one’s luck in the upcoming year. These are kind of like lucky charms. many people even bring charms and amulets of the previous year and offer it to kami, to purify and incinerate them, in order to return it back to the heavens. Many people write their wishes on wooden wishing plaques and hang the in the shrines to get their wishes granted by the kami.

Photo by DLKR on Pexels.com

The most popular shrines that are visited by people during the new year are Tokyo’s Meiji Shrine, Kamakura’s Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine and Kyoto’s Yasaka Shrine. These shines expect millions of visitors on the first three days of new year each year. It is the most auspicious to visit the shine on the 1st of January, but nowadays, people avoid going to the shires on day one as it gets very crowded.

Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda’s inspiring personality was well known both in India and in America during the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. The unknown monk of India suddenly leapt into fame at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, at which he represented Hinduism. His vast knowledge of Eastern and Western culture as well as his deep spiritual insight, fervid eloquence, brilliant conversation, broad human sympathy, colourful personality, and handsome figure made an irresistible appeal to the many types of Americans who came in contact with him. People who saw or heard Vivekananda even once still cherish his memory after a lapse of more than half a century.

The Swami’s mission was both national and international. A lover of mankind, he strove to promote peace and human brotherhood on the spiritual foundation of the Vedantic Oneness of existence. A mystic of the highest order, Vivekananda had a direct and intuitive experience of Reality. He derived his ideas from that unfailing source of wisdom and often presented them in the soulstirring language of poetry.

Quotes

Arise,awake and donot stop until the goal is reached.You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.You have to grow from the inside out. None can teach you, none can make you spiritual. There is no other teacher but your own soul.We are what our thoughts have made us; so take care about what you think. Words are secondary. Thoughts live; they travel far.All the powers in the universe are already ours. It is we who have put our hands before our eyes and cry that it is dark.

House of Cards

By – Sudha Murthy

Hello readers

House of Cards is the story of Mridula, a bright young woman with enormous enthusiasm for life who hails from a Karnataka village. A chance meeting with Sanjay, a talented but impoverished doctor, leads to love—and the couple marry and settle in Bangalore. The more Mridula sees of the world, the more she realizes how selfish and materialistic people can be. But she does not take the ups and downs of life to heart, and lives each day with positive energy. Trouble brews when Sanjay quits his government job and starts an immensely successful private practice. With affluence comes the neverending ambition for more, and the inevitable slide into corrupt practices. For a long time, Mridula has no idea that Sanjay has sold his soul; when the truth hits her, she has no recourse but to walk out on him. But can she really find a space of her own?

This intricately woven novel explores human relationships in telling detail, and holds up a mirror to our society with candour and with conviction.

This book is wonderfully written. The harsh realities of the real life are fictioned in a simple language. The story focus on both love and practical life. The end of the story is very good. The fictional village (Aaladahalli, Karnataka) amuses the readers. It tells us the power of money, and how it affects the relationships. This will keep you hooked up.

Would recommend it. As Sudha Murthy writes beautifully in a simple language it is easy for most of the readers to grab the information and relate to a few characters. For beginners, I suggest to start with her children’s books and then her novels. This book is worth a read.

Like I say : Reading books is magic, it makes you live hundreds of lives in a single one. Or atleast that’s what I believe. Hopefully this book will have an impact and magic you are/ were waiting for. I’ll take a leave.

And Thanks. 😇

Eyeshadows

Powder Eyeshadow

Powder eyeshadows are hands down the most common type of eyeshadow that you will come across. And if you are an beginner, this is the best eyeshadow for you. Pressed powder eyeshadows are the easiest to blend. 

Cream Eyeshadow

If bold, striking colours and an intensely pigmented colour payoff is what you are after, cream eyeshadow is the right one for you. Available in pots, tubes, and stick formats, creamy eyeshadows are pigmented yet super-blendable. The only downside of cream eyeshadows is that they tend to crease easily, so avoid wearing these eyeshadows in humid weather or if you have extremely oily eyelids.

Loose Glitter Eyeshadow

Loose glitter eyeshadow are finely milled eyeshadows that are highly pigmented and are the best eyeshadows for you if you want to go the extra mile and create dramatic and glam eye makeup looks. To work with loose eyeshadows, you need to first lay down an eye primer on your eyelids, so the glitter has a tacky base to adhere

Shogatsu: New year

New year is the most important and the most elaborate of all events that took place in Japan. Whilst, there are differences in the local customs on how new year is celebrated, at this time all the houses are thoroughly cleaned and decorated and the holidays are celebrated with family members, friends and many people visit shrines. officially, new is observed from 1st January to 3rd January, and during this period all the schools, colleges and offices are closed.

these preparations for the new year are undertaken to greet the toshigami; the god of the incoming year (the chinese zodiac gods, for eg. year 2021 is the year of the Ox). cleaning of the houses start early and then the houses are decorated traditionally; ‘shimenawa’ or the sacred rope made out of straw with white papers dangling on it known as the ‘shide’ is hung over at the front door as a mark of the toshigami’s temporary abode and in order to keep the evil spirits away. ‘Kadomatsu’ or an arrange ment of tree springs are also placed at the entrance of the house. The ‘toshidana’ or the special alter for the toshigami is placed and is filled with the ‘kagamimochi’ or the rice cakes along with ‘sake’, persimmons and other special food all to honor the toshigami, who is residing in the house temporarily.

Photo by Cats Coming on Pexels.com

The night before the new year is called the ‘omisoka’. A large number of people visit Buddhist temples to hear the bell ring 108 times at midnight that is believed to end all evil of the last year. People believe that eating the ‘toshikoshi soba’ or the year-crossing noodles will extend family fortune just like the long noodles.

Photo by carol wd on Pexels.com

The very first day of the new year known as the ‘ganjitsu’ is celebrated with family members. People also visit shrines and temples on this day. Early in the morning of 1st January the emperor performs the rite of ‘shihohai’ in the imperial palace and prays for the prosperity of the nation. On the 2nd of January, the public is allowed to visit the inner grounds of the palace. On the 2nd and 3rd January people meet with their friends and acquaintances and extend greetings for the new year.

Oshogatsu and Koshogatsu

Shogatsu means the first month of the year. ‘Oshogatsu’ or the’ big new year’ is calculated by the Gregorian calendar and ‘koshogatsu’ or the ‘small new year’ is calculated according to the lunar calendar.. Koshogatsu starts with the first full moon of the year, i.e. from 15th January.

Changes to be done in our Education System

A great majority of the engineers that are produced in the country today are unemployable. All of these cumulatively hint at the fact that there is indeed something that is wrong with the Indian education system. This article throws light at some of the ways in which we can bring about a change by improving the education system.

Education is not preparation for Life, its Life itself.

TIPS

1. Rote Learning

We have progressed with time; however, we still have not been able to move away from rote learning. The schools must be encouraged to introduce conceptual learning which avoids students to mug up what they are being taught. While this will help students to understand the concepts better, they will also be able to retain and apply them better.

2. Evaluation system

Marks still continue to play the most important card in deciding the future of children and this often comes down upon students as a burdening factor. The pressure of marks often makes students underperform.

Instead of focusing the evaluation on a three-hour exam, the focus of evaluation should be classroom participation by a student, projects, communication and leadership skills and extra-curricular activities.

Only then will the students give their best and be evaluated at their best.

3. Better training of educators

Teachers play the most important role in schools and hence, they should be given the best of class training. After all, they are shaping the future of the nation, the children. Teachers are often considered as second parents.

Thus, they should be imparted their training in a way that they can act as parents to the children away from their homes.

4. Technology

Students must be taught about technology right from the early years of their education so that it does not come like an alien thing in their later times.

Indian schools must embrace technology and education with an open heart and propagate the same to the students as it is there, where their future lies.

5. Equal respect to all the subjects

We continue to survive in the education system where science stream topples the stream hierarchy. Students are pushed to become a machine which only goes for high-profile subjects and subjects like languages, communications, arts are looked down and are not considered high-profile.

Students should rather be pushed to pursue the subject that they like instead of creating a differentiation between subjects.

Conclusion

The Indian education system must change for the better. It must give the students equal opportunities to shine better in the future. We need to let go of the old and traditional ways and enhance the teaching standards so our youth can get create a better world.

Ways to practice self-love

Hey! Smile please….

Yes yes you only, you’re very special. Did you know that you’re very special. There’s nobody like you on the whole planet. You deserve to be loved immensely not only by the creatures around you but by the most important person in your life and that’s YOU. If you ever desire to be in a relationship, be in the everlasting one with yfourself first. Practicing self-love can be challenging for many of us, especially in times when we face serious challenges. It’s not about being self-absorbed or narcissistic, it’s about getting in touch with ourselves, our well-being and our happiness. We practice self-love so we can push through our limiting beliefs and live a life that truly shines.



So do yourself a favor, take a deep breath, give yourself a little hug and start practicing the following:

▪Begin each day by telling yourself something positive. It can be anything which makes you feel pleasant. How adorable you look today. How well you handled a situation.

▪ Fill your body with food and drink that nourishes it and makes it thrive.

▪ Move that gorgeous body of yours every single day and learn to love the skin you’re in. You can’t hate your way into loving yourself.

▪ Don’t believe everything which hits your mind. There is an inner critic inside of us trying to keep us small and safe. The downside of this also stops us from living a full life.

▪ Surround yourself with people who love and encourage you. Let them remind you just how amazing you are.

▪ End all toxic relationships. Seriously. Don’t just waste your time in it. Anyone who makes you feel anything less than amazing doesn’t deserve to be a part of your life.

▪ Avoid the comparisons. There is no one on this planet like you, so you cannot fairly compare yourself to someone else. The only person you should compare yourself to is you.

▪ Step outside of your comfort zone and try something new. It’s incredible the feeling we get when we realize we have achieved something we didn’t  think we could do before.

▪ Celebrate your wins no matter how big or small. Pat yourself on the back and be proud of what you have achieved.

▪ Embrace and love the things that make you different. This is what makes you special.

▪ Take time out to calm your mind every day. Breathe in and out, clear your mind of your thoughts and just be you.

▪ Follow your passion. You know the thing that gets you so excited but scares you at the same time. The thing you really want to do but have convinced yourself it won’t work. You should go do that!

▪ Be patient but persistent. Self-love is ever evolving. It’s something that needs to be practiced daily but can take a lifetime to master. So be kind and support yourself through the challenging times.

▪ Be mindful of what you think, feel and want. Live your life in ways that truly reflect this.

▪ Treat others with love and respect. It makes us feel better about ourselves when we treat others the way we hope to be treated. That doesn’t mean everybody will always repay the favor, but that’s their problem not yours.

▪ Find something to be grateful for every day. It’s inevitable that you are going to have your down days. This is fine and very human of you. It’s especially important on these days to find at least one thing you are grateful for as it helps to shift your mind and energy around what’s going on.

▪ Reach out to family, friends, healers, whomever you need to help you through the tough times. You are not expected to go through them alone.

▪ Learn to say no. Saying no sometimes doesn’t make you a bad person, it makes you a smart person.

▪ Forgive yourself. You know that thing you did one time (or maybe a few times) that made you feel bad, embarrassed, ashamed? It’s time to let that go. You can’t change the things you have done in the past but you can control your future. Look at it as a learning experience and believe in your ability to change.

▪ Write it down. So many thoughts running in your mind gives you headache? Write them all down on a piece of paper, no matter how crazy, mean, sad, or terrifying they are. Keep it in a journal, tear it up, burn it, whatever you need to do to, just let it go.

▪ Just you. Grab a cup of your favorite tea, coffee, wine, whatever your choice of drink, and sit down for a few minutes on your own. No TV or distractions, just you. Think about the wonderful things that are happening in your life right now, what your big dreams are and how you can make them happen.

▪ Give up the need for approval from others. Believe in yourself and go for it.

▪ Be realistic. There is no person on this earth that is happy every single moment of every single day. It’s because we are all human. We make mistakes, we feel emotions (good and bad) and this is OK. Allow yourself to be human.

▪ Get creative and express yourself in whatever way you like. Painting, writing, sculpting, dancing, reading, music, whatever takes your fancy, and make sure you leave your inner critic at the door. There are nothing called PERFECT to be creative.

▪ Find your happy place. Where’s the one place you feel totally at ease, calm, happy, positive, high on life? Go to that place when you are going through hard times, or imagine yourself being there. Adore each and every thing you’re surrounded with.Think about how it feels, what it smells like, what it looks like.

▪ Let go of past trauma and wounds. This can be a really tough one and it may be one of those times you need to turn to others for support. The truth is though, when we let go of things that have happened to us it’s almost like a weight is lifted off our shoulders. We don’t have to carry that around with us anymore. We deserve better.

▪ The next time you are feeling happy and on top of the world make a list of your best qualities and accomplishments. It may sound a little corny, but it can be a wonderful reminder when you are having a day that’s less than amazing.

▪ Get in touch with your inner self. If it’s anything less than loving, encouraging and supportive, it’s time to make a change. You deserve to be spoken to in the same way you would speak to your best friend, sister, brother, daughter, or son.

▪ Have fun! Get out there and do the things that light your fire. Enjoy them, enjoy being you and enjoy your incredible life.



Be happy:)

Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Bhikaji Cama

Women of Revolutionary Movement in British India: Bhikaji Cama

Bhikaji Cama(1861-1936) was a strong-minded lady who played an important role in India’s early years of freedom struggle.

Born on September 24, 1861 in Mumbai(then Bombay) she always had a flair for diligence and languages.

She unfurled the first Indian tricolor on foreign land i.e., Germany. This flag was a modification of the ‘Calcutta flag’ designed by Madame Cama and Shyamji Krishna Varma. This flag became one of the models out of which the present Indian National Flag was designed.

While staying in London she became acquainted with Dadabhai Naoroji and joined the Indian National Congress.

Fearing deportation, she moved from London to Paris and helped revolutionary activities from there.

She helped publish the newspaper, Bande Mataram, copies of which were smuggled back to India.

She was finally allowed to return to India in 1935. And she died one year post returning her homeland.

Things to know about B.A English.

Bachelor of Arts (B.A) English. It is an undergraduate degree for three years. The course would focus on the main aspects of the language and it will help us develop creative and independent thinking. The course helps us to enhance our communication skills.

Why English Literature?

English Literature introduces us to a world of creativity. You would get a chance to discover poems, novels and plays. You get to read incredible novels as per your prescribed syllabus. You get the knowledge of the history of literature. You will be able to think without confinement. There are no particular reasons but;

  1. If you are drawn to literature.
  2. If you are interested in the language.
  3. If you love reading books.
  4. If you want to make a career based on this course
  5. If you would love to learn about the wide range of cultures.
  6. It will help you broaden your boundary.

The actual answer lies in your perspective and interest.

B.A English Literature Subjects

Literature students will have major, allied and core subjects. The subjects may differ in correspondence to where you are studying. The subjects are as interesting as it sounds. We will get the flavour of distinct eras. The subjects will pull out the self-reliant sense.

  • History of English Literature.
  • American Literature.
  • Victorian Literature.
  • Feminism.
  • Women’s Writing.
  • Linguistics.
  • Indian writing.
  • Poetry and
  • Literary Criticism.

Best College to Study Literature

  • Loyola College.
  • Stella Maris College.
  • Madras Christian College.
  • Ethiraj College for Women.
  • Meenakshi College for Women.
  • Women’s Christian College.
  • Patrician College of Arts and Science.

When it comes to college, we have a few things to consider. The accommodation, fees structure, reputation of the institution, etc. In that case, I have listed out colleges in Tamil Nadu, Chennai. The chrome will help you sort out colleges in your location.

Job Opportunities After B.A. English Literature.

  • Content writer.
  • Educator.
  • Editor.
  • Writer.
  • Journalist.
  • Public relations.
  • Blogging.
  • Creative writing.
  • Language translator.
  • Media and advertising, etc…

The career opportunities are impressive and you can be a freelancer too. Although, many prefer to do Masters in Literature. There are alternatives.

Books for Literature Students

The books may vary according to the syllabus prescribed. Classics to add to your never-ending reading list are;

  • Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
  • Jane Austen’s works.
  • Shakespeare’s works.
  • A Tale Of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
  • Animal Farm by George Orwell.
  • Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.
  • The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, etc.

As literature students, we might have the self-expectation of reading a particular genre. You need not read only classics to be acknowledged as a literature student. Try to savour the stories.

To know the history of English literature, you can refer to;

1. An Outline History of English Literature by William Henry Hudson.

BUY NOW.

2. A Critical History of English Literature Vol 1 & 2 by David Daiches.

BUY NOW.

Side Hustles for Litreature Students

I’m no expert, but I do have few ideas. Book lovers know the pain of having N number of books on their wishlist and not being able to get them all. Well, with side hustles we will be able to squeeze in extra books while buying.

  • Content Writing.
  • Freelancing.
  • Book logging & Bookstagram.
  • Bootubing (although the channel will take some time to get monetized.)
  • Copywriting.
  • Proofreading.
  • Affiliate Marketing.
  • Social Media Marketing.

However, the above-stated side hustles won’t make you rich but will be more like pocket money. There are plenty of internships that will pay you with a certificate.

For clear ideas, consult your counsellor, teachers and mentors. Is Literature tough? No, it is neither easy nor difficult. Unlike the olden days, we have technology and the internet facility. Literature is a wonderful way to know history.

“When in doubt, go to the library.”

Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets, J.K. Rowling.
Source – Google.

FORGOTTEN LANGUAGES

Language is a very basic and important medium of communication . Different countries have a different and unique language which has its own rich heritage . But there are several languages have been forgotten about and nobody speaks it anymore , even though people still learn about it . Here are a few forgotten languages :

COPTIC – This was an Afro-Asiatic language which was spoken in Egypt from the 2nd century c.e . Coptic was used by Ptolemaic rulers after the spread of Greek culture . This language was divided into six dialects out of that, four were spoken in upper Egypt and two in lower Egypt . Coptic now exists in the liturgy of Coptic church in Egypt

SUMERIAN LANGUAGE – Sumerian is the language of ancient Sumer . Sumerians were well known for being the civilization to invent a system of writing . It was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia . As the Sumerian empire was on the brink of declining , citizens moved to north in search of fertile land and a better place to settle in . They merged with the Akkadians and so did their culture and language .

AKKADIAN – This language was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia from 3rd to the 1st millenium BCE .It was spoken in a vast area that stretched from the mediterranean sea to the Persian gulf This language could not stand the test of time either .

LATIN – Latin is an Indo-European language in the Italic group and is the most well known forgotten language . It is also the ancestor language of modern Roman languages . Latin was spoken by people living along the lower Tibet river . The Roman empire was the reason why the geographical areas that used Latin grew vast .Even though Latin is not spoken anymore , it sure has been assimilated in other languages like French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and Italian .

Different shades of foundation

liquid foundation

Liquid foundation is one of the most popular options for foundation, liquid foundation, is just what it sounds like—foundation that has a liquid formula. In liquid foundations there’s are different skines shades like oily,dry etc

Cream foundation. 

This type of foundation has a creamier, thicker consistency. It’s also usually a great option for those with dry skin

 Powder foundation. 

If you have oily skin, you may find yourself turning to a powder formula. While you can layer on the powder formula, they generally offer lighter coverage

. Serum foundation

A trendy foundation type, serum foundation is a variation of your standard liquid foundation. Its formula contains a serum, making it a skin care and makeup hybrid.

Water-based foundation. 

Those with acne-prone skin may find themselves turning to a water-based foundation. Another liquid foundation option, this foundation includes water as its main ingredient and is generally free of oils.

How to build trust

Hey yah!!!!! People how are you all …I hope all are doing great.

So people today I am here with an amazing lesson of life about how to build trust and lead life

Once upon a time, A successful business man presented his son with a set of three small dolls as he above to handle the reins of his successful company to the young man. Confused, the son asked his father, “Am I a girl that you are giving me this dolls to play with?”  Calmly, the father replied, “This is the gift for a future business genius. Have a look at the dolls son, said the father. You’ll see a hole in each ear of each of the three dolls. Then the business man gave a string and asked him to pass it through the ear holes of each of the dolls .

Intrigued the young man picked up the first doll and put the string into the ear, it came out from the other ear. “This is one type of person,” said the father.

TYPE 1: Whatever is heard through ones ear comes out of the other. He cannot retain any thing.

When the man put the string into the ear hole of the second doll, it came out from the mouth. “And this is the second type of person,” said the businessman.

TYPE 2: Whatever is heard through the ears comes out of the mouth.

As the son picked up the third doll and repeated the process, the string just didn’t come out, “This is the third type of person,” said the father.

TYPE 3: Whatever is heard through the ears is locked up and never comes out. Amused the son asked his father, “Which one of the three is the best, dad?” As an answer to that question, the businessman handed him the fourth doll, When the young man put string into the ear hole of the doll, it came out from the other ear, Do it again, said the father.

This time, the string came out of the mouth. When he put the string in the third time, it did not come out at all. “This is the person you must look for as your confident,” said the business man.

  • To be trust worthy a man should know when not to listen, letting the information pass from one ear and out of the other.”
  • “He should always know when to speak up and when to remain silent and should also never share what’s gone in.”

Ladies and gentlemen, whether in our personal or professional dealings, if we can practice these three principles and also find those who do, “the level of trust goes up and interpersonal dealings, can be enhanced.”

Different shades of lipstick

Sheer lipstick

A sheer lipstick is a good choice if your lips are dry for some reason .sheer can moisturize your lips but also provide a lot of gloss and shine.

Satin lipstick

Satin lipstick is great for moisture and a high gloss look.One of the essential things to remember about satin lipstick is that it has a high oil content.

cream lipstick

The cream lipstick is a bit different than the first two options on our list.The cream is a much more subtle, low gloss look.Cream lipstick is not shiny, but it will look very nice and smooth as a covering on the lips.

Gloss lipstick

Gloss lipstick is going to stand out a bit more than a cream lipstick.When you add shine to your lips, you will make them look bigger than they are.For women who have very small lips, gloss lipstick can be a great fit.Some people will use cream lipstick and then put a gloss lipstick on top.

lipsticks stain

A lipstick stain can sound a bit scary to be putting on your face, but they are not.Another name for these could be lipstick paint.The lipstick stains are all about color, but they are not about shine or gloss.

pearl lipstick

pearl lipstick is designed to reflect light.Where the lipstick stain focuses on color, the pearl lipstick will be more about shine and light.Many of the pearl lipsticks will also sparkle.

Matte finish lipstick

Sometimes when you are looking for a modern look, you will want a matte finish lipstick.The matte is exactly like the name sounds, not shiny or glossy at all.You will have a very flat look with a matte lipstick, but they come in a variety of colors.Matte lipsticks give a very bold look even though they don’t shine.

GROW UP.

Hi cutie’s,

Today I gonna share a lovely story, which I read recently. And I do want you all to read this, for sure you gonna love this. This story is about 87yrs old lady.


The first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn’t already know.

I stood up to look around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady beaming up at me
with a smile that lit up her entire being.

She said, “Hi handsome. My name is Rose. I’m eighty-seven years old. Can I give you a hug?”

I laughed and enthusiastically responded, “Of course you may!” and she gave me a giant squeeze.

“Why are you in college at such a young, innocent age?” I asked.

She jokingly replied, “I’m here to meet a rich husband, get married, and have a couple of kids…”

“No seriously,” I asked. I was curious what may have motivated her to be taking on this challenge at her age.

“I always dreamed of having a college education and now I’m getting one!” she told me.

After class we walked to the student union building and shared a chocolate milkshake. We became instant friends. Every day for the next three months, we would leave class together and talk nonstop. I was always mesmerized listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.

Over the course of the year, Rose became a campus icon and she easily made friends wherever she went. She loved to dress up and she reveled in the attention bestowed upon her from the other students. She was living it up.

At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I’ll never forget what she taught us. She was
introduced and stepped up to the podium.

As she began to deliver her prepared speech, she dropped her three by five cards on the floor. Frustrated and a little embarrassed she leaned into the microphone and simply said, “I’m sorry I’m so jittery. I gave up beer for Lent and this whiskey is killing me! I’ll never get my speech back in order so let me just tell
you what I know.”

As we laughed she cleared her throat and began, “We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There are only four secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day.

You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die.
We have so many people walking around who are dead and don’t even know it! There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up.

If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and don’t do one productive thing, you will turn twenty years old.

If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eight.

Anybody can grow older. That doesn’t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding opportunity in change.
Have no regrets.

The elderly usually don’t have regrets for what we did, but rather for things we did not do. The only people who fear death are those
with regrets.”

She concluded her speech by courageously singing “The Rose.”

She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives.

At the year’s end Rose finished the college degree she had begun all those years ago. One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep.

Over two thousand college students attended her funeral in tribute to the wonderful woman who taught by example that it’s
never too late to be all you can possibly be .When you finish reading this, please send this peaceful word of advice to your friends and family, they’ll really enjoy it!

These words have been passed along in loving memory of ROSE.

REMEMBER, GROWING OLDER IS MANDATORY. GROWING UP IS
OPTIONAL.

We make a Living by what we get, We make a Life by what we give..

When I read this story, I came to my sense and questioned myself.
Am I really growing up?
Or
Just growing older?
And I found my answer.

Now,it’s your turn to find out..

Best of luck!!!

And do share this to your lovely friends and family and help them to grow up.

Have a lovely day❣️

The link for the above: story:https://livelifehappy.com/live-life-happy-stories/

Khoob ladi Mardani Voh toh Jhansi Waali Raani thi…

Photo by Shakeb Tawheed on Pexels.com

Remember Something, or felt something? Or the memories of primary days of Hindi classes? If yes, then let me tell you the story of this Indian Poetess who wasn’t just dedicated to her literature and poems but also she was the first Satyagrahi to get an order of court arrest during our fight for freedom.

She wrote many poems which moved millions of hearts from its feeling of patriotism that she was able to awake in people through her writings.

The poetess wrote this down by remembering the sacrifices and courage of yet another freedom fighter but today it feels like she was defining herself too through the blend of different words under the impression of bravery and courage of Jhansi Ki Rani.

Shubharda Kumari Chauhan 

Today on the 16th of Aug, this day is celebrated as the 117th birth anniversary of Indian Poetess Mrs. Shubhadra Kumari Chauhan Ji.

She was a writer with a promising future and great importance even in the era wherein India there was male dominance in every field out there.

She was born in Nihalpur village in Allahabad (Prayagraj) and she started her first fight against Britishers at the age of 9 by writing a poem full of patriotism and inspiration to come forward and fight along with every Indian out there to restore India’s Independency.

To overcome every boundary

Being a dedicated wife and all above being a woman didn’t ever hinder the path of her tremendous willpower to always fight for her Country alongside everyone.

She took part in many marches alongside Gandhi Ji and even discarded every point of view that can differentiate people based on caste, creed, etc. 

Even though she was sent to Jail she continued her participation in the activity of freedom and contributed her part nevertheless.

The Calls

She was always enthusiastic and eager to help others and motivate them to help for the Country’s cause. She called for people’s unity and help through her poem and as result, the poem of this poetess now is of great Importance in Hindi literature.

She even took an active part in National Indian Movement resulting in inspiring many more women especially when she overcome the society norms, hardships and contributed her part as an independent individual.

She published many poems and short stories around 100 in number during her awakening of patriotism in countrymen and made many revolutionary statements too.

She lives 

After one year of our independent India our poetess, our warrior, and yet another one of our gems gone away too soon.

Once she was returning from an event in Nagpur the poetess met with a car accident resulting in the passing away of our first-ever woman Satyagrahi.

Even though her body passed away and her soul reached the height of salvation yet she lives through her writing, she is living through every young mind who all are getting inspired by her writing even at this modernized age of thoughts.

I am going to share about my pets

I am going to share my pets experience. It gives me immense happiness while with them.It’s a feeling can’t be expressed through words. Words won’t be enough to describe my feelings towards my dogs .It’s unique relationship between dog and dogs luvers. Only dog’s luvers can feel it. The dog luvers have their own world. I see it as a soul. I had lots conversation with my dogs . It never let me down in any situation . Dogs luvers have a unique conversation and relationship with dogs. I feel extreme level of happiness . A blissful day . Traveling with my dogs is one kind of delight . Travelling with loved one is a bliss . Travelling alone with my dogs is euphoria. It was with me even at the sad time . I shared a lot . I want to travel a lot with my dogs. A best partner ever I had . My secret keeper, crime partner and my closest soul forever

A Tale of two Armies: Why the Afghan Army proved no match for Taliban

Unexpected as it was, the US decision to completely pull out its troops from Afghanistan may not have been as surprising as the speed at which the Afghan armed forces that it created and trained have capitulated to the Taliban in one major city after another. More numerous and better equipped than the Taliban on paper, the Afghan national army is seen as suffering from grave systemic issues that have hollowed out its fighting capabilities.

An Afghan soldier in Kabul, Afghanistan

WHAT IS THE STRENGTH OF THE AFGHAN ARMY, AND THE TALIBAN?

The latest Quarterly Report of the US Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) dated July 30 says that there are more than 300,000 personnel who make up the Afghan National Security and Defence Forces (ANDSF), which includes the entire gamut of all armed and law and order staff on the Kabul government’s payroll.

However, the US Combating Terrorism Centre at West Point, a military training academy, said in January this year that a 2014 study had found that while combat forces made up around 60 per cent of the Afghan forces, “the number of soldiers showing up for duty each day is even lower”. It said that the Afghan army can count on an “estimated on-hand army fighting force of about 96,000 soldiers” and, including police forces, “the ANDSF are likely fielding a fighting force in the vicinity of 180,000 combat personnel each day”.

But SIGAR highlighted another problem: “ghost soldiers”. Pointing to the “corrosive effects of corruption within the ANDSF”, it cited the “existence of ghost soldiers and police”, which are nothing but “fake personnel records that corrupt actors used to pocket salaries”. Though it said that biometric systems have been introduced to weed out the non-existent soldiers, what it means is that there may be a big mismatch between the muster roll of soldiers and actual boots on the ground.

The Taliban, on the other hand, may have an estimated “60,000 core fighters, give or take 10-20 per cent”, the West Point report said, adding that a 2017 study had, however, “concluded that the group’s total manpower exceeds 200,000 individuals, which includes… another 90,000 members of local militias, and tens of thousands of facilitators and support elements”.

Taliban- Special forces (self declared)

HOW DO THE TWO SIDES MATCH UP IN FIREPOWER?

The Taliban are seen as being a “less technically sophisticated fighting force than the Afghan government — lacking an air force, heavy artillery, a fleet of armoured vehicles”. But its strength may lie in the fact that it is a leaner force than the ANDSF, which has relied majorly on foreign funding for military infrastructure and hardware.

Increasingly, bits of US military equipment are falling into Taliban hands. The SIGAR report says that where Afghan soldiers have fled Taliban attacks, they have often abandoned “their US-supplied equipment, which the Taliban then displayed on social media as propaganda to tout its victories”, including, recently, a US army a knocked out US army helicopter.

HOW DID TALIBAN SEIZE THE MOMENTUM?

Along with the “questionable accuracy of data on the actual strength of the force”, the SIGAR report also expresses concern over the lack of any means to gauge “the influence on combat readiness of intangible factors such as the will to fight”. Morale has been one key element where the Taliban is seen as being able to score decisively over the Afghan forces, especially as they go from strength to strength in overrunning the country.

While Afghan forces were seen as offering resistance in some districts, the SIGAR report said that “in others they surrendered or fled in disorder”, noting how in some cases, “local elders reportedly mediated truces that allowed the ANDSF defenders to leave”. The West Point report points to the Taliban’s “ability to recruit and deploy new fighters in recent years” which also underlines its “ability to withstand significant casualties — estimated to be in the range of thousands per year”.

Taliban fighters in Army Vehicles

For all the talk of theirs being a better funded and equipped fighting force, reports suggest that the Afghan forces actually may be suffering from a lack of cohesion and organisational support. A New York Times report said that Afghan forces have complained of an absence of logistical backing and even of food as they face an increasingly crippling onslaught from the Taliban.

SOURCES

https://www.news18.com/news/explainers

Iam going share about Online shopping

Now days online shopping is very useful to us . Easy to buy a product at low cost . online shopping is purpose of online shopping is to save time, save money. Through online shopping one can save his valuable time. One can watch and select things he wants to buy. Through online shopping we can save our money because prices are less than market prices and we receive our bought things at our home. There are many online shopping websites like Amazon, Flipkart, meesho, Myntra, etc. An online shopping aims at making shopping comfortable and enjoyable process.

Things You Should Know About Dengue Fever – Prevention And Control

With the onset of monsoon, like every year, spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue is on rise. Currently there is a rise increasing cases of dengue and malaria. Monsoon can cause a surge in dengue cases due to the increase in mosquito breeding surroundings. The monsoon season is here and so being the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. While talking about mosquito-borne diseases

Dengue:

Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of an “Aedes” mosquito infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their blood. It can’t be spread directly from one person to another person.

Symptoms of Dengue Fever:

Symptoms, which usually begin four to six days after infection and last for up to 10 days, may include

  • Sudden,  high fever.
  • Pain behind the eyes. 
  • Severe joint and muscle pain.
  • Fatigue.
  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
  • Skin rash, which appears two to five days after the onset of fever.

Severe dengue:

A patient enters what is called the critical phase normally about 3-7 days after illness onset. It is at this time, when the fever is dropping (below 38°C/100°F) in the patient, that warning signs associated with severe dengue can manifest. Severe dengue is a potentially fatal complication, due to plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, or organ impairment.

Warning signs that doctors should look for include:

  • severe abdominal pain.
  • persistent vomiting.
  • rapid breathing.
  • bleeding gums.
  • fatigue.
  • blood in vomit. 
  • restlessness.

If patients manifest these symptoms during the critical phase, close observation for the next 24–48 hours is essential so that proper medical care can be provided, to avoid complications and risk of death.

If you think you have dengue:

  • Seek a healthcare provider if you develop a fever or have symptoms of dengue.
  • Rest:  Take rest as much as possible.
  • Take the medicines: paracetamol is usedto control fever and relieve pain. Do not take aspirin or ibuprofen
  • Drink plenty of fluids: To stay hydrated. Drink water or drinks with added electrolytes.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.

  • Fever reducers and pain killers can be taken to control the symptoms of muscle aches and pains, and fever.
  • The best options to treat these symptoms are acetaminophen or paracetamol.
  • NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin should be avoided. These anti-inflammatory drugs act by thinning the blood, and in a disease with risk of hemorrhage, blood thinners may exacerbate the prognosis.

 Precautions and Control:

The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for dengue as well as for other diseases that Aedes mosquito transmit. 

  • Covering, emptying and cleaning of domestic water storage containers on a weekly basis.
  • Applying appropriate insecticides to water storage outdoor containers.
  • Wearing clothing that minimizes skin exposure to mosquitoes.
  • Using of personal household protection measures, such as window screens, repellents, insecticide treated materials, coils and vaporizers.
  • Drink boiled water.
  • Consume fresh homemade food.
  • Make sure your home is well-ventilated.
  • Wash hands before eating any food.
  • Avoid touching your nose and mouth without washing your hands.
  • Avoid going to crowded places to reduce risk of viral infections.
  • Disposing of solid waste properly and removing artificial man-made habitats that can hold water.
  • Allow the sick child or family member to rest and sleep under a bed net or use insect repellant while feverish.
  • Eat well:  Consuming a healthy and balanced diet rich in essential nutrients can help boost immunity.
  • Educate yourself: Make yourself aware of the disease, its symptoms, and treatment to ensure reaching out for the appropriate treatment at the right time. Progression of the disease can be fatal.

Oracle PL/SQL Exception Handling: Examples to Raise User-defined Exception

What is Exception Handling in PL/SQL?

An exception occurs when the PL/SQL engine encounters an instruction which it cannot execute due to an error that occurs at run-time. These errors will not be captured at the time of compilation and hence these needed to handle only at the run-time.

For example, if PL/SQL engine receives an instruction to divide any number by ‘0’, then the PL/SQL engine will throw it as an exception. The exception is only raised at the run-time by the PL/SQL engine.

Exceptions will stop the program from executing further, so to avoid such condition, they need to be captured and handled separately. This process is called as Exception-Handling, in which the programmer handles the exception that can occur at the run time.

In this tutorial, you will learn the following topics-

Exception-Handling Syntax

Exceptions are handled at the block, level, i.e., once if any exception occurs in any block then the control will come out of execution part of that block. The exception will then be handled at the exception handling part of that block. After handling the exception, it is not possible to resend control back to the execution section of that block.

The below syntax explains how to catch and handle the exception.

Exception Handling in PL/SQL
BEGIN
<execution block>
.
.
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exceptionl_name>
THEN
  <Exception handling code for the “exception 1 _name’' >
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
  <Default exception handling code for all exceptions >
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the exception-handling block contains series of WHEN condition to handle the exception.
  • Each WHEN condition is followed by the exception name which is expected to be raised at the run time.
  • When any exception is raised at runtime, then the PL/SQL engine will look in the exception handling part for that particular exception. It will start from the first ‘WHEN’ clause and, sequentially it will search.
  • If it found the exception handling for the exception which has been raised, then it will execute that particular handling code part.
  • If none of the ‘WHEN’ clause is present for the exception which has been raised, then PL/SQL engine will execute the ‘WHEN OTHERS’ part (if present). This is common for all the exception.
  • After executing the exception, part control will go out of the current block.
  • Only one exception part can be executed for a block at run-time. After executing it, the controller will skip the remaining exception handling part and will go out of the current block.

Note: WHEN OTHERS should always be at the last position of the sequence. The exception handling part present after WHEN OTHERS will never get executed as the control will exit from the block after executing the WHEN OTHERS.

Types of Exception

There are two types of Exceptions in Pl/SQL.

  1. Predefined Exceptions
  2. User-defined Exception

Predefined Exceptions

Oracle has predefined some common exception. These exceptions have a unique exception name and error number. These exceptions are already defined in the ‘STANDARD’ package in Oracle. In code, we can directly use these predefined exception name to handle them.

Below are the few predefined exceptions

ExceptionError CodeException Reason
ACCESS_INTO_NULLORA-06530Assign a value to the attributes of uninitialized objects
CASE_NOT_FOUNDORA-06592None of the ‘WHEN’ clause in CASE statement satisfied and no ‘ELSE’ clause is specified
COLLECTION_IS_NULLORA-06531Using collection methods (except EXISTS) or accessing collection attributes on a uninitialized collections
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPENORA-06511Trying to open a cursor which is already opened
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEXORA-00001Storing a duplicate value in a database column that is a constrained by unique index
INVALID_CURSORORA-01001Illegal cursor operations like closing an unopened cursor
INVALID_NUMBERORA-01722Conversion of character to a number failed due to invalid number character
NO_DATA_FOUNDORA-01403When ‘SELECT’ statement that contains INTO clause fetches no rows.
ROW_MISMATCHORA-06504When cursor variable data type is incompatible with the actual cursor return type
SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNTORA-06533Referring collection by an index number that is larger than the collection size
SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMITORA-06532Referring collection by an index number that is outside the legal range (eg: -1)
TOO_MANY_ROWSORA-01422When a ‘SELECT’ statement with INTO clause returns more than one row
VALUE_ERRORORA-06502Arithmetic or size constraint error (eg: assigning a value to a variable that is larger than the variable size)
ZERO_DIVIDEORA-01476Dividing a number by ‘0’

User-defined Exception

In Oracle, other than the above-predefined exceptions, the programmer can create their own exception and handle them. They can be created at a subprogram level in the declaration part. These exceptions are visible only in that subprogram. The exception that is defined in the package specification is public exception, and it is visible wherever the package is accessible. <

Syntax: At subprogram level

DECLARE
<exception_name> EXCEPTION; 
BEGIN
<Execution block>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN 
<Handler>
END;
  • In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type.
  • This can be used as in a similar way as a predefined exception.

Syntax:At Package Specification level

CREATE PACKAGE <package_name>
 IS
<exception_name> EXCEPTION;
.
.
END <package_name>;
  • In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type in the package specification of <package_name>.
  • This can be used in the database wherever package ‘package_name’ can be called.

PL/SQL Raise Exception

All the predefined exceptions are raised implicitly whenever the error occurs. But the user-defined exceptions needs to be raised explicitly. This can be achieved using the keyword ‘RAISE’. This can be used in any of the ways mentioned below.

If ‘RAISE’ is used separately in the program, then it will propagate the already raised exception to the parent block. Only in exception block can be used as shown below.

Exception Handling in PL/SQL
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ]
 AS
BEGIN
<Execution block>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN 
             <Handler>
RAISE;
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the exception handling block.
  • Whenever program encounters exception “exception_name”, the exception is handled and will be completed normally
  • But the keyword ‘RAISE’ in the exception handling part will propagate this particular exception to the parent program.

Note: While raising the exception to the parent block the exception that is getting raised should also be visible at parent block, else oracle will throw an error.

  • We can use keyword ‘RAISE’ followed by the exception name to raise that particular user-defined/predefined exception. This can be used in both execution part and in exception handling part to raise the exception.
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ] 
AS
BEGIN
<Execution block>
RAISE <exception_name>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN
<Handler>
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the execution part followed by exception “exception_name”.
  • This will raise this particular exception at the time of execution, and this needs to be handled or raised further.

Example 1: In this example, we are going to see

  • How to declare the exception
  • How to raise the declared exception and
  • How to propagate it to the main block
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
DECLARE
Sample_exception EXCEPTION;
PROCEDURE nested_block
IS
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside nested block’);
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Raising sample_exception from nested block’);
RAISE sample_exception;
EXCEPTION
WHEN sample_exception THEN 
Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in nested block. Raising to main block’);
RAISE,
END;
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside main block’);
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Calling nested block’);
Nested_block;
EXCEPTION
WHEN sample_exception THEN	
Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in main block');
END:
/

Nostalgic Nightmares

Introduction

Dreams and Psychology

“Dreams are as simple or as complicated as dreamers.” The interpretations of the dreams are the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. The theories state that dreams don’t mean anything. These are just images put in by the brain from the memories. These are the stimulants that help one face the tragedies of life. As it’s truly said, “an individual suffers more in imagination than in reality” proves in this situation. Before facing it in person if a being conquers it in the dreams, then it will encourage him to win easily in real life. Its history goes back to the early stages when it was used as a tool to fool enemies because though our bodies get paralyzed while dreaming minds stay active. There is a whole psychology behind the dream theory and an explanation of why we dream in the way we do?

You dream, what you believe!!

Interesting Facts

“I always dream about falling from great heights.” It symbolizes that something in your life isn’t well. It might mean you need to rethink a choice or consider a new direction in some areas of life. It characterizes fear in existence, perhaps falling in work or love. It often expresses a need to let go and enjoy more. 

“I was attacked by a chaser in my dream.” These types can be quite terrifying. It might indicate a desire to escape from your fears. Running away from an animal often depicts that you are hiding from your anger, passions and other feelings. If your pursuer is mysterious, it represents childhood trauma. And if a person is of opposite sex then it reveals that you are haunted by love or past relationships.

“I died, no not in real….in my sleep.” Death is a very common subject of dreams. People imagine death either of loved ones or about themselves. It reflects anxiety about a change. Just like death, change can be scary. Those approaching the end of life and loved ones around them experience significant and meaningful dreams, often relating to a confronting presence, preparing to go, watching or engaging with the deceased, loved ones waiting, distressing experiences, and unfinished business. 

 “I flew like a bird while dreaming.” It can be liberating at the same time, quite frightening. It can represent two sides. One, independence and freedom. On the other hand, escape from the realities of life. 

There are a lot of things that influence dreams. The first thing includes health conditions that affect the secretions of the brain causing sleep to disrupt. The type of food one intakes can also become the factor for the feeling of sickness and in turn affect the types of dreams one visualize. Daily exercises and a little change in daily activities can help improve sleep and at last the dreams. There are two ways to remember dreams; one by telling yourself that you want to remember them when you wake up and the other by grasping as many images as you can before getting out of bed or using a smartphone.

Dreams are more profound when they seem the craziest. “Life is only a dream and we are the imagination of  ourselves.”

How Does an Engineer Create a Programming Language?

Besides being a software engineer, Marianne Bellotti is also a kind of technological anthropologist. Back in 2016 at the Systems We Love conference, Bellotti began her talk by saying she appreciated the systems most engineers hate —”messy, archaic, duct-tape-and-chewing-gum.” Then she added, “Fortunately, I work for the federal government.”

At the time, Bellotti was working for the U.S. Digital Service, where talented technology workers are matched to federal systems in need of some consultation. (While there, she’d encountered a web application drawing its JSON-formatted data from a half-century-old IBM 7074 mainframe.)

The rich experiences led her to write a book with the irresistible title “Kill It with Fire: Manage Aging Computer Systems (and Future Proof Modern Ones).” Its official web page at Random House promises it offers “a far more forgiving modernization framework” with “illuminating case studies and jaw-dropping anecdotes from her work in the field,” including “Critical considerations every organization should weigh before moving data to the cloud.”

Kill it With Fire by Marianne Bellotti - book cover

Bellotti is now working on products for defense and national security agencies as the principal engineer for system safety at Rebellion Defense (handling identity and access control).

But her latest project is a podcast chronicling what she’s learned while trying to write her own programming language.

“Marianne Writes a Programming Language” captures a kind of expedition of the mind, showing how the hunger to know can keep leading a software engineer down ever-more-fascinating rabbit holes. But it’s also an inspiring example of the do-it-yourself spirit, and a fresh new perspective on the parsers, lexers and evaluators that make our code run.

In short, it’s a deeply informative deconstruction of where a programmer’s tools really come from.

Going Deep

In one blog post, Bellotti invited listeners to “start this strange journey with me through parsers, grammars, data structures and the like.”

And it is a journey, filled with hope and ambition — and a lot of unexpected twists and turns. “Along the way, I’ll interview researchers and engineers who are active in this space and go deep on areas of programming not typically discussed,” the podcast host promised. “All in all,  I’m hoping to start a conversation around program language design that’s less intimidating and more accessible to beginners.”

But the “Marianne Writes a Programming Language” podcast also comes with a healthy dose of self-deprecation. “Let’s get one question out of the way,” her first episode began. “Does the world really need another programming language? Probably not, no.” But she described it as a passion project, driven by good old-fashioned curiosity. “I have always wanted to write a programming language. I figured I would learn so much from the challenge.”

“In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”

—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host

Fifteen years into a sparkling technology career, “I feel like there are all these weird holes in my knowledge,” Bellotti told her audience. And even with the things she does know — like bytecode and logic gates — “I don’t have a clear sense of how all those things work together.”

In the podcast’s third episode, Bellotti pointed out that, “for me at least, the hardest part of learning something is figuring out how to learn it in the first place.” She discovered a surprising lack of best-practices documents, she wrote in an essay in Medium. “In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”

Still, her podcast’s first episode showed the arrival of those first glimmers of insight. “Even knowing very little upfront, I had a sense that in order for a programming language to work, there had to be some sense of cohesion in its design.”

Where to Begin?

Her Medium post cited a 2012 article titled “Programming Paradigms for Dummies: What Every Programmer Should Know,” which offers a taxonomy of language types based on how exactly they’re providing their abstractions. That article apparently got her thinking about how exactly a programming language helps communicate the connections that exist between its various data structures — which led to more insights. (In a later podcast, Bellotti even says “technology suggests to its user how it should be used.”)

“Eventually I came to my own conclusions,” she wrote in her Medium article. To be successful at creating her own language, she realized that she needed to think of  programming paradigms like object-oriented or functional programming “as logical groupings of abstractions and be as intentional about what is included and what isn’t.”

Bellotti is also trying to design a language that will work for her specific needs: to know how likely certain types of problems are in a given system, to achieve model resilience. But on her first podcast episode, Bellotti acknowledged that she still had to begin by typing, “How do you design a programming language” into Google —and was surprised by how little came up. (Although she did discover “there’s a whole world of obscure experimental languages that appear in research papers, rack up a host of citations, and never touch an actual computer other than their inventor’s.”)

“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,”

—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host

So where to begin? Avoiding the standard dry collegiate textbooks like “Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools,” she instead found her way to the book Writing an Interpreter in Go, a book which by necessity also created its own programming language (a modified version of Scheme called Monkey) for its interpreter.

That book’s author, Thorsten Ball, became her podcast’s first guest, explaining that his language was not so much designed as experimented into existence. (Later, other people suggested something similar — that Bellotti “pick something you like in another language and copy the implementation to start, because figuring out all the edge cases from scratch is really hard.”)

In that first podcast episode, Bellotti explained her concern that “tiny little design decisions I don’t even realize I’m making could have dramatic impacts… it does seem to be the case that programmers create languages without being able to fully anticipate exactly how they will be used or how technology will change around them.”

Things Get Complicated

There are moments where it all sounds so simple. (“What you’re doing when you write a programming language is actually writing a series of applications that take string input and translate it into something the machine can execute.”)

But things get complicated pretty quickly, and by episode three Bellotti started to see a pattern: “Confronting what feels like a tidal wave of information is becoming an all too familiar feeling on this project.” Yet, while considering a need for her language’s source code-interpreting parser, she realized that parsers can be auto-generated — as long as she can supply that tool with the necessary grammar rules.

“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,” she told her podcast audience.

She ends up talking to a linguist who studied under Noam Chomsky, who refers her to another linguistics professor, who begins by discussing whether language can be learned through the brute-force assimilation of machine learning, and ends up explaining why Chomsky’s “context-free grammar” ultimately became the basis for programming languages and compilers.

But there are resources to discover. Along the way, Bellotti found a Reddit forum about programming language design. (“This subreddit is full of great stories and people will give detailed explanations and encouragement, which is rare on the internet these days.”) She’s also found a forum for people building Domain Specific Languages.

By December, she’d received a comment from a grateful listener who was also writing their own programming language, and was glad to find a relevant podcast. And Bellotti acknowledged in a response that her whole journey “has been so much fun so far.”

Progress is clearly being made. By episode 12, Bellotti considered how hard it would be to add modules to her language. (“From my vantage point, being able to split a system specification into smaller parts means you get to reuse those parts and build progressively more complex systems that are in easily digestible chunks.”) And there’s also already an empty repository on GitHub that’s waiting expectantly for the code to arrive.

Then, in mid-April Bellotti announced that episode 12 would be the last one “for a while. I’ve made some design decisions that I feel really good about, but it’s clear that the only way to validate them is to write code and try things out.”

She’s also spending some time researching how to optimize her compiler, “But really, I just need to just be heads-down, hands-on-a-keyboard for a while on this.”

And so, the podcast has entered a productive hiatus, leaving listeners with this tantalizing promise.

“I’ll be back in a couple of months to let you know how that went.”

A Pipe Dream: Decline of Humanity

Photo by Berendey_Ivanov / Andrey_Kobysnyn on Pexels.com

A pipe dream is something for which we are hopeful for but it seems fancy enough to be the reality of the present. 

Does this indicate any incident which is happening right now but all we can do is hope for Pipe Dream to happen?

If you haven’t guessed yet but here I am talking about the Afghanistan crisis, the shift in the power of the country to the Taliban’s clutches.

The power shift, the race of afghans to save their lives everything happened just because a few people decided on their own that it’s time to let people die there, let people run for their lives just because that few people are strong and have power enough to do so or are there any reason behind the pullout?

But before diving into the conclusion, we all need to know some facts and reasons why they did that and even if they did can’t someone help them?

Many questions like this might be arising in many of our minds, So to answer a few and to find more this article is here.

The Story from the beginning

The army of the USA went to Afghanistan in 2001 to get even with the terrorist group involved in the 9/11 attack on Newyork and Washington under the supervision of leader Bin Laden.

Bin Laden was getting protection from the Taliban who were in power since 1996 and that was the point the USA needed to take things into their hand and hence with Nato allies a new government took place in 2004, but still, the Taliban was adamant with the attacks killing many in the process.

With this in 2014, the allies of Nato came to an end, handing over the responsibility to the Afghan army, allowing the Taliban for having more than half control over what was left.

And finally, in 2020 even America decided it’s time to save their troop and people from the Taliban and agreed on withdrawing in return for the safety of Americans and their allies from terrorist attacks in the future.

The turn of the Taliban

Was the Taliban always like this? And if they were always like this how did they had gained this power and why?

They emerged in the civil war of Afghanistan promising a decline in corruption and providing security to the people and just like that they started spreading and till 1998 they were all over the country and had almost complete control over people.

They started enforcing many rigid laws for men and women and even TV, music, and cinema all were banned.

And just like this, it was the rise of the fall of civil rights of people of Afghans.

The Catastrophe

The president of the US Mr. Joe Biden decided to plow away all the troops from the Afghans in the name of relocating their troops where they are needed most and where they can strengthen the USA army.

According to him, they were in Afghanistan to take revenge for the 9/11 attack and not to make any relation there and so now this will be the decision of the Afghans to decide what future they want for their own country and they will have to work for their self.

The catastrophe, the people of Afghans are being subject to is very near even though president Joe Biden believes that they have equipped and trained enough soldiers for this fight against the Taliban, the stats and predictions are predicting the fall of the Afghanistan army by the end of 6 months after the removal of army troops.

Top 5 crocodiles that are famous for their attacks

Crocodiles a huge creature indeed. And when this creature attacks then the scenerio is probably the deadliest. But these creatures have attacked not once or twice but uncountable times on humans. Here are 5 famous attacks of crocodiles, which will definitely give you goosebumps. They are known to kill 1000 people per year.

1) Gustave

Gustave a large male Nile crocodile from Burundi. He is regarded as man-eater and is rumoured to kill more than 300 people from the banks of the Ruzizi river and northern shores of Lake Tanganyika. He was greatly feared by the people. His age was approximately 65-66 years and he has a massive weight of 900kg.

2) Ricky Ganya- A teen who was eaten alive

In 2020, Ricky Ganya a teen who was just 14 years old, when this terrifying creature arrived, clawed and jumped on the boy and dragged him underwater. Boy’s aunt wittnessed the horrific incident and called for help. The emergency service help arrived but all in vain the deadly creature had fled with the boy.

They used chicken to lure the 14ft crocodile out of the water and then his stomach was checked where sadly the human remains of this missing teen was found.

3) Consumed whole

In June 2020, a woman named Fatimah, 45 was fishing in a river in north Kalimantan, Indonesia when she was attacked by the monsterous reptile. Her friends wittnessed the incident and heard the horrifying scream of Fatimah as the reptile dragged her underwater.

The next day this giant 19 foot long giant crocodile was caught by the angry residents. They cut opened the stomach of the giant croc and remove the limbs of the victim. Her head and other parts were later found nearby after been discarded by the massive croc.

4) Monster who fed upon 80 people

A 16ft, 75 years old beast named osama got his name after the notorious terrorist behind 9/11 attack. The reptile reign of terror took place from 1991-2005. This beast wiped out a tenth of the village’s population. According to reports,the beast would emerge from Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake to snatch kids and swim beneath fishing boats purposely to capture then. It bought a great terror among villagers.

Paul narrated that he and his brother was fishing. He was rowing the boat while his brother Peter was fishing from the front when osama arrived and snatched his brother. Peter was screaming from pain and for help he hold his brother and for five minutes they fought until Paul heard a tearing sound. Paul added that Peter shouted that he has broken his leg then he let go his brother and he was dragged by the monster into the water. A few days later Peter’s head and arms were found.

5) Dad’s attempt to save his son

On 3rd March 2021, Dimas mulkan a 8 year old boy was the victim of the massive 26ft crocodile.

The little boy was fishing with his father, when he strayed further from the shore where this massive croc suddenly jumped on him in Tempakul river, East Kalimantan. Seeing this massive monster dragging his son Dimas father, subliansyah sawn after the crocodile and punched him and tried to release it’s son but all in vain the deadly monster swallowed the little boy.

Next day on March 4 the crocodile was found and Dimas body was found inside the monsters stomach,lifeless.

Mini Movie Review|It touched the hearts but not the brains

A character played by Kirti Sanon personifies surrogacy through Mimi who was aspired to chase her dreams but couldn’t fulfill it.

Nothing like you are expecting!!

Cast: Kirti Sanon, Pakaj Tripathi, Sai Tamhankar, Supriya Pathak, Manoj Pahwa

Director: Laxman Utekar

In a patriarchal society like India, women have always been under the umbrella of the community. It’s barely seen in the families who support a girl’s dream and accept her to be a dancer.

The movie begins with the introduction of a foreign couple who came to India in the search of a surrogate. After long hours of work, they were finally able to find a girl with the help of the driver (a role played by Pankaj Tripathi) in a hotel. Mimi(the girl) was a dancer and getting influenced by its flexibility they decided to offer her 20 lakhs to be the surrogate. Being an ambitious 25-year old woman agrees to take the risk for the same of becoming a famous Bollywood actress. She decides to live at her friend’s house by convincing the parents saying, she is going to a film shoot. With the required procedure, Mimi becomes the surrogate, and for the first four months, she was having a good time with the pregnancy. However, after eight months tests revealed that the baby is suffering from some mental disorder. This news outraged the couple and they decided not to accept the baby after birth and told Mimi to abort. This became the turning point in her life. She sacrificed all her dreams by deciding to give birth to the child and raise him. Later, the couple returned to her after 2 years when they came to know that the baby was born healthy. Mimi refused to give the child back and in the end, they decided to adopt a girl.

Message

  • A girl is also born with a dream and her character is not decided with what she pursues but what she is.
  • The support of family is crucial in the darkest times. Mimi faced all the criticisms from society but her parents never let her alone and accepted her as she was.
  • Killing is not an option. It’s not the fault of a child to be born unhealthy.
  • One loyal friend is more important than a group of unloyal ones. The driver and the friend were with Mimi till the end, helping her go through all the difficulties with a smile.

Every coin has two sides. Even though the movie won the hearts of the audience, it faced several criticisms like not following the laws related to a sensitive topic of surrogacy, using the term casually, and disrespect towards the decision of abortions.

It played with the emotions well, yet failed to manipulate the thoughts.

ENTREPRENEUR

MEANING

A person who sets up a business or businesses,organises,manages and takes for granted on financial risks in the hope of profit is known as ‘entrepreneur’.

An entrepreneur is a rare person who can visualise and materialise water in the desert. His foresightedness, vision,motivation, persistent efforts the ability to presume the risks involved and their outcomes, and the thrust to achieve the desired goal, facilitate him to convert his ideas into reality. The water in the desert here refers to a scarce commodity, hence an entrepreneur visualises this need or the need arising in near future and grabs this opportunity or challenge, before others can think about it.

Definition

According to Richard Cantillon, “An entrepreneur is a person who buys factors services at certain prices with a view to selling its product at uncertain price”.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs:

  • Determination to succeed
  • Independence
  • Risk-taking
  • Ability to control
  • Perseverance
  • Flexibility
  • Analytical ability of mind
  • Confronting uncertainty
  • Stress takers
  • Innovative and creative
  • Ability to mobilise resources
  • Leadership.

Functions of Entrepreneurs

  • Idea generation
  • Fund raising
  • Procurement of machinery
  • Determination of ownership
  • Determination of objectives
  • Procurement of raw materials
  • Market research
  • Recruitment of manpower.

  • In other words, an enterpreneur is one who discovers innovative ideas, advances them into products and services, and follows it’s feat persistently with untiring spirit. In this way, they taste the success and show the real meaning of the word ‘entrepreneur’. These entrepreneur having the initiating and action-taking ability, are responsible for the existence of different successful ventures. There is a misconception about entrepreneurs that they are opportunity-seekers and selfish people, but in reality they are highly driven people trying to find solutions to the “needs of the people”

Forms of Economic Analysis: Micro vs. Macro

Micro and Macro-economics

The subject matter of economics has been divided into two parts Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. These terms were first coined and used by Ragnar Frisch and have now been adopted by the economists all over the world. Nowadays one can hardly come across a text book on modern economic analysis which does not divide its analysis into two parts, one dealing with microeconomics and the other with macroeconomics.

The term microeconomics is derived from the Greek word mikros meaning “small” and the term macroeconomics is derived from the Greek word makros meaning “largo.” Thus, microeconomies deals with the analysis of small individual units of the economy such as individual firms and small aggregates or groups of individual units such as various industries and markets.

On the other hand, macroeconomics concerns itself with the analysis of the economy as a whole and its large aggregates such as total national output and income, total employment, total consumption, aggregate investment. Thus, according to K E Boulding, “Microeconomics is the study of particular fums, particular households, individual prices, wages, Incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.”

About macroeconomics he remarles, “Macroeconomics deals not with individual quantities as such but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual incomes but with the national Income; not with individual prices but with the price level; not with individual outputs but with the national output “.

  • MICROECONOMICS

As stated above, microeconomics studies the economic actions and behaviour of individual units and small groups of individual units. In microeconomic theory we discuss how the various cells of economic organism, that is, the various units of the economy such as thousands of consumers, thousands of producers or firms, thousands of workers and resource suppliers in the economy do their economic activities and reach their equilibrium states. In other words, in microeconomics we make a microscope study of the economy.

But it should be remembered that microeconomics does not study the economy in Its totality. Instead, in microeconomics we discuss equilibrium of innumerable units of the economy piecemeal and their interrelationship to each other.

” For instance, in microeconomic analysis we study the demand of an individual consumer for a good and from there go on to derive the market demand for the good (that is, demand of a group of individuals consuming a particular group).

Examples of Microeconomic variables: Demand of a commodity, Supply of a commodity, Income of a consumer, Price of the commodity etc.

Examples of Microeconomic theories/study: Law of demand, Law of supply, Determination of consumer equilibrium, Determination of producer equilibrium etc.

-> Importance of Micro Economics

I. Price Determination:

Micro economics helps in elucidation how the prices of diverse commodities are determined.  It also explicates how the prices of various aspects of production such as rent for land, wages for labour, interest for capital and profits for entrepreneur are decided in the commodity and factor market.

II. Working of a Free Market Economy:

Free market economy is the economy where the economic pronouncements regarding production of goods such as ‘What to produce, How much to produce, How to produce etc.’ are taken by private individuals. These verdicts are based on the inclination of the consumer or demand for the product. Micro economics theory helps in grasping the working of the free market economy.

III. International Trade & Public Finance:

Micro economics helps to elucidate many international trade facets like impacts of tariff, determination of exchange rates, advantages from international trade etc. It is also beneficial in public finance to analyse both, the occurrences as well as effect of a specific tax.

IV. Utilization of Resources:

Micro economics helps in elucidating how the scarce resources can be effectually and efficiently utilized by the producers in order to achieve highest output.

V. Model Building:

Micro economics helps in grasping various complex economic situations with its modest models. It has made an imperative contribution to the science of economics by the development of numerous terms, concepts, terminologies, tools of economic evaluation etc.

VI. Helps in Taking Business Decisions:

Micro economic theories are beneficial to businessmen for taking decisive business decisions. These decisions comprise the cost of production, values, maximum output, consumer’s preferences, demand and supply of the product etc.

VII. Useful to Government:

Micro economics is that subdivision of economics which is related with the study of economic behaviour of individual economic units. It is beneficial in building economic policies such as taxation policy, public expenditure policy, price policy etc.  These policies aid the government to reach its goal of efficient distribution of resources and promoting economic wellbeing of the society.

VIII. Basis of Welfare Economics:

Micro economics endorses economic and social welfare by making finest utilization of the resources, thereby evading wastage.

  • MACROECONOMICS

Macroeconomics is a Study of Aggregates. We now turn to explain the approach and content of macroeconomics. ‘As said above, word macro is derived from the Greek word ‘makros’ meaning large and therefore macroeconomics is concerned with the economic activity in the large.

Macroeconomic analyses the behaviour of the whole economic system in totality or entirety. In other words, macroeconomic studies the behaviour of the large aggregates such as total employment, the national product or income, the general price level of the economy. Therefore, macroeconomics is also known as aggregative economics. Macroeconomics analyses and establishes the functional relationship between these large aggregates. Thus Professor Boulding says, “Macroeconomics deals not with individual quantities as such but with the aggregates of these quantities; not with individual incomes but with the national income, not with individual prices but with the price level; not with individual output but with the national output.

Macroeconomics, then, is that part of the subject which deals with large aggregates and averages of the system rather than with particular items in it and attempts to define these aggregates in a useful manner and to examine their relationships. ” Professor Gardner Ackley makes the distinction between the two types more clear and specific when he writes, macroeconomics concerns itself with such variables as the aggregate volume of output in an economy, with the extent to which its resources are employed, with the size of the national income, with the general price level”. Microeconomics, on the other hand, deals with the division of total output among industries, products and firms and the allocation of resources among competing uses. It considers problems of income distribution. Its interest is in relative prices of particular goods and services.

Examples of Macroeconomic variables : Aggregate supply, Aggregate demand, National income, Total output etc.

Examples of Macroeconomic studies/theories : Determination of equilibrium level of income, Determination of foreign exchange rate, Determination of govt. budget etc.

-> Importance of macroeconomics

Macroeconomics is a vibrant concept that studies the whole nation and works for the welfare of the economy. It is beneficial for the timing of economic variations to prevent or be prepared for any financial crisis or any long – term adverse situations. The system of fiscal and monetary policies rest on entirely on the examination of the widely held macroeconomic situations in the nation. Macroeconomics mainly purposes to help the Government and the financial bodies to fix economic stability in the country. This course of economics gives a broader viewpoint of social or national issues. The ones who want to provide to the welfare of society need to study macroeconomics. It guarantees or keeps a check over the appropriate functioning of the country’s economy and real position. The analysis of macroeconomics concepts and issues helps the economists to understand the causes and possible explanations of such macro-level problems.  Dealing with numerous economic situations through the use of macro-economic data unlocks the door for development in the country.

Dotcom

A dotcom, or dot-com, is a company that conducts business primarily through a website. A dotcom company embraces the Internet as the key component in its business. The businesses are normally conducted through a website with the domain “.com” in the URL. Popular dotcom companies include Amazon.com, eBay.com, Priceline.com, coupons.com, and shuttelfly.com. The companies survived the burst of the dot-com bubble.

The Dotcom Bubble Burst

People started a dotcom or a website for almost everything, right from buying groceries from nearby grocers to buying pencils, but they did not figure out how much money they spent on making the website and buying space and designing it. They did not even access how much money they should make by selling their products to recover the cost because they had funds from others supporting them. Later, when the supporting people who funded their website started asking how they would recover money, the founders were clueless. So, the website was shut down. This happened all over the world. Then, the venture capitalists or the VCs (the people who fund other people to start a business) became careful about the money they were spending to avoid losses. This caused a lot of disappointment among people who wanted to start a venture. Hence, the dotcom bubble busted.

It was like bargaining for onions

Sabeer Bhatia – Hotmail founder

An eleven-year-old from Bangalore sold off his excess sandwiches, made by his mom to his friends; perhaps this was his first venture.

When he attended a lecture at Standford University, he learned about the history of founders like Steve Jobs or Scott McNealy. He thought to himself, “This is no big deal, I can do this.”

This is the story of none other than Indian – Sabeer Bhatia, the person who founded hotmail.com.

Working in Apple Computers, he hated it when others had access to his company email. He decided to form an email system that could be accessed only by the owner, and no matter where he was, he could check his inbox and receive emails for free.

He was rejected by 19 funding organizations. Finally, a company agreed because it felt introducing a free email service would revolutionize the Internet.

The day hotmail was launched; servers were flooded with people signing up. Thousands and thousands of people flocked to sign up every day.

By year-end, they were greeting their millionth customer. When Microsoft came knocking, 12 months later, they’d signed up nearly 10 million users. But what were 10 million subscribers worth?

Bhatia didn’t know how to sell a company. But he did know how to buy onions. “In India, you’ve got to negotiate for everything,” he says. “Even while buying vegetables, you’ve got to negotiate.” When the bargaining started, Bhatia felt right at home. “They came in low with $160 million, so I came in at $700 million! And when they said: that’s ridiculous! Are you out of your mind?” I knew it was just a ploy. Bhatia won’t budge and finally, they had to succumb.

Microsoft purchased hotmail.com for a whopping 400 million dollars.

There are plenty of options available to you if you wish to choose a career in a dotcom company. Here are a few of them : 

  • Venture Capitalist
  • Web Developer
  • Web Designer

Importance of education

The best definition of education?

Education is define as the ” Process of gaining knowledge. The process of training and developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc by formal schooling, teaching, training.

True education means beyond earning degree it is more than bookish knowledge.

types of education:

Formal education: under that

  1. school/ institution involved
  2. Has hierarchical structure
  3. Uniform full time and proper
  4. Subject oriented
  5. Certificate/degree

Informal education:

  1. Practical adult learning
  2. Diversity in method and content
  3. Mobilize local resources
  4. Built on learned participation
  5. Real life example of learning

Non- formal education:

  1. Very long process
  2. Learning from experience
  3. Learning from home
  4. Learning from work
  5. Learning from environment.

Why education is the key to success?

Education lessens the challenge you will face in life. The more knowledge you gain the more opportunity will open up to allow individual to achieve better possibilities in career and personal growth.

Does education change a person:

Education can stimulate economic growth less directly, increasing innovation, productivity and human capital. And education also has a history of fostering positive social change by encouraging things like political participate, social equality, and environment sustainability.

Education important:

Education shows us the importance of hard work and at the same time help us grow and develop. It teaches us to live in harmony.

How to stay mentally healthy

Good mental health is characterised by a person’s ability to fulfil a number of key functions and activities, including : the ability to learn, the ability to feel, express and manage a range of positive and negative emotions, & the ability to form and maintain good relationships with others. Who doesn’t want to be strong mentally?

Here are some methods for good mental health :

1. Value yourself

While self-worth is more emotional, self-value is more behavioural. This is where we take the foundation of how we feel about ourselves and put it to work. Self-value is the driving vehicle that allows us to walk the walk and act in ways that align with what we value. This shows up in the way we talk to people or in steps we take to speak our truth. Both self-worth and self-value feed off of one another, but it’s helpful to point out the subtle differences. Treat yourself with kindness and respect, and avoid self-criticism. Make time for your hobbies and favourite projects, or broaden your horizons. Do a daily crossword puzzle, plant a garden, take dance lessons, learn to play an instrument or become fluent in another language

2. Give yourself

Volunteer your time and energy to help someone else. You’ll feel good about doing something tangible to help someone in need and it’s a great way to meet new people.

Healthy Ways to Take a Mental Break :

  • Get Outside. Getting outside and enjoying the fresh air is a great way to renew your energy
  • Be Active
  • Meditate
  • Treat Yourself
  • Drink Water
  • Make Time to Socialise

3. Take care of your body

Taking better care of our bodies means increased energy levels, and a better ability to accomplish our daily goals. It means better ability to concentrate on any given task, and that our tasks will take less time to complete. Taking care of yourself physically can improve your mental health. Be sure to :

  • Eat nutritious meals
  • Avoid smoking and vaping
  • Drink plenty of water
  • Exercise, which helps decrease depression and anxiety and improve moods
  • Get enough sleep. Researchers believe that lack of sleep contributes to a high rate of depression in college students. 

4. Surround yourself with good people

When you surround yourself with positive people, you’re more likely to adopt empowering beliefs and see life as happening for you instead of to you. Just as you benefit when you surround yourself with people who make you happy, you suffer when those in your business or social circles are negative or narrow-minded. People with strong family or social connections are generally healthier than those who lack a support network. Make plans with supportive family members and friends, or seek out activities where you can meet new people, such as a club, class or support group.

5. Quiet your mind

Try meditating, mindfulness or prayer. Relaxation exercises and prayer can improve your state of mind and outlook on life. In fact, research shows that meditation may help you feel calm and enhance the effects of therapy. Silencing the mind does not mean stopping to think at all. It means thinking when you need to think, but keeping the mind calm when you don’t need to think.

6. Learn how to deal with stress

Like it or not, stress is a part of life. Practice good coping skills: Try One-Minute Stress Strategies, exercise, take a nature walk, play with your pet or try journal writing as a stress reducer. Also, remember to smile and see the humour in life. Research shows that laughter can boost your immune system, ease pain, relax your body and reduce stress.

7. Set realistic goals

Decide what you want to achieve academically, professionally and personally, and write down the steps you need to realize your goals. Aim high, but be realistic and don’t over-schedule. You’ll enjoy a tremendous sense of accomplishment and self-worth as you progress toward your goal. Wellness Coaching can help you develop goals and stay on track.

8. Avoid alcohol and other drugs

Keep alcohol use to a minimum and avoid other drugs. Sometimes people use alcohol and other drugs to “self-medicate” but in reality, alcohol and other drugs only aggravate problems.

Some ways to avoid using alcohol :

  • Keep a diary of your drinking
  • Don’t keep alcohol in your house
  • Choose alcohol-free days
  • Watch for peer pressure
  • Set a drinking goal

9. Break up the monotony

Although our routines make us more efficient and enhance our feelings of security and safety, a little change of pace can perk up a tedious schedule. Alter your jogging route, plan a road-trip, take a walk in a different park, hang some new pictures or try a new restaurant.

5 Ways to Break the Monotony of Your Routine

  • Start your morning with something different
  • Add some new scenery to your day
  • Shake up your lunch break
  • Listen to music
  • Review your habits regularly

10. Get help when you need it

Seeking help is a sign of strength not a weakness. And it is important to remember that treatment is effective. People who get appropriate care can recover from mental illness and addiction and lead full, rewarding lives.  Asking for help allows us to surround ourselves with people who can make us feel good and facilitate further development. These people create optimism and hope that we are able to deal with challenging situations, which improves our resilience.

Six plans which PM Modi needs to arrive by any means, and need for a quantum hop in approach 2024

PM Narendra Modi’s push in his Independence Day discourse for “100% immersion” of government plans includes six key drives, which however have arrived at a huge populace up until now, need a quantum hop in the approach 2024 when Modi would look for a third term in office as PM.

As rattled off by the PM himself, these plans are Ayushman Bharat which offers free clinical protection, Ujjwala Yojana that offers free LPG associations, the twin extra security plans upheld by the public authority, Atal Pension plot, the PM Housing Scheme, and Har Ghar Jal Scheme for drinking water. Four of them carried out in Modi’s initial term and assumed a part in his 2019 success while ‘Ayushman Bharat’ and ‘Har Ghar Jal’ solely affect the ground in Modi’s second term up until now.

“Crores of individuals are getting the advantages of many plans began over the most recent seven years. Today the speed of government plans has expanded and they are accomplishing the ideal objectives. We have advanced a lot quicker than previously. However, it doesn’t end here. We need to accomplish immersion. We need to push forward with an outlook of penny percent accomplishment… for this, we don’t need to keep a far off cut off time. We need to make our goals work out inside a couple of years,” the Prime Minister said from the Red Fort.

Ayushman Bharat – Lot to be finished

Dispatched in late 2018 not long before the Lok Sabha surveys, Ayushman Bharat should give free clinical protection family front of Rs 5 lakh to almost 50 crore individuals in the country. While the plan has no objectives given the idea of the plan includes clinical help, around 10 crore recipients have cards so far to approve their qualification for the plan, suggesting that almost 40 crore recipients are still to get these cards from the Centre. Different states have likewise stretched out the plan to cover 15 crores more individuals and have offered cards to 6 crores of such individuals up until now.

The two greatest states with the most recipients, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, are slacking on this front of appropriating cards with 1.4 Cr and 70 lakh cards dispersed so far separately however both these states have almost 10 Cr recipients each. Two crore medical clinic confirmations have been accounted for under the plan to date with claims worth Rs 25,000 crore. In any case, UP and Bihar have revealed far less affirmations up until this point, at 7.7 lakh and 2.9 lakh separately, and more modest states have performed better, showing the plan’s mindfulness in UP and Bihar isn’t as wanted up until this point.

Ujjwala Yojana — Best Saturation

The free LPG association plan of Ujjwala was finished in front of the cut-off time in 2019 for eight crore recipients who didn’t have a gas association in the country. This was a distinct advantage conspire for the Modi government in the 2019 races. PM last week dispatched a second form of the plan in which one crore more recipients will get a free LPG association that is relied upon to convert into full LPG entrance in the country. Inside seven days of the dispatch, more than three lakhs of these associations have been given out and the public authority might accomplish its objective in 2021 itself.

Two Life Insurance Schemes — Need a Push

The two disaster protection plans dispatched in Modi’s initial term have seen unassuming improvement and have scope for more inclusion. They are wilful. PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) has 23.6 crore recipients as of date between the age of 18-70 who pay only Rs 12 as an expense in a year to get inadvertent extra security of Rs 2 lakh. The take-up of the PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) is lesser at just 10.5 crore recipients between the age of 18-50 who pay Rs 330 every year for a front of Rs 2 lakh if there should be an occurrence of death.

There are almost 55 crore individuals in the country in the age gathering of 18-50 years and around 65 crores in the age bunch 18-70 years.

Atal Pension Yojana — Big Scheme, Low Uptake

Just 3.13 crore individuals have selected themselves into the Atal Pension Yojana dispatched in PM Modi’s initial term as a feature of an aspiring point of a ‘general government backed retirement framework’. The plan is near the public authority’s heart as it offers a month-to-month annuity of Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 to any individual get-togethers age of 60 years relying upon how much premium he decides to pay, moves the annuity advantage to the companion of the recipient after their demise and moves the whole corpus of benefits abundance till the age of 60 years to the candidate after several passes away. The plan is available to anybody between 18-40 years old to join and this age bunch has more than 45 crore youngsters in the country.

PM Housing Scheme — 2022 point

This is one plan that is doing sensibly well against its aggressive objective of giving each vagrant a house before the finish of 2022. Against a new objective of conveying about 2.67 crore houses before the finish of 2022, 1.53 crore houses (60%) have been finished up until now and another 48 lakhs have been endorsed and are in different phases of development. The public authority is expecting to finish 2.01 crore houses consequently by March 2022 and the remainder of the objective (65 lakh houses) before the finish of 2022. Large states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are anyway battling, covering under half and 40% generally speaking objective of theirs individually up until this point.

Har Ghar Jal — Game-Changer for 2024?

The funnelled drinking water for all plan dispatched in Modi government’s second term on Independence Day in 2019 could be the genuine distinct advantage for the BJP come 2024, as it has an objective for culmination around the same time. Just 17% of the nation’s families, about 3.2 crore, had faucet water associations when the plan started, and this has effectively ascended to 42% as of date with 4.7 crore associations given over the most recent two years. The Center has an aggressive point of going after the plan early in 2023, preceding the overall appointment of 2024. For that to occur, the greatest territory of Uttar Pradesh should beat as it actually has just 17% faucet water immersion with 32 lakhs out of 2.6 crore families covered up until this point. West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have under 15% inclusion. Rajasthan is at 20%.

Narendra Modi’s words from Red Fort are a message additionally to focal government divisions running these plans to propel themselves for 100% immersion. “The greatest benefit of this 100% achievement rate is that nobody stays denied of the advantages of the public authority plot. At the point when the public authority works with an objective to contact the individual in the last line, really at that time there is no separation and there is no degree for debasement,” the PM focused from the Red Fort on Sunday.

Radiation

What is radiation?

The movement of electromagnetic wave without any physical contact of a body is called radiation. Example – light coming from the sun. Heat transfer form hoter to colder body.

All bodies radiate some energy except at zero Calvin. The energy emitted by the body is in the form of packets or quanta of energy called photon.

When the radiation is incident on the surface of a body some fractional part of energy is being absorbed by the surface, some fractional part of energy being transmitted by the surface and some fractional part being reflected by the surface.

The fractional part which is absorbed by the body is called absorbitivity of that body and it is denoted by sigma. The fractional part which is reflected by the body is called reflectivity and it is denoted by row. The fractional part which is transmitted by the body is called transmissivity and it is denoted by tow. Mathematical expressions for this

ρ + α + τ = 1

Where ρ is reflectivity, α is absorbitivity and τ is transmissivity.

The value of these are depend upon

1 nature of surface of the body

2 Temperature of the body. – greater the temperature greater will be the radiation

3 wavelength of the incident rays.

Black body

The body that absorbed all the radiation, and does not trasmite or reflect any radiation is called black body. i. e α =1 and ρ =τ=0. It doesn’t mean that for the black body the body should be black. For example snow which is white in colour and whose absorbitivity is 0.955 that is very near to the 1, hence it is a black body.

White body

The body which which reflects all the radiation is called white body. i.e α = τ = 0, ρ = 1.

Gray body

It is a hypothetical body because the value of absorbitivity, reflectivity and transmissivity does not varies with temperature. ρ + α + τ =1

Women empowerment

Women empowerment is the process of empowering women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoint or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training.

How can I empower women and girls?

standing with and investing in women is an Important start. From workplace and school to home and committee, women

gender equality underpins all of the world Vision work and there are many great activities you can get involved in to support the rights of women in developing countries.

Why do we need women empowerment:

Women’s empowerment is really needed in the societies. It’s so important for women self-esteem and also for societies. Empowering women is to give women the right. Women can equal rights to participate in education, society, economy and politically.

Empowering feminist Quote from inspiring women:

I raise up my voice- not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard.

if couse I am not worried about intimidating men.

how can I empower women and girls:

standing with and investing in women is an important start. From workplace and school to home and communities.

How world Vision is helping empower women?

we believe that healthy educated and empower women and girls are agents of change.

when women and girls are support they gain opportunity to speak up for their right and also to advocate for their communities.

they are also able to rise in social standing, and they can feel into future generations.

Tips to learn a new language faster

Learning a new language often considered as really tough task, but is it true? Maybe for some, but the real truth is if followed right resources and direction is definitely an task to do so. So for this here are some tips that might help you.

1) Know about the language that you are going to learn

By writing this I mean one should know what language is he or she going to learn. If you have clear idea of what actually you are going to learn will help you to set almost perfect goals which will ultimately help you to do what you want.

2) Set goals

Setting goals to learn a new language will help you to go far and keep yourself ahead. Goal setting should be done after being familiar by the subject.

3) Set small goals

Setting small goals will help you to complete your work on given time. Setting small goals will also help you to analyse yourself and keep your records on track.

4) Analyse yourself

Analysing is an art if done properly will take you way to far. Whenever do things do them on time and analyse what mistakes you make or what are the problem that you have encountered.

5) Challenge yourself

This part will help you to grow. grow beyond your limits. But one thing to keep in mind while doing so is do not challenge yourself more than what will harm you. Doing this in moderation will definitely help but if done excessive will also harm.

6) Use the language as frequently as you can

If you do so it will help you to retain things faster. It will also help you to clear your vocabulary and pronunciation and also will help you to keep everything you learn stored in your brain for a long time.

7) Test yourself

At the end complete your learning and test your self this will help you to know how much you have learn about the language.

Hope you will like my blog follow the steps and go ahead. Happy learning!

Lucid Dreams

What are lucid dreams?

Lucid dreams occur when you are aware that you are dreaming while sleeping.You’re aware that the events that are flashing across your mind aren’t genuine. However, the dream is vivid and real. You could even be able to guide the action in your sleep, as if you were directing a movie. According to studies, roughly half of all adults have had at least one lucid dream. However, they are unlikely to occur frequently, usually only a few times per year.

Photo by Ketut Subiyanto on Pexels.com

When do lucid dreams happen?

Lucid dreams are most common during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is characterised by rapid eye movement, faster breathing, and increased brain activity. About 90 minutes after falling asleep, you normally enter REM sleep. It lasts approximately ten minutes. Each REM cycle lasts longer than the one before it, eventually reaching an hour.

Lucid Dreams Research

Neuroscientists are baffled as to how and why lucid dreams occur. They do, however, have some suggestions. For one instance, research have discovered physical differences in the brains of those who have lucid dreams versus those who don’t. People who have lucid dreams have a larger prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for high-level processes such as decision-making and memory recall. That shows that people who are most prone to have lucid dreams are self-reflective individuals who ruminate on their own thoughts. In a tiny study conducted in Germany, individuals’ brain electrical activity was monitored as they slept. According to the findings, lucid dreaming may be a kind of “in-between state” in which you aren’t entirely awake but also not fully sleeping. Some sleep researchers believe that lucid dreams can occur outside of REM sleep, which was previously regarded to be the only moment when people dreamed.

Benefits of Lucid Dreams

Lucid dreams may assist your waking life by providing advantages such as:

– Less Anxiety: There is less anxiety. The sense of control you experience during a lucid dream may linger and make you feel powerful. You can mould the tale and the finale after you realise you’re in a dream. This could be used as a form of treatment for people who suffer from nightmares, teaching them how to manage their dreams.

– Better motor skills: Some research suggests that by “practising” in a lucid dream, you might be able to improve simple things like tapping your fingers faster. Whether you visualise the actions while awake or run through them in a lucid dream, the same area of your brain becomes engaged.

– Improved Problem-solving skills: Researchers discovered evidence that lucid dreams can assist people address difficulties involving creativity (such as a disagreement with another person) rather than reasoning (such as a math problem).

– Increased creativity: Some participants in lucid dream studies were able to generate new ideas or insights, sometimes with the assistance of characters in their dreams.

Dangers of Lucid Dreams

Lucid dreaming can lead to a variety of issues, including:

– Sleep deprivation: Vivid dreams might wake you up and make it difficult to fall back asleep. And if you’re too concentrated on lucid dreaming, you can have trouble sleeping.

– Confusion, delirium, and hallucinations: Lucid dreams can cause confusion, delirium, and hallucinations in people with certain mental health problems.

Green Tea and 6 Reasons Why You Should Drink It Daily

Green tea is often regarded as one of the world’s healthiest beverages. It’s high in antioxidants, which have a variety of health benefits, including:

– enhanced mental performance

– slimming down

– anti-cancer protection

– reducing the risk of coronary artery disease

Photo by Mareefe on Pexels.com

1. Contains Healthy Bioactive Compounds: Green tea is more than just a drink that keeps you hydrated. The green tea plant has a variety of beneficial substances that make their way into the finished beverage. Tea is high in polyphenols, which are natural substances with health advantages such as inflammation reduction and cancer prevention. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a catechin found in green tea (EGCG). Catechins are natural antioxidants that aid in the prevention of cell damage as well as providing other advantages. These chemicals can protect cells and molecules from damage by reducing the generation of free radicals in the body. These free radicals contribute to ageing and a variety of ailments. One of the most potent components in green tea is EGCG. Its ability to assist treat a variety of ailments has been studied. It appears to be one among the key chemicals responsible for the therapeutic benefits of green tea. Green tea also contains trace minerals that are beneficial to your health.

2. Increases Fat Burning: If you look at the ingredients list of any fat-burning supplement, you’ll almost certainly see green tea. This is because green tea has been shown to increase fat burning and metabolic rate in studies. Green tea extract boosted the quantity of calories burnt by 4% in a research involving ten healthy men. Green tea extract boosted fat oxidation by 17 percent in another study involving 12 healthy males when compared to those who took a placebo.

However, some research on green tea have found no increase in metabolism, suggesting that the effects may vary depending on the individual and how the study was conducted.

3. May Protect The Brain From Aging: Green tea has been shown to increase brain function in the near term as well as protect the brain as it ages. Alzheimer’s disease is a widespread neurological illness that is the leading cause of dementia among seniors. Another prevalent neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease, which is characterised by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Green tea catechin chemicals have been shown in several studies to have diverse protective effects on neurons in test tubes and animal models, potentially lowering the incidence of dementia.

4. May Improve Brain Function: Green tea may assist increase brain function in addition to keeping you alert. Caffeine, a well-known stimulant, is the main active component. It doesn’t have as much caffeine as coffee, but it’s enough to elicit a response without generating the jittery affects that come with too much caffeine. Caffeine impacts the brain by inhibiting adenosine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. This enhances neuronal activity and neurotransmitter concentrations such as dopamine and norepinephrine. Caffeine has been found in studies to increase mood, vigilance, response time, and memory, among other aspects of brain function.

5. Antioxidants May Lower the Risk of Some Cancer: Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell development. It is one of the major causes of death in the world. Oxidative damage has been linked to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to chronic diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants can aid in the prevention of oxidative damage. Green tea is high in antioxidants and is a great source of them. Green tea components have been associated to a lower risk of cancer in studies such as these:

Breast cancer: Breast cancer is a disease that affects women. According to a meta-analysis of observational studies, women who drank more green tea had a 20–30 percent lower risk of breast cancer, one of the most frequent diseases in women.

Prostate cancer: Prostate cancer is a disease that affects men. Men who drank green tea had a decreased chance of advanced prostate cancer, according to one study.

Colorectal cancer: Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon. Green tea drinkers were 42 percent less likely to acquire colorectal cancer, according to a review of 29 research.

Green tea users are less likely to acquire numerous types of cancer, according to many observational studies, but more high-quality research is needed to corroborate these findings.

Avoid adding milk to your tea to obtain the maximum health advantages. According to certain research, it may lower the antioxidant value of various teas.

SEVEN INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT SPACE

1.In 3.75 billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will collide.

The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way- where our solar system is at a rate of around 110 kilometers per second (68 mi/s) and, the two will collide to form a giant elliptical galaxy.

Milky way
Milky way

2.Andromeda is probably the most massive galaxy in the Local Group.

There are around 1 trillion stars in the Andromeda galaxy, compared with the Milky Way, which has 200-400 billion.

Andromeda galaxy
Andromeda galaxy

3.If two pieces of the same type of metal touch in space, they will permanently bond.

This incredible fact is also known as cold welding, and it happens because the atoms of two pieces of metal have no way of knowing they are separate. It doesn’t happen on Earth because of the air and water found between the pieces.

Fusion of metal on space
Fusion of metal on space

4.The Moon was once a piece of Earth.

The theory is that when Earth was a relatively young planet, was struck by a giant object, and this collision broke a piece of the Earth away to create the moon. This piece then began to orbit the Earth as a result of its gravitational pull.

Earth and Moon
Earth and Moon

5.Space is completely silent.

Sound waves need a medium to travel through. Since there is no atmosphere in the vacuum of space, the realm between stars will always be eerily silent. Astronauts use radio waves to communicate.

Space
Space

6.The Apollo astronauts’ footprints on the moon will probably stay there for at least 100 million years.

Since the moon doesn’t have an atmosphere, there’s no wind or water to erode or wash away the Apollo astronauts’ mark on the moon. That means their footprints, overprints, spaceship prints, and discarded materials will stay preserved on the moon for a very long time. Erosion is still happening on the moon, just very slowly.

Astronaut in Moon
Astronaut in Moon

7.Some planets have no surface to land on.

There are four gas giants in our solar system — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune — where it wouldn’t be possible to land on. Although different in composition, a gas giant is usually made out of hydrogen and helium and has a small rocky center.

Jupiter
Jupiter

Why do we have 10 fingers?

Scientists have several ideas why humans can high-five each other instead of, say, high four or high six. One theory suggests four fingers and a thumb on each hand are the perfect number and length to grip objects firmly. (Another study suggests we can gasp most things with just our thumb and index finger if necessary ; the other four fingers are spares).

The process of evolution determined the most beneficial number of fingers and toes for our survival. Pandas, after all, have thumblike digits to help them grasp bamboo shoots, while some birds have quadruple digits for perching and tucking away during flight. Occasionally, babies are born with extra fingers and toes (a condition known as polydactyly), but those additional digits have never offered enough of an edge to survive to later generations. In other words, evolution determined that five fingers per hand are just right for humans.

Why do we have thumbs?

Having no thumbs would make you all thumbs, fumbling to tie your shoes or assemble a hamburger. (Don’t believe us? Tape one of your thumbs against the side of your hand and see how hard life becomes). We inherited a fully “opposable” thumb named for its ability to close tip-to-tip against our other fingers – grom our primate ancestors around two million years ago. These ancient relatives needed handier hands to help get a grip on simple tools. So give a thumbs – up to your thumbs. So give a thumbs – up to your thumbs. They are the main reasons you can text with one hand and build a burger without fumbling the bun.

Do other animals have thumbs beside us?

Lots of them, although the exact number depends on your definition of “thumbs”. Apes and many monkeys have opposable thumbs just like us, while smaller primates, pandas, and koalas have thumblike digits and claws that help them grip plants and prey.

Why do we have fingerprints?

Those whirls, swirls, loops, and arches on your fingertips (and toes, in case you didn’t know) are hnique to you – even if you have an identical twin – and they remain unchanged throughout your entire life. In fact, the faint ridges known as fingerprints form before you have ever born. Fluids in the womb put pressure on your developing digits, which, combined with your rate of growth and genetic makeup, create one-of-a-kind designs.

Okay, but why do we have fingerprints?

Ah, you want to know the point of those fingertip designs ( well, besides incriminating crooks who forget to wear gloves). Scientist have put forth all sorts of possible reasons. Fingerprints might magnify the hand’s ability to detect vibrations, for example, or improve our sense of touch. They also might work like tyre trying to help They also might work like tire treads to help us grip objects.

Why do my fingers wrinkle when we’ve been swimming?

You might think that playing in the pool or soaking in the tub makes your fingertips and toes waterlogged and soggy. Not so ! The prune effect is caused by blood vessels bringing just below the skin – an automatic reaction triggered by your nervous system when it senses long exposure to water. Scientists think people evolved this reaction to improve their grip and traction in wet environments. After all, pruny fingers make it easier to snag slippery fish.

Why can we pop our knuckles?

When you move or bend your fingers, you occasionally squeeze tiny air bubbles that form in the protective fluid around your body’s joints.Those poping bubbles create an audible crack.

References :

WHY? – Answers to everything, Image publications.

STETHOSCOPE

” stethoscope is only jewellery that can’t be earned by money. It can only be earned by passion and hard work “

A stethoscope is used to hear the heart beats sounds, sound due to inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs and the respiratory pathways and also the stomach movements. It is a very useful diagnostic tool to help localize problems  and to diagnose disease.

Stethoscope are also used along with the sphygmomanometer. The first usable binaural stethoscope was invented in 1855.

The modern electronic stethoscope are high precisioned instruments. These  can be used to hear a patient’s heart and lungs clearly even in high noisy environments and even through layers of clothing.

The electronic stethoscope also make it possible to hear the foetal sounds in mother’s womb.

Uses

☆ Stethoscope helps in find normal (lub-dub) versus abnormal heart sounds ( heart murmurs) and also to diagnose valve functions.

☆ Stethoscope can indicate fluid in lungs in case of pneumonia and pulmonary edema. It can diagnose airway diseases like bronchitis and pleuritis.

☆ Stethoscope are also used to compare the movements in the normal versus overactive or underactive intestinal tract.

” Wherever the art of medicine is

loved, there is also a love of humanity”

~ Hippocrotes

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LIFE

Life is an unpredictable and a rollercoaster journey where everything might be seem sorted but still can mess up thereafter. You might be chilling in one second but in another second you can be in a huge trouble you haven’t think of. This is what life is. It is full of craziness, happiness, sadness, surprises, adventures and much more. It is a bundle of joy for one but can be a sad and painful story for another because they all have their different experiences. But you should enjoy every moment of your life before it turns into a memory. As it is said, ” YOU ONLY LIVE ONCE ”. Live your life to the fullest. So there are some interesting facts about life you should know-

1- HUMANS ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT ENJOY SPICY FOODS Only humans are the creatures who enjoy spicy foods, no other creature enjoys it.

2- When you die, there are companies that will turn your ashes into fireworks so you can literally ” Go out with a bang ”.

3- It is impossible to hum while holding your nose.

4- It rains diamonds on Saturn and Jupiter.

5- ” I am ” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.

6- There are at least 6 people in the world who look exactly like you. There is a 9% chance that you’ll meet one of them in your lifetime.

7- The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows.

8- People say ”Bless you” when you sneeze because when you sneeze, your heart stops for a millisecond.

9- Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil. It can be tasted and added in food for years and years.

10- The name of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with.

11- It is impossible to lick your elbow.

12- Hot water will turn into ice faster than cold water.

13- The average person walks past 36 murderers in their lifetime.

14- A different version of you exists in the minds of everyone who knows you.

15- 99% of people who read this will try to lick their elbow.

These are some amazing facts you would want to hear and definitely enjoy it. It’s just short and simple facts but very interesting ones.

Artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the
natural intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines
perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most
noteworthy, Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines.
“Artificial intelligence would be the ultimate version of Google. The ultimate search
engine that would understand everything on the web. It would understand exactly what
you wanted, and it would give you the right thing. We’re nowhere near doing that now.
However, we can get incrementally closer to that, and that is basically what we work
on.”
Experts believe that AI in future will be able to make human life much easier by
providing a solution to almost all challenges. Humans will also be made aware of
potential threats from beforehand by Artificial Intelligence use. One of the fastest-
growing fields of technology and invention is that of AI. AI has established its position
in several marketing activities. And the automation of marketing processes has
increased the demand for AI implementation in the industry recently as well. AI has also
brought opportunities to marketers to expand their business and provided user
interface insight.
There are mainly two types of artificial intelligence. Type 1 includes
Narrow Artificial Intelligence – Can perform the single task example voice recognition,
General Artificial Intelligence – Having an ability to perform tasks like human beings. To
date, no such machine is developed, Super Artificial Intelligence – AI with the capability
to perform better than a human being itself. The research is still going on. Type 2
includes Reactive Machine – This machine responds quickly to a situation. It is not able to store any data for present or future use. It works according to the fed data, Limited Memory – This machine can store smaller amount of data for a limited period. Examples are self-driving cars and video games, Theory of Mind – These are the machines which would understand human emotions, there would be much smarter. But these types of machines have not yet developed. Therefore the concept totally speculative. Last but not the least Self Awareness – These types of machines attributes to a better working than that of human beings. To date, no such machine has been developed. Efforts are continuously made in the same direction. Artificial intelligence is enhancing the ability of machines to make it perform in the same way as human beings. The different emerging technologies are relatively helping in artificial intelligence to excel. The machine in form of computers, mobiles, and other devices is helping aids. The different set of data as the input given to the machine helps
it in performing any task. So in a better way, we can state that artificial learning comprises machines inbuilt with human intelligence by developing a set of data or algorithms.Technologies are advancing day by day. They are proving it to be a blessing for mankind. They make the work easier, further helping to resolve a problem in a human
way. Every technology has its both positive as well as negative impacts and so artificial intelligence too. It has its importance in different industries and research sectors but can be a curse if used up in the wrong way and can become a threat to mankind.

Stars can’t shine without darkness:

Life isn’t a bed of roses. Rather it is like a rose garden filled with thorns along with roses. Our lives too have thorns. Each and every one of us come across various kinds of struggles in life. Most of the time we view these struggles as barriers instead of taking them up as an opportunity for something better. God decided to add struggle in our lives for a reason. If the Almighty wished, our lives could have been made without any problems or struggles but eventually, it will cripple us.

Our life is just like the night sky. We find the night sky the most beautiful because of those beautiful stars shining brightly out there. Imagine trying to search those stars during the day.

When you read or hear that stars can’t shine without darkness, it means that without bad things happening in your life, you would not realize what the good ones are. It is when you are only going through dark days that you know what you capable of. Life doesn’t end; it’s rather a new beginning.

How could you ever understand feeling good from feeling bad, if you only know the good all the time? What lessons could you learn? Is there a specific reason why disaster strikes?

Life is so that every so often tragedy strikes. It frequently is when you think everything is going great that your world tumbles down. Yet, the best way to look at dark times is to understand that there are no endings but only new beginnings. So, without darkness, there is no light.

Wherever you look, everything has an opposite in this universe. So, no matter how much you want only great things to happen to you and be happy go lucky all the time, life does not work that way. It is persistently made of ups and downs and highs and lows. But adverse life events always bring a possibility for you to grow, change and be better.

Look at the Bright Side

In our lives, when we are going through difficult moments, it is true that we have a tendency to more easily focus on all the negative things that are going on. But one day, the rain will stop falling, and a rainbow will take its place. So, it is the reason why you need to remember that stars can’t shine without darkness.

If there were no way to distinguish happiness, you would not be happy because you would not know what it is. Whenever you are going through an unfortunate circumstance, it is what is going wrong that hits you harder than the rest. And it is only human to have such feelings.

But if you decide to sit and wallow about your situation, then you will only prolong the pain. You should look and focus on the positive events in your life. No matter how small they are. The stars would not shine as brightly if there were not some darkness. Think about that!

Stars Can’t Shine Without Darkness

Easy is not an option. Life is hard at times. But we can all agree that theoretically speaking; stars can’t shine without darkness. You could not enjoy the warmth of the summer if there were no cloudy skies and cold winters. There can’t be any music without silence. Therefore, there is also no success without failure in life.

Yet, everyone thinks that failure is a step backward, but it is not true. I believe that each failure is a step forward in the right direction. I know it can be uneasy, but shining in the darkness is the thing that you should do when you are in the midst of a trial or misfortune in your life. It is like looking at a picture and seeing the good times in between the bad ones.

So, let’s take a different perspective for an instant. What if your same negative life event happens to someone else than you? You would see how different they would act or react. Some people would handle it better while some not. Why? Because it is how you define your reality, and everything that happens to you, that determine your reaction to the situation at hand.

Darkness, Stars, and Light

As a result, what is happening right now in your life is not happening to you as a result of chance. Your past experiences, beliefs, and consciousness have helped to create it. Believe it or not, your current situation has its causes and roots in the past.

Let’s consider this realistic analogy: When you look up into the night sky and see the stars, what you actually see is the past because some of those bodies may no longer exist. It is possible because stars are hundreds and thousands of light years away. The meaning is that it takes their light, traveling at 300,000 kilometers or 186,000 miles per second, hundreds or thousands of years to reach the earth.

Therefore, the bright light you see from a star a hundred light years away is actually a light it emitted a hundred years ago. That particular star could have exploded and disintegrated twenty-five years ago, but you would still see its light, and continue to see it for another seventy-five years, even though it has long ceased to exist.

The Power to Make a Difference

So, what I am trying to say is that you create your life by your perception of reality. And there is an opportunity in every difficulty. If something bothers you, then you need to take a look at what beliefs you have deep inside. Once you identify the wrong ones, you have the power to change and replace them. Then you can embrace the magical power of a different life.

And that is why you should look at everything in your life as an opportunity. It helps you show what you can do, not only to others but yourself as well. How would you ever know what you can truly handle until it is placed before you? But if you are pessimistic, you won’t know what you are really capable of. And if you are too realistic, you may never discover what life has in store for you.

So, enter each life situation with your eyes wide open, but always be optimistic no matter what. You have no better choice. Then allow life to happen to you in miraculous ways and know that there is always light at the end of the tunnel. Stay strong and shine the brightest. And always treasure each experience you have because , just like you, stars can’t shine without darkness.

Japanese aesthetics

The Japanese aesthetics are a set of ideals followed since the olden days including Miyabi, yuugen, mono no aware, wabi and sabi. These ideas showcase was is considered to be beautiful in Japanese culture and aesthetic norms. The aesthetic norms in japan are considered to be an indispensable part of Japanese people everyday life.

Miyabi is one of the oldest Japanese aesthetic ideal. It is the norm to polish ones manners and to eradicate any kind of roughness and crudility in order to achieve the highest level of grace. The term miyabi can be translated as ‘elegance’. It requires the removal of any vulgar actions. It is also closely related to mono no aware.

Wabi and sabi entails that one should have a mindful approach in everyday life. According to this aesthetic ideal the true beauty of things lie in their impermanent and imperfect nature. It looks at the notion that the things that are in their full glory at the moment will eventually fade or decay. That beauty lies in the fact that things come and go and nothing stays permanently. In this way we can find beauty in the most simplest and ordinary things.

According to the zen philosophy there are 7 principles for achieving wabi and sabi.

Kanso or simplicity, yugen or grace, fukinsei or irregularity, shizen or natural, koko or basic, datsuzoku or to be free and seijaku or silence are the 7 principles of wabi sabi.

Each of these are found in nature and are the virtues of human character.

Photo by eberhard grossgasteiger on Pexels.com

Yuugen is one of the most important of the Japanese aesthetics.  Yugen implies to be having a deep awareness of the universe. It is one of the deep rooted idea in the Japanese Buddhism.

Yugen refers to looking at the world that we live in deeply and becoming aware of the virtues and the true beauty lying within.

The meaning of mono no aware has been complex and ever changing but the deep rooted meaning remains the same, it refers to the pathos of things deriving from their transcience.

In the classic anthology of Japanese poetry from the eighth century the feeling of aware is typically triggered by the plaintive calls of birds or other animals. It also played an important role in the world’s first novel, Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘The Tale of Genji’, in the early eleventh century clearly show impermanence as the basis for the feeling of mono no aware.

Nowadays mono no aware can be seen in the love of Japanese people for cherry blosoms. Huge crowds of people go to view cherry blossoms every year.

The blossoms of the Japanese cherry trees are more beautiful than those apple tree because of their transience, as they begin to fall within a week of their first appearing. It is precisely the evanescence of their beauty that evokes the wistful feeling of mono no aware in the viewer.

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics