Who are indigenous people ?

Indigenous peoples, also referred to as first people, aboriginal people, native people, or autochthonous people, are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a place which has been colonised and settled by another ethnic group.

The term indigenous was first, in its modern context, used by Europeans, who used it to differentiate the indigenous peoples of the Americas from black people who were brought to the Americas as slaves from Africa. It may have first been used in this context by Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, who stated “and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of Negroes serving under the Spaniard, yet were they all transported from Africa, since the discovery of Columbus; and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.”

● United Nations observes the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples on 9th August every year.

● The day is being observed to protect the rights of the world’s indigenous population and recognise the achievements and contributions that indigenous people make to improve world issues such as environmental protection.

● The theme for 2021 is ‘Leaving no one behind: Indigenous peoples and the call for a new social contract.

● The day was recognised by the General Assembly of the United Nations in December 1994.

● The date marks the day of the inaugural session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations at the United Nations in 1982.

They have distinct social, economic or political systems. They have a distinct language, culture and beliefs. They are marginalised and discriminated against by the state. They maintain and develop their ancestral environments and systems as distinct peoples.

The term ‘indigenous peoples’ refers to culturally distinct groups affected by colonization. As a reference to a group of people, the term indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans.

Public managers carry out the managerial operations of public organizations. In practice, public management is meant to improve the quality and efficiency of services delivered by public organizations. Managers interpret the public policy to implement public services in ways that are expected to achieve the most desirable outcomes for the interests they serve.

Public managers can operate in two different areas: the internal and external management of public organizations.

Internally, public managers must understand how to manage risk and change within their respective organizations. This demands that they stay informed of societal conditions that may impact their organizations’ ability to function optimally. By acknowledging those risks, managers can act accordingly, taking preemptive measures to diminish identified risks and prepare their staff to adapt to the instability those adverse conditions may have on the organization.
Externally, public management entails leading efforts to collaborate with private groups to support the adoption of public policy. In this capacity, public managers work with private citizens and other public organizations to keep public programs running smoothly. To do this, managers perform tasks such as coordinating public human resources to assist with specific projects or helping certain communities secure the necessary financing to implement public programs.

Types of Public Administration Theory

Public Administration Theory recently has been divided into three branches. The three branches are, Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. Each of these three branches study Public Administration from a different perspective. These types of theories are some of the ways which an administrator can understand and exercise their duties as a public administrator.

Classical Public Administration Theory

Classical Public Administration is often associated with Woodrow and Max Weber . In the United States, Woodrow Wilson is known as ‘The Father of Public Administration’ , have written “The Study of Administration” in 1887, in which he argued that a bureaucracy should be run like a business. Wilson promoted ideas like merit-based promotions, professionalization, and a non-political system. Sympathy can lead to downfall in an administration, means there should be pragmatism in bureaucracy.

New Public Management Theory

New Public Management a set of administrative practices, a consulting fad, and a body of theory that interprets recent developments in public administration. Many scholars argue persuasively that scholars should pay more attention to New Public management as a theory than as a fad. New public management is part and parcel of the massive intrusion of freemarket values into public space, which threatens to drive out political values altogether. In this sense, new public management is the radical opposite of the notion of migrating political values into “private” space in the interest of further democratizing society. However, new public management theory fails to addresses political questions in a meaningful way. This theory looks at public administration from its roots of capitalism, and goes on through the perspective of global capitalism. Intentional or not, new public management has served the interests of elites, particularly corporate elites, has degraded the ability of governments to address the public interest, and has served as a vehicle for elevating the apolitical governance of free trade and other supranational organizations, which have fully embraced the political philosophy of economic rationalism and new managerialism.

Career Outlook for Public Administration and Public Management

Because the fields of public management and public administration are closely linked, many universities roll public management coursework into their Master of Public Administration programs. Public management concepts taught in such programs (e.g. public human resource management or financial management in government) are often built into the curriculum for public administration. This gives graduates the opportunity to develop the practical knowledge they need to excel at management or administrative positions in government or nonprofit organizations. Upon graduation, educated public administrators may join the ranks of political scientists, public administrators, city managers, and similar professionals who impact public policy in modern societies.

In practice, there is no conflict pitting public administration vs. public management; rather, it’s about the partnership of public administration and public management. The success of the public policy depends on the effective application of both disciplines by public organizations and dedicated professionals. A Master of Public Administration program usually offers coursework in both public administration and public management, empowering students to develop the multifaceted public leadership expertise valued by forward-thinking employers in the public sector.

“One could not count the moons

that shimmer on her roofs,

or the thousand splendid suns

that hide behind her walls.”

Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns

Brief Overview:

A Thousand Splendid Suns is a fiction novel by Afghan-American novelist Khaled Hosseini. The novel is set in the backdrop of the Afghanistan turbulence 1960 onward. Capturing martial elements from Soviet union to the authoritarian Taliban, the author has weaved a portentous tale of two women, Mariam and Laila. Separated by decades of age, these women are conjoined by an exceptional bond which later blossoms into a beautiful friendship.

The novel follows Mariam, an illegitimate child of a rich Herat merchant, who though loves her but is equally ashamed of her. Following her mother’s death, Mariam goes on to live with her father, his three legitimate wives and nine children, all of whom are unknown to Mariam.

Here the novel draws attention to the class disparities. Mariam, being an illegitimate child through their housekeeper is made to slave in her father’s household , bereft of education or love, by his wives while his legitimate children lead glamorous lives. Wishing to rid themselves of Mariam who is now about 15, her father’s wives arrange a marriage for her to Rasheed,a Pashtun shoemaker from Kabul who who is about two decades older than her.

At first Rasheed appears as an indifferent yet a person of clement disposition, helping Mariam settle in the new city. The persona soon, however crumbles as Rasheed begins forcing Mariam to fulfill her so called obligations towards him. Following Mariam’s miscarriage, Rasheed turns out to be a hypocritical, bitter man pressuring and muscling Mariam every step of the way.

About a decade later in the novel does Laila’s story begin. The daughter of a teacher, Laila is loved immensely by her father, while her mother constantly mourns the death of her two elder brothers, who were killed seven years ago, fighting alongside Ahmad Shah Massoud. The author has drawn a sharp parallel between the two women. Laila is portrayed as the face of an emerging Afghanistan for women, pursuing education and strong willed, Laila falls in love with her best friend Tariq, who loses his leg to the ongoing Afghan turbulence. In a drastic spur of events Laila loses her parents and is separated from Tariq. Desperate for a shelter and to protect a secret she’s nurturing, Laila marries Rasheed. What follows is a tale of everlasting friendship, heart wrenching sorrow and the purest form of love.

Book Review:

A Thousand Splendid suns is a book so finely written that it makes your heart ache. The bond between Laila and Mariam is as beautiful as a full bloomed rose, the color of blood. The story, particularly of Mariam is written with such a palpable feeling of sorrow and hopelessness that it feels extremely personal.On the other hand, Laila’s coming of age has been described as an experience full of aspirations and hope. Laila and Tariq’s chemistry is an exceptional blend of sweet and fiery.

There are a myriad of symbols and metaphors used in the book that make the entire thing full of allusions.

The author has unraveled themes of women, femininity, marriage and war in the book as an astounding whole.

The cultural aspects of Afghanistan have been richly used and amazingly described which amalgamate to give this book a perfect finish.

The book also divests into several explicit issues such as racism, sexual content, religious ideals etc.

This book is a suitable read for people above 13 years of age.

All in all, this book is bound to be a a roller coaster ride of emotions for the reader. It is an absolute must read and sure to make your eyes spill tears of distress.

TIME management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter -not Harper so that you get more done in less time, even when time is right and pressure ate high.

5 elementst of time management:

be intentional:keep a to do list.

be priorities: rank your tasks.

be fosced: manage distraction

be structure: time block your work

be self-esteem aware: track your time.

5 tips to better your time management:

set reminder for all your tasks. The key to time management success is to know your deadlines and set reminder.

create a daily planner.

give each task a time limits.

block out distraction

establish routine.

imporatants of time management:

one of the biggest advantage of time management is that it allows of time management is that it allows us to more efficient by being in control of how we spend our time. We can focus better on important tasks, and better leads to better efficient.

methods of time management:

next you can identify bad habits and then you can learn the tools to change these habits. Here are a few tips and technique you can apply to get more done and feel more productive:planning, prioritizing and performing.

Example of time management tools:

calendar, note-taking software , time tracker, specialized time management apps and so on.

key to time management:

remember what’s really important to you and prepare your inwardly to meet whatever the day brings.

Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities. By design, social media is Internet-based and gives users quick electronic communication of content. Content includes personal information, documents, videos, and photos. Users engage with social media via a computer, tablet, or smartphone via web-based software or applications.

While social media is ubiquitous in America and Europe, Asian countries like Indonesia lead the list of social media usage.1 More than 3.8 billion people use social media.2Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities.

The largest social media networks include Facebook, Instagram, Social media typically features user-generated content and personalized profiles. By 2023, the number of social media users in the United States is forecast to increase to approximately 257 million.

Types of Social Media

Social media may take the form of a variety of tech-enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social networks, video sharing, business networks, virtual worlds, reviews, and much more. Even governments and politicians utilize social media to engage with constituents and voters.

For individuals, social media is used to keep in touch with friends and extended family. Some people will use various social media applications to network career opportunities, find people across the globe with like-minded interests, and share their thoughts, feelings, insights, and emotions. Those who engage in these activities are part of a virtual social network. For businesses, social media is an indispensable tool. Companies use the platform to find and engage with customers, drive sales through advertising and promotion, gauge consumer trends, and offering customer service or support.

Examples of Social Media

Facebook is the largest social media platform in the world, with a clear advantage over other social media, though it has similar audience to others like Twitter and Instagram. The figures for the most popular social media websites as of January 2021 are as follows:Facebook (2.74 billion users)

YouTube (2.29 billion users)

WhatsApp (2 billion users)

Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion users)

Instagram (1.22 billion users)

Whatsapp (1.21 billion users)TikTok (689 million users)

TikTok (689 million users)

Benefits of Social Media

Social media has changed the way that we all interact with each other online. It’s given us the ability to discover what’s happening in the world in real-time, to connect with each other and stay in touch with long-distance friends, and in order to have access to endless amounts of information at your fingertips. In many senses, social media has helped many individuals find common ground with others online, making the world seem more approachable.

Disadvantages of Social Media

Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. If the use of social media is not monitored, it can lead to grave consequences. It is harmful because it invades your privacy like never before. The oversharing happening on social media makes children a target for predators and hackers. It also leads to cyberbullying which affects any person significantly.

Thus, the sharing on social media especially by children must be monitored at all times. Next up is the addition of social media which is quite common amongst the youth. This addiction hampers with the academic performance of a student as they waste their time on social media instead of studying. Social media also creates communal rifts. Fake news is spread with the use of it, which poisons the mind of peace-loving citizens.

In short, surely social media has both advantages and disadvantages. But, it all depends on the user at the end. The youth must particularly create a balance between their academic performances, physical activities, and social media. Excess use of anything is harmful and the same thing applies to social media. Therefore, we must strive to live a satisfying life with the right balance.

“Most things don’t go as we planned it to be, but it’s within our hands to make the best out of all the situations that we face!” It’s the most common dilemma when you are a 12th-grade student and start dreaming of a particular kind of future for yourself, but then you end up in a strange and unfamiliar place. But that may turn out to be better than what you had planned earlier, or, maybe not, you never know until it happens!

Speaking from my own experience, I was purely a NEET aspirant, dreamt of being a doctor from a very young age, but ended up in the field of engineering, in which neither I had any interest nor did I possess such good skills. I was completely unfamiliar with the setting and felt like an alien here. I remember feeling so strange yet somehow welcoming.

In the beginning, I thought I would regret joining this field, because it’s the era of technology and clever people, and I felt so inferior because firstly, I had zero knowledge of coding, and, secondly I was pretty weak at math. Also, it was hard to understand all the basics, without any foundation.

But over the period of one year, not just the field of computer science but also people who I fondly call my good friends now grew over me! They became my strength, lifted me up when I thought about quitting. They encouraged me to great lengths. “Finding good friends is hard but finding true friends is rare like a diamond!” At least I was lucky in that department!

What would you do when things go out of hand?

• When you accept the situation and fight for, rather than against it, you can see the change in yourself. When you embrace your flaws and work towards them, is the time when you actually grow as a person! So rather than running away, Why not stick around and fight for it? You may find that the end result is much better than what to had earlier planned.

• Do not regret any of your choices, you only get one life to live, so why live in regret? When you can go with the flow and see what life has in store for you!

• Give your best, in the end, it’s your happiness that matters the most. Who would have thought I, who loved biology with all my heart would end up in computer science engineering and actually fall for it too? Never restrict yourself, explore what you can have and maybe it grows on you too!

Always remember it’s these backlashes that make you stronger, braver and boosts your confidence. Just like antibodies, as it stands upright with full arm force, if the disease-causing pathogen that once caused havoc in your body dares to enter again, it’s the antibodies who will be the first to strike this time! Why? because it is prepared for what’s to happen next! and it wins!

So failures, small backlashes are all but a part of life, and know that, everything that happens is for a reason, that is to prepare you for the worst because the next time you will be expecting it and it will be you, who will be the first to strike!

The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various connotations can be found alongside each other. Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which “aims to recover the original shape of man”, oriented at “the image of God as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life. In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions and broadened to refer to a wider range of experiences, including a range of esoteric traditions and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension and the “deepest values and meanings by which people live”, often in a context separate from organized religious institutions.

In the present age, we see that the whole of humanity is in disharmony owing to religious differences. This means that the present-day religious theologies and practices have outlived their spiritual efficacy to bring about peace and spiritual evolvement to humanity. It is for India to take up a leadership role in the spiritual renewal of humanity. Although it may be unconvincing to many, the reality is that India is the mother of spirituality, the inheritor of an ancient most spiritual culture.

As the global community becomes increasingly capitalistic, the quest for spirituality grows in urgency.  India, its people, its infrastructure, and indeed its very soil, encourage and breed Spiritualism, allowing religions to thrive, flourish and prosper.

India boasts the presence of every major religion in the world, as well many of their off-shoots and facets, all being supported, nourished, and living in comparative harmony. Many of these religions were conceived in India, and others have come to India seeking a haven from persecution after being created in their lands. The age-old environment has always supported such freedom of belief.

Spirituality and mystical charm have always drawn people from all over the world to India. As the world becomes increasingly capitalistic and materialist, the quest and urgency for spirituality grow more and more. The traditional Indian way of life has helped in the evolution and growth of Spiritualism. Numerous cultures and religions have thrived and flourished together for ages and resulted in the unique Indian way of life.

At different points in the history of our civilization, numerous spiritual leaders and saints have delivered the message of peace, brotherhood and co-existence that is so very well rooted in our culture. Arts like Yoga and Ayurveda coupled with religion have played an important role in the evolution and existence of spirituality in India.

Thus, Indian spirituality is all about showing respect to all living beings-animals trees, rocks and even water and lead a positive and healthy life. It is believed that the supreme Creator has put each one of us in this world for a purpose and that purpose is to be compassionate, caring and loving to one another. As mentioned earlier, the great Indian spiritual personalities and gurus have played an important role in spreading the message of love, care and the need for positive living all over the world. The presence of God as the supreme power, the concept of “Omnipresence of the Omnipotent” therefore finds a divine dimension amidst the concept of Indian philosophy. Indian philosophy suggests that all that exists in this universe is the ultimate manifestation of God. The words of Krishna further support this. As Krishna says:

“I am the original fragrance of earth and the heat of the fire. I am the life of all that lives and I am the penance of all seekers. I am the consciousness of all who have developed their consciousness. I am the splendor of all which is fine.”

This is the part where Indian philosophy ultimately offers a definite contour to the term “Spirituality”. This is when finally the emergence of that Ultimate Consciousness of the Greatest Knowledge happens which leads one towards felicity and towards that eternal bliss. This is the very halo of spiritualism in Indian philosophy, which finally binds the religiosity and the phantasmal elements with that sheer thread of tenet and feelings. Indian philosophy is therefore a religious tradition. The pride of the Indian philosophy again lies in that magical blend of the concept of reality or in that absolute reality with that of the existence of personal God which ultimately leads to a meaningful life. This immense fusion further crafts Indian philosophy as the most tolerant religion.

I would like to end these thoughts with a quote from the Gita: “Work done with anxiety about results is far inferior to work done without such anxiety, in the calm of self-surrender. Seek refuge in the knowledge of Brahma. They who work selfishly for results are miserable.”

The word “olympics” itself is an emotion. The international sports festival which held in every 4 years in about 206 countries of the world. It is the worlds foremost athletic competition among the most promising & commendable citizens of the respective 206 countries. Olympics gives the opportunity to the citizens to showcase their aptitude and ability in every sport despite of any sense of discrimination among them. Olympics gives a friendly nature, a sense of peace and prosperity among the countries. It’s an international level sport which gives justice to each and every citizen to showcase their talent and their earnest nature in the name of their country, showcasing your country on an international level is something beyond reproach, it’s indescribable.

THE 5 RINGS OF OLYMPICS.

The five rings represent the five continents of the world that participate in “the fruitful rivalries” Of the Olympics games. The colors – blue, yellow, black, green and red – stand out against the white background which shows the sense of unity and togetherness of every colour under the white background despite of measuring the wavelength, tone and frequency in all the 5 colours, which represents that each and every citizen of every country can represent their nation without any sense of discrimination under the same sky.The six colors can be combined in any number of ways to reproduce the flag of every country without exception. It gives the opportunity to the citizens to showcase themselves in the name of their respective nations in different sports without any kind of inequity and bias among them.

IMPORTANCE OF OLYMPICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

As with the changing times, the youth of the world has become more generous and they have the sense of being vocal about their thoughts and their abilities which gives an ever-growing impression in the world. With the modern world, the youth has all the elements to showcase their respective interest in different fields. Since olympics gives an opportunity to the youth to represent their desire and talent in their respective best sport they are in, it gives a learning atmosphere for the youth to inspire and learn through a sport. Representing your culture, your country on a global level gives an indescribable emotion from which the youth seeks the importance of culture, its meaning.
Young athletes exhibiting their respective countries in 100’s of different sports in an international level competition and earns medals through their hard work, desire and generosity. It’s an unimaginable moment for the athlete who wins on a global level among 206 countries, Olympics truly gives so many of opportunities to the citizens, to earn through their hard work and desire without getting judged or discriminated in any form.

“HISTORY OF OLYMPICS”

The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece, 3,000 years ago, were revived in the late 19th century and have become the world’s prominent sporting competition. From the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the Games were held every four years in Olympia, located in the western Peloponnese peninsula, in honor of the god Zeus. The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, and featured 280 participants from 12 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two years. The 2020 Summer Olympics, delayed one year because of the COVID-19 pandemic, will be held from July 23 to August 8, 2021 in Tokyo, Japan.

INDIA IN OLYMPICS

India has been participating in Olympics since 1900. Being the most diversified and culturally active country, it has been the most commendable and honoured country in the platform of Olympics as well. No doubt, India in the race of Olympics is not so graceful as compared to other countries, but India being the 2nd most populated country gives cultural competition to many other countries, it has gained prosperity in each and every sector, but in Olympics, India has a little disgraceful exhibition among the several countries.

WHERE INDIA LACKS?

• Excess importance to cricket

We, as a country, are obsessed with a singular sport and that is cricket. It is only during major events like Olympics when other sports are given a part of the limelight and fan cheering. For the rest of the year, we stay ignorant of who’s who of other sports. They are promoted less, there are fewer sponsors for the other sports, there are even less fans hooting and cheering them to do better and then we go about complaining and trolling athletes when we do not get enough medals.

• Lack of encouragement

The foremost factor right from the very beginning, youth in India are discouraged from pursuing a career in sports. Our parents are obsessed with the likes of medical and engineering. And for girls, the scenario is even worse with list of drawbacks and hindrances they have to face before they could persuade their parents to allow them to play. Most of them are forced to quit sports in order to do something that would give them better job security. Our success as an academically-oriented people proves that we are excellent at pursuing something that pays well, so does India’s obsession with cricket.

• Poor administration

There is no proper governing of Administrative issues is the prime concern with Indian sports. Non-Involvement of ex-sportsman in administrative staff is also a major reason why India lacks in this sector. Our economy has been prospering and allotment of funds to different fields of development has been improvising with each year’s budget. However, there is still relatively very less allotment of funds for sports given the sheer number of youths who are willing to take up sports seriously. Enough of IITs and IIMs, when will we get a dedicated sports university?

IMPROVEMENTS TO BE DONE

• Khelo India Youth Games

Khelo India Youth Games, held annually in January or February, are the national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India held for two categories, namely under-17 years school students and under-21 college students. Every year best 1000 kids will be given an annual scholarship of 5 lakh for 8 years to prepare them for the international sporting events. This is a great initiative by the Govt of India.

• Collective efforts

India being a developing country cannot invest a major part of it’s economy for sports. India has a huge number of industrialist and business men who can easily take up responsibilities to encourage these talented athletes and collectively make the necessary arrangements. Instead of giving them crores of rupees as rewards after winning, we should focus on giving them basic amenities for developing them as a good sports person.

• Too much criticism

There is a lot of criticism about the performance of Indian athletes over the years. This decreases their morale. The point is, if you can’t support them, don’t, but please don’t criticize them. You don’t know their stories, their food facility, coaching, support, Money, still they made it to Olympics to compete with the ones who were trained, supported and recognized well by their respective country or govt or organization.

• Impartial 

We might have a lot of Dhonis but it’s difficult to find more Mary Koms and Sania Nehwals owing to the gender discrimination that has paved its way into sports. Sports and women are the two opposite ends of a pole. The society does not encourage girls to be an active part of sports, moreover they are considered to be delicate creatures and their potential in sports is questioned. This should be stopped. There should be special policies to encourage the participation of women in sports.

• Transparency in the system

Selection process of players and board members needs more transparency. Sports-governing body heads should be an ex-sportsman. This will create job opportunities for sportsmen as well. Players should be only judged upon their performance and not any other factors.

-Sukhmani Panesar

PROUD HARYANA PROUD INDIA 💪

From district of Sonipat to Tokyo it was a dream for a son of small farmer who used to travel 8 to 10 KM daily to Chhatrasal stadium to deliver fresh milk and fruits but through his dedication and years of hard work became 5th wrestler to have won a medal in the Olympics

Ravi who successfully made it to the finals but could not get a gold medal for India in the Tokyo after a defeat at finals from Russia’s Zavur Uguev who also defeated him earlier in world wrestling championship and Ravi was made to settle for a silver.

Ravi who could have made history by getting India’s first gold medal in wrestling at Olympics just missed the opportunity but any how he made India proud at international level through his silver medal.

Ravi also recieved prizes like :-

• ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) from the Government of India.
• ₹4 crore (US$560,000) from the Government of Haryana.
• ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) from the Board of Control for Cricket in India
• ₹40 lakh (US$56,000) from the Indian Olympic Association.

We as a nation are very proud of our hero Ravi Kumar Dahiya ❤

One fact which no person or group can not deny is that resources are limited on this planet. All these resources have got unlimited uses.

In simple words resources are scars.

So it has to be used to satisfy the unlimited wants and desires of human beings. There is an utmost need to divide the system so Earth resources can grow in the best possible way for using present resources. Humans need a system that ensures the usage of resources without depletion.

Certain strategies like

Satisfaction of basic human needs-Sources unlimited but wants are unlimited people have Max with them for newborns but not for the greed Mahatma Gandhi

Social justice-Sources should be allocated not according to the financial status of a country but according to the needs and requirements of each nation.

Maintenance of ecological integrity-Human intervention should be sustained so the ecosystem can maintain itself naturally

Sustainable Development refers to development that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the ability to fulfill the requirements of the future generations.

Principles of the development Optimum utilization of natural resources-There are 195 countries in the world and resources are unevenly divided between them. So the use of resources to their full is important.

Intergenerational equity -There is a generation to come in the future which serves a share in the offerings of mother earth. So there should be a just between them.

Sadly this Subject of sustainable development have several issues like in India there are some key issues to reach to a state of a full sustain economy Few such issues are:-

Climate change

Week laws

Globalization limitations

Human Greed

Deforestation

Lack of knowledge

Acid rainEtc.

In

Online classes, no doubt, provide students to catch up on the classes lost due to the prolonged lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Attending classes online without a break is said to be causing problems like dry eye syndrome, burning sensation of eyes, and ear problems.

Educationists and doctors have their own reservations on online classes for primary classes. Doctors suggest use of laptops and external speakers, instead of earphones, to avoid eye and ear problems.

Doctors are reporting many cases of eyestrain among children after online classes started in the state. “Cases are definitely rising and some are even detected with computer vision syndrome. Last week alone, I have seen around 5-10 cases of children with issues of blurring of vision, dry eyes, and headache. Most of the time, we find kids keeping the gadgets close to their eyes. This is bad for their eye muscles and when they put excessive effort, it causes blurring of vision,” said Dr Sanitha Sathyan, paediatric ophthalmologist at Chaitanya Eye Institute, Kochi.

The long hours children spend on computers and smart phones for online classes as schools remain shut due to the Covid-19 pandemic is beginning to bother parents as complaints of headaches, eye problems and stress surface, it has been learnt.

Time spent on screens not just for studies but for other activities as well is increasing, says a city-based psychiatrist, who, worryingly feels it’s turning out to be “worse than cannabis addition.”

The ministry of human resource development (MHRD) recommended just 30 hours of screen time for pre-primary students, two classes of 45 minutes each for classes 1 to 8 and four classes of 45 minutes each for classes 9 to 12, but that’s not working, parents allege. Many schools are not following the directions, which anyway are not binding.

Often times the classes are extended till evening in addition to coaching and extra classes which is an extra stress for out senses like eyes and ears. This explains the recent spike in the number of patients of all age groups.

Doctors pointed out that all these complaints are directly linked to extensive use of headphones at higher volume, mobile and laptops.

Doctors have warned that this could lead to hearing and eye difficulties among those who failed to curb the use of earphones, mobile phones and laptops.

ENT Specialist said, “Multiple people are working for more than eight hours wearing headphones and in front of laptops. This is putting a lot of stress on their ears and unsterilised earbuds or ear-plugs could spread infection.”

Hence, doctors advise removing the earphones from time-to-time in order to allow fresh air to go inside the ears. And also advise school children should not be using headphones at all. If they are attending classes on a laptop or personal computers, then the device volume is sufficient.

SOURCES

https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi

https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

“Continuous effort — not strength or intelligence — is the key to unlocking our potential”.

                      – Liane Cardes

Playing sports can help children develop strong bones, cardiovascular systems, and lungs. Athletes for youngsters also develop motor skills and cognitive abilities. According to the United Nations, being physically active as a child makes adult sports more likely to support lifelong health.

Following points will help you to understand why sports are important for a healthy life.

1. Decreasing Hypertension.

Hypertension, often known as high blood pressure, is a major health concern for people all over the world. Hypertension can lead to a stroke or other serious health problems. Regular exercise and physical activity can help maintain healthy blood pressure level. Sports give you with all of the necessary stretching, jogging, and exercise. As a result, participating in sports can be a beneficial approach to manage high blood pressure.

2. Helps to Reduce Cholesterol Level.

Exercise contributes in the maintenance of a healthy cholesterol level. Multiple studies have shown that those who engage in a high amount of physical exercise had lower cholesterol levels than those who have an unhealthy lifestyle. Maintaining a healthy cholesterol level necessitates regular physical activity.

3. Getting Perfectly Shaped Body.

Obesity affects millions of people all over the world. Obesity raises the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Participating in sports is one of the most effective strategies to lose weight. The majority of sports are high-intensity physical exercises that quickly and effectively burn calories. Participating in sports is an excellent approach to lose weight and get your desired body shape.

4. Helps to improve blood circulation.

Running or participating in other physical activity keeps the body well-oxygenated. As a result, you’ll be healthier and more active. Being physically active may also help to raise hemoglobin levels and blood volume. When you play, your heart begins to beat quicker, putting an additional strain on your heart muscles. This additional strain strengthens your cardiac muscles, which improves blood flow overall.

5. Helps to Gain Strong and Toned Muscles.

You tone your muscles and train them to work together when you participate in sports. It’s referred to as neuromuscular programming. As you play, your muscles become far more powerful. Playing sports allows you to increase lean muscle mass even while burning fat. If you want a perfectly lean body with shredded six-packs and muscles, this field might prove to be more helpful than the gym.

6. Strengthen your Immunity.

Many diseases become resistant to your body. The rate of flow of white blood cells is greatly increased by exercise. Toxins are removed from your body when you sweat while participating in sports. Bacterial growth is also inhibited by a rise in body temperature. As a result, your immunity will improve.

7. Strengthen bones.

Participating in sports strengthens not only your muscles but also your bones. High-power, high-strength motions impose stress on your bones during sports; this, in turn, promotes bone density, resulting in stronger bones. Running while playing, for example, places an increased strain or stress on your bones compared to usual walking. The bones adjust by becoming denser in order to handle the higher loading stress. Because of the constant stress, if you continue to participate in sports, your bones will become stronger and denser.

8. Sharpening and Strengthening your Mind.

Sports are enjoyable to participate in and provide mental stimulation. Being successful in athletics makes you feel good about yourself and gives you a sense of accomplishment. Playing team sports also improves your ability to strategize. You learn to make rapid and spontaneous decisions through athletics. This ability to make quick decisions is extremely useful in everyday life. Sports also educate you to be calm and think clearly. They teach you how to make decisions under pressure without panicking or becoming anxious.

Different Sports have Different Benefits :-

Some sports have been related to particular health benefits. For example, Bowling can aid in the development of bone density due to the regular heavy lifting. Volleyball players had better hand-eye coordination and flexibility than non-players. Ping-pong also helps players increase hand-eye coordination, while also promoting better brain health because of the fast thinking involved.

Meaning of Communication

• The word communication has originated from a Latin word ‘communis or communicare’ which means ‘to share, impart, participate, exchange, transmit or to make common’. 

• In general, communication refers to the process of sharing information, ideas and thoughts between individual.
• It is the process of imparting or exchanging of information, ideas, facts, opinions, beliefs, feelings through verbal or nonverbal means between two people or within a group of people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior. 
• The means of transferring the information from the sender to the receiver so that it is understood in the right context.

Types of Communication

Formal Communication

• Formal communication refers to the official communication which takes place following the chain of command in the organisation. There are four directions of formal communication i.e. Downward, Upward, Horizontal, and Diagonal

Advantages of Formal Communication

• Orderly flow of Information
• Identified Sources
• Authentic Information
• Justification of Authority
• Answerability for actions
• Control 

Disdvantages of Formal Communication

• Time Consuming
• Lack of Personal Touch
• Distortion 
• Expensive

Communication Networks: 

Represents the pattern of contacts among the members of an organization. 

• Chain Network: Chain network follows a formal chain of command where information flows vertically upwards or downwards. A superior and subordinate communicate with each other through vertical chain of command, both upwards and downwards. Information distortion is not likely to take place but communication system becomes time consuming. 

• Y Network: Here C is the central person who communicates with A, B, D and E. It follows the formal chain of command where upward and downward communication takes place in the organizational hierarchy.

• Wheel Network: All messages flow through A, who is at the centre of the wheel. He communicates with other members of the group, while members cannot communicate with each other. This communication network is found in highly formal organization structures where task-oriented approach to leadership is preferred over employee-oriented approach.

• All Channel/Open/ Star Network: All the members in this network communicate with each other freely and regularly. It follows the informal channel of communication and provides maximum satisfaction to members. Information flows fast, though there may be problem of coordination. 

• Circle Network: This network is similar to chain network except that information flows in a circular direction rather than vertical direction. A can communicate simultaneously with two persons, B and E but to communicate with D, he has to pass the messages through E or B and C

Informal Communication / Grapevine

Communication between individuals and groups which are not officially recognized is known as informal communication. It is also known as Grapevine.

• The network or pathway of informal communication is known as grapevine.

Features

• It transmits information in every direction throughout the organization
• Transmits information rapidly.
• Grapevine is selective with regard to the person who receives the information

Types of Grapevine chains / Informal Communication

• Single Strand Network: Under this communication pattern, the information flows from one person to the next person in the network. Such as, one person will give information to another person who will communicate it to the next person and similarly the third person will also communicate the same message to the next person in the network and so on. This type of chain is less reliable and accurate to pass on the message. Here, the communication process is linear.

• Gossip Chain Network: In the gossip chain network, there is an individual who tells the message to all other members in the network directly. He is generally the central person who seeks out and transmit information to all that he has obtained. Here, every person in the network communicates with each other informally. This network is often used when the subject matter is unrelated to the nature of the job. 

• Probability Chain Network: Under this communication pattern the information passes randomly from persons to persons. Such as, there is an individual who acts as a source of message selects any person randomly in his network to communicate the message. That second person will again, select another person randomly and passes on the message to him, likewise the communication flows to different people chosen randomly. Here, the source of information for each member of the network is different. This communication pattern is used when the information is interesting, but not significant.

• Cluster Chain Network: In the cluster chain network, there is an individual who, acts as a source of a message, transmits information to the pre-selected group of individuals out of whom few individuals again tell the same message to other selected group of individuals. Likewise, the chain continues, and the message reaches to all in the networks. 

Advantages of Informal Communication

• Social Relations
• Need Satisfaction
• Speed
• Avenue of Expression
• Feedback
• Supporting the formal channel
• Better Human Relations 

Disadvantages of Informal Communication

• Incomplete Information
• Distortion
• Unreliability
• Leakage
• Lack of Authenticity
• Problem in Fixing Responsibility 

A leader is important because he/she can inspire others in a group or organization to achiever more and be better. A leader must have certain qualities that can turn her/him into a role model for others to follow and be respected. The different attributes can be learned through training and dedication.

1. Positive Attitude

Being the most significant characteristic that defines leadership, positive attitude is essential energy that a leader must have. Attitude is what shapes a leader. It’s not necessary that each member of a team will have the same approach, but imbibing a positive attitude in each of them can put an idea to life, regardless of the difficulty. Taking your group on an outing, offering snacks at work and appreciating each one without bias will keep them on track.

2. Accountability

Passing the buck on to others in situations challenged by failure is easy. But taking the responsibility of it and being accountable is what separates an employee from a leader. Accountability and Transparency go hand-in-hand. Larry Robins, a hedge fund maverick, once wrote an apology letter to his investors explaining about his failure to turn their funds into profit. Then, he started another hedge fund company without charging any brokerage free to his beloved investors to is what defines accountability.

3. Communication

Communication, as the definition goes, is the process of disseminating information from one party to another.  A leader must have the ability to communicate the vision in mind to his/her team members in a more definite and precise manner. Even a small amount of gap in communication can lead to chaos. Hence, the communication of a leader must be clear and crisp so that the entire team shares the same vision and goals.

4. Focus

The more a leader is focused, the better the outcome of his/her engagement with the team. The subordinates will typically follow the point of discussion set forth by the leader. ‘Focus is a trait that defines the pace of productivity and commitment to the team towards work. Therefore, it is important for the leader to ensure that the focus is crystal-clear and priorities for the team are set early on. Distraction from focus will eventually lead to poor productivity and hindrance in triumphing the goals set to be accomplished.

5. Responsibility

A good leader is never afraid to take responsibility. Inculcating this value will not only show that you are accountable and transparent but also will inspire others to take responsibility for their share of actions. While parents have a responsibility to nurture their child and educate them, a politician should give good governance to people of his/her country. While a teacher has a responsibility to inspire learning, a CEO has the responsibility to lead and execute a company’s strategies, and achieve the long-term goals.

Conclusion

The universal myth that leaders are born and not made is no more accurate, given the examples of several great leaders we have today. There is no denying that everybody can become a leader, but it is true that not every leader can be significant. A leader is one who takes up those and completes in collaboration with his team. Hence success and real leadership are synonymous.

Sources

https://grademiners.com/blog/leadership-qualities-that-you-must-include-in-what-makes-a-great-leader-essay

https://www.toppr.com/guides/essays/leadership-essay/

General mental ability (GMA) tests are one of the most valid construct-based predictors of job performance and training success.

Thousands of validity studies and many meta-analyses have shown that they are excellent predictors of different organizational criteria, such as supervisory ratings, work sample tests, job knowledge acquisition, grades, production records, instructor ratings, promotions, sales, and wages, and that the correlation between GMA and performance appears to be similar across jobs that differ considerably in content (Schmidt and Hunter, 1998; Murphy, 2002; Ones et al., 2012; Schmitt, 2014; Salgado, 2017a; Berges et al., 2018; Rodríguez and López-Basterra, 2018).

Influences of mental ability

The influence of general mental ability, self-esteem and family socioeconomic status on leadership role occupancy and leader advancement as well as the moderating role of gender in these relationships.

The influence of general mental ability on the two leadership variables was not significant for either males or females, but the difference in its effect on the initial status of supervisory scope for males and females was significant. These results suggest that self-esteem plays an important role in leadership role occupancy and leader advancement and that the influence of family socioeconomic status on leader advancement is contingent on gender.

Let’s talk about the General mental ability in children

General mental ability in School Children has been a concern for researchers for a long time now. This is mainly because of its relationship with academic success in school. If a child has the right mental ability, then he or she can excel in academic subjects like History, Math, Science, Language Arts, and Mathematics.

The main purpose of the present research concerning general mental ability was to determine the various types of non-verbal problem-solving abilities among elementary school children. The test had two types-non-verbal, each having five subtests-parallel reasoning, naming the objects, pattern-building, association-making, and counting.

The number of children’s test will depend on the age of the children and the length of time they have been in school. For example, a sample of children from six months to eight years old and one sample of children from ten to twelve years old are given a test. The number of children who show average scores of about 60 percent and above in both kinds of tests is known as ‘average intelligence’. However, the results do not mean that all of them have the same intelligence level. This means that it is not possible for children to be classified as having average intelligence based on these general mental ability studies alone.

Generally, if a child has good results in these general mental ability tests, he or she will become successful in his or her life. The child will also have many friends who will listen to him or her talk about his or her experiences in school. and his or her school performance. He or she will be seen by many people as a bright and successful child.

Adolecense mental ability

Adolescence is a crucial period for developing and maintaining social and emotional habits important for mental well-being. These include adopting healthy sleep patterns; taking regular exercise; developing coping, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills; and learning to manage emotions. Supportive environments in the family, at school and in the wider community are also important. An estimated 10-20% of adolescents globally experience mental health conditions, yet these remain underdiagnosed and undertreated(1).

Some adolescents are at greater risk of mental health conditions due to their living conditions, stigma, discrimination or exclusion, or lack of access to quality support and services. These include adolescents living in humanitarian and fragile settings; adolescents with chronic illness, autism spectrum disorder, an intellectual disability or other neurological condition; pregnant adolescents, adolescent parents, or those in early and/or forced marriages; orphans; and adolescents from minority ethnic or sexual backgrounds or other discriminated groups.

Emotional disorders

Emotional disorders commonly emerge during adolescence. In addition to depression or anxiety, adolescents with emotional disorders can also experience excessive irritability, frustration or anger.

Suicide and self-harm

An estimated 62 000 adolescents died in 2016 as a result of self-harm. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in older adolescents (15-19 years). Nearly 90% of the world’s adolescents live in low-or middle-income countries and more than 90% of adolescent suicides are among adolescents living in those countries. Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, including harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means. Communication through digital media about suicidal behaviour is an emerging concern for this age group.

Risk-taking behaviour

Many risk-taking behaviours for health, such as substance use or sexual risk taking, start during adolescence.

Risk-taking behaviours can be both an unhelpful strategy to cope with poor mental health and can severely impact an adolescent’s mental and physical well-being.Worldwide, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among adolescents aged 15­-19 years was 13.6% in 2016, with males most at risk

Conclusion

The aims of this study were to identify and evaluate the types of mental health self-care support used by, and available to, CYP and their parents, and to establish how such support interfaces with statutory and non-statutory service provision. Through two inter-related systematic reviews, a mapping exercise and a case study, we are confident that we have achieved these aims. Moreover, in doing so, we have developed a model of self-care support that can help policy-makers and practitioners make decisions about the organisation and delivery of mental health self-care support for CYP and their families, and help researchers identify gaps in the knowledge base that might be resolved with future research in this area.

When studying human behaviour based on a factor or event, the researcher observes the characteristics, behaviour, and reaction, then use if to conclude. A company willing to sell to its target market needs to first study the behaviour of the market

The three main types of descriptive studies are case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys.

Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables

What is Quit India Movement day ?

The Quit India Movement (translated into several Indian languages as the Leave India Movement), also known as the August movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

Who is the father of quit india Movement day ?

Today is the 79th anniversary of Quit India movement. On this day in 1942, father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi gave the clarion call of Do or Die to all Indians to drive away Britishers from the country. The movement had begun from Gawalia Tank in Mumbai.

The movement demanded an end to British rule in India. Since the protest was held in August, it also went on to be known as August Kranti or August Movement. Every year, the day is celebrated by paying tribute to freedom fighters who laid their lives for the country.

The Quit India Movement also known as India August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan was launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942.

However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi’s speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of the war in jail. Gandhi made this speech to help India gain independence.

Easy. Isn’t it? The above question.

but are you sure? That the question is easy. Because for me it’s a very very hard question more than what I should wear at party tonight 🤣 but it’s fact though.

Love for is a transaction. You can turn it on and off, Easy ain’t it. Nope.

People says love is selfless but in my perspective till date, I think love is selfish, full of selfish. People become toxic in love, hurt those who use to once means world to them, accepting rebellious actions. People become south to north for those who they love. A disaster out of box.

its said we should always cherish the love when we get so that we won’t regret not accepting with full arms. It’s true though. Isn’t it? Yeah. Love is hard to get to one who craves the most. A beautiful feeling who should be able to embrace but at this point of human beings action, love is hard to get. Same as searching needle out of thousands pins in a box.

Love for me selfish as said because I love myself the most. I priority my own happiness foremost instead of others because if you won’t be happy you can’t share word of happiness with others or spread love. If you love yourself enough you will eventually bring to love others.

hence, before searching like a bee for honey. Learn to love yourself first and than you can successfully love others and share with others.

sorry for crappy post just wanted to share my opinions.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque; his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of “Mara Kalam Iyakkivar” (wooden boat steerers), which over the years became shortened to “Marakier.” With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home.By his early childhood, Kalam’s family had become poor; at an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, “I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline”.He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.

Career as a scientist;
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.In 1969, Kalam received the government’s approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.In 1969, Kalam received the government’s approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.

Presidency; Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People’s President.

Death On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on “Creating a Livable Planet Earth” at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m IST.

Feminism is not especially for women but it’s about all genders having equal rights and opportunities. A lot of people think that women’s rights has already been accomplished but at the same time there are so many forces against women’s rights like reproductive rights and having same pay as men in the same position but people make excuses for the earning gap. There are still some people with stereotypes thinking women should stay home for work and take care of their children’s and the most important thing for many women is still to please her men. When the women work outside the home, she still does more housework, and when men do it, things get postponed. Feminism put an end to sexism and to achieve full gender equality. There have been some extraordinary women who contribute in the history of the feminism. In many societies, women were traditionally locked in their homes as daughters, wives and mothers, and often we only know about women in history because of their relationships with famous men. Of course, many women throughout history played an important role in cultural and political life, but they are often invisible. The organized women’s movement dates back to the 19th century, although feminists and the struggle for equality have always been part of every human society. Women and scholars have divided the history of this organization into three “waves”. The first wave focuses mainly on the movement of suffrage women of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (especially with regard to women’s right to vote). The second wave refers to the ideas and actions associated with the women’s liberation movement that began in the 1960’s (which campaigned for women’s legal and social rights). The third wave refers to the continuous, apparent failure of the second wave of feminism, since the 1990s. first wave of feminism refers to the extended period of women’s labor between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United Kingdom and the United States. Initially it focused on the promotion of a contract equal to women’s property rights and the opposition to the patent marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, activism was focused on gaining political power, especially women’s rights. In 1854, Florence Nightingale established female nurses as military officers The second wave of feminism refers to the period of labor in the early 1960s and lasted until the late 1980s.  The second wave femininity has continued to exist since then and is associated with the so-called third wave femininity. S. Post-feminism describes a range of feminine points. Although they are not “anti-feminist,” women who follow feminism believe that women have reached the second level of waves while criticizing women’s third goals. The term was first used in the 1980s to describe attacks caused by the second wave. It is now a label for a variety of ideas that take critical steps in previous women’s discourses and incorporate the challenges of second wave ideas. Some feminists claim that feminism no longer applies to modern society. Amelia Jones wrote that the post-feminist writings that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed feminism circulating a second time as a monolithic organization and criticized it using common elements. Feminism has transformed the most important ideas in various areas of Western society, from culture to law. Women’s activists campaign for women’s legal rights (contract rights, property rights, voting rights); women’s rights to dignity and independence, abortion rights, and reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual assault and rape, to obtain employment rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; against misconduct; and other forms of gender-based discrimination.

The boundary dispute between Assam and Mizoram dates back nearly a century and a half. While there have been several showdowns arising out of inter-state disputes between various states of the Northeast, the dispute between Assam and Mizoram has rarely culminated in violence. Yet, it escalated to unprecedented levels over the past week, as firing on the inter-state boundary left at least six Assam policemen dead and over 50 individuals injured.

Mizoram borders Assam’s Barak Valley, and both border Bangladesh. The boundary between the two states, which runs 165 km today, has a history dating back to the time when Mizoram was a district of Assam and known as Lushai Hills. Boundary demarcations in 1875 and 1933, particularly the second one, are at the heart of the dispute. The 1875 demarcation, notified on August 20 that year, derived from the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) Act, 1873. It differentiated Lushai Hills from the plains of Cachar in Assam’s Barak Valley. This was done in consultation with Mizo chiefs, and it became the basis for the Inner Line Reserve Forest demarcation in the Gazette two years later. The 1933 demarcation marks a boundary between Lushai Hills and Manipur, beginning at the tri-junction of Lushai Hills, Cachar district and Manipur. The Mizos do not accept this demarcation on the ground that their chiefs were not consulted at that time.

Which is boundary does Mizoram find acceptable?

According to Mizo leaders, the only acceptable boundary is the Inner Line of 1875 on the southern frontier of Cachar, notified as per the BEFR Act. (This was subsequently revised in 1878 as it sought to demarcate the Lushai Hills frontier from the plains of Assam). The Mizo leaders and a joint action committee on border issues submitted a memorandum to the PM claiming that the present demarcation between states is unacceptable because they were not consulted during the process.

The dispute has been simmering since Mizoram became a Union Territory in 1972 and then a state in the 1980s. The two states signed an agreement that the status quo should be maintained at no man’s land set up in the boundaries. While alleged transgressions have often happened over the decades, skirmishes have happened very frequently in recent months. Both the states claim that the other transgressed into their territory, and thereby triggering the violence.

Assam-Mizoram dispute: what led to such violence?                                                     

A team of around 200 Assam Police led by the IGP, Assam Police, and the DC, SP and DFO of Cachar travelled to the Vairengte autorickshaw stand on Monday. While Assam has reasoned that they went to “resolve matters”, Mizoram has said they “forced their way in”, overrunning security posts.

The Assam Home Minister, for his part, issued a statement: “In another breach of existing agreements and the existing status quo, Mizoram began constructing a road towards Rengti Basti in Assam, destroying the Inner Line Reserve Forest in Lailapur area. Simultaneously, the Mizoram side also set up a new armed camp on a hillock next to the camp of the neutral force, CRPF, in the same vicinity. A team of Assam officials including an IGP, DIG, DC Cachar, SP Cachar and DFO Cachar went to the area this morning to request the Mizoram side not to disturb the status quo.” 

What are the other border disputes in the region?

Assam, which shares its boundary with all other Northeast states, has been involved in disputes with several of its neighbours. Assam and Nagaland share has a 500-km boundary. Violent conflicts, some leading to deaths, have taken place in several phases since 1965.

With Arunachal Pradesh, Assam shares an around 800-km boundary. Here, the first clashes were reported in 1992. Each state has accused the other of boundary transgressions and illegal encroachment. These issues are now being heard in the Supreme Court.

With Meghalaya, Assam shares a boundary of 884 km. There has been a series of recent flare-ups here, too. The Meghalaya government claims it has 12 areas of disputes with Assam.

Where is this headed?

Following the intervention of Union Home Minister Amit Shah, who held closed-door meetings with the Northeast CMs in Shillong and discussed inter-state disputes and other issues — both sides have now retracted their forces.

In its statement, Mizoram has said it wants “that the inter-state border issue with Assam is resolved in an atmosphere of peace and understanding”. It has also called upon Assam to create a “congenial environment” for peaceful resolution of the dispute. Assam has asked Mizoram to “restrain its people and police personnel from indulging in wanton violence and work towards restoring peace”. It alleged that the fact that there was no casualty on Mizoram side was proof that Assam authorities had shown restraint. Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma and Mizoram Chief Minister Zoramthanga tagged each other in their tweets while calling for peace.

The Chief Ministers of these states had previously held talks in February this year and agreed on the need to maintain the status quo and peace.

It has been history changing olympics for India. All the Indian players gave their best and bagged medals for India.

Medals recieved by india –

Neeraj Chopra – javelin throw – Gold Medal ( History created — india recieved its first athletic gold medal and recieved second olympic gold after 13 years.)

Mirabai Chanu – Weight Lifting – silver medal

Ravi Kumar Dahiya – Wrestling – Silver Medal

PV Sindhu – women’s singles in badminton – Bronze medal

Lovlina Borgohain – Women’s Welterweight Boxing – Bronze Medal

Bajrang Punia – wrestling – Bronze Medal

Hockey team too bagged bronze.

PROUD TO BE INDIAN !!

At the beginning of 2021, a report says that there are 2,755 billionaires in the whole world, with a net worth of 13 trillion. Here, we will talk about the 10 top billionaires according to the Forbes world’s billionaires list.
1. Jeff Bezos is aged 57. He resides in Seattle and is the founder and executive chairperson of Amazon with a net worth of $1.77 billion. In 1994 Jeff Bezos founded and started Amazon.com from the garage and started selling books, shortly after their resignation from his previous company. He did pitch his ideas to his ex-boss David. E. Shaw but he wasn’t interested. Amazon slowly changed from one image to another by taking gradual steps. It is known as ‘Earth’s most customer-centric company. It is evident of the expansion of Amazon through various things like acquiring whole food in 2017 and launching its d. Bezos other projects include aerosol company Blue origin, the Washington Post which is purchased in 2013, and 10,000 years old clock which is also known as long now.

2. Elon Musk is aged 50 and has achieved a lot in few years. He resides in Austin, Texas with a net worth of $151 billion. You’ll know Elon Musk has introduced us to brand new Tesla which he has ake ownership of 20%. He had his hand on many different companies and originally applied for Stanford University. But he deferred his attendance due to the introduction and launch of zip2, a portion from reinvested to make x.com, an online payment system which is later known as Paypal. Musk has maintained his position as CEO and lead designer of his third project, ‘Space Exploration Technology’. In 2004, Elon Musk became the biggest funder of Tesla which led him to become the CEO of an electronic vehicle company. Tesla also produced energy storage devices, automobile accessories through its solar City in 2016.

3. Bill Gates is aged 65, with the highest assets and the worlds known richest person. The net worth is around $124 billion has a 1.3%  ownership stake. He has attended Harvard University in 1975, and alongside, he used to work with his friend Paul Allen to make new software for microcomputers. This project gained a success to Bill Gates so he dropped out of the university in his junior year itself and searched for Microsoft with his friend Paul. Microsoft is the largest company in the world, Microsoft also produces its line of computers, books through Microsoft press and sells video game systems. Gates has two big foundations named the William H gates foundation and the Gates learning foundation respectively, which were merged and became Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Melinda Gates is a Co-founder of this foundation. who is soon to be his ex-wife. This foundation has done wonders for Polio and malaria patients and has spent billions.

4. Mark Zuckerberg is aged 37 and is a billionaire at this age. He is the co-founder, chairman, CEO of the famous social media site Facebook. He developed Facebook alongside attending Harvard with his students Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes in 2004. As Facebook started getting famous and was used by other universities he dropped out of Harvard to focus entirely on his ongoing growing business. Facebook enables large of users to make profiles, connect with a bunch of people from worldwide, connecting families, create groups, it also hosts other brands like photo-sharing apps, Instagram which was introduced in 2012. Facebook earns most of it through advertisements. There are monthly 2.8 billion users, 2021 research says. Zuckerberg and his wife found a foundation named Chan Zuckerberg in 2015 with the initiative of fixing societal ills, like improving the quality of education, refining both the criminal justice system and US immigration system, and improving housing affordability, etc.

Introduction

Poverty has many faces , which have been changing from place to place and across time , and has been described in many ways. Most offen , poverty is a situation that people want to escape .

While addressing the constituent Assembly in 1947 , Jawaharlal Nehru had said, ” This achievement (Independence) is but a step , an opening of opportunity , to the great triumphs and achievements that awaits us… the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity .

Catergorizing Poverty :

For the purpose of defining poverty They divided people into two categories; the poor and the non-poor and the poverty line separates the two. However, there are many kinds of poor; the absolutely poor, the very poor and the poor.

Similarly there are various kinds of non-poor; the middle class, the upper middle class , the rich, the very rich and the absolutely rich . Think of this as a line or continue from the very poor to the absolutely rich with the poverty line dividing the poor from the non-poor.

“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right , the right to dignity and a decent life” ____ Nelson Mandela

Main causes of poverty in india:

Rapidly rising population:– The population during the 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum. On average 17 million people are added every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods considerably.

Low productivity in agriculture:- The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented holding, lack of capital , use of traditional methods of cultivation , illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of poverty in india.

Under utilised resources :- The extences of under employment disguise unemployment of human resources has resulted in low production in agricultural sector . This brought a down fall in their standard of living.

Low rate of economic development:- The rate of economic development in india has been below the required level. Therefore , there persist a gap between level of availability and requirements of goods and services . The net result is poverty .

conclusion

Food insecurity and hunger have been constants throughout history. During times such as the Great Depression, the government has stepped up in an effort to help those suffering.

Today, there are still many in similar situations, although the problem of hunger has become invisible. The government is still making efforts to aid those in need, and thanks to research and media coverage, the issue of food insecurity is becoming more transparent. Communities and colleges are also battling social stigmas and lending a hand to those suffering from hunger.

By Yogiraj Sadaphal

” A river seems a magic thing. A magic, moving, living part of the very earth itself “.

– Laura Gilpin

Water makes up 60-75 percent of a person’s weight. Dehydration can occur with a loss of merely 4% of total body water, and a loss of 15% can be fatal. Similarly, a human may go a month without eating but not more than three days without water.

Reasons of drink water are :-

1. It keeps your body temperature in check.

It’s critical to stay hydrated in order to keep your body temperature stable. During physical exercise and in heated situations, your body loses water through sweat. Sweat keeps your body cool, but if you don’t replace the water you lose, your body temperature will rise.

2. It helps excrete waste through perspiration, urination, and defecation.

To have good bowel and avoid constipation, you also need enough water in your system. Your kidneys are also responsible for removing waste from your body through urination. Adequate water intake aids in the proper functioning of your kidneys and the prevention of kidney stones.

3. It helps maximize physical performance.

During physical activity, it is important to drink plenty of water. During physical activity, athletes can sweat up to 6% to 10% of their body weight Trusted Source. Your strength, power, and endurance are all affected by hydration. Exercise in the heat without adequate hydration can result in dangerous medical issues such as low blood pressure and hyperthermia.

4. It helps in digestion.

Experts affirm that drinking water before, during, and after a meal will assist your body break down the food you eat more easily. The body adapts to variations in the consistency of food and stomach contents, whether they are more solid or liquid.

5. It aids in the absorption of nutrients.

Water not only aids in the digestion of food, but it also aids in the dissolution of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. The vitamin components are subsequently delivered to the rest of your body for usage.

6.  It helps you lose weight.

Drinking water has been connected to body fat decrease and weight loss in both overweight girls as well as boys. While dieting and exercising, drinking more water may help you shed some pounds.

7. It enhances the flow of oxygen in the blood.

Water transports essential nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Maintaining your daily water requirements will improve your circulation and benefit your overall health.

8. It makes you feel better.

Water deficiency can also have a negative impact on your mood. Dehydration can cause fatigue, confusion, and even anxiety.