Women empowerment

Women empowerment is a topic of dynamic discussion. It in a very simple terms can be defined to promoting women’s sense of self-worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others. The female empowerment can be closely corelated to peace, stability. Female empowerment has various aspects in it just like promoting their education, giving them respect, equal pay and job opportunities in every field. Women in general have never failed to prove their worth when given an opportunity. In Western countries, female empowerment is often associated with specific phases of the women’s rights movement in history. This movement tends to be split into three waves, the first beginning in the 19″ and early 20 century where suffrage was a key feature. The second wave of the 1960s included the sexual revolution and the role of women in society. Third wave feminism is often seen as beginning in the 1990s. In the turning times we have seen the tables turns and women rights and empowerment has emerged at a global level and movements for women rights and have continued to break the violence and atrocities against women. Days like International Women’s Empowerment Day are also gaining momentum. But despite a great deal of progress, women and girls continue to face discrimination and violence in every part of the world. Empowering women is essential to the health and social development of families, communities and countries. When women are living safe, fulfilled and productive lives, they can reach their full potential contributing their skills to the workforce and can raise happier and healthier children. The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic and health status is a highly important end in itself. In all parts of the world, women are facing threats to their lives, health and well-being as a result of being over burdened with work and of their lack of power and influence. In most regions of the world, women receive less formal education than men, and at the same time, women’s own knowledge, abilities and coping mechanisms often go unrecognized, Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. More than 40 years ago, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserted that “everyone has the right to education In 1990, Governments meeting at the World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien, Thailand, committed themselves to the goal of universal access to basic education. But despite notable efforts by countries around the globe that have appreciably expanded access to basic education, there are approximately 960 million illiterate adults in the world, of whom two thirds are women. More than one third of the world’s adults, most of them women, have no access to printed knowledge, to new skills or to technologies that would improve the quality of their lives and help them shape and adapt to social and economic change. There are 130 million children who are not enrolled in primary school and 70 per cent of them are girls. Countries should act to empower women and should take steps to eliminate inequalities between men and women as soon as possible by establishing mechanisms for women’s equal participation and equitable representation at all levels of the political process and public life in each community and society and enabling women to articulate their concerns and need, Promoting the fulfilment of women’s potential through education, skill development and employment, giving paramount importance to the elimination of poverty, illiteracy and ill health among women, Eliminating all practices that discriminate against women; assisting women to establish and realised

their rights, including those that relate to reproductive and sexual health, Adopting appropriate measures to improve women’s ability to earn income beyond traditional occupations, achieve economic self reliance, and ensure women’s equal access to the labour market and social security systems, Eliminating violence against women. A more equalized world with less inequalities between men and women is desirable and would help any country to perform better in future if adopted these aspects.

India and South Asia

Southeast Asia is comprised of ten countries namely Burma, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. All these countries are members of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). Burma (Myanmar) shares a contiguous land and sea frontier with India while Thailand, Indonesia and other countries in the region share
common maritime frontiers. Needless to say, that they are India’s close neighbors, with whom its relations date back to time immemorial. The history of the ancient Southeast Asian Kingdoms, i.e. Funan, Champa, Cambodge, Pagan, Dwarabati, Srivijaya and Majapahit indicate India’s intimate cultural ties. The art, architecture, epic and language have had similarities and their origin and growth cannot be understood in proper perspective without understanding their Indian counterparts. Ashoka the Great, had sent his emissaries, Sona and Uttara to spread the gospel of Buddhism in the region of Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. These nations declared Buddhism as their state religion. The impact of Hinduism still remains as part of their indigenous culture and religion. The ethnic Malays accepted Islam as their religion but the Muslims in Java have not yet disowned their Hindu traditions. Some of them still believe in animism and worship many spirits in different names. Bali remains a Hindu dominated society, and adherents of Buddhism
can be found in all parts of the Southeast Asia.

Malacca, Sunda and Lombok are the important sea-lanes linking East Asia with the rest of the world. Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand are industrially advanced. Singapore has an effective service sector in the field of finance, airlines, computers and shipping. Mainland Southeast Asia has diverse mountain ranges and rivers running from North to South, and most of them originate in Tibet. The main rivers are Mekong passing through Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Other rivers are Irrawadi, Chindawin and Salween in Burma, Menam Chao Phraya in Thailand,
Song Koi (Red River) and Song Bo (Black Rivers) in Vietnam. These rivers bring rich alluvial deposits regularly to make the land fertile. Most fertile areas created by these rivers are lower Burma, Central Thailand, Tongking and Mekong deltas. Thailand and Vietnam are the largest rice exporting countries in the world. This unit examines various aspects of socio-economic-political features of South-East Asian countries. India’s relations with ASEAN countries are analysed in this Unit. India attaches great importance towards pursuing good neighbourly relations with the countries in Southeast Asia. The policy of “Look East” is the strategy of the Indian diplomacy ever since 1991 and its major thrust has been to improve India’s existing ties with the ASEAN region, and promote trade, investment, tourism, science and technology relations. Indian policies are endeavored to resurrect close historical and cultural ties, which were marred during the colonial period. The Cold War paradigm in the past prevented India to attend various issues in its bilateral relations but the situation changed only after the end of the Cold War. Various initiatives have been taken to rejuvenate our economic, cultural and strategic connections. Total bilateral trade with ASEAN countries has shown increasing trends from 5.98 billion in 1998-99 to 7.98 billion in 2002-03.

ASEAN investments which were dismal during the Cold War period, started coming and confidence was displayed on both sides. Various packages for the promotion of tourism were mooted and now it is not limited only to visit Buddhist sites in Bodh Gaya. India is willing to attract investments from the ASEAN region and they have been advocating liberalisation and free trade. ASEAN is trying to reciprocate the Indian gestures. They recognise the importance of
India as a great market where they find the existence of middle class people in millions. Besides, they have common historical, religious and security interests. Both of them support the policy of democratisation, liberalisation and free trade. Both are opposed to the rise of fundamentalism and terrorism and both are supporting human rights to be universally respected.

Why a Daily Routine Is So Important

All of us are aware that kids need a routine to provide structure and discipline in their lives. When we were younger, most of us were told to go to bed at a certain time, wake up at a certain time, do our homework after school, eat dinner at a regular hour, shower, even play with our friends at a specific time. But what about adults? Many grownups do not have a set daily routine and ‘wing’ their day. They have no idea what they are going to do when they wake up each morning because they have not thought about creating a schedule to adhere to. As a result, many people feel like they are stressed, anxious, overwhelmed and falling short of their goals and true potential. The answer lies in carefully designing a routine that works best for each of us, one which helps us be productive, in control, and be the best person we can possibly be.

1. Makes Us More Efficient
When we have a routine that we follow daily, it reduces the need to make decisions each day. It enables us to know exactly what tasks we need to do each day without having to contemplate, decide or think too much. When we are finished with one task, we know what comes next without much thought. Activities become standardized and we become more efficient as a result.

2. Reduces Our Need to Plan
When we carefully design a set routine to follow, it eliminates the need to plan our activities every morning and budget and allocate our precious time. It takes the guesswork out of our day and allows us to wake up and ‘do’ instead of wake up and ‘plan’.

3. Creates Structure in Our Lives
A daily routine provides structure and a logical sequence in our lives. It provides the framework within which we live our lives and conduct our daily activities. Soon we become familiar and comfortable with what we have to do each day. It allows us to experience a flow to our day.

4. Saves Time, Our Most Valuable Resource
Time is the most precious asset at our disposal because, once lost, it is non-retrievable. By following a routine, we free up time that would otherwise be spent on planning, decision-making and preparation. Our routine has predetermined our schedule, allowing us to use our time efficiently.

5. Instills Good Habits
The secret to building good habits is repetition. When we design a personal routine that works for us, it facilitates developing good habits by encouraging us to repeat the same tasks over and over again. Just like brushing our teeth every morning, adhering to a routine allows us to foster habits that match our goals and aspirations.

6. Breaks Bad Habits
While our routine helps us develop good habits that are in line with exploiting our full potential, it also helps to eradicate bad habits that do not serve us well. We can slowly replace our bad habits with good ones through repetition.

SOURCES

https://www.skilledatlife.com/18-reasons-why-a-daily-routine-is-so-important/

Educational status in India after 1947

Between 1935 to 1955 there is the development in the area of education in university. New universities were opened and the strength of students were also increased. But after the independence there was increased in the field of education in university. After separation only 19 universities were there but after that new 14 universities were opened. So that the government decided to create a team for the survey of university for analysis the new technology gained by the university. New educational program provides to the students for the development of students.

Aim of university education

Aim of university education :- After the independence our social, cultural and political facts are changed that changes increase the work of universities. Universities will give the affort towards the new technology. Now they the wants that type of education which increase the occupation, business etc.

Commercial education :- In commission 1st preference is given to commercial education. The field comes on this are agriculture, commercial, engineering and technology, teaching and health.

Engineering and technology :- At present engineering and technology are be the national property and we should try to increase it or improve this. All apportunity should be given to students who are studying in engineering college to work in the industry.

Medical :- Only those students get admission in medical colleges who have knowledge.

Teaching :- Syllabus of the university should be modified and changed according to the time. There must be exam conducted among the students.

Agricultural :- In rural areas new institutes are opened for the students so that they learn about the agriculture.

This is all modifications done after in independent of India.

INSPIRATION LEADS TO SUCCESS.

Inspiration can come from anywhere, it’s something that makes you want to change in your life for the better, or someone who pushes you or set’s an example, or someone that makes you think about your life and how you want to change it.

My inspiration was my envy! Yes you heard it right. Growing up as a student was a challenging task. A child is vulnerable during this stage of life. The influence which the social sphere lay’s on them is very overwhelming. A child is born as an empty slate with capabilities; that child becomes a well adjusted individual by manifesting the potential they possess in a right way.

Let me share my piece of story. My experience as a student was, I lacked the quality of confidence and was not motivated enough to perform well in my desire area of interest, Literature. Every year mu school use to host English Recitation Competition in which I wanted to participate and win, but didn’t had the grit to admit my self into the competition. My teacher who always encouraged every student to exploit their potential advised me,“Winning doesn’t matter, what matter is participating”. That piece of encouragement was sufficient to to kick start my journey in search of my confidence aand winning that competition. I participated in the competition but I lose I was disheartened but was determine to win next year, but again success was not on my side and that’s when envy came into the frame. I was envious towards the winners and compared myself with them not releasing I was demotivating my own self. Consequently I observed the winners in the following years analyzing their ploy and instructed myself if they can do it why can’t I! I worked on my language skills and hand gestures evently advancing in the reciting tactics. I made the winners my model and changed my envious attitude into a matured one, which helped me to boost my motivation. This changes helped me to win the competition after a consistent failures in the past years. That’s when I learnt “INSPIRATION LEADS TO SUCCESS”

Importance of Aptitude test in our life

The Aptitude Test can be used as a measure of the abilities of a person. These tests give the complete picture of a person’s mind. The aptitude test is of a great importance for the students studying in school or those people who want to change their profession. The test will give them a precise result of what is the actual abilities of a person. The importance of an aptitude test can be understood by the fact that they being widely used now for various purposes. Some of them are:

1. Placement Purpose:

If a job requires some specific skill or some particular trait in the person, it is evaluated by aptitude tests. For example, if you have applied for a data entry job, they will test your data checking skills or if you have applied for a job in the technical field they will test your mechanical reasoning or fault diagnosing ability. Mostly, the aptitude test is used in conjugation with a personal interview or a group discussion or both for job placement. It is difficult to cheat in an aptitude test, therefore, they are considered reliable by most of the interviewers. These tests give the interviewer an idea of the natural abilities, strength, and weaknesses of the interview.

2. Choosing a Career:

The result of the aptitude test tells us about the skills or abilities of a person. This result is of great help in choosing a career. A person will get to know what he is good at and he should choose a career accordingly. For example, a person takes an aptitude test and the result shows that the person’s verbal skills are excellent but the numerical skills are very poor. In this case, rather than choosing a career which requires him to enhance his numeric ability, it would be beneficial for him to choose a career which requires his verbal skills. Therefore, an aptitude test becomes guidance in choosing a career. One should definitely opt for an aptitude test before choosing a career. The right time for this test is after passing the 10th standard exam. It will guide you to choose the correct stream.

3. Academic Improvement:

If a student takes an aptitude test, it will directly or indirectly tell him his strong and weak subject. The student can, therefore, work on his weak subjects and improve them.

How to Prepare for an Aptitude Test?

If you are appearing for an aptitude test which is competitive or for placement purpose, here are some tips which could be helpful to you.

1. Learn Basics:

There is no particular syllabus for aptitude test. Anything could be asked of you in the test. So, it becomes necessary that all your basic subjects, especially mathematics, is clear to you. You should know all the basics you learned in the school.

2. Everything is Important:

In a competitive exam, even a single mark become very important. So, you should not leave any topic while preparing. Even if you find a topic difficult, do not leave it. Read that topic again and again or take help from your teachers. You do not know what will come in the exam, so you should prepare all the topics very well.

3. Practice:

As it is said, practice makes a man perfect. You should go for mock aptitude tests. There are many books available for aptitude. The internet is flooded with aptitude tests which are free of cost. Go for them. The more you will practice, your speed will increase. You will also come across many different types of questions, which might increase your knowledge. It is also possible that you may get the same question you practised in the test.

4. Know your Weak Points:

You should know in which topics you lag behind. You should prepare those topics first because you do not need much time to prepare those topics which you are good at.

5. Do not Waste Time:

Time is very precious. If you get stuck on a question and you do not find any way out, leave it for that particular time and come back to it later.

6. Be Careful while Attempting:

Most of the tests have negative marking. So just do not attempt the question if you are not sure about the answer. Do not assume your answer to be right. A zero is always better than a minus one.

7. Avoid Gaps:

Avoid gaps in your practising routine as it can decrease your speed. Large gaps can make you forgetful. If you have a busy schedule on a particular day, try to take out at least 30 minutes for practising questions. Do not waste any day without practising.

8. Have a Fresh Mind:

Aptitude needs a lot of concentration which can be devoted only to a fresh and peaceful mind. If you had a fight with someone or you are feeling low or you have diverted mind, do not practice aptitude. If you will practice aptitude at this instance, you will get all your questions wrong because you will not be able to devote full concentration.

9. Take Care of Yourself:

Body and mind are interlinked. For a healthy mind, the body should also be healthy and vice versa. Sleep well and eat well. Take at least 6 hours of sleep.

Conclusion:

It is very important to include aptitude tests in education. As most of the multinational companies take the aptitude test of the person trying for the job, the tips and tricks for solving the aptitude tests must be taught to the students from the very beginning. If the students practice aptitude tests from the very beginning they will be able to solve them in proper time correctly. This would be beneficial for them when they go for recruitment. The schools should test the aptitude of the students at regular intervals so that the faculty can know the weak areas of their students. Moreover, it will tell the faculty if there is any fault in the curriculum or teaching methodology.

Is Mobile Phone Boon or Bane?

by Yogiraj Sadaphal.

Day and night, rational and dangerous, wealthy and poor, health and illness—everything in life has a dual character. Everything in the universe is either a boon (good) or a bane (bad), or, to put it another way, a blessing or a curse. It’s the same with cell phones.

The use of mobile phones is rapidly increasing. Individuals with cellphones have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. Without the omnipresent mobile phones, today’s world would be unimaginable. Everyone now has a smartphone, from children as young as nine to the elderly as old as ninety.

What Do You Mean by “Mobile Phone”?

A cellular phone or cellphone is an electronic telecommunications device. Mobile phones use radio waves or satellite signals to connect to a wireless communications network. Voice communications, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS), and Internet services such as Web surfing and e-mail are all available on mobile phones.

AS A BOON:

1. Life at ease:

Due to mobile phones, life has been so much easier and more comfortable. For example, today’s mobile phones come with a variety of functions and programs, such as android, java games, and internet connectivity, allowing you to effortlessly converse and surf anything while sitting at home.

2. Ocean of Information:

The Internet has evolved into the largest and most comprehensive source of information available today. Anything and everything may be quickly accessed with the use of search engines such as Google, UC Web browser, Yahoo, and others. The most important benefit is that they assist students of many disciplines in studying and learning.

3. Connectivity:

Both mobile phones and the internet have become important sources of connectivity in today’s world. People chat on social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Telegram and Instagram messenger have also become popular among today’s youth.

4. Enhanced Life Standard:

People have grown much more advanced and revolutionized as a result of such technology, consequently raising their living conditions. When a person holds an Apple phone in his hand, he has a completely different impact on society than when he holds a regular phone.

As a Bane:

1. Limitation of thoughts:

People have put strict limitations on their mental process and rely largely on the artificial source of information because every item of knowledge is already available on the internet. Many young and vibrant people have observed a decline in their innovative thinking and intellectual level.

2. Creation of an Artificial World within a real one:

With their smart phones and apps, people have constructed an imaginary universe in which they remain reserved, distant, and separated in their own confined zone. They rarely connect with the actual world since they don’t have the time.

3. Time:

People are growing addicted to these luxuries to the point where they no longer have time to spend with their families and discuss issues. As a result, personal relationships are suffering. It also wastes a lot of time because addiction is dangerous.

4. Wastage of Money:

One of the major annoyances is that people waste a lot of money on more expensive mobile phones and devices unnecessarily in order to maintain their social position. Even if a cell phone costing Rs. 5000 would suffice, they choose for considerably more expensive models in order to attract attention in society.

As a result, we can easily see how mobile phones and the internet have impacted us, our lives, and our society to a far greater extent, with both positive and negative consequences. It’s not that we don’t need them; in fact, we all know that “too much of anything is fatal and leads to negative effects.” So, in light of this, we must undoubtedly use these, but only in such a way that they do not prove to be harmful to us.

Social Media Etiquettes

Social media etiquette has been the need of the hour with the emergence of various social media platforms in the modern world. Since this are the etiquettes to be followed online, they are also known as NETIQUETTES.

■ SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTE & IT’S IMPORTANCE

▪Social media etiquette refers to the guidelines that companies and individuals use to preserve their reputation online.

A single silly mistake can not only spoil your reputation professionally but also in your personal life.

▪Etiquette helps with the hard part.

Most articles about social media focus on how to handle platforms. But most missteps in social media happen because of how we handle our audiences. Etiquette provides the framework for tackling this “people part.” Without it, you’re flying blind in all those platforms.

▪Etiquette helps you bounce back from mistakes.

No matter how great your manners are, inevitably we all make mistakes in social media. That’s because people are weird and unpredictable. It’s impossible to flawlessly communicate with everyone all the time. But knowing where points of confusion commonly crop up can help you improve your chances of doing it more successfully, more often.

▪Etiquette makes you a better supporter of your peers.

There is no one “right way” to do social media and no one does it perfectly. Knowing other people are also making mistakes makes the whole playing field less intimidating. Our collective imperfection also makes us less likely to jump on the blame bandwagon and start pointing fingers when mistakes happen.

▪ Etiquette helps you be more empathetic.

While your goal in using social media is undoubtedly important, don’t forget you are communicating with people who have goals, too. Using proper etiquette forces you to put yourself in your audience’s shoes, which ultimately gives you a better understanding of their wants and needs.

▪ Etiquette helps you focus on the bottom line.

Posting personal info to a professional account, accidentally sharing private information publicly or inadvertently insulting an influential supporter are all etiquette mistakes that can create a social media firestorm. Will those type of mistakes end your career or company? Maybe not. But they will distract you from the business of being awesome and that can affect your bottom line.

▪Etiquette makes you more productive.

In spite of its popular appeal and easy access, social media is complicated and complex and only produces strategic results if you use it strategically. You will need a variety of tools at your disposal to do this strategic work. Etiquette is one of those tools.

▪ Etiquette makes the social web a better place.

Sure pleases and thank yous seem like little things that don’t matter a whole lot in the grand scheme. But there is a lot of rudeness, trolling and bullying on social media these days. Using good etiquette is one way you can help collectively tip the scales back in the direction of people being nicer to each other.

▪ Good etiquette feels good.

As Maya Angelou once said, “Just do right. Right might not be expedient. It may not be profitable. But it will satisfy your soul.” Social media etiquette is social media done right that feel right.

■TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTES

▪Think before you post. Ask yourself how a post could be taken out of context, double- check that it’s error-free and ensure you’re posting on the right account.

▪ Understand the platform you’re posting on and the conventions of that platform. On Twitter, for example, you can post several times a day, while the same behaviour might be considered spammy on Facebook. On Facebook, hashtags are widely considered #annoying so #DontUseThem #ever .

Speaking of which, don’t use too many hashtags even on Twitter. Recent studies have shown that hashtags play little role in increasing the virality of your tweet and can impede understanding. When you do use them, ensure that every letter of a new word is capitalized. (I.e. #GoTeamGo not #goteamgo)

Don’t auto-post from Facebook to Twitter and vice versa. Though auto-posting might save you some time, no one will read a Twitter post that gets cut-off mid sentence or a Facebook post with @ tags.

▪ Strike the right tone: If you post in language that’s too stiff and formal, your organization will look aloof and out of place. If you’re too casual, you will look unprofessional.

Don’t disguise your intentions. Be up front whenever you promote something you have a vested interest in.

▪Use correct grammar and spelling.

Don’t sign your posts, unless you’re

a) posting from a Twitter account that’s handled by multiple people or

b) Mark Twain/ Oscar Wilde/ Ghandi or some other famous quotable figure.

Don’t use Capslock (no one likes being shouted at) or go overboard with exclamation marks/emoticons. Unless your team has just upset its arch-rival with 1 second to go at the Olympics/Paralympics, you probably don’t need more than 1 exclamation mark per sentence.

▪Respond to questions and comments promptly.

Don’t let social media accounts fall idle. It reflects poorly on your organization. If you’re strapped for time, use some of the many post-scheduling devices such as Hootsuite to schedule some content.

▪Use blocking or banning only as a last measure. Your social media channels should be a place for healthy debate. If someone is speaking negatively about your organization, politely respond to their concerns and encourage them to contact you by email to follow up. If someone is being harassing or using threatening language, however, feel free to block and ban them.

▪Be careful with humour. If something will offend even 1 person out of 100, don’t post it. Humour can backfire more than any other posting type.

▪ While it’s okay to share something from another organization’s page, ask before you share something from someone’s personal page.

▪Vary your message. If you want to increase the visibility of a big event with multiple posts, change the language and tone of each post.

On Twitter, shorten your links using a link shortener like Ow.ly or go.gl.

▪ Many people who work in social media for sports organizations have an existing relationship within the sports community (i.e. a former athlete) and may have friends there. Be mindful of the distinction between your personal and professional social media life and keep your tone professional when engaging with your real-life friends on your organization’s social media channels.

▪ Above all, be genuine. Traditional business communication methods can come off as wooden and hollow on social media. Ditch the passive voice and the stock phrases and speak directly to your audience.

Five Mesmerizing Waterfalls in the World

Check out the five mesmerizing waterfalls in the world here!

1.Angel Waterfalls – Venezuela

Angel fall is the waterfall located in the Canaima National Park, the biggest national park in Venezuela, it is the third biggest in the world and is known for its breathtaking beauty.

The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyantepui mountain in the Canaima National Park. It is the world’s highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 meters (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 meters (2,648 ft).

2.Victoria Waterfalls – Zambia

While known as the world’s largest waterfall Victoria Falls is neither the highest (Angel Falls) nor the widest (Khone Falls). However, it is the largest curtain of falling water on the planet, one and a half times wider than Niagra Falls and twice as high. The falls are 1708 wide and 108 meters high. Every minute, over 5 million cubic water pour over the falls.

The Victoria falls — The Victoria waterfalls

3.Niagara Waterfalls – United States of America

Niagara Falls is a geological wonder and one of the most famous waterfalls in the world, straddling the border between the United States and Canada. Niagara is made up of three separate waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls (or Canadian Falls), American Falls, and Bridal Veil Falls. The second-largest waterfall in the world after Victoria Falls in Africa.

The Niagara falls — The Niagara waterfalls

4.Kunchikal Waterfalls – Karnataka

Located on the Shimoga -Udupi border in Karnataka, Kunchikal Falls is formed by the River Varahi. The waterfall from a height of 455 meters in a cascading form on these rocky boulders giving an impressive sight. The Kunchikal waterfall is India’s highest waterfall.

The Kunchikal falls — The Kunchikal waterfalls

5.Tugela Waterfalls – South Africa

Tugela Falls is the second-highest waterfall in the world and is at an astounding height of 3110 feet. At the right time of year, the falls are easily visible, especially after heavy rain. There is an undeveloped campsite and mountain hut immediately above the falls. There are two trails to Tugela Falls.

The Voidless Void

We are always filled with so much curiosity and questions to know why the certain thing is happening the way they are, we were always this eager to find out the truth even when we were toddlers we have this tendency of why, and it is natural too when we have this vast, boundless space which is filled with void yet it contains the basic life element there.

On some planet of this vast space, we have a canyon of the size of the united states and we don’t even know what could be lurking behind the Neptune.

We know if we have something in our life it’s not because they just randomly appear out of nowhere but it’s actually where they were crafted So why would anything in our space be just randomly placed?

Our galaxy out there and even many more are situated at a certain place and billion and millions of light-years away as they are not found in isolation but they are either the part of a cluster or they have a belt of satellite galaxies around the group.

A Bizzare Cosmic Void

Our space is the large web of many things with spaces filled with dark matter and the voids in between the network of many big and clustered galaxies and still, they cover almost 90% of the total space which could vary in the diameter of billions and millions of light year.

The question still lingers on that how the void must have been formed or they just appear out in one space day? As the formation of the galaxy, we are currently residing started millions of the year ago, they were objects which were highly clustered and thus make the impact on the density of that cosmic web making the smaller object around them either move far away and creating the lesser density area which now we know as void.

The Sound of Void

The cosmic web we think might be just the representation of some model explaining the thing which one can’t actually see from but its more than that the cosmic web is the largest structure showing the pattern of the galaxy with voids and many things in between filling everything that our entire space has to offer us.

How come when it sustains our very own earth in its web and contains many alien objects, planets, and things still while defining it the 90% of it is just nothing and how can one know everything about nothing?

Nothing is what our space has made up from the starting is it? No, our space millions and a billion of years ago were evenly spread out on the surface with no star, no void nothing just the presence of gases but when the presence of gases and matter increased in certain part it started growing stronger and hence collapsing under the rule of gravity which started the creation of star and planets and eventually big bluffy galaxy thus taking everything around them and living back the void.

Dashrath Manjhi-An Impossible Journey

Every person in this world, when not succeed in their goals, always blames God. But in this god-giving world, there is an exception also. Dasharath Manjhi is one of these, who is the best illustration of dedication, determination, focus, and never-give-up attitude, who inspired all generations. His work towards his villagers is the greatest lesson we have ever learned from anyone.

No money, no power, but this man has the inner strength to cut a mighty mountain. This impossible work made this little man to The Mountain Man of India. His 22 years of dedication, day and night work turn a big rock to a path of their villagers. No machinery was used by Dashrath to break that big hill. It just only a hammer and chisel, through which he made this impossible to possible.No one can think about that unbelievable work can be done by a small farmer who just did it by his strong intention and love towards his wife, who met with an accident and was not reached the hospital on time due to this mighty hill.

The Love Birds

In 1956, Dashrath Manjhi was married to a village girl named Falguni Devi. At that time, child marriage was legal. After that, he went to Dhanbad to work in coal mines. In this seven years of gap, when he returned to his village and saw Falguni Devi, he fell in love with her again as a grown-up man. Unfortunately, Falgunis father denied giving her to Dashrath as he had no job to feed his family and Falguni.

But Dashrath and Falguni are made for each other. Dashrath took his childhood wife forcefully from his father-in-law and gave assurance that he will never be made her girl cry. Both love birds have two children in their homes.

An Accident

When Falguni was pregnant for the second time, Dashrath was very happy. One day Falguni was taking lunch for Dashrath crossing the gigantic ridge, suddenly her foot got slipped. She was heavily injured. After knowing about this incident, Dashrath ran towards her wife and took her to the hospital. But the hospital was 70km far from his village no vehicle was available to bring her wife to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. Finally, all possible efforts by Dashrath were worthless. Falguni was no more, but she safely gave birth to a baby girl.

No Mercy

After his beloved wife’s death, Dashrath took his hammer and started cut down that bulky mountain. He tries to construct a path through which villagers can reach their destination in a short time with less effort. Every person found fault with work. Many journalists took Dashraths interview about his work. Many of them criticize Dashrath for his unimaginable work, but this man was never frightened for anything, never demotivated at all.

Years passed, once their villagers suffered from low rainfall, and evacuated the village. Even Dashrath’s father convinced him to go with them to town and find a job so that he can feed their children. But Dashrath denied leaving his village and his work. For some days, he lived there with no food and no water at all. Just feed his stomach with leaves and dirty water. He was continuing his work against all odds. He had no mercy for that mammoth rock. Every day cut down that hill as he had taken revenge for his wife’s death.

Dashrath Struggling Story

Once PM Indira Gandhi came to Dashraths village Gahlaur, Bihar. Dashrath was also there to listen to the PM’s speech over the emergency in India. In that function, Dashrath got a chance to click a picture with Indira Gandhi. While watching this, the village Mukhia, planned to introduced Dashrath and explained his cutting mountain work to Indira Gandhi, so that she granted some government funds to help Dashrath. Everything was good after that, but Mukhia cheated Dashrath by taking all the government funds and blamed Dashrat for supplied the cutting stones illegally to outsiders.

Dashrath got up and decided to complain against Mukhia to the PM. With no money in his pocket and a train ticket, he was thrown out of the moving train. Nothing stopped him from his destination. He walked from Bihar to Delhi to complained about this fraud. But he failed again to meet the PM.

Strong Mindset

Hopeless Dashrath back to his work again. But he was gradually old and did not give that much effort to his work. Instead of his physical situation, he never stopped his work. Some villagers joined Dasrath to construct the path. At last, the villagers felt that Dashrath turn this big rock into a walkable road for villagers.

Dashraths 22years of hard work from 1960 to 1982 shortened the 70km road to only 1km road. He made a 360foot long and 25feet deep path with a hammer. For this achievement, he is worldly known as The Mountain Man.

Bhagawan ke bharose mat baithiye..kya pata bhagawan humare bharose baitha ho.

He passed away on Aug 17, 2007. In his life, he shows many things which we can apply to our life. Although he has no higher education, no money, no power, no political hand, no help from others achieved his goal. We should learn from him, that never depends on luck, never mind any criticism from others, just do your work with dedication till the end.

DREAMS.

Hi All,
Today My topic is about ‘DREAMS’.
What is a dream?
-The occurrence of images, sensation ideas during our sleep.
– Sometimes we used to tell our wish and aim which we want to fulfill also a dream.

But today i am going to share some interesting information about dreams(which occurs during our sleep).
*Generally dreams last only for 5-10 minutes.
*Dreams occur mainly in the REM(Rapid-eye Movement) stage of sleep -when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake.

Lucid dreams:-
Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one’s state while dreaming. In this state the dreamer may often have some degree of control over their own actions within the dream or even the characters and the environment of the dream.

A Nightmare:-
A nightmare is a bad dream.
It happens because of stress,conflict, fear, trauma, emotional problems etc.
But for a nightmare you no need to worry as it is not a real one.

Many experts say dreams exist to:
*Help solve problems in our lives
*Incorporate memories
*Process emotions.

The following are some examples of a dreams and it’s interpretation by freud.

1.Dreaming about someone dying is Interpreted as.
End of something and the beginning of something new.

2.When you dream that you miss your train Or plane is interpreted as.
You have missed or may miss some significant chances to achieve your goals or objectives.

3. When you dream of being naked in a crowd is interpreted as.
Desiring to be noticed.

4. When you dream, that you’re falling is interpreted as.
Desiring to return to a state such as childhood where one is satisfied and protected.

5. When you dream, that you’re flying is interpreted as,
Desiring to be admired.

But many of us may not remember our dreams when we woke up.

If you wish to remember your dream, do follow these ways;
1. Maintain a dream journal every morning after you wake up.
2. Schedule your sleep for a consistent sleep cycle.
3. Make it a habit to actively try to recall your dreams.
4. Try to get good sleep at night. 5. Try to wake up consistently each morning.

The dream concept is a vast. What i shared today, is only a small portion about it.

Hope so it was useful.

Have a cool day

Keep smiling ❣️❣️❣️

Digital Marketing : Current scenario in India

I hope this article is very much familiar to you because it is a part of your daily lives whether it’s shopping, food delivery or travelling digital marketing can be said a core or the central part of these activities. Coming to what the word “digital marketing” actually refers to it can be dynamic but in a general form we can say that digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as social media, or other platforms. This helps in marketing the goods from the seller directly to the buyer eliminating the intermediaries.

PHILIP KOTLER, a well known name in the field of management is known to be the father of digital marketing. He is an American professor and has penned almost more than 60 books on marketing and established it as a field in academic. We can say that he thought about this concept earlier and was aware of the fact that the world will be accepting digital marketing as one of the most successful innovation.

TYPES of digital marketing : There are many types of digital marketing but which are considered as most important are as follows :- Search engine optimization (SEO), Pay -per-click, Social media marketing, Content marketing, Email marketing, Mobile marketing, Marketing analytics. The above mentioned types are very useful in today’s world. People are doing specialized courses into this field as this is the requirement of the time.

The 5 main D’s for digital marketing :- Digital devices, digital platforms, digital media, digital data and digital technology. As a result today each individual is aware about the trend of digital marketing. Traditionally marketing was only confined to sales and promotion but now due to digital marketing people can see, decide and review their product very easily.

The trend is more successful in India as every individual is having a smartphone and low cost internet availability which enables a strong point for digital marketing. Digitalisation also helps in the marketing sector as people are available with multiple option(one is upi as a payment option). Digital marketing is the new and innovative future for India as it can be carried over at the local level as well as the international level. Even during the pandemic situation India was the only country to reach at the highest level in field of digital marketing. So digital marketing is a successful approach for us.

I hope you all will agree on my views on this topic. Thank you and keep reading !!!!!

THE ROAD TO HAVING A STRONG PERSONALITY .

Having a personality that is unique and reflects your inner self is really important as it helps you stand out in a crowd. Here are ways in which you can develop a strong personality .

SELF ESTEEM – Having low self esteem can have adverse affects on your personality and life in general . Believing in yourself and having high self esteem makes you a confident individual. Tolerating something that hurts you or doing letting others disrespect you can lower your self esteem . But once you start building you esteem by travelling alone , being intolerant towards unacceptable behaviour , you surely can gain high self esteem .

TAKING ACCOUNTABILITY – Taking accountability for your own actions in stead of blaming others or blaming the situation can really help you build your self esteem . Blaming others for your problems is a sign of weakness and low self esteem . Acknowledging your mistakes , in stead of ignoring it can help you grow and develop as a person and develop a strong personality .

DISCIPLINE – Self discipline is one of the key factors to having a strong personality . Being disciplined is difficult but once you have trained your self to be disciplined it can do wonders to your life . People with strong personalities know how to not give into temptations .

POSITIVITY – Life is always uncertain and can be difficult to deal with sometimes , and it is easy for people to give up and make space for pessimism and hopelessness , but people with a strong personality always hope for the best and know how to be optimistic . Being optimistic has a great deal of benefits and should be practiced .

Things you need to know about blockchain

Blockchain is a system of documenting data that will be difficult to hack or change. It is tough to deceive the system. Each block in the chain contains several transactions and every time a new transaction occurs on the blockchain a record of the transaction is added to the participant’s ledger. In simple words, blockchain is not invulnerable the hacker would need more than half of the control in the allocated file.

WHO OWNS BLOCKCHAIN?

According to Wikipedia, blockchain is a cryptocurrency blockchain explorer service. Bitcoin is supported by the same. It was found in 2011 by Benjamin Reeves, Nicolas Cary, and Peter Smith.

blockchain.com

Blockchain was found as Blockchain.info which could be used to trace bitcoin transactions. The function of the site is to allow bitcoin users to see the public cryptocurrency transactions. By 2014, blockchain was popular and the users grew.

In 2018, blockchain started to sell services to institutional cryptocurrencies. Whereas in 2020, the company is said to have more than 30 million users. The next year it grew to a family of 60 plus million wallet users.

BLOCKCHAIN’S SERVICE

Blockchain as said records information. It provides an outlet to hold and oversee crypto investments. The platform also submits financial service standards.

The company offers a hosted cryptocurrency wallet that is to store digital for online access. It allows users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies.

A special feature is, the company has a non-custodial wallet. The company has no access to the wallet’s data, the user is the sole owner of the information. This draws attention as it maintains privacy. The user has a private key to get hold of the data which is known solely by the user.

There is an explorer which allows the public to see the transactions. If one has the hash code with the address of the wallet, they can see received, sent and the fee information. The tool is used to analyse the activity.

IS BLOCKCHAIN RELIABLE?

Yes, it is considered to be reliable and trustworthy as, if one goes offline the others in the network get access to the ledger.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Blockchain grows to 300GB. The programming language is said to be C. There is no need for a middle man in the process that is one of the specialities. It has faster transactions.

SKILLS NEEDED TO BE A BLOCKCHAIN DEVELOPER

Cryptocurrency.
Data structure.
Web development.
Blockchain Architecture.
Java
C++
Python

FACTS ABOUT BLOCKCHAIN

Blockchains can be either public or private.
Bitcoin transactions are measured in bytes.
0.5% of the world population uses blockchain. That said it comes around 18,850,000.
Ethereum, Ripple, Quorum and R3 Corda are other blockchain platforms.
IBM is the largest blockchain company.
As for the development, it is still in the place internet was a few years ago.
Blockchain isn’t always Anonymous.

The disadvantage is once the record is made it cannot be altered. As there are no third parties the risk is minimal. To understand blockchain there are few videos on youtube, do Check it out!

Thank you!

To Read Fantasy List

Fantasy is hardly as escape from reality. It’s a way of understanding it.
-Lloyd Alexander

According to the dictionary, fantasy refers to the faculty or activity of imagining things, especially things that are impossible or improbable. It is often inspired by ancient mythology, real life myths and folklore, often passed down orally.

Fantasy is one of the core genera of today’s literary canyon and has more than just a few admirers.

Curated below is a list of fantasy fictions (in no particular order) to help to sift through the diverse literary spectrum.

1. The Bridge Kingdom

A slow burn fantasy romance with the “enemies-to-lovers” trope, this book tells the tale of a marriage by convenience.

Lara, a fierce princess, trained to be a spy vows to bring down the kingdom of bridge for her people. As she settles in her new home with her new husband, Aren, Lara begins to question everything in her being and the evil that lurks.

With the intense attraction towards Aren, Lara must choose between being a saviour or the impending doom for her people.

An engaging read with a simmering romance.

“Alive isn’t living.”
Danielle L. Jensen, The Bridge Kingdom

2. Six of Crows

American author Leigh Bardugo’s Six of Crows is a fantasy novel that revolves round a band of six thieves.

Kaz Brekker, a criminal prodigy is offered a chance at a deadly heist that could make him rich beyond his wildest imaginations. Together with a convict, a sharpshooter, a runaway, a spy , a Heart render & a thief, an unusual lot, they set out for the single biggest heist between the world and utter chaos.

“She wouldn’t wish love on anyone. It was the guest you welcomed and then couldn’t be rid of.”
Leigh Bardugo, Six of Crows

Reference: https://thegrishaverse.fandom.com/wiki/Six_of_Crows

3. A Court of Thorns and Roses

This story revolves around mortal Feyre Archeron after she is brought into the faerie lands of Prythian for murdering a faerie. Over the course of proceedings, as she lives with the person who abducted her into Prythian, Tamlin, who is also a High Fae, she gets to know things about the Fae kingdom she had never known before.

“I threw myself into that fire, threw myself into it, into him, and let myself burn.”
Sarah J. Maas, A Court of Thorns and Roses

4. The Grace Of Kings

Grace of Kings is an epic fantasy revolving around an outlaw Kumigaru, who, along with Maya Zyndu, a blue blood, plans to overthrow an oppressive king. The story is richly crafted with an engaging plot and knife sharp twists and turns that are bound to make your hackles rise.

“There’s never going to be an end to suffering if ‘he deserves it’ is all the justification people need for inflicting pain.”
Ken Liu, The Grace of Kings

5. Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell

Image result for Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke

Susannah Clarke’s novel paints lucid alternate history of Napoleonic England combing it with Gothic literary fiction. The novel explores the existence of magic in England sand Centres on the relationship between two men: Gilbert Norrell and Jonathan Strange with bouts of witty humour, traipsing into the territory marked beyond cognitive excuses or reason.

“There is nothing in the world so easy to explain as failure – it is, after all, what everybody does all the time.”
Susanna Clarke, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell

Common types of Indian houses

There are many types of houses built in India, but check out these commonly built houses in India.

1.Huts

These are small crude shelters. Huts are mostly made of natural plus locally obtainable materials like coconut tree leaves as it makes a cool ceiling. It’s swift plus cheap in the building. Huts are commonly used by poor people, construction workers, on the terrace in some houses.

2.Bungalow

The bungalow is yet another and popular Indian house design. The advantage is the space in and around the home that gives you enough room for a garden. These commonly come in with three to four rooms, at least two parking lots, and a garden area.

3.Apartments/Flats

One of the most common kinds of houses in the apartment, at least in India. The current apartment complexes approach all amenities plus facilities. The lower floors are calling basement suites plus top floors are call penthouses. The little ones are called studio apartments. An apartment at least has two to three rooms, a separate parking lot, a lift, and a common terrace and common spaces.

4.Villas

Earlier, this type of house was meant for upper-class state homes. Currently, separate modern townhouses are moreover called villas. Amenities like your driveway, backyard/lawn, garden plus pool are accessible with these homes and are a source of comfort. This big house in India usually has a pool. Nowadays villas are also coming within a community with large facilities

5.Small Indian House/Individual house

The typical nuclear Indian family consists of 4 members, and this kind of house is the most common one for them. The house is complete with a small open area in the front and a big gate protecting it. These types of the house mostly have two-three rooms, a small garden area, a small parking lot and a small backyard.

Health and fitness

Health is an important aspect in anyone’s life. Fitness is a proof for a healthy person. By achieving a healthy body, we can achieve a healthy mind. Small habit changes in our day-day life will change our life completely in a healthier way. Food is the first thing to take into considering when we talk about health. There are lots of aspects to having a healthy life. I will share with you the small steps that you need to take to start your healthy journey.

Proper diet

The first thing that comes to our mind when we think about being healthy is being on a proper diet. It is not just about what we eat, it is also about when we eat. Healthy food aside, having your food at the right time every day will cut off lots of health issues. Many of us skip breakfast and eat straight at lunch time. You haven’t had anything for the past 12 hours so your stomach is literally empty with stomach acid in it. There are many risk factors when high stomach acid is secreted. The main function of this acid is to digest the food that you intake so better give it some food in the morning otherwise it will cause some serious health issues.

Keep specific timings for your breakfast, lunch and dinner. If you take food at proper timings, it will solve many health issues. Breakfasts should be taken around 7 to 9 AM. Lunch should be taken around 12 to 2 PM. Dinner should be taken around 7 to 9 AM. So make sure you stick to the timings and have a healthy diet!

Next comes the healthy food. Make sure you take vegetables thrice a week and fish twice a week (if you are a non vegetarian) and one cheat day to eat your favorite junk food. Intake of all kinds of food is important. Junk food and outside food from time to time would be fine but making it as a part of your diet would cause major health issues.

Sleep schedule

Another important factor that ruins your health is lack of sleep. I know most of us have issues with falling asleep at night time and that becomes a routine. The first step to do is to not make it a routine and not normalizing the sleep schedule. If you can only sleep at 1 then consider it a serious issue and work towards changing it.

Ways to stabilize your sleep schedule

Push in all your work within 11 PM and make yourself completely free at night. If you are a work from home dude then plan it accordingly, you require 6 to 8 hours of sleep, that’s all matters.
Avoid using mobile phone or laptop after 11 PM. Make sure you have at least 30 mins gap without screen time before sleeping.

Exercise!

Fitness is achieved by exercising your body regularly. It can be anything that you do. A simple 1 hour walk in the morning will keep you active throughout the day. There are many forms of exercises that you can do. You can workout everyday with simple moves. The ultimate goal is to exercise your muscles and not make them lazy. Some forms of exercise are,

home workouts
Going to gym
Morning/evening walk
Cycling
Dance workout
yoga

Meditation helps you exercise your mind. It calms and clears your mind. If you start doing it you will definitely see the results in your day to day life.

Conclusion

These are some factors that affects our health and if we bring more concentration into all of this, we can be healthy mentally and physically. Make time to focus on your mind and body.

BANKING

BANKING

A bank is a financial institution that accepts money from the public and lending to people by loans with demand. Banking is a system that provides a safe place to save our money and supplies liquidity to the economy by providing loans to help businesses and also for the public to buy consumer products like homes, cars, lands, etc. Bank acts as a mid-way between savers and users of money. There are different types of banks. They are central banks, commercial banks, development banks, Cooperative banks, rural banks, etc. We can say that banking has gone through a metamorphosis. Nowadays there are a lot of ways to deposit and withdraw our money. With the advancement in technology, digital banking has reached its heights. Nowadays we use credit cards, debit cards, UPI transactions, Automated teller machines (ATM) for transactions of money.

WHAT DOES THE BANK DO?

It collects money from the public through accounts.
It lends the money to entrepreneurs through loans with demanding interest. It also issues loans to the public.
The interest rate paid by the bank to the customers is less than the interest rate that the bank charges to the lenders. The difference between them is the gross margin.
Banks’ s don’t work in isolation
In India, all banks are regulated by the central bank i.e, The Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

COMMON BANKING PRODUCTS AVAILABLE:

DEBIT CARDS: Debit card is the prepaid or pay now card that is linked to the card holder’s account. Debit cards quickly debit or subtract the money from one’s savings account. We can pay our expenses through debit cards. Once you use the debit card, the amount will be transferred to the merchant’s account. A debit card holds the card holder’s name, expiry date of the card, card number, card verification value (CVV). And the customer will be given a unique PIN (personal identification number) to access the card.
CREDIT CARD: Credit card is postpaid or pays later card that draws money from the bank. The bank gives the grace period to pay the money he used. If the amount is not paid by the customer within the stipulated time, then the customer is charged with interest.
AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM): ATMs are used by banks for efficiently dealing the customers. Instead of going to the bank and filling the form to withdraw money, one can easily get their cash by using ATM. Insert the card and PIN then enter the amount you wish to withdraw. You can also transfer cash from your account to another account, view your account information using the ATM.
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER (ETF): This system helps to transfer the money in a faster way from one account to another. The sender and receiver of funds in this system may be in different cities and may have an account in different banks.
TELEBANKING: Telebanking refers to banking on phone services. In this system, the user can access his/her account details in a telephone call by giving his/her PIN to the bank.
MOBILE BANKING: A new revolution in e-banking is the emergence of mobile banking. In today’s world, most of us are using mobile phones. So, it becomes easier to transfer funds through mobile. Nowadays, we can pay the electric bills, gas bills, shopping bills, etc by sitting in the home with the help of a mobile phone.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR BEFORE INVESTING IN A BANK?

GROSS NPA RATIO: NPA stands for Non-performing assets. The net NPA to loans ratio is to check the overall quality of the bank’s loan book. The higher the NPA, the higher is the risk to invest in this bank.
NET NPA TO TOTAL ASSET: Net NPA is calculated by subtracting the provisions made from the gross NPA. The higher the net NPA, the worst the bank is.
CASA RATIO: It stands for Current Account and Savings Account. Higher the CASA ratio, the better the bank is.
NET INTEREST MARGIN: For banks, both the raw materials and finished product is money. So, the higher the net margin, the better the bank is.
CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIOS: It’s the bank’s capital ratio. The capital is lent to various parties at different risk proportions. The higher the capital adequacy ratio, the better the bank is.

DANCES OF INDIA:

Dance in india has an unbroken tradition of over 2000 years. Two main division of its forms are classical and folk. The classical is the style’s adherence to the guidelines laid down in natyashastra, which explains the indian art of acting.folk dance of india vary according to the region and have no specific grammar.

here let’s know about this two dances which i like the most. Bharatanatyam and kathak

Photo by Darina Belonogova on Pexels.com

Bharatanatyam originated in tamilnadu and was earlier known as daasiyattam. this dance form has been handed down through the centuries by dance teachers called nattuwanars and the temple dancers,called devadasis. In the sacred environment of the temple these families developed and propagated their heritage.the training traditionally took around seven years under the direction of the teachers who were scholars and persons of great learning.

kathak means ‘ to tell a story’. this north inidan dance form is inextricably bound with classical hindustani music, and the rhythmic agility of the feet is accompanied by the table or pakhvaj. traditionally the stories were of radha and krishna in the natwari style nu the mughal invasion of north india had a serious impact on the dance. the dance was taken to muslim courts and thus it became more entertaining and less religious in content. more emphasis was laid on nirtha, the pure dance aspect and less on abhinaya[expression and emotion].

New Education Policy

Education is the most powerful weapon we can use to change the world- Nelson Mandela”

The knowledge and skills acquired by a person depends on the education system. A person cannot become a saint by learning about the scriptures and holy books, for this he must practice some basic self-actualization habits to conquer the hurdles and to achieve the desired position. Likewise, an engineer in his degree period is not restricted to the technical books. for this he also comes across the practical field to excel in the career.

The policies of education in the teaching sector are the backbone of it. Education policy is a plan where government is involved in the educational sphere and laws of education system. The most common place where education policy plays its part are- field of schools, include school size, class size, school choice, school privatization, teaching selection, education and certification, teacher pay, teaching method, curricular content, graduation requirement and school infrastructure investment. All the major part of the education revolves around the education policy. The stronger the policy the better will be the future of schooling.

With the onset of pandemic, the education policy has taken a big turn. For which, the whole world had to undergo the revision of education policy. In India, Government has come with National Education policy of 2020 where there are some modifications of rules and guidelines. Here, school curriculum will be restructured in a new 5+3+3+4 form. Early childhood care and education (ECCE) focuses on investment infrastructure such as children playing equipments. There is also a Foundational literacy and Numeracy plan (FLN) where there is a three month preparatory course to students to access digital contents through energized textbook ETB-Diksha. It also aims to achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary schools by 2025. The policy also states that higher education system shall aim to be multidisciplinary by 2040. One of the most needed guidelines for teachers (Teachers and teacher education) where the policy proposes the minimum education degree requiring a 4 year B.Ed undergraduate programme. Policy also demands to allow promotion based on merit. A big change where this policy is coming up with “Equitable and inclusive education” plan where there is gender equality and promises to female and transgender students by driving state level inclusion activities, developing sufficient infrastructure for safety, and targeted boarding. Talking about the ground system and the building structure of education in country, this policy plans to re-organize smaller schools with very low enrolment into a school complex structure which connects 10-15 such small schools into one administrative which will help reduce school isolation efficiently, use teaching learning resources, and increase governance and accountability, especially in rural/ adivasi parts of India.

Thus, it is quite evident that the countries education system has reversed. There is a big competition in the education field to achieve the best goal. With the right plan and structures this country could attain success. As said,” Education is the best economy policy there is – Tony Blair”

HUMAN HEART

The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

“The tissues of the body need a constant supply of nutrition in order to be active,” said Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York. “If [the heart] is not able to supply blood to the organs and tissues, they’ll die.”

HUMAN HEART ANATOMY

In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray’s “Anatomy of the Human Body.”

The physiology of the heart basically comes down to “structure, electricity and plumbing,” Phillips told Live Science.

The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health. The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the “right heart,” and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the “left heart.” A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart.

A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm.

The heart’s outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood.

The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions.

HUMAN HEART FUNCTION

The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body’s tissues with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart’s right atrium.

Of course, the heart is also a muscle, so it needs a fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients, too, Phillips said.

“After the blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, two sets of arteries bring oxygenated blood to feed the heart muscle,” he said. The left main coronary artery, on one side of the aorta, branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches out on the right side of the aorta.

Blockage of any of these arteries can cause a heart attack, or damage to the muscle of the heart, Phillips said. A heart attack is distinct from cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the heart rhythm. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but the latter can also be caused by other problems, he said.

“Each cell has the ability to be the ‘band leader’ and [to] have everyone follow,” Phillips said. In people with an irregular heartbeat, or atrial fibrillation, every cell tries to be the band leader, he said, which causes them to beat out of sync with one another.

A healthy heart contraction happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed. Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume. Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats.

Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart.

THE HUMAN HEART

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN HEART

*A human heart is roughly the size of a large fist.
*The heart weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women.
*The heart beats about 100,000 times per day (about 3 billion beats in a lifetime).
An adult heart beats about 60 to 80 times per minute.
*Newborns’ hearts beat faster than adult hearts, about 70 to 190 beats per minute.
*The heart pumps about 6 quarts (5.7 liters) of blood throughout the body.
*The heart is located in the center of the chest, usually pointing slightly left.

How to structure a Dissertation?

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming refers to climate change that causes an increase in the average of Earth’s temperature. Natural events and human influences are believed to be top contributions towards the increase in average temperatures. Global warming is a rise in the surface and atmospheric temperature of the earth that has changed various life forms on the earth.

The climate has been continuously changing for centuries. One natural cause of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. It traps the solar rays and prevents them from escaping the surface of the earth. This causes an increase in the temperature of the earth.

The impact that global warming is causing on earth is extremely serious. There are many hazardous effects that will happen in the future if global warming continues. It includes melting of polar ice caps, leading to an increase in sea level drowning coastlines and slowly submerging continents.

Recent studies by National Snow and Ice Datacenter “if the ice melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet”. Another effect is climate change leading to the extinction of various species. More hurricanes, cyclonic storms, heat waves, drought, and extreme rainfalls will occur causing disaster to humankind.

Global Warming has already caused many problems for human and we need to prevent disasters of the future. Our generation needs to take care of the earth with immediate effect to safeguard future generations or they will suffer the consequences of global warming.

GLOBAL WARMING

Green house effect

Global warming refers to an average increase in the earth’s temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. During the past 4.65 billion years of its history, earth has warmed many times. But at present it is facing a rapid warming mainly due to human activities. The average temperature of the earth is about 59⁰F (15⁰C). During the last century this average has risen by about 1⁰F. By the year 2100, it is believed that the rise would be between 2.5 and 10.4⁰F. This will cause dramatic changes such as rise in sea level, changes in rainfall patterns,wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife and humans.

Green house gases and Green house effect

The trapping of energy from the sun by certain gases in the atmosphere leading to rise in earth’s temperature is known as Green house effect. Hence these gases are known as green house gases. Some gases such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane act as the trap. These gases absorb and reflect infra-red waves radiated by earth. By doing so,these gases conserve heat as in a green house.

Normally all life on earth depends on this green house effect. If it does not exist, earth would be cooled,and ice would cover earth from pole to pole.But if the greenhouse effect becomes strong it could make the earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants and animals.

Types of Greenhouse Gases

In the environment, greenhouse gases occur (i) naturally or (ii) from the human activities.

The most abundant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. It reaches the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions, respiration of animals, burning and decay of organic matter such as plants. Normally carbon-dioxide is removed by the plants through photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is also absorbed into ocean water. But humans by their activities increase the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Such activities include burning of fossil fuels,solid wastes,wood and wood products to drive vehicles, generate electricity etc. At the same time due to deforestation, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced.

Human activities, have caused carbon-dioxide to be released to the atmosphere at rates much faster than that at which earth’s natural processes can recycle this gas. There were about 280 molecules of carbon-dioxide per million molecules of air (i.e.,parts per million or ppm) in 1750. Today atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations are 368ppm, a 31% increase.

Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon-dioxide. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal,natural gas and oil. It is also emitted from rotting organic waste in sand fills,by the cows as a by product of digestion. Since 1750,the amount of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled.

Nitrous oxide traps 300 times more heat than carbon-dioxide. Burning fossil duels and ploughing farm soil releases Nitrous oxide. Since 1750 ots level increased by 17%.

Hydrocarbons formed from the manufacture of foams,coolants such as chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators are the other gases responsible for global warming.

In 2000,scientists discovered an alarming increase in the level of a new gas called trifluoromethyl sulphur penta fluoride. Eventhough the gas is rare, it traps more effectively than all other greenhouse gases, The saddest part of it is that the industrial source of the gas is not yet identified.

Effects of Global warming

1. Due to the warming of oceans, sea level will rise. Glacier ice will also melt,causing further rise in sea level. As a result in the 21st century sea level will rise from 9 to 88 cm. Such a rise will submerge many parts of countries.

2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.

3. The warmed would will be generally more humid and greater humidity will increase the rainfall.

4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and intense.

5. Some regions of the world become dry.

6. Wind blows will be harder and in different patterns . Hurricane would be more severer.

7. Weather patterns would be less prediclable and more extreme.

8. Crops and forests may be affected by more insects and plant diseases.

9. Some types of forests may disappear.

10. More people will get sick or die from heat stress.

11. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever,yellow fever and encephalitis will spread to other parts of the world.

Effects to control Global warming

Two major ways are there to control global warming: 1. to keep the carbon-dioxide out of the atmosphere by storing the gas or its carbon component somewhere else,a strategy called carbon sequestration. 2.to reduce the production of greenhouse gases.

Carbon sequestration

The simple technique is to preserve trees and plants more. Trees ,take up carbon-dioxide, break it down in photosynthesis, and store carbon in new wood. It need massive reforestation. Carbon-dioxide can also be sequestration directly into deep ocean water or into oil wells or some aquifer from which it cannot escape.

Reduce the production of greenhouse gases

Usage of alternative fuels such as nuclear energy, solar power, wind power and hydrogen fuel cells which emit no greenhouse gases are being considered.

The Fascination of Blue

The fascination is something that comes in handy when you indeed are gifted with the weird yet beautiful planet of the solar system. Yes, earth, though this earth has many things to provide us and above all give us our life, a place to call home and a guardian to protect us too it also has many secrets, some of them we can find but some are way deep than our reach and all this is what makes it more fascinating and mysterious in its way.

So, today this article will provide you more facts and data to help the level of fascination to be more than just a child’s dream of a candy house.

Rolling It Up

Round- Round way flat- Though we have always learned from childhood that our home is round but what if I tell you it’s flat around the equator and the melting of ice is also helping in the broadening of its waistline. Earth rotation, many other forces, and motion are responsible for changing the earth’s shape, it still will be able to hold this not-so-round sphere shape for a long time.

The Purple and long Day– Do you know that many scientists believe that our earth once was purple in color because at that time as a molecule Retinol was used as the way to absorb green light instead of chlorophyll. Our day use to be 6 hours long but as our moon keeps slowing down the rotation of the earth today we have 24hrs long days and it will keep on increasing after every century.

Magic is in Air: Every one of us believes in the magic of something or anything but what if I say that it’s actually true that magic is in the air and every day the dust or cosmic dust as we call them is falling on the earth surface around 60 tons every day. Our earth is not just having cosmic dust but also there is no record of having the information about who gave it the name Earth as every else planet is named after Greek god just not the earth.

The big Appetite: Our earth is close enough to the sun, though having many benefits over the doom but we still have some pressing issue of the big, old and angry star our Sun. As every old star gets old, exhausts its hydrogen and collapses into gravity, and then consumes everything around him to create a void-filled hole, a black hole. So do can happen with our sun and taking all of us in the process but we don’t need to worry it’s still a long way down.

The apple that fell: As the apple fell so do the gravity gets its virtue but even though we know there is everywhere gravity and not just our solar system but each and everything is under the direct effect of gravity which is keeping everything in its static position, but then also some of the places or point of the gravity bed is so high and so low that they make a noticeable difference. This variation is known as Gravity Anomili.

Search Engine Factors

Every website needs to be optimized to get a good search engine rank. Google uses some algorithms to rank a website in search engines.

Some google ranking factors are –

Backlinks
Freshness
Topical authority
Search intent
Content depth
Page speed
HTTPS
Mobile-friendliness
User experience

Quality Backlinks

These are the links on a website that links back to your website if your topic is related to the one referred on the website or they have linked your website.

Relevance and Authority are the two most important factors that play a major role in ranking your website.

Relevance – Search engines decide the relevancy by the keywords and links used.

Authority – Backlinks that are obtained from high authority domains offer more equity than ones that are not.

Freshness

It is a query-dependent ranking factor, meaning it’s important for some queries than others. Fresh content is content that has been recently updated or updated regularly such as a news update. It is updated whenever there is something new around the world and when searched you will get the high-ranking pages that are just updated a few minutes ago.

But some queries don’t require to be updated such as “how to tie a tie”. Here freshness doesn’t matter because the process of tying a tie never changes.

Search Intent

Search Intent represents the objective the searcher is trying to accomplish. For example, if a user searches “Best places to visit in Uttarakhand,” google will pop the articles and blogs about the places to visit in Uttarakhand.

The 3C’s of Search Intent

Content-Type – You will see tourism articles, blogs on places to visit
Content Format
Content Angle – Updated articles and tourist accommodations will show up

Topical Authority

It is a measure that ranks a website whose content is better and related to the topic of the site. Write original, high-quality content based on keyword research and build topically relevant links to your article.

The concept E-A-T comes from Google’s Search Quality Rater guidelines which stand for Expertise, Authoritativeness, and Trustworthiness. Google uses E-A-T to evaluate the overall quality of a webpage.

Content Depth

Writing in-depth SEO content will improve the user’s engagement with the content. If a user searches for something online then you have to solve his problem by providing him everything that he needs to know. Well written detailed content improves the sites ranking because search engine treats it as complete information about a topic in a single page.

Page Speed

Page Speed is the amount of time it takes for a webpage to load. This plays an important role in determining ranking your site high on Google searches. The less time it takes to load your webpage, the higher the user engagement as they won’t be waiting for a long time for your content to load. They will eventually switch to another website whose content loads fast.

Using the HTTPS Protocol

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure internet communication protocol that protects the integrity and confidentiality of data between the user’s computer and the site. Switching to HTTPS will make your website more secure and avoid damages from the third party.

User Experience

When it comes to User Experience it’s all about-

Quality of content you are putting on your website
Responsive design and a good user interface are the key factors

Conclusion

There are many other ranking factors when it comes to ranking your website such as domain name, algorithm rules, CTR, etc. It’s all about the quality of content you are putting out there that searchers are looking for, providing a great user experience so that searchers want to engage with your website.

ARE KINDLES BETTER THAN PAPERBACKS?

Hi! Hope you all are doing good. I’m a kindle parent for more than a month. So I thought why not share about kindle. I simply love the device so much and I can’t stay away from it as much as I even named my device.

Kindle is a small, light e-reader and has been developed by Amazon. We can store books, charge it and carry it with us as it is lightweight. There is a kindle app that can also be used.

Advantages of Kindle

Convenient e-reader.
Thousands of e-books.
Cheaper and affordable books.
Dictionary in one click.
It has a paper-like screen which gives us a paperback feel.
E-ink is being used in this device.
It is not bad for the eyes.
With kindle unlimited, you get lots of free books.
It does not emit light.
Long battery life.
Glare-free.

Disadvantages of kindle

It is not a physical book.
Lack of book smell.
Lack of colourful illustration.
Hard to share with friends.
Eye strain if used continuously and at night.
The battery can die out. You have to carry the charger for journeys.

You can join kindle unlimited to get access to free books. In India, you have to pay 1 Month = Rs.199, 6 months = Rs. 999 and 12 Months = Rs. 1,799.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Device: Kindle 10th Generation.
Manufacturer: Amazon.
Weight: 168g.
Model No.: J9G29R.
Country of Origin: India.

I have this device and trust me I love it! If one can’t afford paperbacks, ebooks are an incredible option. The device is super cute and light. You won’t get distracted as you can’t assess social media on the device. This device does not support audiobooks.

BUY NOW.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Device: kindle paperwhite 10th Generation.
Manufacturer: Amazon.
Weight: 182g.
Country of Origin: China.

Paper White has 8GB and 32GB storage. The price varies as per the storage. Important thing is, it is waterproof hence, you can read it in a bathtub, beach, and pool area. It doesn’t support audiobooks.

BUY NOW.

PRODUCT DETAILS

Device: Kindle oasis 10th generation.
Manufacturer: Amazon.
Weight: 186g

Kindle Oasis has a page-turner button. The screen is flat edge to edge. It has an elegant look. The screen rotation feature is helpful. The cost may vary as per the storage.

BUY NOW.

In kindle, we have the features to change fonts and font size. There are few basic features like layout changes and themes.

There are pretty covers for the device on Amazon. The experience is not like a paperback yet it gives us a pleasant experience. Images are black and white but that doesn’t make my experience any less than beautiful.

When we are out in direct sunlight, a glare-free screen enables us to read. As much as I love paperback, reading in kindle doesn’t make you less of a reader. I feel that money should not be a barrier to reading. When you can afford ebooks, do make use of it. It might not be the same but I think paperback and kindle can co-exist.

Happy reading!

SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT, COMMUNALISM, REGIONALISM & SECULARISM

Social empowerment :

Social empowerment is a broad area of practice drawing upon social work and community development principles.

Social empowerment is understood as the process of developing a sense of autonomy and self-confidence, and acting individually and collectively to change social relationships and the institutions and discourses that exclude poor people and keep them in poverty.

Communalism :

Communalism is defined as a mechanism to energize people for or against by raising an appeal on communal lines. It is revealed in literature that Communalism is related with religious fundamentalism and intransigence. Studies have demonstrated that the communalisation was first began in nineteenth century. The British historian (James) categorized ancient period as Hindu period and medieval period as Muslim period and this ordering was further used by both the British and Indian historians. Social literature documented that in medieval period, Muslim people were underprivileged, they were also oppressed as then people of Hindu community and the ruling class included both the Muslims and Hindus. Abdul Ahmed explained that “Communalism is a social phenomenon characterized by the religion of two communities, often leading to acrimony, tension and even rioting between them”. Communalism is also described by few other eminent theorists. According to Prabha Dixit, “Communalism is a political doctrine which makes use of religious and cultural differences to achieve political ends”. It is a dominant force in Indian scenario. Many factors such as casteism, communalism and religious fundamentalism pose challenge in India that are the major threats to Secular state. They deteriorate the working and strength of democratic secular Federal state and influence against the fundamental beliefs of national life and provide means to new individuality. ‘Casteism’ and ‘Communalism’ are destroying the Indian cultural diversity.

Factors responsible for the growth of communalism in India:

— The stagnant economy of India during the British rule was an important factor for the growth of communalism in India.

–It was an expression of the interests and aspirations of the middle classes in a social set up in which opportunities for them were inadequate.

–The vested interests deliberately encouraged communalism because of its capacity to distort and divert popular struggle, to prevent the masses from understanding the real issues.

–The British rule which produced the divide and rule policy, separate electorate on the basis of religion strengthened the basis of communalism in India.

–British also favoured one community against the other in services and promotions.

–The territorial settlement of different religious groups and many contradictory variations in their mode of life, social standards and belief systems may cause communal tensions.

Regionalism :

In current global trade system, regionalism is spreading at great pace. The huge spread of regionalism is encouraged by the explosion of regional institutions that give rise to substantial academic interest in both their sources and consequences. In bulk of academic literature, Regions are described as groups of countries situated in the same geographic space but it is not clear where one region ends and the next begins. Regionalism has widely spread in Indian politics since the independence of India. It has the major basis of various regional political parties. In Indian scenario, regionalism has increased in close identification with the regions. After independence, it is a great force of conflicts as well as collaboration, which depends on the manner of accommodation. Regionalism is elaborated as situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with idiosyncratic identities exist within the same state borders, often concentrated within a particular region and share strong feelings of shared individuality.Regionalism is basically an intense feeling of a particular region or an area in preference to the nation or any other region. It often involves ethnic groups whose major objective is to get freedom from a national state and the development of their own political influence. In Indian perspective, regionalism denotes to proclamation of different ethnic, linguistic or economic interests by various groups within the nation. The second meaning of the term is regionalism at national level refers to a process in which sub-state actors become increasingly powerful, power devolves from central level to regional governments. These are the regions within country, distinguished in culture, language and other socio-cultural factors.

Causes for regional disparity :

Low rate of economic growth

Land reforms are not done properly and the feudal mentality still persists

Lower level of infrastructural facilities in backward states

Low level of social expenditure by states on education, health and sanitation

Political and administration failures which further given birth to sub-regional movements for separate states.

Secularism :

Secularism is contrasting phenomenon of communalism. It was adopted by Indian Constitution, which signifies respect for all religions and broad-mindedness of all faiths, no State religion and support or favour to any religion by the State. Secularism is a form of government process that enhance democracy and commitment to financial development.Secular India has undergone several tremors in many decades. Many professionals relate these convulsions to the nature of Indian civilization, to which they attribute centrality to religion in both personal and public matters. The Indian concept of secularism is based on respect for all religions by the state and separation of religion from public institutional practices. The obsession with the European experience supervises the historicity of the Indian phenomenon.

The process of secularisation is not alike in all societies. With technical progression, human culture has undergone the process of secularisation. In India, secularism is huge political and constitutional struggle and disagreement. The perception was promoted by Mahatma Gandhi and it has been the central model of secularism after Independence of India. Indian secularism is based on a more functional approach to the belief of equal respect and acceptance of all religions, which has allowed for the defence of religious minority rights principally through temporary special measures, which is similar to the positive action in the United States. But, the Hindu Right has progressively been trying to cast itself as main successors of India’s secular practise, that is, as promoters of new secularism.

Nature of Secularism:

–The separation of religion and state is the foundation of secularism.

–Secularism seeks to ensure and protect freedom of religious belief and practice for all citizens.

–Secularists want freedoms of thought and conscience to apply equally to all – believers and non-believers alike. They do not wish to curtail religious freedoms.

–Secularism ensures that the right of individuals to freedom of religion is always balanced by the right to be free from religion .

–In a secular democracy all citizens are equal before the law and parliament. No religious or political affiliation gives advantages or disadvantages and religious believers are citizens with the same rights and obligations as anyone else.

–Secularism champions universial human rights above religious demands. It upholds equality laws that protect women, LGBT people and minorities from religious discrimination.

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 6

The previous article was about the procedure to develop a deep learning network and introduction to CNN. This article concentrates on the process of convolution which is the process of taking in two images and doing a transformation to produce an output image. This process is common in mathematics and signals analysis also. The CNN’s are mainly used to work with images.

In the CNN partial connection is observed. Hence all the neurons are not connected to those in the next layer. So the number of parameters reduces leading to lesser computations.

Sample connection is seen in CNN.

Convolution in mathematics refers to the process of combining two different functions. With respect to CNN, convolution occurs between the image and the filter or kernel. Convolution itself is one of the processes done on the image.

Here also the operation is mathematical. It is a kind of operation on two vectors. The input image gets converted into a vector based on colour and dimension. The kernel or filter is a predefined vector with fixed values to perform various functions onto the image.

Process of convolution

The kernel or filter is chosen in order of 1*1, 3*3, 5*5, 7*7, and so on. The given filter vector slides over the image and performs dot product over the image vector and produces an output vector with the result of each 3*3 dot product over the 7*7 vector.

A 3*3 kernel slides over the 7*7 input vector to produce a 5*5 output image vector. The reason for the reduction in the dimension is that the kernel has to do dot product operation on the input vector-only with the same dimension. I.e. the kernel slides for every three rows in the seven rows. The kernel must perfectly fit into the input vector. All the cells in the kernel must superimpose onto the vector. No cells must be left open. There are only 5 ways to keep a 3-row filter in a 7-row vector.

This pictorial representation can help to understand even better. These colors might seem confusing, but follow these steps to analyze them.

View at the first row.
Analyse and number the different colours used in that row
Each colour represents a 3*3 kernel.
In the first row the different colours are red, orange, light green, dark green and blue.
They count up to five.
Hence there are five ways to keep a 3 row filter over a 7 row vector.
Repeat this analysis for all rows
35 different colours will be used. The math is that in each row there will be 5 combinations. For 7 rows there will be 35 combinations.
The colour does not go beyond the 7 rows signifying that kernel cannot go beyond the dimension of input vector.

These are the 35 different ways to keep a 3*3 filter over a 7*7 image vector. From this diagram, we can analyse each row has five different colours. All the nine cells in the kernel must fit inside the vector. This is the reason for the reduction in the dimension of output vector.

Procedure to implement convolution

Take the input image with given dimensions.
Flatten it into 1-D vector. This is the input vector whose values represent the colour of a pixel in the image.
Decide the dimension, quantity and values for filter. The value in a filter is based on the function needed like blurring, fadening, sharpening etc. the quantity and dimension is determined by the user.
Take the filter and keep it over the input vector from the first cell. Assume a 3*3 filter kept over a 7*7 vector.
Perform the following computations on them.

5a. take the values in the first cell of the filter and the vector.

5b. multiply them.

5c. take the values in the second cell of the filter and the vector.

5d. multiply them.

5e. repeat the procedure till the last cell.

5f. take the sum for all the nine values.

Place this value in the output vector.
Using the formula mentioned later, find the dimensions of the output vector.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 6

In the CNN partial connection is observed. Hence all the neurons are not connected to those in the next layer. So the number of parameters reduces leading to lesser computations.

Sample connection is seen in CNN.

Here also the operation is mathematical. It is a kind of operation on two vectors. The input image gets converted into a vector-based on color and dimension. The kernel or filter is a predefined vector with fixed values to perform various functions onto the image.

Process of convolution

This pictorial representation can help to understand even better. These colors might seem confusing, but follow these steps to analyze them.

View at the first row.
Analyse and number the different colours used in that row
Each colour represents a 3*3 kernel.
In the first row the different colours are red, orange, light green, dark green and blue.
They count up to five.
Hence there are five ways to keep a 3 row filter over a 7 row vector.
Repeat this analysis for all rows
35 different colours will be used. The math is that in each row there will be 5 combinations. For 7 rows there will be 35 combinations.
The colour does not go beyond the 7 rows signifying that kernel cannot go beyond the dimension of input vector.

Procedure to implement convolution

Take the input image with given dimensions.
Flatten it into 1-D vector. This is the input vector whose values represent the colour of a pixel in the image.
Decide the dimension, quantity and values for filter. The value in a filter is based on the function needed like blurring, fadening, sharpening etc. the quantity and dimension is determined by the user.
Take the filter and keep it over the input vector from the first cell. Assume a 3*3 filter kept over a 7*7 vector.
Perform the following computations on them.

5a. take the values in the first cell of the filter and the vector.

5b. multiply them.

5c. take the values in the second cell of the filter and the vector.

5d. multiply them.

5e. repeat the procedure till the last cell.

5f. take the sum for all the nine values.

Place this value in the output vector.
Using the formula mentioned later, find the dimensions of the output vector.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 5

The previous article was on algorithm and hyper-parameter tuning. This article is about the general steps for building a deep learning model and also the steps to improve its accuracy along with the second type of network known as CNN.

General procedure to build an AI machine

Obtain the data in the form of excel sheets, csv (comma separated variables) or image datasets.
Perform some pre-processing onto the data like normalisation, binarisation etc. (apply principles of statistics)
Split the given data into training data and testing data. Give more preference to training data since more training can give better accuracy. Standard train test split ratio is 75:25.
Define the class for the model. Class includes the initialisation, network architecture, regularisation, activation functions, loss function, learning algorithm and prediction.
Plot the loss function and interpret the results.
Compute the accuracy for both training and testing data and check onto the steps to improve it.

Steps to improve the accuracy

Increase the training and testing data. More data can increase the accuracy since the machine learns better.
Reduce the learning rate. High learning rate often affects the loss plot and accuracy.
Increase the number of iterations (epochs). Training for more epochs can increase the accuracy
Hyper parameter tuning. One of the efficient methods to improve the accuracy.
Pre-processing of data. It becomes hard for the machine to work on data with different ranges. Hence it is recommended to standardise the data within a range of 0 to 1 for easy working.

These are some of the processes used to construct a network. Only basics have been provided on the concepts and it is recommended to learn more about these concepts.

Implementation of FFN in detecting OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)

Advancements in the detection of OA have occurred through AI. Technology has developed where machines are created to detect OA using the X-ray images from the patient. Since the input given is in the form of images, optimum performance can be obtained using CNN’s. Since the output is binary, the task is binary classification. A combination of CNN and FFN is used. CNN handles feature extraction i.e. converting the image into a form that is accepted by the FFN without changing the values. FFN is used to classify the image into two classes.

CNN-convolutional neural network

The convolutional neural network mainly works on image data. It is used for feature extraction from the image. This is a partially connected neural network. Image can be interpreted by us but not by machines. Hence they interpret images as a vector whose values represent the color intensity of the image. Every color can be expressed as a vector of 3-D known as RGB- Red Green Blue. The size of the vector is equal to the dimensions of the image.

This type of input is fed into the CNN. There are several processing done to the image before classifying it. The combination of CNN and FNN serves a purpose for image classification.

Problems are seen in using FFN for image

We have seen earlier that the gradients are chain rule of gradient at different layers. For image data, large number of layers in order of thousands may require. It can result in millions of parameters. It is very tedious to find the gradient for the millions of these parameters.
Using FFN for image data can often overfit the data. This may be due to the large layers and large number of parameters.

The CNN can overcome the problems seen in FFN.

HAPPY LEARNING!!!

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 5

General procedure to build an AI machine

Obtain the data in the form of excel sheets, csv (comma separated variables) or image datasets.
Perform some pre-processing onto the data like normalisation, binarisation etc. (apply principles of statistics)
Split the given data into training data and testing data. Give more preference to training data since more training can give better accuracy. Standard train test split ratio is 75:25.
Define the class for the model. Class includes the initialisation, network architecture, regularisation, activation functions, loss function, learning algorithm and prediction.
Plot the loss function and interpret the results.
Compute the accuracy for both training and testing data and check onto the steps to improve it.

Steps to improve the accuracy

Increase the training and testing data. More data can increase the accuracy since the machine learns better.
Reduce the learning rate. High learning rate often affects the loss plot and accuracy.
Increase the number of iterations (epochs). Training for more epochs can increase the accuracy
Hyper parameter tuning. One of the efficient methods to improve the accuracy.
Pre-processing of data. It becomes hard for the machine to work on data with different ranges. Hence it is recommended to standardise the data within a range of 0 to 1 for easy working.

These are some of the processes used to construct a network. Only basics have been provided on the concepts and it is recommended to learn more about these concepts.

Implementation of FFN in detecting OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)

CNN-convolutional neural network

This type of input is fed into the CNN. There are several processing done to the image before classifying it. The combination of CNN and FNN serves a purpose for image classification.

Problems are seen in using FFN for image

We have seen earlier that the gradients are chain rule of gradient at different layers. For image data, large number of layers in order of thousands may require. It can result in millions of parameters. It is very tedious to find the gradient for the millions of these parameters.
Using FFN for image data can often overfit the data. This may be due to the large layers and large number of parameters.

The CNN can overcome the problems seen in FFN.

HAPPY LEARNING!!!

Woman: Power and Kindness

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

BY- DAKSHITA NAITHANI

INTRODUCTION

The inflammation of the meninges is known as meningitis. The Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are the three membranes (meninges) that border the vertebral canal and skull, encapsulating the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms such as headaches, fever, and stiff neck are common.

Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, this was a fatal illness. Despite tremendous advancements in healthcare, the disease still has a death rate of over 25%. Many different pathogens can cause the disease, but bacterial meningitis has the largest worldwide impact.

Despite advances in diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation, 8.7 million cases of meningitis were recorded globally in 2015, with fatalities as much as 379,000. In early 2020, the first incidence of meningitis linked to COVID 19 was discovered. Every year on April 24th, World Meningitis Day is commemorated. Meningitis is one of the leading causes of illness and death in children under the age of five worldwide. According to Indian studies, meningitis is one of the main causes of mortality among infants under the age of five.

TYPES OF MENINGITIS

Viral meningitis: It is the most frequent, but not the most dangerous, form of meningitis, accounting for 85 percent of cases. Enteroviruses are among the most prevalent causing viruses.

Bacterial meningitis: Bacterial meningitis is the second most prevalent kind of meningitis, affecting around 3 per million individuals each year. N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and S. aureus are the microorganisms that cause this kind of meningitis. Inflammation of the meninges can be caused by the same bacterium that causes TB.

In most countries, N.meningitidis is the primary cause of meningitis and a feared illness. The fatality rate from bacterial meningitis is frequently greater in underdeveloped nations than in industrialised countries.

Fungal meningitis: It’s a rare occurrence that generally leads to persistent meningitis. It is caused by a fungus that infects the body and travels from the blood to the nervous system, as the name implies.

Parasitic meningitis: It is less frequent than viral or bacterial meningitis and is caused mostly by parasites found in soil, excrement, cereals, or chickens. The infection is spread through ingesting the parasite’s eggs rather than normal routes. One of the most severe diseases is amoebic meningitis.

Non-infectious meningitis: It is a complication of an underlying health condition, rather than an infection. Inflammation in the tissues can be caused by a variety of factors, including drug use, head trauma, brain surgery, and cancer-related issues.

HOW DOES IT SPREAD FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL TO ANOTHER?

Meningitis caused by fungi, parasites, or non-infectious organisms is not contagious, while viral and bacterial are extremely contagious. Sneezing, coughing, and sharing utensils, cutlery, and toothbrushes are all ways to spread viral and bacterial meningitis. People who have these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat but are not ill are generally carriers.

RISK FACTORS FOR MENINGITIS:

Risk factors for meningitis include:

•People who do not complete or skip their recommend childhood or adult immunization schedule

• Most of the viral cases occur in children younger than five years of age. Bacterial cases are common to those under the age of twenty years. Age also plays a big role in determining the risk factor.

• It is possible to live in a community. Meningococcal meningitis is more common in college students who live in dorms and children who attend boarding schools or child care centres. This is most likely due to the bacterium’s ability to spread fast among big populations through the respiratory pathway.

• Immune system dysfunction. Meningitis is also made more likely by AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, immunosuppressive medications, and other immune system disorders. Anyone without a spleen should be immunised to reduce their risk.

SYMPTOMS

Meningitis affects more than two-thirds of children under the age of two, with the majority of cases occurring in the first two years of life. This might be related to low immunity and increased brain vascularity, which puts children at a higher risk. Furthermore, due to the immaturity of the central nervous system (CNS) in babies and children, the symptoms of infection are also hazy. Due to these reasons doctors depend more on the diagnostic tests rather than the symptoms.

-Fever for more than a week

-Neck stiffness

-Headaches

-Nausea and vomiting

-Altered or reduced level of consciousness

-Lethargy

-Rash

-Convulsions

Meningitis rash

A mild rash is one of the late indicators that one of the bacteria that causes meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, is present in your circulation. The rash will become more visible as the illness progresses and spreads. The palms of the hands and the inside of the mouth, for example, may exhibit indications of a rash more easily than other parts of the body.

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE

The therapy is determined on the underlying aetiology of meningitis. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial meningitis, which may necessitate urgent hospitalisation. This might aid in the prevention of brain injury. The treatment of fungus meningitis may need the use of antifungal medicines. Viral meningitis may go away on its own, but you’ll need to see a doctor to figure out what’s causing it and how to treat it properly. On the basis of symptoms present parasitic meningitis is treated.

In all instances of bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment and supportive care and antibiotics are essential. Antibiotics are chosen depending on the organism that is thought to be causing the illness. In order to give the optimum antimicrobial coverage, the physician must consider the patient’s medical history.

Steroid Therapy: There isn’t enough data to back up the use of them in bacterial meningitis.

Chemoprophylaxis: Close contacts of a patient with N. meningitidis and H. influenzae type B meningitis should take this medication. People who have shared utensils, and health care providers in close proximity to secretions are all examples of close interactions.

Physical Therapy Management

In most cases, physical rehabilitation begins in the intensive care unit. It’s critical to remember a patient’s chart contraindications to therapy, such as intracranial pressure, cerebral pressure, and other lab results that dictate rehabilitation recommendations, while starting a plan of care. In the acute phase, proper posture and range of exercises should be started as soon as it is safe to do so. Proper pillow and towel placement will maintain the integrity of the skin and avoid contractures. Maintaining trunk and neck mobility is critical for functional mobility.

The earlier a patient begins therapy, the lower the risk of subsequent impairments, allowing for a better treatment.

If left untreated it can lead to significant brain problems and is sometimes deadly. In 10–20 percent of survivors, it can cause brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities, as well as amputations in certain cases.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

It is detected by analysing the cerebrospinal fluid, which includes a white blood cell count, glucose, protein, and, in rare circumstances, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A lumbar puncture is used to collect CSF, and the opening pressure can be monitored.

Bacteria in the blood are identified using blood cultures. Bacteria have the ability to move from the bloodstream to the meninges. Both sepsis and meningitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including N. meningitidis and S. pneumonia.

A differential complete blood count is an indicator of health general. The amount of red and white blood cells in your blood is counted. Infection is fought by white blood cells. In meningitis, the count is generally high.

Pneumonia, TB, and fungal infections can all be detected using chest X-rays. Meningitis can develop as a result of pneumonia.

A head CT scan may reveal issues such as a brain abscess. From the sinuses to the meninges, bacteria can spread.

A glass test may also be performed by doctors. The doctor performs this test by rolling a glass over the rash formed. It’s most probable meningitis rash if the rash doesn’t disappear with pressure. The odd patches on the skin may be the consequence of another ailment if it fades away.

PREVENTION

Microbes that cause meningitis can easily be dispersed all around through aerosols when a carrier coughs, sneezes or shares utensils or other oral items. A few steps which are present to prevent it are:-

• Please wash your hands. Hand cleaning is important in preventing the transmission of germs. Hands should be washed before and after meals, touching objects or animals in public places. Show children how to wash and rinse their hands completely and properly.

•Practice good oral hygiene. Do not share edibles and utensils with anybody else.

•Maintain a good immune system by keeping a good diet and staying healthy.

•One should always cover their mouth while coughing or sneeze.

• If you’re expecting a child, be cautious about what you eat. Reduce your risk of listeriosis by cooking meat to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, which includes hot dogs. Choose pasteurised milk cheeses that are clearly stated on the package.

Are you a Smartphone Zombie?

Few days back i saw a question on a site asking “I want to put my phone aside and study, but i’m not able to do it? Is there any I can get rid of it?”

Well we can say that we all faced this phase where we get too much addicted to Mobile phone and couldn’t keep it aside and focus on other works. A research recently released the details of a study which told us where in the world was the biggest Smartphone penetration:-

South Korea
Australia
Israel
U.S
Spain
U.K

But this doesn’t mean that people in this countries are using mobile phones all the time. Based on a 2016 study led by Statistica, it does look like people in those countries might fall into the category of smartphone zombies. The study also said that

Brazilian spend the most hours on average connected to a smartphone as 4 hr 48 mins per day.
Chinese spend the most hours on average 3 hours 3 mins
Followed by U.S 2 hours 37 mins
Italy 2 hours 34 mins
Spain 2 hours 11 mins
South Korea 2 hours 10 mins

One thing range true for all countries in the study, and that was the fact time spent on a smartphone for the average person was up quite a lot from 2012 to 2016.

It’s not totally people’s fault that we are addicted to the smartphones. We have this exciting thing in our pocket that flashes, beeps and invites us to use it. NPR in 2018 talked about this manipulative object we carry around with us, that is just so irresistible. The story mentions Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, and what we know as Pavlov’s dog. The psychologist one day realised that when his dog heard a bell or a buzzer, he knew it was feeding time, thereby associate with a sound to eating, which led to the dog drooling and looking excited.

Modern psychologist tells us this is what is happening to us when we hear a beep or a ding inside our pocket; we become excitable, like Pavlov’s dog. Our reward is coming, and we get a hit of dopamine and we want more. We check our phone on average every 15 mins and that make the tech use psychological tricks to keep us checking in.

All the time spent checking in may affect our sleep, our relationship, our work, or even all the creative things we might do to have a flourishing existence. Psychologist tend to agree we should be checking in less, and tech producers need to start thinking about creating less powerful digital drugs. But that isn’t easy because as most people now need those beeps and likes, and need to feel that they are not missing out on something.

Experts even states that putting your phone down, you may experience withdrawal symptoms, such as craving, restlessness, irritability or difficulty in concentrating. So from now on you might turn off notifications, have a plan for the day and stick to it, take off the apps you really don’t need as that might lead to a kind of app surfing. In general, not many people are against these technologies, but we should be focusing on what we might call device quality time, educating ourselves and being productive and creative.

Why are the whales the biggest animals ever?

Most people are aware of the whales that can grow up to a massive 98 feet in length but did you know that just a few million years ago they only grew to about 32 feet. There are lots of different species of whales out there in today’s time approximately over 80 and some of the popular whales are the killer whale, the humpback whale, the beluga whale, the grey whale, the sperm whale and the blue whales. They are somewhat different in colour and shape but one common thing is that they’re all pretty impressive in size. For example, the sperm whale is the largest toothed predator on earth and the blue whale is the largest animal ever they are even larger than a dinosaur, woolly mammoth or any other living creature we know of that has ever lived on our planet.

Nearly 50 million years ago, Whales first came into existence and they looked nothing like they do today in fact they didn’t even live underwater. The first whale was Pakicetus, this was a four-footed land mammal and is known as the first whale and it was about the size of a wolf and was a carnivore.

According to the American Museum of Natural History fossils found in Pakistan back in 1983 revealed that these mammals lived on land by shallow waters. Some scientists believe that Pakicetus was a land dweller who is forced to swim in the ocean due to a lack of food on land or warm temperatures as they spent more and more time in the water the animal evolved into a creature that lived in the sea over the years this evolution helped the whales to develop features like fins instead of legs so that they could adapt to living in the water.

Pakicetus displayed whale-like characteristics like a long skull paleontologists also had a unique ear bone something that’s distinctive. They evolved thanks to our environmental changes over time that influenced the animal’s habitat diet and behaviour. The Natural History Museum in London explains that one of the first evolved mammals to come from Pakicetus was a species known as Ambulocetus, who lived near an estuary between 50 to 48 million years ago. Similar to Pakicetus this species of early whale had four feet however its hind legs were shorter and resembled flippers they also formed a special tail for swimming using these to swim faster in the water.

Over a period of about 37 million years, Pakicetus gradually evolved into over 80 different species of whales you heard that right it took 37 million years for this evolution to take place that’s why 27 and a half million years ago one of the first whales was significantly smaller than they are today this particular species of whale was just 18 feet long and had baleen instead of teeth. For some who don’t know baleen then, Baleen is a filtration system that whales have that pushes the water out of their mouths keeping animals like krill which are small shrimp-like crustaceans in their mouths for them to eat the bristles of baleen are comprised of keratin the same keratin that humans have in their fingernails and hair today about a dozen existing whale species have baleen the rest have teeth but these teeth are different than the ones humans have.

Since they’re designed to catch prey rather than chew it whales definitely didn’t start out as the Titans of the sea they are today as their smaller size made them easy prey for predators like hungry sharks it wasn’t until three million years ago if things started to shift in the whales favor this time was known as the Ice Age as temperatures in the water began to drop whales instinctively needed to pack on extra pounds of blubber to keep them warm they are warm-blooded mammals after all thanks to shifting currents and temperature changes in the water the ocean floor grew rich with plankton and with this plankton came hungry krill to sate whales were well fed at this time was an understatement whales everywhere filled their tummies with scrumptious krill and they grew larger and larger the whales that had developed baleen instead of teeth took full advantage of this never-ending feast since they were better equipped to swallow up dense patches of food thanks to their growing size they were able to swim longer distances to look for even more food and reach warmer waters which encouraged even more growth.

Today’s humpback whales can travel over 5000 miles each year that’s one of the largest migrations of any animal on earth whales are consistently the biggest animal on our planet. For example, the blue whale weighs more than a Boeing 757 passengers and its belly buttons are the size of a dinner plate. The blue whale is currently so massive that if you were to take all its blood vessels and form them into a continuous line. Today’s whales are fully evolved from Pakicetus you can still see a glimpse of their ancestors not just with the naked eye of course some whales still have remnants of what used to be a bone for a hind leg in their skeleton it just doesn’t show outside the skin.
While science has proven that whales have evolved from Pakicetus they have another possible relative that still lives on earth with us today. The study conducted at the University of Calgary in 2009 Hippopotamus is believed to be the closest living relative to the whale based on fossil evidence in DNA data there seems to be a strong relationship between whales and Hippopotamus. Many scientists believe that the hippopotamus also descended from Pakicetus. Today’s Hippopotamus like whales spend tons of time in the water and are also mammals.

However, before this study was conducted many scientists argued that hippopotamuses were more closely related to pigs cows sheep and even giraffes. It’s still argued in different circles whether hippopotamus are more closely related to whales or pigs but as more and more studies are conducted many scientists are leaning toward calling hippopotamus and whales cousins no matter which mammals whales are most closely related to there’s no denying that when it comes to size they’re truly one of a kind.

Many scientists believe that whales have hit their capacity for growth once they measure 109 feet that’s because at 110 feet a whale can’t physically close their mouth within 10 seconds before its prey escapes if it took any longer they wouldn’t be able to eat which would lead to their death. A whale of 109 feet can consume enough water to fill up a large living room and that’s every time it opens its mouth to feed.

Should plastic be banned?

Plastic bags are a significant source of plastic pollution. Plastic pollution significantly contributes to the deterioration of our environment.

There should be a plastic ban to decrease in plastic pollution. Plastic bags cause land, water and air pollution. Decomposing of plastic waste is also a significant challenge which leads to an increase in plastic pollution.

Using plastic has been banned in various countries because of the adverse effects. However, plastic products have been used in various parts of the world, thereby causing hazards to the environment.

Plastic bags are easily available in the market and are widely used. Plastic bags are usually available in grocery stores and are used to carry grocery items like rice, fruits, veggies, wheat flour and other grocery items. The plastic bags are available in various sizes; they are much more economical and easy to use.

However, bags harm the environment. The plastic items and bags that we use in our day-to-day life are hazardous for our environment. This is a major problem than it appears. Scientists say that plastic bags are a major cause of water pollution.

Plastic waste is also responsible for making agricultural land infertile and also many other problems. Many countries throughout the world, including India, have banned the use of plastic bags to ensure a greener environment.

History of Plastic Bags
The plastic products that we use today were originally acquainted with the world by Alexander Parkes at London’s Great International Exhibition in the year 1862.

Parkes’ used a natural subsidiary to f cellulose as the material, which was formed when warmed and was kept in shape after cooling it.

Coining the word “Plastic”
The word plastic was coined in the year 1909. The word was first used by Leo H. Baekeland to describe a type of material that constituted Bakelite,” a substance he made from coal tar, which was used to make many things like phone, camera and ashtrays.

Plastics were used as a critical segment in the production of all these things. Plastics turned out to be well known throughout the world only after World War 1 when oil becomes effortlessly accessible.

Plastic Bags – A Boon or A Curse?
‘Need to Encourage People for Plastic Ban’

Plastic bags are very lightweight and can be easily carried anywhere.

This may sound like a boon for people, but however, there is also another side if the use of plastic bags. Since it is lightweight in nature, it is easily carried away by wind and water.

This is the reason that it blows away anywhere like seas and oceans and pollutes it. They also destroy the beauty of landscapes. A material called polypropylene is used to make plastic bags. It makes them much durable to use.

Natural gas and petroleum are used to make polypropylene. Natural gas and petroleum are non-biodegradable in nature.

The production of various plastic products, including plastic bags releases greenhouse gases like methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which is the major cause of global warming throughout the world.

People believe that recycling is an alternative to the misuse of plastic waste; however, it is a misconception. An average of only 5% of all the plastic waste can be recycled, and the remaining 95% find its way in soil, water and other landscapes.

According to the latest report, about 35 – 40 % of all the plastic waste is being recycled, and the location of the remaining 60 % is not even known. This makes the plastic producers produce even more number of plastics, and a minor change occurs in the number of recycled products.

Plastic bags considered to be one of the most convenient ways to carry loads of products. However, plastic ban is the solution as it is harmful to human health.

The plastic bag contains a few chemical and synthetic substances in them which can potentially disturb the typical working of the hormones of the human body.

Most of the plastic products that are discharged in the seas and oceans, like plastic bags contain contaminations like PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenyl) and PAHs (Polycyclic fragrant hydrocarbons) which can affect the hormone structure.

When sea animals eat these substances, it travels through the food web and finally reaches to a human while consuming fish.

How can we minimize use of plastic?

Plastic ban has soared high in several countries. The government of India has also made plastic ban in various states of the country. The use of plastic bags should be stopped throughout the country, and strict measures should be taken to implement this.

There must be a ban on the production of plastic bags also.
Retailers must be fined to sell plastic bags.
People who use and carry plastic bags should be fined.
Some amount must charge plastic bags of good quality which are easily available in the market; this will significantly reduce the use of plastic bags.
A good option should be available in the market, which can substitute plastic bags.

Plastic ban is a movement in the right direction. Most of the biggest economic countries of the world like China, USA and many European countries have banned the use of plastic bags.

There are many countries which have not implemented plastic bags, and they should do it soon. Some of the concerns arise on which people depend as a source of livelihood.

However, on the other side, the plastic ban is a sole need as these bags are destroying our environment. Innovators will eventually come up with an alternative for plastic ban everywhere. This will, in turn, create products and companies, and finally, people will get employment.

When it comes to production costs, plastic bags and cheaper and much easier to produce as compared to eco-friendly bags, however, the demerit is that the plastic bags undergo wear and tear easily. In fact, people discard them in the garbage bins as soon as they carry their products home.

Eco-friendly bags like that of cotton bags are much durable, and also it can be washed and reused again. Eco-friendly bags are cheaper for the long run because it doesn’t have government intervention to clear them from the street.

They are easily degradable and can be cleared from the face of the world. It is not wise to spend money on something that costs almost three times the amount to get rid of it.

10 Lines on Plastic Ban

The world produces more than 6 billion metric tons of plastic waste annually.
Plastic is dumped in lands and oceans, causing massive pollution and environmental problems.
Plastic is a human-made material and hence cannot be degraded in nature.
Scientists are working on a natural degradation of plastic through certain types of bacteria and enzymes.
On average, a person consumes more than 100 kilograms of plastic each year.
There are more than 12.7 million times of plastic in our oceans as of now.
Irresponsible disposal of plastics will lead to disturbance in the natural ecosystems as well as our food chain.
Banning plastic altogether is not possible because we are heavily dependent on plastic every day.
From our Smartphone’s to computers to medical devices, plastic exist in every sphere of our lives.
Plastic bags should be banned because the alternative for it exists like jute bag, gunny bag or paper bags.

Conclusion

There are many problems which are caused due to plastic waste, and it has often been overlooked and underestimated.

This is because people don’t think about the long term effect that plastic is causing to the environment. People look at the benefits that they are getting from it.

People do not consider plastic ban and keep using plastic bags owing to the convenience they offer and ignore the adverse effects that are caused to the environment.

Education

The meaning of education is to educate. The education is the smallest unit of development of that child in which they have interest. Education developed healthy mind in healthy body. Education is the development of internal power of people.

Meaning of education

Narrow meaning of education :- In this education given inside the four walls of school. Broad meaning of education :- In this whole world comes through which every day children learn new skills or news words. There is no definite place to get education.

Aim of education

Three things are important for education

Why education? :- In this what is aim of education is decided.
How education? :- In this the process of education is to be decided.
What education? :- In this syllabus is to be decided.

Need of education

It gives the path.
It gives the idea to do any work.
Education gives the confidence.
It makes selfsupporting.

Factors that determine the purpose of education

Place and time
Need and problems of society
Political ideology
Social ideology
Cultural ideology

All these factors is responsible for education. Also all of these are interlinked to each other. For example a political ideology wants that child learn only that thing, a cultural ideology wants that child learn only the culture of different places.

Hence for this a child can get all types of education through different different people or place.

APJ Abdul Kalam

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Regarded as an ideal Indian and a source of inspiration for the future generations president Dr. A.PJ Abdul Kalam was born on October 15 1931 in an ordinary Tamil family of Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. His full name is Avul Pakir Jainulabdin Abdul Kalam His father Jainul aabedin and mother Aashiamma were a simple and religious-minded couple.

They held an honourable place in the society and were regarded as an ideal couple. They lived in a joint family Kalams father was a simple person. He never cared for luxuries and gave more importance to rational thoughts and human values. The senior-most priest of Rameshwaram temple, Pt. Lakshman Shastri was his dear friend.

They used to have long spiritual discussions and Kalam as a boy listened attentively to those discussionsAl though Kalam could not understand everything but his thinking has been largely influenced by it.

During his childhood, Abdul Kalam partook his meals with his mother sitting on the kitchen floor. His mother used to spread a banana leaf before him and serve him a simple meal of garnished rice-tasty sambhar, home made pickles and fresh coconut chutney.

Right from his childhood Dr. Kalam was honest, God fearing laborious and simple traits which he inherited from his parents. Dr. Kalams childhood was deeply influenced by his cousin Shamsuddic who was the sole distributor of newspapers in Rameshwaram During those days there was great demand for Di naming, a Tamil newspaper.

Though Kalam had not yet learnt to read yet he satisfied himself by looking at the pictures, when Shamsuddin used to bring the newspaper.

When 2 World War started in 1939 Kalam was only 8 years old. During those days there was a sudden increase in demand for tamarind seeds in the market. Although Kalam did not know the reason, he started collect ing tamarind seeds and selling them at grocery shops.

This way he earned one anna everyday During that time emergency was announced in India because of the Second World War. As a result, the trains did not stop at Rameshwaram station. In that situation bundles of newspapers were thrown from the moving train be tween Rameshwaram and Dhanushkodi station.

At that time Shamsuddin felt the need of an assistant who could assist him in picking up those bundles. Child Kalam was well prepared to help him and in this way he earned his first salary from his cousin Shamsuddin.

In his childhood, Kalam used to wear a skull cap, which is a symbol of being a Muslim. At that time Kalam was a student of class V in a primary school. Once a new teacher came to his class. Kalam was sitting in the front row with his friend Ramanand Shastri.

The new teacher did not like a Hindu boy sitting next to a Muslim boy So he ordered Kalam to sit at the last bench Child Kalam did not like this. Ramanand Shastri too was very much grieved by this behaviour of the teacher.

When Lakshman Shastri, Ramanand Shastri’s father came to know about it he called the teacher and reprimanded himYou should not sow the seeds of religious discrimination in the hearts of innocent children.”

The teacher apologised for his behaviour and eventually a great change came in his attitude Having completed the primary education, Kalam was admitted to Swartz High School in Ramanathapuram. He had to stay in the school hostel. While at Ramanathapuram he very often missed his parents, his home and especially the South Indian sweetmeat poli prepared by his mother.

In spite of his great love for home, Kalam was fully dedicated to his studies because his parents and teachers had high expectations from him He worked very hard to achieve his aim and nothing could deter him from his firm determination.

Once, during his school days, it so happened that the maths teacher Ramakrishna Aiyar was teaching in another class Unknowingly Kalam entered the class roomSeeing this the teacher immediately caught hold off him by his neck and hit him with a rod before the entire class.

Later, when Kalam secured the highest marks in mathematics, Ramakrishna Aiyar narrated the episode at the time of morning prayer before everyone. He announced, The boy whom I beat with a rod will become a great man one day Mark my words, this student is going to become the pride of his school and teachers.

Since childhood, Kalam developed a deep liking for the mysteries of the sky, and the flight of birds across the seas. He enjoyed the sight Of cranes flying over the sea and long flights of birdsHe decided that one day he too would go for long flights in the sky. Later he was the first person in Rameshwaram to fly in a plane .

When Kalam completed his schooling, he was brimming with enthusiasm and confidence Without a second thought he entered Saint Joseph College, Tiruchirapalli, in 1950. During his college days he worked hard. He was a very disciplined student.

When he was a final year student in the college he developed a great liking for English LiteratureHe read all the available books on English literature by great writers such as Tolstoy, Scott. Also when he was a student of the final year he developed a deep in Clinton towards Physics. He felt great pleasure in reading about the highest knowledge of as tronomy, particularly our solar system To fulfil his dream Kalam decided to study Engineering after his B.Sc. fro Saint Joseph College. For this he needed at least one thousand rupees, but his father did not have that much money.

It was his elder sister Johra who came to his rescue. She mortgaged her gold bangles and necklace and got Kalam admitted to Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). At that time Kalam had a single ambition – to be a pilot.

Modesty is a good quality but Kalam had to face many difficulties at MIT because of it. Be cause of his humble nature, he was quite hesitant to ask questions or reply to them in front of everyone in the class. That is why his fellow students used to make fun of himKalam was depressed about it.

He lost his self-confidence During those days, he used to remember his father’s teachings and inspirational advicesHis father often said: “One who understands others, learns but a person is called wise when he understands himself. Learning without wisdom is nothing but crammed knowledge, it is of no use. Knowing oneself is much important.” This thought brought self-confidence in him and he was recharged with enthusiasm for achieving his aim.

During his studies in MIT, Kalam was inspired by three teachers – Prof Spander, Prof. K.A. B. Panadalaiin and Prof.

Nara Singha Rao to give his thoughts a concrete formKalam was able to construct his work field with the joint assistance of these teachers which laid the foundation of his life

After completing his third year from Madras Institute of Technology he joined as a technical instructor at the Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. After becoming an aeronautical engineer from Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. he got two excel lent job opportunities and both of which were enough to fulfil his childhood dreams One was in the Indian Air Force and the other was in the Technical Development and Production Di rectorate Ministry of Defence. Kalam prepared well with full dedication and hard labour. He was very much assured of his selection in the Indian Air Force.

But he was deeply disappointed when he came to know that out of 25 candidates only 8 had been selected and he had stood ninth. It was a great setback. He was disappointed but he soon recovered from this. Another chance yet remained with himHere he achieved success and was appointed as Technical Assistant in the Technical Development and Production Directorate Ministry of DefenceGovt. of India.

In the 196Os Dr. Kalam joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thumba (Kerala). There he played a key role in the development of the first indigenous satellite launcher. After that in 1982, he worked as Director of the Defence Research and the Development Organisation of India and was in charge of the Joint Controlled Launcher Development Programme.

After that he worked as a Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister and later as a Defence Advisor to the Prime Minister. He also played a major role in the 1998 nuclear experiments.

Dr. Kalam was quite cooperative with his colleagues in the work front. He paid attention to their ideasHe never made an attempt to impose his ideas upon them He tried to maintain discipline faith and mutual understanding in his teamHis behaviour was friendly with everyone. Because of these qualitiesKalam was a favourite among his col leagues. In spite of these, he has few friends in his private life. He has been totally dedicated to his work throughout his life and work has been his companion.

While serving the country in various ways Dr. Kalam not only fulfilled the dreams of his parents and teachers but also his own. He put India in an equal position with advanced countries and thereby enhanced its honour and pride After retirement, Dr. Kalam taught at the Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu. He has been conferred with various prestigious awards.

In 1981 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan) in 1990, ‘Padma Vibhushan, and in 1997, he was honoured with the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award. Besides this, he was awarded the Dr. Virender Roy Space Award, National Nehru Award and Arya Bhatt Award. 28 universities throughout the country awarded him the title of Doctor of Science

Undoubtedly we can assume Dr. Kalam as a fortunate person after having received so many awards and honours but he did not get any thing out of luck but as a result of sheer hard Work and strong determination.

He had to face obstacles throughout his life at every step There was problem of economic scarcity lack of will he worked as a Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister and later as a Defence Advisor to the Prime Minister. He also played a major role in the 1998 nuclear experiments. Dr. Kalam was quite cooperative with his colleagues in the work front.

He paid attention to their ideas He never made an attempt to impose his ideas upon them. He tried to maintain discipline faith and mutual understanding in his teamHis behaviour was friendly with everyone. Because of these qualitiesKalam was a favourite among his col leagues. In spite of these, he has few friends in his private life. He has been totally dedicated to his work throughout his life and work has been his companion.

Whether it was the assignment as a scientist or as a teacher, whatever work he was given, he accomplished it sincerely During his tenure as a teacher in Annamalai UniversityDr. Kalam was nominated as the President of India. On 25th July 2002, he was elected the 12th President of India. He took oath as a president under Chief Justice B.N. Kripal.

As President, Dr. Kalam replied strictly to the criticism of those people who were protesting strongly against a scientist being appointed as President, who had the image of a ‘missile man Dr. Kalams heart is as soft as a child’s although he has firm determination and will power in achieving his aim. He forgets himself in the company of children and becomes a part of themHe regards children as a seed in which the future tree is hidden He is of the view that children are the future of India.

He has not only hopes from the young generation, but also has full faith in themHe has the dream of educating each and every child of India and it is his mes sage that we should nurture high dreams and at the same time create confidence in our heart to transform those dreams into reality because this thought only can take our country towards path of progress.

Dr. Kalam believes that by 2020, our country will be able to become a developed country To transform his ideas into a solid form Dr. Kalam has many plans These programmes can turn to a reality but it is not possible only by the inspiration of a few selected Indians, for that every Indian has to work together. He accepts that the role of the younger generation is of utmost importance in the development of a nation Therefore he considers the Indian youth as the most powerful resource and inspires them to work unitedly.

He opines that if you are a good man then you can perform every job in the best manner. For example, if we take the instance of Dr. Kalams personality then he is a capable scientist, an ideal teacher besides being a wonderful colleague and an excellent writer. He has not only a good knowledge of Indian classical music, but he is a perfect violin player tooHe also has interest in gardening.

He feels unlimited peace of mind and pleasure in the company of nature He has a very busywork schedule, but even then he has kept a few regular habits such as morning walk, prayer, yoga, head massage with coconut oil before bath and drinking a glass of milk be fore retiring at night.

He always says that keep every moment busy and meaningful, but at the same time always take out time to feel the fragrance of flowers or to watch the myriad colours of butterties Dr. Kalam has this message for the young generation As a young citizen of India, armed with technology knowledge and love for my nation, I realise, small aim is a crime I will work and sweat for a great vision the vision of transforming India into a developed nation powered by economic strength with value system I am one of the citizens of a billion only the vision will ignite the billion souls.

It has entered into me , the ignited souls compared to any resource, is the most powerful resource on the earth, above the earth and under the earth.

I will keep the lamp of knowledge burning to achieve the vision Developed India. While delivering a lecture at the Indian

Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83 His death was mourned across the nation with thousands including national level dignitaries attending the funeral ceremony hold in his hometown of Rameshwaram where he buried with full state honours.

Not Everybody Gets The Privilege Of Having A Happy Family

From laughing loud to crying in silence, we all have experienced the importance of family. The family is the one such place you experience genuine love, the place where you can never find partiality in trust and love. Family is always there to support you in all the right decisions you make and restrict you from the incorrect decisions you take. Family encourages you to connect with people physically, emotionally, and mentally. It identifies you as a capable individual of reaching his/her goals without any hesitations.

How lucky are those people who have a complete family, aren’t they? They have many people around them with whom they can spend time, share their feelings, and experience all the ups and downs in life. The absence of that one really important person breaks you into pieces. Never feel suffocated you are in a joint or a complete family. Think you have a lot of support that only a few people get in their life. Family is a bunch of teachers and students, teachers being who direct you throughout your life and students being from whom you learn not to make mistakes.

The most important lesson is family teaches us our values. They teach us how to respect elders, the importance of helping people in need. Basically, the family is filled with all the interesting topics and lessons we want. The importance of a balanced life can be learnt from family. The right way of maintaining a healthy relationship with family members is by spending time with them, playing games with them, going on outings.

A complete family completes your world. Privileged are those who are blessed with a complete family. Some people don’t acknowledge the importance of a complete family. They take family for granted. They feel parents control them. They don’t spend time with them. There are so many families in this world in which one or the other family member isn’t there. The reason for the separation can be anything, but the loss is irreplaceable. People with the loss really feel helpless in such situations when they desperately need them.

Imagine a family who just makes a home, not a house. A place where family members stay happy, has small fights or arguments, come tired from work to have a good relaxation with family members is HOME. A HOUSE is a place filled with lots of fights, no proper conversations and a lot of misunderstandings.

A HAPPY FAMILY IS WHERE-

You keep your family as a first priority.
Not allow a third person break your family.
You trust and love each other unconditionally.
Understand and support each other.

It is not very easy to break your family until you put all your efforts to save it. It is important to sit and engage in a calm and healthy conversation on where we went wrong, what are the areas for us to work on so that we don’t commit same mistakes again. In a relationship, understanding is extremely important. If one partner fails to understand, the other should be more understanding to handle the situation very well. A family with constant fights and a lot of misunderstandings will never last long. It’s very important to stay united to save relationships.

A family is blessing where people get to stay happy and share all the matters openly without any hesitations. Always feel lucky to be born in a family where parents are supportive, loving and are ready to do anything for your happiness.

How to use the Google Chrome offline?

A web browser like Google Chrome is one of the most crucial components for your mobile, PC’s, Laptops, Tablets, etc. People generally spend most of their time online surfing on the browser while searching, chatting, e-mailing, shopping, banking, reading the news, and watching videos online. It has actually become one of the daily needs of our life because people nowadays are so much indulged online that for every small piece of information they Google it online with the help of web browsers.

If you open any page on Google chrome with a normal speed working internet connection, then it eventually connects you to the latest version of that page. On the other hand, if you are offline or have no internet connection on your source then Chrome will display an error message on your screen with a message that it is unable to connect to the internet.

Perks on Using Google

While other web browsers like Internet Explorer and Firefox serve an offline mode facility that actually auto-saves the copy of web pages and links that you browsed earlier when you had a working internet on your source and then you can open and read those websites that earlier accessed even if you are offline.

With its several perks, Google Chrome now comes with a facility to use it offline. Its recent version supports offline browsing but the option to easily locate the cached files of any web page or link is stored profoundly inside the settings.

Steps to start offline the Google Chrome

Steps to start offline browsing inside Google Chrome are.

Step 1: Open Google Chrome
Step 2: type chrome: //flags/
(Now you have the access to the experimental features page)
Step 3: search for the “Enable Offline Load Stale Button” option
Step 4: Click “Enable” against the option
Step 5: Restart the browser

Other Google Installers to use

There are some other efficient ways to start offline browsing on your Google Chrome by using Google chrome offline installers like:

Google Chrome Offline Installer 32-bit,
Google Chrome Offline Installer 64-bit, and
Google Chrome MSI Installers for Windows.

Google chrome offline installer helps the software when its inbuilt updater is unable to upgrade the browser to its latest version on Windows. An individual can download Google chrome offline installer from any online site. There are many sites that allow you to download these installers easily and free just by clicking on Google chrome offline installer free download.

Why to go for Google chrome offline installer 64 bit?

Google chrome offline installer 64 bit is one of the best options. It comes in two versions:

Single user account, and
All user account.

This installer is one of the fastest and most stable installer than other installers and their versions because this installer has been made for windows on public demand. It supports almost all Windows OS including Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7. Google Chrome 64-bit cannot be installed on 32-bit Windows versions. 64 bit is considered to be the present and future of computing technology because of its magnificent features.

Almost all software development organizations have stopped the development of 32-bit software versions because it has less demand since the arrival of 64-bit. 64-bit system is accessible in almost all the computers but if your computer is very old then maybe it doesn’t work in it.

Benefits of Chrome over Other Web Browsers

Also, there are many other offline installers and you can download Chrome offline installer easily from any website. Google Chrome has proven itself as the best web browser by competing with the most popular browsers like Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox which were considered to be the big giants in the web browser world. There are actually many people who still rely on these old web browsers instead of Google Chrome.

Important Features of Chrome

Some other features all are like its fastest browsing ability for all types of websites, Minimal UI, User-friendly interface, Configurable settings, Ultimate secure browser, Automatic and frequent updates, Incognito Mode as an alternative to Private Browsing Mode in Firefox, Ultimate fast speed, Installs in seconds, Independent tabbed browsing, Comparatively more stable, Ultimate security, Privacy protection, Built-in anti-phishing, Anti-malware features, Instant installation, etc.

If a person is a Windows user or an IT manager or a business entity then the most suitable installer is Chrome MSI which is a Windows Installer.

One can always find a suitable offline installer for their source because Google has almost made all sorts of installers and their versions for the betterment of people.

Top 10 Hiking Gears to Buy

Take your time to peruse various possible ways to get to the top may be through hiking! Some are easier but some can be a severe headache on pleasant weekends!

Are you a Hiking Enthusiast? If yes then, then it’s very good and if NO, then one question from my side “Freedom, how can there be a better way to celebrate it than to feel the fresh air, exercise and enjoy the mesmerizing views.”

Among all you here if anyone is not well acquainted with the term “Hiking” then for them, I can explain the meaning of the term – “Hiking is nothing but a long, strenuous walk usually on the trails in the countryside. This is one the most common leisure activity chosen for weekends.”

But there is one more thing that you must keep in mind and that is – What are the essentials that we must add to our backpack before starting our Hiking trip?

The main motive of going on a hike is to get away from our normal day to day life and spend some time with nature and here Hiking gears and gadgets hold a sophisticated balance.

And most importantly bustling with your gadgets will be one of the last things that you will be doing. Further, there is an inverse relationship between hike enjoyment and the weight of one’s backpack, as you could be flat on your back if you are willing to carry all your gears.

But there are some essential hiking gadgets that you must keep with you before going on a hiking trip which can surely add enjoyment to your Hike. Most importantly the wisest decision is to have the gears at the bottom of the pack and covering up less space than you thought. We have provided you with a list of 10 Hiking gears below, that we should add to our pack before we start for our Hike.

GPS and Satellite Communicator

The GPS and satellite communicator that perfectly fits in the palm but acts as the most useful life-saving tool, you could have in case of emergency. This device helps you by providing emergency assistance at one click by contacting any global emergency response coordinator or GOEs, even if you are not getting your cellphone’s signal. The rescuers will be informed of your exact location due to its internal GPS and built-in messaging will help you to communicate with them till they reach you.

This device also helps to provide peace of mind to families by sending them periodical updates of your exact location. The functions like SOS, location broadcasting makes it a must-have device.

Hiking Dry Sack

Hiking on a summer day with the scorching sun above your head, sounds horrible right? A summer shower may provide you with some relief, but your gadgets won’t appreciate the water. A lightweight waterproof compression sack is the best gear to protect them from rainstorms. Even if there are no signs of rainfall, it is also used by Hikers to organize and add more space to your packs. This is the true protector for your items like wallets, cellphones, car keys etc. A lot of companies are making hiking dry sacks but, SeaToSummit is having the largest range of collections and having the best reputation in the market.

Hiking Headlamp

Even if you are planning for a day Hike, it is always believed that carrying a light is profitable in case you fail to reach your destination before the sunsets. I am quite sure if you have used a hands-free headlamp, it is more likely known that you will never go back using a flashlight. You should always choose a hiking headlamp having super bright light and has adjustable beam settings, allowing you to adjust the brightness according to your need.

Nowadays headlamps are fitted to preserve night vision, preventing members of a group from blinding each other and a strobe function to attract attention in case of emergency making it a must pick during Hiking. Looking for the best headlamp in the market now? Actik Core might be your first choice.

Portable Water Filter

You might be thinking that carrying a water filter seems like overkill, but this tiny effective gadget might prove you wrong. At only 50-60 gm weight, you can quickly and effectively filter water without using the harsh bad-tasting chemical treatment. Suppose your water bottle is empty or has developed a leak and you need clean water, all you must do is fill up any pouch from a water source, screw the filter in, squeeze and drink with the provided straw.

Hiking Medical Kit

Let’s be honest, there is no replacement for a proper medical kit. Something as simple as a sprained ankle or any simple wound can mess up your hiking trip, then there is no point because you shouldn’t be prepared. Try to carry a medical kit having a waterproof bag, elastic bands for strains, duct tape, and a few basic medications. One kit is probably sufficient for your hiking trip, and it is advised for everyone to carry a medical kit positively before starting your journey.

Wool Clothing and Rain Hat

“Cotton kills” is frequently told by seasoned backcountry hikers, but they have a perfect reason for this. When cotton gets wet, it has zero insulation, conducts heat 25 times faster than air, wool on the other hand acts as a water repellant, preventing waterlogging. Even if the water is coming through them, they have air pockets that provide insulation. Also, if we talk about rain hats, once you have used them, you are more likely never to want to use your jacket hoodie or an umbrella.

You should always choose a rain hat that doesn’t restrict your line of sight, your ears should not be boxed in, and the rain hats must have great brims which help to prevent the face from getting soaked. The Gore-Tex Seattle Sombrero by Outdoor Research is probably the best rain hat in the market that comes in a variety of colors and sizes.

Hiking Poles

These poles provide Indisputable advantages that result in less painful, safer, and even faster hiking. They can easily establish a consistent walking rhythm, provide balance and stability, decrease stress on feet, legs, knees, or lower back and help in maintaining proper posture. Moreover, they are used to test loose rocks, puddle depth, or help in icy terrain. These poles show a long-term benefit by extending one’s Hiking lifetime. Your Hiking poles should be light, strong, foldable, height adjustable, durable and must provide good ergonomics.

Monocular

Monocular have a distinct advantage over binoculars because they are half of their size and weight. Moreover, they are mainly known for their instant use, by being able to fit in your pocket. Also, monocular are substantially faster and easier to focus on than a pair of binoculars, allowing you a better and quick view to see any bird in the sky or to identify any animal. You should always choose a monocular that provides a bright sharp image, prevents fogging, and is built with a waterproof case. If you are more interested in insects than birds, there are a few monocular that come with a special attachment to convert them into a microscope.

Hiking Boots

Shoes are always considered as an essential item that protects and comforts the human foot. So, as per your requirement, you should always select your footwear. For Hiking, we need . In this case, Hiking Boots are no doubt very important. They are specially made for different types of terrains and provide a grip on uneven surfaces. They are generally lightweight with a special padding on the heel and the ankle. So, hiking boots are the accessory you can Hike without.

Hammock

What can be more relaxing than gently swinging in the breeze, taking naps, and soaking in pleasant views in a hammock? Well, you don’t have to be a magician to pull out a hammock from your bag! Weighing around 600gms and compressible up to 4*5 inches, they are super lightweight hammocks. They take less than a minute to set the hammock and pack down. A few of them also come with a built-in compression sack, proving to be a great addition to your pack. Thinking of a five-minute snack break or an hour nap under a shade? Hammocks are mostly chosen for this purpose because of their comfortable design and easy access.

Why are hiking gears important? Any guesses? Yes, that was a very right guess.

Hiking gears are basically hiking equipment that is taken for outdoor walking trips. We need to know about how remote a place is or what are the potential hazards that can take place in the areas or localities which we are visiting where we are travelling.

This can be understood with an example – a short walk across farmland or a small trek in the Himalayas can decide the amount and weight of goods that might be carried along with us.

THINK DIFFERENT…

Hi all,
Today I am going to share different ways to say or ask
– Good morning.
– How are you?
– I am fine.
– What are you doing?

* Ways to say “GOOD MORNING”
1. Good day to you.
2. Have a great day.
3. Wishing you the best for
the day.
4. Good morning,Wake up
and be awesome.
5. Lovely morning.

*Ways to ask “HOW ARE YOU?”
1. How are you doing
2. How’s everything
3. How have you been
4. How are things going
5. How do you do
6. How is life sailing
7. How are things coming
along
8. Long time no see
9. What’s good in the Hood
10.what is new with you.

* Ways to say “I AM FINE”
1. I’m good.
2. I’m great.
3. Doing really well.
4. Couldn’t be better.
5. Never better.
6. I feel great/wonderful/
fantastic.
7. Over the moon.

*Ways to ask ‘WHAT ARE YOU DOING?’
1. Are you busy(right now)?
2. What’s going on?
3. What are you up to
(right now)?
4. What are you up to lately?.

Hope so, my today’s topic is useful to you. Now, try to use these ways, instead of using regular ways.

Have a lovely day.

Keep smiling ❣️

SWEATING : ITS SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS

Through a variety of reasons, every person sweats on daily basis. Ranging from a hot summer day to a highly productive workout session involving cardio or muscle training, to sweating when you are sick or in sauna, sweating is a natural reaction of our body to suit with existing environments conditions. While the masses hold the perception that sweating only happens in order to regulate our body’s temperature, they might be surprised that it is quite otherwise. Certainly sweating helps in cooling down our body temperature, there are a host of other things that occur in our body along with this phenomenon. One of the major consequences is: body odour, which people find extremely awkward and is considered highly unacceptable within our society. However, it is to be acknowledged that a myriad of other things happen along with mere body temperature regulation and body odour.

Full body powerful concentrated ethnic sportsman in activewear performing pushing ups with heavy dumbbells during intense workout in contemporary fitness club

These are some of the positive ways in which our body reacts due to sweating. They are discussed below:-

#1 SWEATING IS A DETOXIFIER

Back view anonymous tired female jogger in activewear resting and leaning on tree in autumn park

Apart from the excretory processes of our body to get rid of useless substances from our body, sweating is another way through which our body cleans up. Sweating is highly beneficial in the way that it helps in detoxifying our body. It helps in getting rid of toxins and metals from our body. A study has shown that sweating plays a significant role in getting rid of metals like cadmium, mercury and arsenic as well.

So, make sure to get a good sweat to get rid of any extra gunk from your body!

#2 GET A CLEARER SKIN

Sweating may help us get a clearer skin that we have always wanted and desired. This os evident through the fact that sweating aids in opening up our pores, that may have trapped up any dirt or pollutants that may cause bacteria to grow on our skin and cause a range of issues, such as acne or even allergies. Sweating, hence, helps in flushing out any potential skin-irritants that may be harmful for our skin.

So, get that clear and smooth skin you have always dreamed of by breaking a sweat!

#3 HEART HEALTH

Man in Gray Tank Top Holding Brown Wooden Rings

Surprisingly, sweating plays an important role in maintaining our heart health. This is credited to the fact that as our body heats up, sweating helps our body to cool down and our heart is made to pump blood to the different organs within our body, making our heart break a sweat and aiding it to stay active and keep working.

As a result, sweating ensures our heart’s health and happiness and ours too!

#4 HEALTHY HAIR

Sweating has been proven in improving our hair quality similar to the way it helps our skin. It opens up pores on our scalp, allowing our hair to breath and get the circulation it so needs. However it needs to pointed out that while sweating is good for your hair health, it also leads to excessive build up and dryness on the scalp surface. Hence, it is necessary for us to wash our hair frequently after sweating so as to maintain the hair’s health and wellness!

In conclusion, sweating is an essential function of our body and can provide us innumerable effects that are highly beneficial to us in a variety of ways!

Importance of Yoga

Yoga’s popularity has increased dramatically during the previous few decades. Yoga is also being adopted and recommended by medical professionals and celebrities due to its numerous benefits. While some people dismiss yoga as just another fad and equate it with new age mysticism, others swear by how amazing this kind of exercise feels. What they don’t realise is that what they think of as just another form of exercise will benefit them in unexpected ways. Before we get into the benefits of Yoga, it’s important to first define what Yoga is. Yoga is a way of life that aspires for a healthy mind in a healthy body, not a religion. As stated in Ayurveda in India, man is a physical, mental, and spiritual being, and yoga aids in the development of a balance between these three. Aerobics and other forms of exercise, on the other hand, only provide bodily well-being. These activities have very little to do with spiritual or astral body development.

Yoga is more than just bending and twisting your body while holding your breath. It’s a method for putting you in a state where you can see and experience reality as it is. Your sensory body grows as you allow your energies to become exuberant and ecstatic. The unity that yoga generates allows you to feel the entire universe as a part of yourself, making everything one. It’s a method that motivates you to work for the greater benefit. Yoga aims to achieve perfect harmony between your mind, body, and spirit. You will be able to draw out the best of your ability if you modify yourself so that everything within you works perfectly.

Benefits of Yoga

The following are some of the benefits of Yoga:
1. Enhances mental performance.
2. Reduced anxiety
3. Increases flexibility through modifying gene expression
4. Blood pressure is brought down.
5. Reduces anxiety and chronic back pain by improving lung capacity.
6. In diabetics, it helps to lower blood sugar.
7. Balance is improved.
8. Bone strength
9. Weight management is important.
10. Heart disease risk is reduced.

Yoga as a practise offers numerous advantages that have a favourable impact on a person’s physical and emotional well-being. Yoga can help you with a variety of things, like lowering your blood pressure and increasing your pain tolerance.

Improved Circulation: Yoga helps to increase blood circulation. This means that oxygen and nutrients are transported more efficiently throughout the body. Improved blood flow also means healthier organs and a more youthful appearance.
Yoga Improves Posture: Yoga teaches you how to manage and balance your body. Your body will naturally assume the correct stance with continuous practise. You’ll appear confident as well as healthy.
Improves your mood: Practicing yoga on a regular basis instantly improves your mood by infusing your body with revitalising energy.
Improved Blood Circulation: Daily yoga practise improves blood circulation in the body. As the body slows down, this allows for more oxygenation, resulting in a dramatic fall in blood pressure.
Prevents Premature Aging: Why not age gracefully rather than prematurely? Yes, yoga aids in the detoxification and elimination of toxins and free radicals. Apart from the various advantages, this also helps to slow down the ageing process. Yoga also relieves stress, which is another component that slows down the ageing process.
Stress Reduction: When you’re on your yoga mat, you’re completely focused on the practise. This means that all of your attention is focused on the task at hand, and your mind is gradually draining the stress and problems that have been tormenting it.
A Lower Pulse Rate: Yoga relaxes the body by relieving stress. The pulse rate slows down as the body relaxes. A low pulse rate means that your heart is capable of pumping more blood in a shorter period of time.
Increases Strength: You can develop your strength by using your own body weight. This is a perplexing strength-training technique.

Not Everybody Gets The Privilege Of Having A Happy Family

The family remains one such spot where you have experienced all kinds of emotions. We all love our FAMILY, don’t we? From laughing loud to crying in silence, we all have experienced the importance of family. The family is the one such place you experience genuine love, the place where you can never find partiality in trust and love. Family is always there to support you in all the right decisions you make and restrict you from the incorrect decisions you take. Family encourages you to connect with people physically, emotionally, and mentally. It identifies you as a capable individual of reaching his/her goals without any hesitations.

A HAPPY FAMILY IS WHERE-

You keep your family as a first priority.
Not allow a third person break your family.
You trust and love each other unconditionally.
Understand and support each other.

THE KITE RUNNER

The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini. Published in 2003 by Riverhead Books, it tells the story of Amir, a young boy from the Wazir Akbar Khan district of Kabul. The story is set against a backdrop of tumultuous events, from the fall of Afghanistan’s monarchy through the Soviet invasion, the exodus of refugees to Pakistan and the United States, and the rise of the Taliban regime.

PLOT

Amir recalls an event that happened twenty-six years before, when he was still a boy in Afghanistan, and says that that made him who he is. Before the event, he lives in a nice home in Kabul, Afghanistan, with Baba, his father. They have two servants, Ali and his son, Hassan, who are Hazaras, an ethnic minority. Baba’s close friend, Rahim Khan, is also around often. When Afghanistan’s king is overthrown, things begin to change. One day, Amir and Hassan are playing when they run into three boys, Assef, Wali, and Kamal. Assef threatens to beat up Amir for hanging around with a Hazara, but Hassan uses his slingshot to stop Assef.

The story skips to winter, when the kite-fighting tournament occurs. Boys cover their kite strings in glass and battle to see who can sever the string of the opposing kite. When a kite loses, boys chase and retrieve it, called kite running. When Amir wins the tournament, Hassan sets off to run the losing kite. Amir looks for him and finds Hassan trapped at the end of an alley, pinned with his pants down. Wali and Kamal hold him, and Assef rapes him. Amir runs away, and when Hassan appears with the kite, Amir pretends he doesn’t know what happened. Afterward, Amir and Hassan drift apart. Amir, who is racked by guilt, decides either he or Hassan must leave. He stuffs money and a watch under Hassan’s pillow and tells Baba that Hassan stole it. When Baba confronts them, Hassan admits to it, though he didn’t do it. Shortly after, Ali and Hassan move away.

The story jumps to March 1981. Baba and Amir are in the back of a truck as they escape from Kabul, which was invaded by the Soviets and has become a war-zone. After a hellish journey, they make it to Pakistan. Two years later, Baba and Amir live in Fremont, California. While Baba works at a gas station, Amir finishes high school and goes to college. Baba and Amir sell things at a flea market on Sundays, and Baba sees an old friend, General Taheri. Amir notices General Taheri’s daughter, Soraya. When Amir finally speaks to her, General Taheri catches him and tells him there is a proper way to do things. Not long after, Baba is diagnosed with lung cancer. Amir asks Baba if he will get General Taheri’s consent for Amir to marry Soraya. General Taheri accepts the proposal. They hold the wedding quickly because of Baba’s health, and Baba dies a month later. Amir and Soraya try unsuccessfully to have a baby while Amir works on his writing career.

Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan is sick and wants Amir to see him in Pakistan. Amir meets him a week later, and Rahim Khan tells Amir about the devastation in Kabul. He says things only got worse after the Soviets were forced out. Now the Taliban rule by violence. He has a favor to ask of Amir, but first he needs to tell him about Hassan. When Baba and Amir left Afghanistan, Rahim Khan watched their house. Out of loneliness and because he was getting older, he decided to find Hassan. He convinced Hassan and Hassan’s wife, Farzana, to come back to Kabul with him. Farzana and Hassan eventually had a little boy, Sohrab. A few years later Rahim Khan went to Pakistan for medical treatment, but he received a call from a neighbor in Kabul. The Taliban went to Baba’s house and shot Hassan and Farzana and sent Sohrab to an orphanage.

Rahim Khan wants Amir to go to Kabul and bring Sohrab back to Pakistan, where a couple lives that will take care of him. He tells Amir that Baba was Hassan’s father, and Amir agrees to do it. In Afghanistan, Amir finds the orphanage where Sohrab is supposed to be, but he is not there. The orphanage director says a Taliban official took Sohrab a month earlier. If Amir wants to find the official, he will be at the soccer stadium during the game the next day. Amir goes to the game, and at half-time, the Taliban put a man and a woman in holes in the ground and the official Amir is looking for stones them to death. Through one of the Taliban guards, Amir sets up a meeting with the official.

When they meet, Amir tells the official he is looking for a boy, Sohrab, and the official tells the guards to bring the boy in. Sohrab is wearing a blue silk outfit and mascara, making him appear more feminine and suggesting that the men sexually abuse him. The official says something Amir recognizes, and suddenly Amir realizes the official is Assef. Assef says he wants to settle some unfinished business. He beats Amir with brass knuckles, breaking Amir’s ribs and splitting his lip. Sohrab threatens Assef with his slingshot, and when Assef lunges at him, Sohrab shoots him in the eye, allowing Amir and Sohrab to escape. As Amir recovers in the hospital, he finds out there never was a couple that could care for Sohrab. Amir asks Sohrab to live with him in the U.S., and Sohrab accepts.

The adoption officials tell Amir that adopting Sohrab will be impossible since he can’t prove Sohrab’s parents are dead, and Amir tells Sohrab he may have to go back to an orphanage. Amir and Soraya figure out a way to get Sohrab to the U.S., but before they can tell Sohrab, Sohrab tries to kill himself. He lives, but he stops speaking entirely. Even after they bring Sohrab to California, Sohrab remains withdrawn. One day, they go to a park with other Afghans. People are flying kites. Amir buys one and gets Sohrab to fly it with him. They spot another kite and battle it. Using one of Hassan’s favorite tricks, they win. Sohrab smiles, and as the losing kite flies loose, Amir sets off to run it for Sohrab.

SOURCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kite_Runner

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-kite-runner

World Photography Day: Perspective of its meaning

What is Photography?

Before giving the answer, let me tell you something.
See the little girl in the photograph below.

Isn’t the picture amazing? I feel this photograph must have been clicked by any talented photographers. Such a clear photograph, such a prominent one, the portrait of the young girl is so distinguished.
What is your opinion?
But, now I would like to say you all, that it is one of the world’s most famous photograph clicked by Steve McCurry. Still, now those who were thinking it to be an ordinary photograph must have started thinking that the photograph has to possess something special within it, as it has been clicked by one of the WORLD’S BEST PHOTOGRAPHER, Steve McCurry. Many people will be curious to know whether there is having some mystery within the photograph like that the portraiture of Lady with an Ermine drawn by Leonardo. But, to speak the truth there is no such mystery within the photograph but the real mystery lies within the eyes of the 10-year-old little girl. Sharbat Gula, a Pashtun orphan in the Nasir Bagh was present at the refugee camp near the Afghan-Pakistan border, in December 1984, when Steve went there. Won’t the look of this little girl an incredible one with a penetrating gaze? Yes, that gaze is the special one because the eyes will say you many things. The girl was gleaming into the camera lens. She had this curiosity and anxiety over her face.

So, now if I ask you all, what is photography, then we can say by keeping the dictionary definition apart that it is a vast idea with different opinions from a different type of people. For some, photography may be putting fingers in the button and ‘clicking a photo’ or posing in front of the camera and sharing in social media. But for many, photography is like a passion. Most of the photographers have a common dream to snap a photo that would eventually become world-famous and enter the history books. Photography is nothing but an art which is used to show us the various visions of our life. It will also give us an opportunity to showcase our skills with the camera.
Each and every artistic creation has some inner values, emotions and valuable history attached to it. Artistic creation may vary from painting to sculpting, or from architecture, printmaking to photography. Artist of each category wants to convey to us some real life-related message. Messages can not only be conveyed through writings or scribbling into papers and reading those scribbled words, but they can also be conveyed from between the written lines, between the written words, those words that are not in black and white on the paper. Similarly, a clicked photo has much to say us. Moving or still, and however it is taken, whether, by pinhole camera or phone, the photographic image is the successor to the great art of the past. A photo is a very clever creation may be cleverer than us. It constantly tests our intellect and sees whether we are able to collect the true message from within the frame. It will never reveal its true meaning. It’s us who have to find the true meaning of it.

Wildlife photography tells us about all the different points of wildlife. In wildlife photography, the photographer has to be patient and spend a lot of time to get good pictures and maybe longer time to get some of the best photos. Now, animals will do what they would like to do, one couldn’t command them to be a little soft or to behave cutely. You always have to be ready with your camera so that you don’t miss those shots which are really appreciable or something special. More you spend time with the animals more you will be able to understand their behaviour.

Nature photography shows us an overview of the situation, sometimes in a very aesthetic form, but in recent years it has evolved into photography that reveals a context that, like any documentary photography, explores the relationship of the living to a territory.

On the other hand, war photography involves photographing armed conflict and its effects on people and places. Photographers who are involved in this type of art has life risk, may get harmed due to explosions or gunfight and may many times succumb to death. The main motive of this type of photography is to make the whole world know about the miseries of war. The typical condition in which the soldiers live, they go to the Warfield in order to kill those people whom they never know.

Another photograph clicked by Steve McCurry during the First Gulf War Kuwait, 1991. It shows three camels silhouetted against an explosion of fire and smoke. “Saddam Hussein had blown up 600 oil wells. It was an environmental catastrophe. Lakes of oil were leaking all over the country, and seeping into the Gulf. Half of it was on fire. There were geysers of oil spurting out of the earth, making it like midnight during the day,” recalled by Steve McCurry. He spotted the camels running along the edge of an oilfield and followed them in his jeep. But they had been blackened by the oil, and there was no way to capture a picture of them against the black cloud behind. Suddenly the camel started running towards the burning area and they have been illuminated by fire and then he clicked the photo and then he realized himself within a minefield. He carefully backs out following the tyres so that he doesn’t get blown up. Thus proves the risk of the work.

So each type of photography has its own purpose. It was rightly said by Elliott Erwitt, “Photography is an art of observation. It has little to do with the things you see and everything to do with the way you see them”. Obviously, it is the viewer’s eye which is responsible the way it would interpret the beauty of the photo. A photographer’s fame and popularity depends on the viewer’s eye because the greatness of photography lies in human insight. From news images to the Hubble telescope, Photography is the art of real-life – however, manipulated, and real-life creates true art.

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

About

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is an Indian billionaire entrepreneur. She is the executive chairperson and founder of Biocon Limited and Biocon Biologics Limited, a biotechnology company based in Bangalore, India and the former chairperson of Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore.

A pioneer of the biotechnology industry in India and the head
of the country’s leading biotechnology enterprise, Biocon, Ms.
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is a highly respected businesswoman.
Ms. Mazumdar-Shaw, a first generation entrepreneur, has made
her country proud with a globally recognized biopharmaceutical
enterprise that is committed to innovation and affordability in
delivering world-class therapeutics to patients globally.

Biography

A successful technocrat of global standing, Ms Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw heads India’s leading
biopharmaceutical enterprise, Biocon. She is highly respected in the corporate world and has been
named among TIME magazine’s ‘100 Most Influential People in the World.’ She has also featured
in Fierce Biotech’s list of ‘World’s 25 Most Influential People in Biopharma’ and is recognized
among Forbes ‘100 Most Powerful Women’ globally. U.S.-based Chemical Heritage Foundation
recently conferred Ms Mazumdar-Shaw with the ‘2014 Othmer Gold Medal’ and Germany-based
Kiel Institute for the World Economy awarded her its coveted ‘2014 Global Economy Prize’ for
Business. Her most cherished awards are the national awards, PADMA SHRI (1989) and PADMA
BHUSHAN (2005), presented to her by the President of India for her pioneering efforts in
biotechnology.
Under her stewardship, Biocon has evolved from its inception in 1978 as an industrial enzymes
company to a fully integrated innovation-led Biopharmaceutical enterprise committed to reduce
therapy costs of chronic diseases like autoimmune, diabetes and cancer. As an emerging global
biopharmaceutical enterprise, serving customers in over 85 countries through innovative products
and research services, it is enabling access to affordable healthcare for patients, partners and
healthcare systems across the globe. It has successfully developed and taken a range of novel
biologics, biosimilars, differentiated small molecules and affordable recombinant human insulin
and analogs from ‘Lab to Market’. It has a rich pipeline of biosimilars and novel biologics at
various stages of development, including a high potential oral insulin..
Ms Mazumdar-Shaw’s commitment to affordable healthcare extends beyond business. She is
passionately focused on innovation-led healthcare solutions for sustainable and affordable health-
care for the marginalized communities. Her philanthropic initiatives include an innovative micro-
health insurance program based on delivering cashless healthcare through primary healthcare
clinics in rural areas of Karnataka, an education initiative based on math education for school
children in government schools as well as making quality cancer care affordable to a larger patient
population. She has established the 1,400-bed Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center (MSCC) in
Bangalore in partnership with renowned heart surgeon Dr Devi Shetty to deliver affordable world-
class cancer care services to patients irrespective of socio-economic status.
More recently she has also established the Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research
(MSCTR), a non-profit research institute dedicated to developing scientific breakthroughs
resulting in more effective treatments for a wide range of human diseases and conditions. Ms
Mazumdar-Shaw is also focusing on ensuring access to affordable healthcare for the marginalized
communities through telemedicine initiatives like eLaaj, preventive screenings for oral and
cervical cancer etc.

About Biocon

Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company that is based in Bangalore, India founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw. The company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are sold in over 120 countries across the globe, including the developed markets of the United States and Europe. It also manufactures novel biologics, as well as, biosimilar insulins and antibodies, which are sold in India as branded formulations. Biocon’s biosimilar products are also sold in both bulk and formulation forms in several emerging markets. In contract research services, Syngene International Limited (Syngene), a publicly listed subsidiary of Biocon.

Know More About BRICS and BRICS 2021

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

“BRICS must provide a united and clear voice in shaping a peaceful, balanced and stable world. We must harness each other’s strengths, in knowledge, skills and resources”.

– Narendra Modi

BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

History.

The word “BRIC” is thought to have been invented in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, then chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, in his book Building Better Global Economic BRICs. But, it was actually coined by Roopa Purushothaman who was a Research Assistant in the original report. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010, after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS.

First BRIC Summit.

The BRIC grouping’s first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, began on June 16, 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all in attendance. The summit focused on boosting the global economy and reforming financial institutions, as well as discussing how the four countries could work together more effectively in the future. There was also greater discussion about how developing countries, such as the BRIC members that make up 3/4 of the group, may become more involved in global issues.

Objectives-

1. For more sustainable, equitable, and mutually beneficial development, the BRICS aspire to strengthen, enhance, and intensify collaboration within the grouping and among individual nations.

2. BRICS takes each member’s growth, development, and poverty goals into account to ensure that partnerships are established on each country’s economic strengths while avoiding competition whenever possible.

3. BRICS is establishing itself as a new and promising political-diplomatic body with a wide range of goals that extend far beyond the basic goal of overhauling global financial institutions.

Areas of Cooperation-

1. Political and Security Cooperation-

BRICS offers opportunities for policy advice and best practice exchanges on domestic and regional issues, as well as advancing the restructuring of the global political architecture to make it more balanced, based on the pillar of multilateralism.

2. Economic Cooperation-

There are rapidly growing trade and investment flows between BRICS countries as well as economic cooperation activities across a range of sectors. Economic and trade cooperation, innovation cooperation, customs cooperation, strategic cooperation between the BRICS Business Council, contingent reserve agreement, and the New Development Bank all have agreements in place. These agreements help to achieve the common goals of strengthening economic cooperation and promoting integrated trade and investment markets.

3. People-to-People exchange-

The need to strengthen People-to-People interactions and create closer collaboration in the areas of culture, sport, education, cinema, and youth has been recognized by BRICS members. In the spirit of openness, inclusion, variety, and mutual learning, people-to-people exchanges aim to form new connections, develop relations, and increase mutual understanding between BRICS peoples.

BRICS Submit 2021.

The 13th BRICS Summit is going to be held under India’s Chairship in 2021. It will be the third time that India will be hosting the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016.

The theme for India’s Chairship is ‘BRICS @ 15: Intra-BRICS Cooperation for Continuity, Consolidation and Consensus’. The theme reflects our approach to strengthen the founding principles of BRICS cooperation based on continuity, consolidation and consensus.

The discussion in the BRICS Summit 2021 is around three pillars:

1. Political and Security:

The discussion is centered on global and regional security. The following are the priority sectors:

Counter-Terrorism Cooperation & Reform in the Multilateral System.

2. Economic and Financial:

The emphasis is on intra-BRICS cooperation in areas including trade, agriculture, infrastructure, small and medium businesses, energy, and finance and banking. The priority under this pillar are:

•BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy 2020-25 – Implementation of this strategy was discussed.

•BRICS Agriculture Research Platform – The platform’s operations was discussed.

•Cooperation on Disaster Resilience

•Innovation Cooperation

•Digital Health and Traditional Medicine

3. Cultural and People to People:

Cultural and personal exchanges have always been beneficial to intra-group bonding, and the BRICS 13th Summit was focused on this topic.

Marginalization

Marginality is an experience that affects millions of people throughout the world. People who are marginalized have relatively little control over their lives, and the resources available to them. This results in making them handicapped in delving contribution to society. A vicious circle is set up whereby their lack of positive and supportive relationships means that they are prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further isolation. This has a tremendous impact on the development of human beings.

What is Marginalization?

Marginalization is when an individual or group is put into a position of less power or isolation within society because of discrimination. When an individual is marginalized, they are unable to access the same services and resources as other people and it becomes very difficult to have a voice in society.

It deprives a large majority of people across the globe from participating in the development. It is a complex problem, and there are many factors that cause marginalization. This complex and serious problem needs to be addressed at the policy level.

Meaning of Marginalization

In general, the term ‘marginalization’ describes the obvious actions or tendencies of human societies, where people who they perceive to undesirable or without useful function, are excluded, i.e., marginalized. These people, who are marginalized, from a GROUP or COMMUNITY are known as ‘marginalized groups’. This limits their opportunities and means for survival.

The Encyclopedia of Public Health defines marginalized groups as, “To be marginalized is to be placed in the margins, and thus excluded from the privilege and power found at the center”. Latin observes that ‘Marginality’ is so thoroughly demeaning, for economic well-being, for human dignity, as well as for physical security. Marginal groups can always be identified by members of dominant society, and will face irrevocable discrimination.

Characteristics of Marginalized Groups

Usually, a minority group has the following characteristics :

It suffers from discrimination and subordination
They have physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved of, by a dominant group
They share a sense of collective identity and common burdens
They have shared social rules about who belongs, and who does not
They have a tendency to marry within the group

Various Marginalized Groups and their Problems

1. Women

Under different economic conditions, and under the influence of specific historical, cultural, legal and religious factors, marginalization is one of the manifestations of gender inequality. Gender-based violence and domestic violence is high among women in general in India. Girl child and women from the marginalized groups are more vulnerable to violence. The dropout and illiteracy rates among them are high. Early marriage, trafficking, forced prostitution and other forms of exploitation are also reportedly high among them. In situations of caste conflict, women from marginalized groups face sexual violence from men of upper caste i.e., rape and other forms of mental torture and humiliation.

2. People with Disabilities

People with disabilities have had to battle against centuries of biased assumptions, harmful stereotypes, and irrational fears. The stigmatization of disability resulted in the social and economic marginalization of generations with disabilities, and, like many other oppressed minorities, this has left people with disabilities in a severe state of impoverishment for centuries. The proportion of the disabled population in India is about 21.9 million.

3. Scheduled Caste

The caste system is a strictly hierarchical social system based on underlying notions of purity and pollution. Brahmins are on the top of the hierarchy and Shudras or Dalits constitute the bottom of the hierarchy. The marginalization of Dalits influences all spheres of their life, violating basic human rights such as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. A major proportion of the lower castes and Dalits are still dependent on others for their livelihood. Dalits do not refer to caste but suggest a group who are in a state of oppression, social disability and who are helpless and poor. Literacy rates among Dalits are very low. They have meagre purchasing power and have poor housing conditions as well as have low access to resources and entitlements.

4. Scheduled Tribes

They constitute a large proportion of agricultural laborers, casual laborers, plantation laborers, industrial laborers etc. This has resulted in poverty among them, low levels of education, poor health and reduced access to healthcare services. They belong to the poorest strata of the society and have severe health problems.

5. Elderly or Aged People

Lack of economic dependence has an impact on their access to food, clothing, and healthcare. Among the basic needs of the elderly, medicine features as the highest unmet need. Healthcare of the elderly is a major concern for society as aging is often accompanied by multiple illnesses and physical ailments.

6. Sexual Minorities

Due to the dominance of heteronomous sexual relations as the only form of normal acceptable relations within the society, individuals who are identified as having same-sex sexual preferences are ridiculed and ostracized by their own family and are left with very limited support structures and networks of community that provide the conditions of care and support. Their needs and concerns are excluded from various health policies and programs.

7. Patients of Communicable Diseases

Those living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness and disability are more venerable among others. These groups face severe forms of discrimination that denies them access to treatment and prevents them from achieving a better health status.

8. Children

Children Mortality and illness among children are caused and compounded by poverty, their sex and caste position in society. All these have consequences on their nutrition intake, access to healthcare, environment, and education. Poverty has a direct impact on the mortality and morbidity among children. In India, a girl child faces discrimination and differential access to nutritious food and gender-based violence is evident from the falling sex ratio and the use of technologies to eliminate the girl child.

GUANO ISLANDS

Guano islands were discovered on a series of islands off the coast of Peru. These islands are rocky and barren and have no vegetation owning to lack of rain in the area.

The word ‘GUANO’ originated from the Andean indigenous language Quechua, which refers to any form of dung used as a fertilizer in agriculture. So what is guano? Dropping of certain fish eating birds are called as guano. Three birds are primarily producers of guano- white breasted cormorants, grey pelicans and white head gannets or piqueros. Millions of this types of birds reside on these islands because of this island isolation from natural predators and large reserves of anchovy fishes. Due to lack of rain their dropping gets baked in the dry atmosphere preventing nitrates in these droppings from evaporating make it a good fertilizer. Over the course of years guano reserves have accumulated into a thick layer of 100-150 feet guano fertilizer.

Guano has valuable agricultural benefits as it’s a natural fertilizer the crop yields improved which made it high prized commodity during 19th century. It was heavily traded by the European and American traders. It helped to build Peru economy. It Haas been estimated that around mid 1800’s Peruvian excavated over 20,000,000 tons of guano making a huge profit. Eventually Peru suffered a loss due depleted guno and introduction of artificial fertilizers.

Since 1909, the Peruvian government has taken measures to conserve guano reserves by establishing the GUANO ADMINISTRATION COMPANY . The methods includes;

. Keeping the islands off limits to reacumulate their guano reserves and not disturbing the natural habitat of these birds.

. Controlling the commercial fishing industry and setting measures to conserve guano birds feeds.

. Establishing preservation parks on the main land where some birds can migrate so that they can be safe from predators.

. Limiting guano exports and preventing disruption of ocean ecosystem.

How to Overcome the fear of public Speaking

Fear of public speaking is a common form of anxiety. It can range from slight nervousness to paralyzing fear and panic. Many people with this fear avoid public speaking situations altogether, or they suffer through them with shaking hands and a quavering voice. But with preparation and persistence, you can overcome your fear.

1. Start Small

If you’re new to the world of public speaking, start small. Find a few friends and family to practice on. Begin by speaking to smaller groups and build up from there. The size of the audience makes no difference. If you know your topic, your pre-speaking fear will quickly evaporate.

2. Prepare Thoroughly

Nothing helps ease the fear of public speaking more than knowing your material. The ability to connect with your audience comes from having the confidence you won’t get lost during your delivery. Rehearse several times before the big talk. Time your presentation and always have back up material in case time is left over.

3. Don’t Just Memorize the Words

Mastering the art of public speaking comes not from memorizing word for word your entire speech. The real pros know their material by remembering key points and prompts on subtopics and examples to cover.

4. Avoid Common Bullets

The majority of business presentations and speeches are boring monologues filled with endless PowerPoint slides and bullet points. Trash the PowerPoint presentation and make your material the focal point of the talk. If you do use PowerPoint, take the approach of using visuals that quickly convey your message.

5. Reduce Stress

The most fearful moment of any presentation is the one minute before your stage entrance. Use the tactic of elite athletes by visualizing a positive outcome and using deep belly breathing to reduce stress and build confidence.

6. Find a Friend to Focus On

Prior to your public speaking on stage introduce yourself to a few members of the audience in the front row. During your talk look these people in the eye to ease your nerves and connect with your audience.

7. Engage the Audience

Creating a monologue presentation puts the entire task of informing and entertaining the audience on you. Make your talk a two-way interaction with questions and participation to reduce boredom and speak with ease. Having the group involved also gives you time to reorganize your thoughts if things are going off track.

Make public speaking part of your marketing plan and boost your business success. Your fear will evaporate over time and you will wonder why you didn’t start sooner.

Conclusion

If you can’t overcome your fear with practice alone, consider seeking professional help. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a skills-based approach that can be a successful treatment for reducing fear of public speaking.

Source

https://www.briantracy.com/blog/public-speaking/27-useful-tips-to-overcome-your-fear-of-public-speaking/

INVENTIONS AND ESPIALS FROM ANCIENT GREECE .

Apart from the very intriguing stories from Greek Mythology , Greece has also been the pioneer of many inventions and discoveries . The Greeks have been crowned with the title of being the fathers of science , zoology , medicine and many more . Here are few of their discoveries and findings :

ALARM CLOCKS – Alarm clock was invented by the Greek engineer , mathematician and Physicist Ctesibius , who lived in Alexandria . But it is also believed that the Greek philosopher Plato had made his version of alarm clock way before Ctesibius did . Plato was very displeased with his students for being late to his classes due to over sleeping , so he came up with a solution – yes , an alarm clock . Though , alarm clocks have definitely evolved and now its in our smart phones ,but this genius invention roots back to the Greeks .

ODOMETER – Odometer is an instrument that measures the distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle. It is believed that Archimedes was the inventor of the odometer , while some people also believe that Heron of Alexandria invented it . The odometer helped The Greeks and Roman revolutionise the building of roads accurately .

GEOMETRY – There were many Greek mathematicians and geometers that contributed to the development of Geometry .Thales of Miletus is regarded as the father of geometry , proposed a number of rules that were based on true reasoning .

OLYMPICS – The first modern olympics that was held in 1896 , was actually inspired by ancient olympic held in Greece . The first olympic games was held in approximately in 776 BC in Olympia. This was held every four years in Olympia during a religious fest to honour Zeus .

Internship, Skill development

As the name itself suggest today we will understand the concept of internship and skill development .Both these are necessary to upgrade an individual’s career goals. For a good and secure job experience and interest is must.

INTERNSHIP : As we know today’s scenario where there is lack of jobs, unemployment and much more issues. Internships provide a platform to an individual to enhance his skills and gain knowledge from an experienced organisation. Experience can only be achieved if we are willing to work. Internships are an easy way to develop these skills without any cost. Most of time people do internships to improve their CV and get their desired jobs in the desired organisation. Yes it helps an individual in achieving these targets. But internship is much more also. Sometimes we don’t know about the work but are interested in doing that and internships give that a chance.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT : Now coming towards another part that is skill development. It is becoming a trend to become more skilled so that a person can provide his services at his best to the organization. If a person is skilled with different type of work then it will help the organization in many ways. Skill means the ability to develop focus on the work in which a person is interested on. Suppose if two persons are skilled with same type then there will be good competition between them and new thoughts will be derived that can help the organization.

The government is also understanding the need and concept of these two. As a result a major change in the education policy will be developing this feeling among the students since childhood and they will be knowing the pros and cons of the outside world in which they will be able to compete. The world is focussing on the coming generations to be more skilled and innovative. It is a way to create your own path on which you don’t have to follow the tradition because these can’t be eliminated. It can only be experienced and achieved.

Hope that the article was helpful…. Thank you !!!

Are Parisians the Favourites:

Not since Real Madrid’s famous ‘Galácticos’ squad of the 2000s has a single club boasted so much individual talent.Paris Saint-Germain’s dramatic capture of Lionel Messi — which will undoubtedly go down as one of the most shocking in football history — capped off what had already been an incredible summer of talent accumulation.But can this squad deliver Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), who bought PSG in 2011, the Champions League — the trophy the owners crave the most, but has so far eluded them?

The deadly trio of le parc des prince fans

While all these were talked ,on the otherhand the main reason for Departure of Messi from the Catalan club was of his wages which causes Barca to break the “Financial fairplay”,whereas similar kind of problem also apply for the Parisians,its truly not fair by signing all the individual talents in a Free transfer. As a Football fan everyone knows that PSG aren’t building such a expensive not to win the Ligue 1 trolled as ‘Farmers league’.The motto is to win their first UCL in history.

But money isn’t everything in football, its about fairplay and respect.When it comes to respect we all know what Mbappe said after Lille winning Ligue that “Thay didn’t win the league PSG have lost it,well we all know that PSG owner is spending money like water to win an ordinary league,after all this a truly dedicated and talented team were able to win the League in which PSG are more dominant is an achievement to be appreciated,which Mbappe couldn’t understand.But now Mbappe feels that he doesn’t want to be shadowed by Messi..which Neymar couldn’t be able to achieve.So he revealed his wish to move to losblancos…Such kind of drama is surrounding the Parisians,they are considered as Hot favourites to win the UCL.

If MNM exists, there's a chance? — If MNM exists, there’s a chance?

Messi was presented at the news conference at PSG’s Parc des Princes and his name was chanted amid a round of applause as he took his seat alongside club president Nasser al-Khelaifi.He spoke about his desire to win the Champions League for a fifth time, the end to his career, and his excitement at playing alongside teammates Kylian Mbappe and Neymar.But all these media hikes on PSG will come to an end when history’s one of the greatest goalscorer joind the Parisians.

Cyberbullying

Tips that helps you to loss weight

Weight Loss Tips: Reaching a healthy weight is considered a balancing act. Maintaining weight is not easy an easy task. It is important to balance energy intake and energy output. That is why it is advised to have fewer fats so that less energy is supplied as fats having the highest caloric value. But the fact of the matter is the maintenance of body weight is not that simple.

Here are few weight loss tips enlisted below:

Eat Regular Meal:

Eating at regular times during the day helps burn calories at a faster rate. It also reduces the temptation to snack on foods high in fat and sugar.

Do not skip breakfast:

Skipping breakfast will not help you lose weight. You could miss out on essential nutrients and you may end up snacking more throughout the day because you feel hungry.

Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables:

Fruit and veg are low in calories and fat, and high in fibre – 3 essential ingredients for successful weight loss. They also contain plenty of vitamins and minerals.

Plan your meals ahead:

Try to plan your breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks for the week, making sure you stick to your calorie allowance. You may find it helpful to make a weekly shopping list.

Stay active

Being active is key to losing weight and keeping it off. As well as providing lots of health benefits, exercise can help burn off the excess calories you cannot lose through diet alone.

Drink plenty of water

People sometimes confuse thirst with hunger. You can end up consuming extra calories when a glass of water is really what you need.

Consume food high in fiber:

Foods containing lots of fiber can help keep you feeling full, which is perfect for losing weight. Fiber is only found in food from plants, such as fruits and veggies, oats, whole grain bread, brown rice and pasta, and beans.

Sleep well: sleep at least 8 hours a day. Better sleep habits can help. This includes both your daily routine and the way you set up your bedroom.

Meditation. It has been around for over 5,000 years for a reason. Meditation works well for many people and has many benefits. It can lower stress and anxiety, as well as improve sleep, energy levels, and mood. To meditate, will need to:

Find a quiet place.
Get comfortable (sitting or lying down).
Focus your attention on a word, phrase, object, or even your breath.
Let your thoughts come and go and do not judge them.

Dietary Recommendations to Maintain A healthy diet:

Include whole plant-based rainbow diet: all types of vegetables, fruits, whole pulses, legumes, and whole grains (cereals) such as whole rice, quinoa, buckwheat, millets, millet flours, oats, gluten-free flours (as per the case).
Inclusion of herbal teas: Infuse hot water with herbs like tulsi, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon stick, clove, cardamom, fennel, mint etc.
Incorporating healthy nuts: include such as almonds, cashews, walnuts etc. seeds like flaxseeds, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds, coconut dried or fresh.
Prefer homemade fresh foods.
Simple cooked non-vegetarian food where applicable.
Low fat intake (it is to avoid deep-fried and oily foods).
Dinner should be taken before 8 p.m. and breakfast, not before 9 a.m. giving 13 hours of intermittent fasting.

Diet Elimination:

Milk and dairy products.
Caffeine and alcohol.
Processed and packed food (including packaged namkeens, biscuits or breads).
Cereals containing gluten.
Refined sugar and refined sugar products.

Recommended Supplements:

Vitamin D, vitamin B6 and vitamin E.
Magnesium and zinc
Omega 3 fatty acids: fish oils
Probiotics

World’s Photography Day

19th August of every year is celebrated as World Photography Day. This day is to celebrate creativity and acknowledge the effort that a photographer puts to capture amazing shots that seems so unreal. Today’s generation is taking interest in photography and making it a professional career. Photography is a way of conveying a message that is unseen which is still out there unheard by the world. With advancements in camera technology, it has become one of the primary modes of communication. The saying “a picture is worth a thousand words” remains true even now.

History of World Photography Day

The origins of World Photography Day can be traced back to 1837. In France, Joseph Nicephore Niepce and Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype, the first-ever photographic process. In 1861, the first durable color photograph was captured. From then on, the medium of photography kept evolving.

The first digital photograph was created in 1957, two decades before the digital camera was invented. The French Academy of Sciences officially announced the invention of the daguerreotype in 1839 to the public. On 19 August 1839, the French government is believed to have purchased the patent for the device and made it freely available to the world. Later on, the day began to be marked as World Photography Day.

Photography is an art, to become better you need to practice it and know what other artists are doing.

Here are some of the famous photographers –

Jimmy Nelson

Jimmy Nelson is a famous photographer from the UK and he has been taking amazing photography since 1987. Since 2010 he has been working on a series ‘Before they Pass Away’ which has made him travel extensively to places like Vietnam, Tibet, Africa, and so on. He visits tribal people and takes photos of them in their natural habitat, which is amazing since the emotions are beautifully captured in his photos.

Tribal by famous photographer Jimmy Nelson

Rehahn

Rehahn is a french photographer currently settled in Vietnam. He is quite popular for his photographs of India, Vietnam, and Cuba. He published his first book – Vietnam, Mosaic of Contrasts in 2014 which has more than 150 photographs of Vietnam that focus specifically on the large diverse culture.

Hidden smile by famous photographer Rehahn

Lee Jeffries

Lee Jeffries is from Manchester, UK and he enjoys traveling around the world to capture black and white portraits of homeless people. His passion for homeless portrait photography started when he participated in a marathon in London. He happened to come across a young woman huddled in a sleeping bag and his conception of homeless people changed drastically.

Homeless by famous photographer Lee Jeffries

Joe McNally

Joe McNally is award-winning photography with international recognition. His work is quite popular in more than 70 countries. He is among the rare breed of photographer who has bridged the world between photojournalism and advertising, amassing an impressive commercial and advertising client list including FedEx, Sony, ESPN, Adidas, etc. His photos have been featured in top magazines like National Geographic, Life, and so on.

Music woman by famous photographer Joe McNally

Erik Almas

Erik Almas is a photographer from Norway, currently living in San Fransisco. He was given a camera as present at the age of 12 and since then his exploration with photography has taken him many places. He pursued his education in photography at the Academy of Art University for 4 years.

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SOURCES

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1. Placement Purpose:

2. Choosing a Career:

3. Academic Improvement:

How to Prepare for an Aptitude Test?

1. Learn Basics:

2. Everything is Important:

3. Practice:

4. Know your Weak Points:

5. Do not Waste Time:

6. Be Careful while Attempting:

7. Avoid Gaps:

8. Have a Fresh Mind:

9. Take Care of Yourself:

Conclusion:

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A Bizzare Cosmic Void

The Sound of Void

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1. The Bridge Kingdom

2. Six of Crows

3. A Court of Thorns and Roses

4. The Grace Of Kings

5. Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell

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Proper diet

Sleep schedule

Ways to stabilize your sleep schedule

Exercise!

Conclusion

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Green house effect

Green house gases and Green house effect

Types of Greenhouse Gases

Effects of Global warming

Effects to control Global warming

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Rolling It Up

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HAPPY LEARNING!!

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HAPPY LEARNING!!

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HAPPY LEARNING!!!

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HAPPY LEARNING!!!

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How can we minimize use of plastic?

10 Lines on Plastic Ban

Conclusion

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