Preparing notes is one of the important aspects of any students way of preparing for the GATE exam. It is very crucial to make notes so that you can revise the subjects in the last days of revision in the most efficient way. The notes must be precise and should be written in such a way so that you can revise the GATE Syllabus as soon as possible so that anything is not missed. Well, there is no method to make notes that one should follow, everyone has their own way to make notes but it is important so that it is helpful for you to understand at the time of revision and cover the full syllabus of GATE as much as it can. So if you are preparing for the exam then it’s very important to know how to prepare notes for GATE as the questions mostly rely on important concepts and formulae from the syllabus. So please go through this article to know how short notes as per the GATE exam pattern can help in your preparation.

How to make Notes for GATE:

A. Read the subject thoroughly:

• Always read the subject fully so that you can understand what to know if you start to prepare notes before reading the subject then for the first few chapters you will make more notes than the other important chapters in the end.
• The notes should always be precise hence to make precise study the subject and get the concepts.

B. Do, not Copy from textbooks:

• Sometimes when students start making notes they generally copy the material from the textbook or article online. This must be avoided, because when we start making notes like that then when the notes are completed they become very bulky and not revisable in the end. Always prepare short notes and the material must be precise.

C. Use Highlights:

• Always use some highlighting or coloured pens to make your notes helps you in revising quickly. Divide your concepts into the defined colours and use them to highlight your notes so you exactly know what you are revising.

D. If Possible make Digital notes:

• Now-a-days people are preferring notes on an online/digital form like on Notes or google docs. This allows revising your notes anywhere and anytime on your phone, tablet or laptops.
• Since the exam is going to be in an online form for GATE so it also prepares to concentrate on a screen for long as some students feel a little difficult to do so.

E. Be Disciplined:

• Only notes preparation is not effective until we revise them. Hence it is very important to know that you need to revise the notes with a lot of discipline and also prepare them with discipline.

F. Don’t copy Be Original:

• Make your notes by yourself. Sometimes we are influenced by others and in copying them we lose our originality. Make your notes yourself so that it is original in itself. The strategy should be made by yourself only.

Conclusion

There are still other innovative methods used by students to make short notes. Few students even jot down the points on the books itself in the margin area. Some students go to an extent of taking screenshots of the concepts and underlying the important lines in the screenshot itself. Hence, making good notes is vital for your preparation.

Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is the condition of having dry eyes.

Dry eye disease is a common condition that occurs when your tears aren’t able to provide adequate lubrication for your eyes. Tears can be inadequate and unstable for many reasons. For example, dry eyes may occur if you don’t produce enough tears or if you produce poor-quality tears. This tear instability leads to inflammation and damage of the eye’s surface.

Dry eyes feel uncomfortable. If you have dry eyes, your eyes may sting or burn. You may experience dry eyes in certain situations, such as on an airplane, in an air-conditioned room, while riding a bike or after looking at a computer screen for a few hours.

Treatments for dry eyes may make you more comfortable. These treatments can include lifestyle changes and eyedrops. You’ll likely need to take these measures indefinitely to control the symptoms of dry eyes.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms, which usually affect both eyes, may include:

• A stinging, burning or scratchy sensation in your eyes.
• Stringy mucus in or around your eyes.
• Sensitivity to light.
• Eye redness.
• A sensation of having something in your eyes.
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses.
• Difficulty with nighttime driving.
• Watery eyes, which is the body’s response to the irritation of dry eyes.
• Blurred vision or eye fatigue.

Causes

Decreased tear production

Dry eyes can occur when you’re unable to produce enough water (aqueous fluid). The medical term for this condition is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (ker-uh-toe-kun-junk-tih-VY-tis SIK-uh). Common causes of decreased tear production include:

• Aging
• Certain medical conditions including Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, graft vs. host disease, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders or vitamin A deficiency
• Certain medications, including antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, and drugs for high blood pressure, acne, birth control and Parkinson’s disease
• Corneal nerve desensitivity caused by contact lens use, nerve damage or that caused by laser eye surgery, though symptoms of dry eyes related to this procedure are usually temporary

Increased tear evaporation

The oil film produced by small glands on the edge of your eyelids (meibomian glands) might become clogged. Blocked meibomian glands are more common in people with rosacea or other skin disorders.

Common causes of increased tear evaporation include:

• Posterior blepharitis (meibomian gland dysfunction)
• Blinking less often, which tends to occur with certain conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease; or when you’re concentrating during certain activities, such as while reading, driving or working at a computer
• Eyelid problems, such as the lids turning outward (ectropion) and the lids turning inward (entropion)
• Eye allergies
• Preservatives in topical eyedrops
• Wind, smoke or dry air
• Vitamin A deficiency

Risk factors

Factors that make it more likely that you’ll experience dry eyes include:

• Being older than 50. Tear production tends to diminish as you get older. Dry eyes are more common in people over 50.
• Being a woman. A lack of tears is more common in women, especially if they experience hormonal changes due to pregnancy, using birth control pills or menopause.
• Eating a diet that is low in vitamin A, which is found in liver, carrots and broccoli, or low in omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, walnuts and vegetable oils.
• Wearing contact lenses or having a history of refractive surgery.

Complications

People who have dry eyes may experience these complications:

• Eye infections. Your tears protect the surface of your eyes from infection. Without adequate tears, you may have an increased risk of eye infection.
• Damage to the surface of your eyes. If left untreated, severe dry eyes may lead to eye inflammation, abrasion of the corneal surface, corneal ulcers and vision loss.
• Decreased quality of life. Dry eyes can make it difficult to perform everyday activities, such as reading.

Prevention

If you experience dry eyes, pay attention to the situations that are most likely to cause your symptoms. Then find ways to avoid those situations in order to prevent your dry eyes symptoms. For instance:

• Avoid air blowing in your eyes. Don’t direct hair dryers, car heaters, air conditioners or fans toward your eyes.
• Add moisture to the air. In winter, a humidifier can add moisture to dry indoor air.
• Consider wearing wraparound sunglasses or other protective eyewear. Safety shields can be added to the tops and sides of eyeglasses to block wind and dry air. Ask about shields where you buy your eyeglasses.
• Take eye breaks during long tasks. If you’re reading or doing another task that requires visual concentration, take periodic eye breaks. Close your eyes for a few minutes. Or blink repeatedly for a few seconds to help spread your tears evenly over your eyes.
• Be aware of your environment. The air at high altitudes, in desert areas and in airplanes can be extremely dry. When spending time in such an environment, it may be helpful to frequently close your eyes for a few minutes at a time to minimize evaporation of your tears.
• Position your computer screen below eye level. If your computer screen is above eye level, you’ll open your eyes wider to view the screen. Position your computer screen below eye level so that you won’t open your eyes as wide. This may help slow the evaporation of your tears between eye blinks.
• Stop smoking and avoid smoke. If you smoke, ask your doctor for help devising a quit-smoking strategy that’s most likely to work for you. If you don’t smoke, stay away from people who do. Smoke can worsen dry eyes symptoms.
• Use artificial tears regularly. If you have chronic dry eyes, use eyedrops even when your eyes feel fine to keep them well lubricated.

SOURCES

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes

INTRODUCTION:

The eastern honey bee, referred to scientifically as apis mellifera, plays a small but sweet role in the vast, global tapestry of been species. There are over 20,000 known types of bee, spanning every continent have existed for over 80million yrs.

Types:

1. Apis, honey:

The genus- into which all honey bees call is beautiful diverse bee species, with at least 44known sub varieties.

2. The Western honey bees:

Apis mellifera-literally meaning honey-baring best is the most widely distributed and domesticated bee species in the world.

3. Apis mellifera mellifera:

The dark or German honey bee species. The name isa bit of a mouthful, so let’s call them apis.

4. Apis mellifera liguistica :

Apis mellifera liguistica us the most common sure variety of apis mellifera, making it buy and the most popular variety of domesticated bee in the world.

5. Apis mellifera carnica:

The carneolan or grey honey bees species. Apis mellifera carnica originated in eastern Europe, between Australia, hungry, Bulgaria and bosnia and Serbia.

6. Apis mellifera Caucasica:

Native to the caucasus region, whose mountain range divides south eastern Europe from Asia, the honey bee is a large variety.

7. Apis mellifera lberiensis:

This is probably the most unusual variety of Western honey bees and my personal favorite.

Self-awareness involves being aware of different aspects of the self including traits, behaviours, and feelings. Essentially, it is a psychological state in which oneself becomes the focus of attention. Self-awareness is one of the first components of the self concept  to emerge. While self-awareness is something that is central to who you are, it is not something that you are acutely focused on at every moment of every day. Instead, self-awareness becomes woven into the fabric of who you are and emerges at different points depending on the situation and your personality.

People are not born completely self-aware. Yet research has also found that infants do have a rudimentary sense of self-awareness. Infants possess the awareness that they are a separate being from others, which is evidenced by behaviours such as the rooting reflex in which an infant searches for a nipple when something brushes against his or her face. Researchers have also found that even newborns are able to differentiate between self- and non-self touch.

Self-Awareness Development

Researchers have proposed that an area of the brain known as the anterior cingulate cortex located in the frontal lobe region plays an important role in developing self-awareness. Studies have also used brain imaging to show that this region becomes activated in adults who are self-aware.

The Lewis and Brooks-Gunn experiment suggests that self-awareness begins to emerge in children around the age of 18 months, an age that coincides with the rapid growth of spindle cells in the anterior Cingular cortex. However, one study found that a patient retained self-awareness even with extensive damage to areas of the brain including the insula and the anterior Cingular cortex. This suggests that these areas of the brain are not required for most aspects of self-awareness and that awareness may instead arise from interactions distributed among brain networks.

Types of Self-Awareness

Psychologists often break self-awareness down into two different types, either public or private.

Public Self-Awareness : This type emerges when people are aware of how they appear to others. Public self-awareness often emerges in situations when people are at the center of attention, such as when giving a presentation or talking to a group of friends. This type of self-awareness often compels people to adhere to social . When we are aware that we are being watched and evaluated, we often try to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and desirable. Public self-awareness can also lead to evaluation anxiety  in which people become distressed, anxious, or worried about how they are perceived by others.

Private Self-Awareness

This type happens when people become aware of some aspects of themselves, but only in a private way. For example, seeing your face in the mirror is a type of private self-awareness. Feeling your stomach lurch when you realise you forgot to study for an important test or feeling your heart flutter when you see someone you are attracted to are also examples of private self-awareness.

Self-Consciousness

Sometimes, people can become overly self-aware and veer into what is known as self-consciousness.5 Have you ever felt like everyone was watching you, judging your actions, and waiting to see what you will do next? This heightened state of self-awareness can leave you feeling awkward and nervous in some instances. In a lot of cases, these feelings of self-consciousness are only temporary and arise in situations when we are “in the spotlight.” For some people, however, excessive self-consciousness can reflect a chronic condition such as social anxiety disorder.

People who are privately self-conscious have a higher level of private self-awareness, which can be both a good and bad thing. These people tend to be more aware of their feelings and beliefs, and are therefore more likely to stick to their personal values. However, they are also more likely to suffer from negative health consequences such as increased stress and anxiety.

People who are publicly self-conscious have a higher level of public self-awareness. They tend to think more about how other people view them and are often concerned that other people might be judging them based on their looks or their actions. As a result, these individuals tend to stick to group norms and try to avoid situations in which they might look bad or feel embarrassed.

5 ways to improve self-awareness:

1. Mindfulness and meditation
   Practicing mindfulness or meditation helps you to focus on the present moment and pay attention to your thoughts and feelings, without getting wrappd up in them. You are guided to let your thoughts drift by without needing to react or do anything, which helps you become more aware of your internal state. For more details on mindfulness click on the last blog Mindfulness to restore calm.
2. Movement
   Whether you do yoga, Pilates, running, walking, or whatever form of movement that works for you, notice what your body is telling you. During movement you become more aware of your body and all the feelings that manifest in it and you become more aware of your mind and the thoughts within it, which increases your self-acceptance and self-awareness.
3. Reflection and journaling
   A journaling practice allows you to be an objective observer of your thoughts which can help bring clarity to what you want and value. Make time to write down what has gone well today, or reflect on what has been a challenge, what has got in your way and what could you change or improve? Notice what may have triggered you today. It is equally as important to understand both sides for yourself.
4. Ask for feedback from people you trust or loved ones
   One of the best ways to build self-awareness is to understand others’ perspectives of you and what impact you have on others. The simplest way is to ask for honest feedback. We rarely do this for fear of criticism, but if you don’t ask you will never know what others think. But don’t just rely on feedback from one person, gather a range of insights and evaluate what you want to do with that information.
5. Work with a coach!
   You can achieve a certain amount on your own, but it’s hard and sometimes you need someone to hold a mirror up to you. Self-awareness takes time and is a lifelong journey and by working with a qualified coach it can be a truly transformational process.

Who are indigenous people ?

Indigenous peoples, also referred to as first people, aboriginal people, native people, or autochthonous people, are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a place which has been colonised and settled by another ethnic group.

The term indigenous was first, in its modern context, used by Europeans, who used it to differentiate the indigenous peoples of the Americas from black people who were brought to the Americas as slaves from Africa. It may have first been used in this context by Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, who stated “and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of Negroes serving under the Spaniard, yet were they all transported from Africa, since the discovery of Columbus; and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.”

● United Nations observes the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples on 9th August every year.

● The day is being observed to protect the rights of the world’s indigenous population and recognise the achievements and contributions that indigenous people make to improve world issues such as environmental protection.

● The theme for 2021 is ‘Leaving no one behind: Indigenous peoples and the call for a new social contract.

● The day was recognised by the General Assembly of the United Nations in December 1994.

● The date marks the day of the inaugural session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations at the United Nations in 1982.

They have distinct social, economic or political systems. They have a distinct language, culture and beliefs. They are marginalised and discriminated against by the state. They maintain and develop their ancestral environments and systems as distinct peoples.

The term ‘indigenous peoples’ refers to culturally distinct groups affected by colonization. As a reference to a group of people, the term indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans.

Public managers carry out the managerial operations of public organizations. In practice, public management is meant to improve the quality and efficiency of services delivered by public organizations. Managers interpret the public policy to implement public services in ways that are expected to achieve the most desirable outcomes for the interests they serve.

Public managers can operate in two different areas: the internal and external management of public organizations.

Internally, public managers must understand how to manage risk and change within their respective organizations. This demands that they stay informed of societal conditions that may impact their organizations’ ability to function optimally. By acknowledging those risks, managers can act accordingly, taking preemptive measures to diminish identified risks and prepare their staff to adapt to the instability those adverse conditions may have on the organization.
Externally, public management entails leading efforts to collaborate with private groups to support the adoption of public policy. In this capacity, public managers work with private citizens and other public organizations to keep public programs running smoothly. To do this, managers perform tasks such as coordinating public human resources to assist with specific projects or helping certain communities secure the necessary financing to implement public programs.

Types of Public Administration Theory

Public Administration Theory recently has been divided into three branches. The three branches are, Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. Each of these three branches study Public Administration from a different perspective. These types of theories are some of the ways which an administrator can understand and exercise their duties as a public administrator.

Classical Public Administration Theory

Classical Public Administration is often associated with Woodrow and Max Weber . In the United States, Woodrow Wilson is known as ‘The Father of Public Administration’ , have written “The Study of Administration” in 1887, in which he argued that a bureaucracy should be run like a business. Wilson promoted ideas like merit-based promotions, professionalization, and a non-political system. Sympathy can lead to downfall in an administration, means there should be pragmatism in bureaucracy.

New Public Management Theory

New Public Management a set of administrative practices, a consulting fad, and a body of theory that interprets recent developments in public administration. Many scholars argue persuasively that scholars should pay more attention to New Public management as a theory than as a fad. New public management is part and parcel of the massive intrusion of freemarket values into public space, which threatens to drive out political values altogether. In this sense, new public management is the radical opposite of the notion of migrating political values into “private” space in the interest of further democratizing society. However, new public management theory fails to addresses political questions in a meaningful way. This theory looks at public administration from its roots of capitalism, and goes on through the perspective of global capitalism. Intentional or not, new public management has served the interests of elites, particularly corporate elites, has degraded the ability of governments to address the public interest, and has served as a vehicle for elevating the apolitical governance of free trade and other supranational organizations, which have fully embraced the political philosophy of economic rationalism and new managerialism.

Career Outlook for Public Administration and Public Management

Because the fields of public management and public administration are closely linked, many universities roll public management coursework into their Master of Public Administration programs. Public management concepts taught in such programs (e.g. public human resource management or financial management in government) are often built into the curriculum for public administration. This gives graduates the opportunity to develop the practical knowledge they need to excel at management or administrative positions in government or nonprofit organizations. Upon graduation, educated public administrators may join the ranks of political scientists, public administrators, city managers, and similar professionals who impact public policy in modern societies.

In practice, there is no conflict pitting public administration vs. public management; rather, it’s about the partnership of public administration and public management. The success of the public policy depends on the effective application of both disciplines by public organizations and dedicated professionals. A Master of Public Administration program usually offers coursework in both public administration and public management, empowering students to develop the multifaceted public leadership expertise valued by forward-thinking employers in the public sector.

“One could not count the moons

that shimmer on her roofs,

or the thousand splendid suns

that hide behind her walls.”

Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns

Brief Overview:

A Thousand Splendid Suns is a fiction novel by Afghan-American novelist Khaled Hosseini. The novel is set in the backdrop of the Afghanistan turbulence 1960 onward. Capturing martial elements from Soviet union to the authoritarian Taliban, the author has weaved a portentous tale of two women, Mariam and Laila. Separated by decades of age, these women are conjoined by an exceptional bond which later blossoms into a beautiful friendship.

The novel follows Mariam, an illegitimate child of a rich Herat merchant, who though loves her but is equally ashamed of her. Following her mother’s death, Mariam goes on to live with her father, his three legitimate wives and nine children, all of whom are unknown to Mariam.

Here the novel draws attention to the class disparities. Mariam, being an illegitimate child through their housekeeper is made to slave in her father’s household , bereft of education or love, by his wives while his legitimate children lead glamorous lives. Wishing to rid themselves of Mariam who is now about 15, her father’s wives arrange a marriage for her to Rasheed,a Pashtun shoemaker from Kabul who who is about two decades older than her.

At first Rasheed appears as an indifferent yet a person of clement disposition, helping Mariam settle in the new city. The persona soon, however crumbles as Rasheed begins forcing Mariam to fulfill her so called obligations towards him. Following Mariam’s miscarriage, Rasheed turns out to be a hypocritical, bitter man pressuring and muscling Mariam every step of the way.

About a decade later in the novel does Laila’s story begin. The daughter of a teacher, Laila is loved immensely by her father, while her mother constantly mourns the death of her two elder brothers, who were killed seven years ago, fighting alongside Ahmad Shah Massoud. The author has drawn a sharp parallel between the two women. Laila is portrayed as the face of an emerging Afghanistan for women, pursuing education and strong willed, Laila falls in love with her best friend Tariq, who loses his leg to the ongoing Afghan turbulence. In a drastic spur of events Laila loses her parents and is separated from Tariq. Desperate for a shelter and to protect a secret she’s nurturing, Laila marries Rasheed. What follows is a tale of everlasting friendship, heart wrenching sorrow and the purest form of love.

Book Review:

A Thousand Splendid suns is a book so finely written that it makes your heart ache. The bond between Laila and Mariam is as beautiful as a full bloomed rose, the color of blood. The story, particularly of Mariam is written with such a palpable feeling of sorrow and hopelessness that it feels extremely personal.On the other hand, Laila’s coming of age has been described as an experience full of aspirations and hope. Laila and Tariq’s chemistry is an exceptional blend of sweet and fiery.

There are a myriad of symbols and metaphors used in the book that make the entire thing full of allusions.

The author has unraveled themes of women, femininity, marriage and war in the book as an astounding whole.

The cultural aspects of Afghanistan have been richly used and amazingly described which amalgamate to give this book a perfect finish.

The book also divests into several explicit issues such as racism, sexual content, religious ideals etc.

This book is a suitable read for people above 13 years of age.

All in all, this book is bound to be a a roller coaster ride of emotions for the reader. It is an absolute must read and sure to make your eyes spill tears of distress.

TIME management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter -not Harper so that you get more done in less time, even when time is right and pressure ate high.

5 elementst of time management:

be intentional:keep a to do list.

be priorities: rank your tasks.

be fosced: manage distraction

be structure: time block your work

be self-esteem aware: track your time.

5 tips to better your time management:

set reminder for all your tasks. The key to time management success is to know your deadlines and set reminder.

create a daily planner.

give each task a time limits.

block out distraction

establish routine.

imporatants of time management:

one of the biggest advantage of time management is that it allows of time management is that it allows us to more efficient by being in control of how we spend our time. We can focus better on important tasks, and better leads to better efficient.

methods of time management:

next you can identify bad habits and then you can learn the tools to change these habits. Here are a few tips and technique you can apply to get more done and feel more productive:planning, prioritizing and performing.

Example of time management tools:

calendar, note-taking software , time tracker, specialized time management apps and so on.

key to time management:

remember what’s really important to you and prepare your inwardly to meet whatever the day brings.

Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities. By design, social media is Internet-based and gives users quick electronic communication of content. Content includes personal information, documents, videos, and photos. Users engage with social media via a computer, tablet, or smartphone via web-based software or applications.

While social media is ubiquitous in America and Europe, Asian countries like Indonesia lead the list of social media usage.1 More than 3.8 billion people use social media.2Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities.

The largest social media networks include Facebook, Instagram, Social media typically features user-generated content and personalized profiles. By 2023, the number of social media users in the United States is forecast to increase to approximately 257 million.

Types of Social Media

Social media may take the form of a variety of tech-enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social networks, video sharing, business networks, virtual worlds, reviews, and much more. Even governments and politicians utilize social media to engage with constituents and voters.

For individuals, social media is used to keep in touch with friends and extended family. Some people will use various social media applications to network career opportunities, find people across the globe with like-minded interests, and share their thoughts, feelings, insights, and emotions. Those who engage in these activities are part of a virtual social network. For businesses, social media is an indispensable tool. Companies use the platform to find and engage with customers, drive sales through advertising and promotion, gauge consumer trends, and offering customer service or support.

Examples of Social Media

Facebook is the largest social media platform in the world, with a clear advantage over other social media, though it has similar audience to others like Twitter and Instagram. The figures for the most popular social media websites as of January 2021 are as follows:Facebook (2.74 billion users)

YouTube (2.29 billion users)

WhatsApp (2 billion users)

Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion users)

Instagram (1.22 billion users)

Whatsapp (1.21 billion users)TikTok (689 million users)

TikTok (689 million users)

Benefits of Social Media

Social media has changed the way that we all interact with each other online. It’s given us the ability to discover what’s happening in the world in real-time, to connect with each other and stay in touch with long-distance friends, and in order to have access to endless amounts of information at your fingertips. In many senses, social media has helped many individuals find common ground with others online, making the world seem more approachable.

Disadvantages of Social Media

Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. If the use of social media is not monitored, it can lead to grave consequences. It is harmful because it invades your privacy like never before. The oversharing happening on social media makes children a target for predators and hackers. It also leads to cyberbullying which affects any person significantly.

Thus, the sharing on social media especially by children must be monitored at all times. Next up is the addition of social media which is quite common amongst the youth. This addiction hampers with the academic performance of a student as they waste their time on social media instead of studying. Social media also creates communal rifts. Fake news is spread with the use of it, which poisons the mind of peace-loving citizens.

In short, surely social media has both advantages and disadvantages. But, it all depends on the user at the end. The youth must particularly create a balance between their academic performances, physical activities, and social media. Excess use of anything is harmful and the same thing applies to social media. Therefore, we must strive to live a satisfying life with the right balance.

“Most things don’t go as we planned it to be, but it’s within our hands to make the best out of all the situations that we face!” It’s the most common dilemma when you are a 12th-grade student and start dreaming of a particular kind of future for yourself, but then you end up in a strange and unfamiliar place. But that may turn out to be better than what you had planned earlier, or, maybe not, you never know until it happens!

Speaking from my own experience, I was purely a NEET aspirant, dreamt of being a doctor from a very young age, but ended up in the field of engineering, in which neither I had any interest nor did I possess such good skills. I was completely unfamiliar with the setting and felt like an alien here. I remember feeling so strange yet somehow welcoming.

In the beginning, I thought I would regret joining this field, because it’s the era of technology and clever people, and I felt so inferior because firstly, I had zero knowledge of coding, and, secondly I was pretty weak at math. Also, it was hard to understand all the basics, without any foundation.

But over the period of one year, not just the field of computer science but also people who I fondly call my good friends now grew over me! They became my strength, lifted me up when I thought about quitting. They encouraged me to great lengths. “Finding good friends is hard but finding true friends is rare like a diamond!” At least I was lucky in that department!

What would you do when things go out of hand?

• When you accept the situation and fight for, rather than against it, you can see the change in yourself. When you embrace your flaws and work towards them, is the time when you actually grow as a person! So rather than running away, Why not stick around and fight for it? You may find that the end result is much better than what to had earlier planned.

• Do not regret any of your choices, you only get one life to live, so why live in regret? When you can go with the flow and see what life has in store for you!

• Give your best, in the end, it’s your happiness that matters the most. Who would have thought I, who loved biology with all my heart would end up in computer science engineering and actually fall for it too? Never restrict yourself, explore what you can have and maybe it grows on you too!

Always remember it’s these backlashes that make you stronger, braver and boosts your confidence. Just like antibodies, as it stands upright with full arm force, if the disease-causing pathogen that once caused havoc in your body dares to enter again, it’s the antibodies who will be the first to strike this time! Why? because it is prepared for what’s to happen next! and it wins!

So failures, small backlashes are all but a part of life, and know that, everything that happens is for a reason, that is to prepare you for the worst because the next time you will be expecting it and it will be you, who will be the first to strike!

The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various connotations can be found alongside each other. Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which “aims to recover the original shape of man”, oriented at “the image of God as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life. In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions and broadened to refer to a wider range of experiences, including a range of esoteric traditions and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension and the “deepest values and meanings by which people live”, often in a context separate from organized religious institutions.

In the present age, we see that the whole of humanity is in disharmony owing to religious differences. This means that the present-day religious theologies and practices have outlived their spiritual efficacy to bring about peace and spiritual evolvement to humanity. It is for India to take up a leadership role in the spiritual renewal of humanity. Although it may be unconvincing to many, the reality is that India is the mother of spirituality, the inheritor of an ancient most spiritual culture.

As the global community becomes increasingly capitalistic, the quest for spirituality grows in urgency.  India, its people, its infrastructure, and indeed its very soil, encourage and breed Spiritualism, allowing religions to thrive, flourish and prosper.

India boasts the presence of every major religion in the world, as well many of their off-shoots and facets, all being supported, nourished, and living in comparative harmony. Many of these religions were conceived in India, and others have come to India seeking a haven from persecution after being created in their lands. The age-old environment has always supported such freedom of belief.

Spirituality and mystical charm have always drawn people from all over the world to India. As the world becomes increasingly capitalistic and materialist, the quest and urgency for spirituality grow more and more. The traditional Indian way of life has helped in the evolution and growth of Spiritualism. Numerous cultures and religions have thrived and flourished together for ages and resulted in the unique Indian way of life.

At different points in the history of our civilization, numerous spiritual leaders and saints have delivered the message of peace, brotherhood and co-existence that is so very well rooted in our culture. Arts like Yoga and Ayurveda coupled with religion have played an important role in the evolution and existence of spirituality in India.

Thus, Indian spirituality is all about showing respect to all living beings-animals trees, rocks and even water and lead a positive and healthy life. It is believed that the supreme Creator has put each one of us in this world for a purpose and that purpose is to be compassionate, caring and loving to one another. As mentioned earlier, the great Indian spiritual personalities and gurus have played an important role in spreading the message of love, care and the need for positive living all over the world. The presence of God as the supreme power, the concept of “Omnipresence of the Omnipotent” therefore finds a divine dimension amidst the concept of Indian philosophy. Indian philosophy suggests that all that exists in this universe is the ultimate manifestation of God. The words of Krishna further support this. As Krishna says:

“I am the original fragrance of earth and the heat of the fire. I am the life of all that lives and I am the penance of all seekers. I am the consciousness of all who have developed their consciousness. I am the splendor of all which is fine.”

This is the part where Indian philosophy ultimately offers a definite contour to the term “Spirituality”. This is when finally the emergence of that Ultimate Consciousness of the Greatest Knowledge happens which leads one towards felicity and towards that eternal bliss. This is the very halo of spiritualism in Indian philosophy, which finally binds the religiosity and the phantasmal elements with that sheer thread of tenet and feelings. Indian philosophy is therefore a religious tradition. The pride of the Indian philosophy again lies in that magical blend of the concept of reality or in that absolute reality with that of the existence of personal God which ultimately leads to a meaningful life. This immense fusion further crafts Indian philosophy as the most tolerant religion.

I would like to end these thoughts with a quote from the Gita: “Work done with anxiety about results is far inferior to work done without such anxiety, in the calm of self-surrender. Seek refuge in the knowledge of Brahma. They who work selfishly for results are miserable.”

The word “olympics” itself is an emotion. The international sports festival which held in every 4 years in about 206 countries of the world. It is the worlds foremost athletic competition among the most promising & commendable citizens of the respective 206 countries. Olympics gives the opportunity to the citizens to showcase their aptitude and ability in every sport despite of any sense of discrimination among them. Olympics gives a friendly nature, a sense of peace and prosperity among the countries. It’s an international level sport which gives justice to each and every citizen to showcase their talent and their earnest nature in the name of their country, showcasing your country on an international level is something beyond reproach, it’s indescribable.

THE 5 RINGS OF OLYMPICS.

The five rings represent the five continents of the world that participate in “the fruitful rivalries” Of the Olympics games. The colors – blue, yellow, black, green and red – stand out against the white background which shows the sense of unity and togetherness of every colour under the white background despite of measuring the wavelength, tone and frequency in all the 5 colours, which represents that each and every citizen of every country can represent their nation without any sense of discrimination under the same sky.The six colors can be combined in any number of ways to reproduce the flag of every country without exception. It gives the opportunity to the citizens to showcase themselves in the name of their respective nations in different sports without any kind of inequity and bias among them.

IMPORTANCE OF OLYMPICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

As with the changing times, the youth of the world has become more generous and they have the sense of being vocal about their thoughts and their abilities which gives an ever-growing impression in the world. With the modern world, the youth has all the elements to showcase their respective interest in different fields. Since olympics gives an opportunity to the youth to represent their desire and talent in their respective best sport they are in, it gives a learning atmosphere for the youth to inspire and learn through a sport. Representing your culture, your country on a global level gives an indescribable emotion from which the youth seeks the importance of culture, its meaning.
Young athletes exhibiting their respective countries in 100’s of different sports in an international level competition and earns medals through their hard work, desire and generosity. It’s an unimaginable moment for the athlete who wins on a global level among 206 countries, Olympics truly gives so many of opportunities to the citizens, to earn through their hard work and desire without getting judged or discriminated in any form.

“HISTORY OF OLYMPICS”

The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece, 3,000 years ago, were revived in the late 19th century and have become the world’s prominent sporting competition. From the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the Games were held every four years in Olympia, located in the western Peloponnese peninsula, in honor of the god Zeus. The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, and featured 280 participants from 12 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two years. The 2020 Summer Olympics, delayed one year because of the COVID-19 pandemic, will be held from July 23 to August 8, 2021 in Tokyo, Japan.

INDIA IN OLYMPICS

India has been participating in Olympics since 1900. Being the most diversified and culturally active country, it has been the most commendable and honoured country in the platform of Olympics as well. No doubt, India in the race of Olympics is not so graceful as compared to other countries, but India being the 2nd most populated country gives cultural competition to many other countries, it has gained prosperity in each and every sector, but in Olympics, India has a little disgraceful exhibition among the several countries.

WHERE INDIA LACKS?

• Excess importance to cricket

We, as a country, are obsessed with a singular sport and that is cricket. It is only during major events like Olympics when other sports are given a part of the limelight and fan cheering. For the rest of the year, we stay ignorant of who’s who of other sports. They are promoted less, there are fewer sponsors for the other sports, there are even less fans hooting and cheering them to do better and then we go about complaining and trolling athletes when we do not get enough medals.

• Lack of encouragement

The foremost factor right from the very beginning, youth in India are discouraged from pursuing a career in sports. Our parents are obsessed with the likes of medical and engineering. And for girls, the scenario is even worse with list of drawbacks and hindrances they have to face before they could persuade their parents to allow them to play. Most of them are forced to quit sports in order to do something that would give them better job security. Our success as an academically-oriented people proves that we are excellent at pursuing something that pays well, so does India’s obsession with cricket.

• Poor administration

There is no proper governing of Administrative issues is the prime concern with Indian sports. Non-Involvement of ex-sportsman in administrative staff is also a major reason why India lacks in this sector. Our economy has been prospering and allotment of funds to different fields of development has been improvising with each year’s budget. However, there is still relatively very less allotment of funds for sports given the sheer number of youths who are willing to take up sports seriously. Enough of IITs and IIMs, when will we get a dedicated sports university?

IMPROVEMENTS TO BE DONE

• Khelo India Youth Games

Khelo India Youth Games, held annually in January or February, are the national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India held for two categories, namely under-17 years school students and under-21 college students. Every year best 1000 kids will be given an annual scholarship of 5 lakh for 8 years to prepare them for the international sporting events. This is a great initiative by the Govt of India.

• Collective efforts

India being a developing country cannot invest a major part of it’s economy for sports. India has a huge number of industrialist and business men who can easily take up responsibilities to encourage these talented athletes and collectively make the necessary arrangements. Instead of giving them crores of rupees as rewards after winning, we should focus on giving them basic amenities for developing them as a good sports person.

• Too much criticism

There is a lot of criticism about the performance of Indian athletes over the years. This decreases their morale. The point is, if you can’t support them, don’t, but please don’t criticize them. You don’t know their stories, their food facility, coaching, support, Money, still they made it to Olympics to compete with the ones who were trained, supported and recognized well by their respective country or govt or organization.

• Impartial 

We might have a lot of Dhonis but it’s difficult to find more Mary Koms and Sania Nehwals owing to the gender discrimination that has paved its way into sports. Sports and women are the two opposite ends of a pole. The society does not encourage girls to be an active part of sports, moreover they are considered to be delicate creatures and their potential in sports is questioned. This should be stopped. There should be special policies to encourage the participation of women in sports.

• Transparency in the system

Selection process of players and board members needs more transparency. Sports-governing body heads should be an ex-sportsman. This will create job opportunities for sportsmen as well. Players should be only judged upon their performance and not any other factors.

-Sukhmani Panesar

PROUD HARYANA PROUD INDIA 💪

From district of Sonipat to Tokyo it was a dream for a son of small farmer who used to travel 8 to 10 KM daily to Chhatrasal stadium to deliver fresh milk and fruits but through his dedication and years of hard work became 5th wrestler to have won a medal in the Olympics

Ravi who successfully made it to the finals but could not get a gold medal for India in the Tokyo after a defeat at finals from Russia’s Zavur Uguev who also defeated him earlier in world wrestling championship and Ravi was made to settle for a silver.

Ravi who could have made history by getting India’s first gold medal in wrestling at Olympics just missed the opportunity but any how he made India proud at international level through his silver medal.

Ravi also recieved prizes like :-

• ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) from the Government of India.
• ₹4 crore (US$560,000) from the Government of Haryana.
• ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) from the Board of Control for Cricket in India
• ₹40 lakh (US$56,000) from the Indian Olympic Association.

We as a nation are very proud of our hero Ravi Kumar Dahiya ❤

One fact which no person or group can not deny is that resources are limited on this planet. All these resources have got unlimited uses.

In simple words resources are scars.

So it has to be used to satisfy the unlimited wants and desires of human beings. There is an utmost need to divide the system so Earth resources can grow in the best possible way for using present resources. Humans need a system that ensures the usage of resources without depletion.

Certain strategies like

Satisfaction of basic human needs-Sources unlimited but wants are unlimited people have Max with them for newborns but not for the greed Mahatma Gandhi

Social justice-Sources should be allocated not according to the financial status of a country but according to the needs and requirements of each nation.

Maintenance of ecological integrity-Human intervention should be sustained so the ecosystem can maintain itself naturally

Sustainable Development refers to development that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the ability to fulfill the requirements of the future generations.

Principles of the development Optimum utilization of natural resources-There are 195 countries in the world and resources are unevenly divided between them. So the use of resources to their full is important.

Intergenerational equity -There is a generation to come in the future which serves a share in the offerings of mother earth. So there should be a just between them.

Sadly this Subject of sustainable development have several issues like in India there are some key issues to reach to a state of a full sustain economy Few such issues are:-

Climate change

Week laws

Globalization limitations

Human Greed

Deforestation

Lack of knowledge

Acid rainEtc.

In

Online classes, no doubt, provide students to catch up on the classes lost due to the prolonged lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Attending classes online without a break is said to be causing problems like dry eye syndrome, burning sensation of eyes, and ear problems.

Educationists and doctors have their own reservations on online classes for primary classes. Doctors suggest use of laptops and external speakers, instead of earphones, to avoid eye and ear problems.

Doctors are reporting many cases of eyestrain among children after online classes started in the state. “Cases are definitely rising and some are even detected with computer vision syndrome. Last week alone, I have seen around 5-10 cases of children with issues of blurring of vision, dry eyes, and headache. Most of the time, we find kids keeping the gadgets close to their eyes. This is bad for their eye muscles and when they put excessive effort, it causes blurring of vision,” said Dr Sanitha Sathyan, paediatric ophthalmologist at Chaitanya Eye Institute, Kochi.

The long hours children spend on computers and smart phones for online classes as schools remain shut due to the Covid-19 pandemic is beginning to bother parents as complaints of headaches, eye problems and stress surface, it has been learnt.

Time spent on screens not just for studies but for other activities as well is increasing, says a city-based psychiatrist, who, worryingly feels it’s turning out to be “worse than cannabis addition.”

The ministry of human resource development (MHRD) recommended just 30 hours of screen time for pre-primary students, two classes of 45 minutes each for classes 1 to 8 and four classes of 45 minutes each for classes 9 to 12, but that’s not working, parents allege. Many schools are not following the directions, which anyway are not binding.

Often times the classes are extended till evening in addition to coaching and extra classes which is an extra stress for out senses like eyes and ears. This explains the recent spike in the number of patients of all age groups.

Doctors pointed out that all these complaints are directly linked to extensive use of headphones at higher volume, mobile and laptops.

Doctors have warned that this could lead to hearing and eye difficulties among those who failed to curb the use of earphones, mobile phones and laptops.

ENT Specialist said, “Multiple people are working for more than eight hours wearing headphones and in front of laptops. This is putting a lot of stress on their ears and unsterilised earbuds or ear-plugs could spread infection.”

Hence, doctors advise removing the earphones from time-to-time in order to allow fresh air to go inside the ears. And also advise school children should not be using headphones at all. If they are attending classes on a laptop or personal computers, then the device volume is sufficient.

SOURCES

https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi

https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh

by Yogiraj Sadaphal

“Continuous effort — not strength or intelligence — is the key to unlocking our potential”.

                      – Liane Cardes

Playing sports can help children develop strong bones, cardiovascular systems, and lungs. Athletes for youngsters also develop motor skills and cognitive abilities. According to the United Nations, being physically active as a child makes adult sports more likely to support lifelong health.

Following points will help you to understand why sports are important for a healthy life.

1. Decreasing Hypertension.

Hypertension, often known as high blood pressure, is a major health concern for people all over the world. Hypertension can lead to a stroke or other serious health problems. Regular exercise and physical activity can help maintain healthy blood pressure level. Sports give you with all of the necessary stretching, jogging, and exercise. As a result, participating in sports can be a beneficial approach to manage high blood pressure.

2. Helps to Reduce Cholesterol Level.

Exercise contributes in the maintenance of a healthy cholesterol level. Multiple studies have shown that those who engage in a high amount of physical exercise had lower cholesterol levels than those who have an unhealthy lifestyle. Maintaining a healthy cholesterol level necessitates regular physical activity.

3. Getting Perfectly Shaped Body.

Obesity affects millions of people all over the world. Obesity raises the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Participating in sports is one of the most effective strategies to lose weight. The majority of sports are high-intensity physical exercises that quickly and effectively burn calories. Participating in sports is an excellent approach to lose weight and get your desired body shape.

4. Helps to improve blood circulation.

Running or participating in other physical activity keeps the body well-oxygenated. As a result, you’ll be healthier and more active. Being physically active may also help to raise hemoglobin levels and blood volume. When you play, your heart begins to beat quicker, putting an additional strain on your heart muscles. This additional strain strengthens your cardiac muscles, which improves blood flow overall.

5. Helps to Gain Strong and Toned Muscles.

You tone your muscles and train them to work together when you participate in sports. It’s referred to as neuromuscular programming. As you play, your muscles become far more powerful. Playing sports allows you to increase lean muscle mass even while burning fat. If you want a perfectly lean body with shredded six-packs and muscles, this field might prove to be more helpful than the gym.

6. Strengthen your Immunity.

Many diseases become resistant to your body. The rate of flow of white blood cells is greatly increased by exercise. Toxins are removed from your body when you sweat while participating in sports. Bacterial growth is also inhibited by a rise in body temperature. As a result, your immunity will improve.

7. Strengthen bones.

Participating in sports strengthens not only your muscles but also your bones. High-power, high-strength motions impose stress on your bones during sports; this, in turn, promotes bone density, resulting in stronger bones. Running while playing, for example, places an increased strain or stress on your bones compared to usual walking. The bones adjust by becoming denser in order to handle the higher loading stress. Because of the constant stress, if you continue to participate in sports, your bones will become stronger and denser.

8. Sharpening and Strengthening your Mind.

Sports are enjoyable to participate in and provide mental stimulation. Being successful in athletics makes you feel good about yourself and gives you a sense of accomplishment. Playing team sports also improves your ability to strategize. You learn to make rapid and spontaneous decisions through athletics. This ability to make quick decisions is extremely useful in everyday life. Sports also educate you to be calm and think clearly. They teach you how to make decisions under pressure without panicking or becoming anxious.

Different Sports have Different Benefits :-

Some sports have been related to particular health benefits. For example, Bowling can aid in the development of bone density due to the regular heavy lifting. Volleyball players had better hand-eye coordination and flexibility than non-players. Ping-pong also helps players increase hand-eye coordination, while also promoting better brain health because of the fast thinking involved.

Meaning of Communication

• The word communication has originated from a Latin word ‘communis or communicare’ which means ‘to share, impart, participate, exchange, transmit or to make common’. 

• In general, communication refers to the process of sharing information, ideas and thoughts between individual.
• It is the process of imparting or exchanging of information, ideas, facts, opinions, beliefs, feelings through verbal or nonverbal means between two people or within a group of people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior. 
• The means of transferring the information from the sender to the receiver so that it is understood in the right context.

Types of Communication

Formal Communication

• Formal communication refers to the official communication which takes place following the chain of command in the organisation. There are four directions of formal communication i.e. Downward, Upward, Horizontal, and Diagonal

Advantages of Formal Communication

• Orderly flow of Information
• Identified Sources
• Authentic Information
• Justification of Authority
• Answerability for actions
• Control 

Disdvantages of Formal Communication

• Time Consuming
• Lack of Personal Touch
• Distortion 
• Expensive

Communication Networks: 

Represents the pattern of contacts among the members of an organization. 

• Chain Network: Chain network follows a formal chain of command where information flows vertically upwards or downwards. A superior and subordinate communicate with each other through vertical chain of command, both upwards and downwards. Information distortion is not likely to take place but communication system becomes time consuming. 

• Y Network: Here C is the central person who communicates with A, B, D and E. It follows the formal chain of command where upward and downward communication takes place in the organizational hierarchy.

• Wheel Network: All messages flow through A, who is at the centre of the wheel. He communicates with other members of the group, while members cannot communicate with each other. This communication network is found in highly formal organization structures where task-oriented approach to leadership is preferred over employee-oriented approach.

• All Channel/Open/ Star Network: All the members in this network communicate with each other freely and regularly. It follows the informal channel of communication and provides maximum satisfaction to members. Information flows fast, though there may be problem of coordination. 

• Circle Network: This network is similar to chain network except that information flows in a circular direction rather than vertical direction. A can communicate simultaneously with two persons, B and E but to communicate with D, he has to pass the messages through E or B and C

Informal Communication / Grapevine

Communication between individuals and groups which are not officially recognized is known as informal communication. It is also known as Grapevine.

• The network or pathway of informal communication is known as grapevine.

Features

• It transmits information in every direction throughout the organization
• Transmits information rapidly.
• Grapevine is selective with regard to the person who receives the information

Types of Grapevine chains / Informal Communication

• Single Strand Network: Under this communication pattern, the information flows from one person to the next person in the network. Such as, one person will give information to another person who will communicate it to the next person and similarly the third person will also communicate the same message to the next person in the network and so on. This type of chain is less reliable and accurate to pass on the message. Here, the communication process is linear.

• Gossip Chain Network: In the gossip chain network, there is an individual who tells the message to all other members in the network directly. He is generally the central person who seeks out and transmit information to all that he has obtained. Here, every person in the network communicates with each other informally. This network is often used when the subject matter is unrelated to the nature of the job. 

• Probability Chain Network: Under this communication pattern the information passes randomly from persons to persons. Such as, there is an individual who acts as a source of message selects any person randomly in his network to communicate the message. That second person will again, select another person randomly and passes on the message to him, likewise the communication flows to different people chosen randomly. Here, the source of information for each member of the network is different. This communication pattern is used when the information is interesting, but not significant.

• Cluster Chain Network: In the cluster chain network, there is an individual who, acts as a source of a message, transmits information to the pre-selected group of individuals out of whom few individuals again tell the same message to other selected group of individuals. Likewise, the chain continues, and the message reaches to all in the networks. 

Advantages of Informal Communication

• Social Relations
• Need Satisfaction
• Speed
• Avenue of Expression
• Feedback
• Supporting the formal channel
• Better Human Relations 

Disadvantages of Informal Communication

• Incomplete Information
• Distortion
• Unreliability
• Leakage
• Lack of Authenticity
• Problem in Fixing Responsibility 

A leader is important because he/she can inspire others in a group or organization to achiever more and be better. A leader must have certain qualities that can turn her/him into a role model for others to follow and be respected. The different attributes can be learned through training and dedication.

1. Positive Attitude

Being the most significant characteristic that defines leadership, positive attitude is essential energy that a leader must have. Attitude is what shapes a leader. It’s not necessary that each member of a team will have the same approach, but imbibing a positive attitude in each of them can put an idea to life, regardless of the difficulty. Taking your group on an outing, offering snacks at work and appreciating each one without bias will keep them on track.

2. Accountability

Passing the buck on to others in situations challenged by failure is easy. But taking the responsibility of it and being accountable is what separates an employee from a leader. Accountability and Transparency go hand-in-hand. Larry Robins, a hedge fund maverick, once wrote an apology letter to his investors explaining about his failure to turn their funds into profit. Then, he started another hedge fund company without charging any brokerage free to his beloved investors to is what defines accountability.

3. Communication

Communication, as the definition goes, is the process of disseminating information from one party to another.  A leader must have the ability to communicate the vision in mind to his/her team members in a more definite and precise manner. Even a small amount of gap in communication can lead to chaos. Hence, the communication of a leader must be clear and crisp so that the entire team shares the same vision and goals.

4. Focus

The more a leader is focused, the better the outcome of his/her engagement with the team. The subordinates will typically follow the point of discussion set forth by the leader. ‘Focus is a trait that defines the pace of productivity and commitment to the team towards work. Therefore, it is important for the leader to ensure that the focus is crystal-clear and priorities for the team are set early on. Distraction from focus will eventually lead to poor productivity and hindrance in triumphing the goals set to be accomplished.

5. Responsibility

A good leader is never afraid to take responsibility. Inculcating this value will not only show that you are accountable and transparent but also will inspire others to take responsibility for their share of actions. While parents have a responsibility to nurture their child and educate them, a politician should give good governance to people of his/her country. While a teacher has a responsibility to inspire learning, a CEO has the responsibility to lead and execute a company’s strategies, and achieve the long-term goals.

Conclusion

The universal myth that leaders are born and not made is no more accurate, given the examples of several great leaders we have today. There is no denying that everybody can become a leader, but it is true that not every leader can be significant. A leader is one who takes up those and completes in collaboration with his team. Hence success and real leadership are synonymous.

Sources

https://grademiners.com/blog/leadership-qualities-that-you-must-include-in-what-makes-a-great-leader-essay

https://www.toppr.com/guides/essays/leadership-essay/

General mental ability (GMA) tests are one of the most valid construct-based predictors of job performance and training success.

Thousands of validity studies and many meta-analyses have shown that they are excellent predictors of different organizational criteria, such as supervisory ratings, work sample tests, job knowledge acquisition, grades, production records, instructor ratings, promotions, sales, and wages, and that the correlation between GMA and performance appears to be similar across jobs that differ considerably in content (Schmidt and Hunter, 1998; Murphy, 2002; Ones et al., 2012; Schmitt, 2014; Salgado, 2017a; Berges et al., 2018; Rodríguez and López-Basterra, 2018).

Influences of mental ability

The influence of general mental ability, self-esteem and family socioeconomic status on leadership role occupancy and leader advancement as well as the moderating role of gender in these relationships.

The influence of general mental ability on the two leadership variables was not significant for either males or females, but the difference in its effect on the initial status of supervisory scope for males and females was significant. These results suggest that self-esteem plays an important role in leadership role occupancy and leader advancement and that the influence of family socioeconomic status on leader advancement is contingent on gender.

Let’s talk about the General mental ability in children

General mental ability in School Children has been a concern for researchers for a long time now. This is mainly because of its relationship with academic success in school. If a child has the right mental ability, then he or she can excel in academic subjects like History, Math, Science, Language Arts, and Mathematics.

The main purpose of the present research concerning general mental ability was to determine the various types of non-verbal problem-solving abilities among elementary school children. The test had two types-non-verbal, each having five subtests-parallel reasoning, naming the objects, pattern-building, association-making, and counting.

The number of children’s test will depend on the age of the children and the length of time they have been in school. For example, a sample of children from six months to eight years old and one sample of children from ten to twelve years old are given a test. The number of children who show average scores of about 60 percent and above in both kinds of tests is known as ‘average intelligence’. However, the results do not mean that all of them have the same intelligence level. This means that it is not possible for children to be classified as having average intelligence based on these general mental ability studies alone.

Generally, if a child has good results in these general mental ability tests, he or she will become successful in his or her life. The child will also have many friends who will listen to him or her talk about his or her experiences in school. and his or her school performance. He or she will be seen by many people as a bright and successful child.

Adolecense mental ability

Adolescence is a crucial period for developing and maintaining social and emotional habits important for mental well-being. These include adopting healthy sleep patterns; taking regular exercise; developing coping, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills; and learning to manage emotions. Supportive environments in the family, at school and in the wider community are also important. An estimated 10-20% of adolescents globally experience mental health conditions, yet these remain underdiagnosed and undertreated(1).

Some adolescents are at greater risk of mental health conditions due to their living conditions, stigma, discrimination or exclusion, or lack of access to quality support and services. These include adolescents living in humanitarian and fragile settings; adolescents with chronic illness, autism spectrum disorder, an intellectual disability or other neurological condition; pregnant adolescents, adolescent parents, or those in early and/or forced marriages; orphans; and adolescents from minority ethnic or sexual backgrounds or other discriminated groups.

Emotional disorders

Emotional disorders commonly emerge during adolescence. In addition to depression or anxiety, adolescents with emotional disorders can also experience excessive irritability, frustration or anger.

Suicide and self-harm

An estimated 62 000 adolescents died in 2016 as a result of self-harm. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in older adolescents (15-19 years). Nearly 90% of the world’s adolescents live in low-or middle-income countries and more than 90% of adolescent suicides are among adolescents living in those countries. Risk factors for suicide are multifaceted, including harmful use of alcohol, abuse in childhood, stigma against help-seeking, barriers to accessing care and access to means. Communication through digital media about suicidal behaviour is an emerging concern for this age group.

Risk-taking behaviour

Many risk-taking behaviours for health, such as substance use or sexual risk taking, start during adolescence.

Risk-taking behaviours can be both an unhelpful strategy to cope with poor mental health and can severely impact an adolescent’s mental and physical well-being.Worldwide, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among adolescents aged 15­-19 years was 13.6% in 2016, with males most at risk

Conclusion

The aims of this study were to identify and evaluate the types of mental health self-care support used by, and available to, CYP and their parents, and to establish how such support interfaces with statutory and non-statutory service provision. Through two inter-related systematic reviews, a mapping exercise and a case study, we are confident that we have achieved these aims. Moreover, in doing so, we have developed a model of self-care support that can help policy-makers and practitioners make decisions about the organisation and delivery of mental health self-care support for CYP and their families, and help researchers identify gaps in the knowledge base that might be resolved with future research in this area.

When studying human behaviour based on a factor or event, the researcher observes the characteristics, behaviour, and reaction, then use if to conclude. A company willing to sell to its target market needs to first study the behaviour of the market

The three main types of descriptive studies are case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys.

Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables

What is Quit India Movement day ?

The Quit India Movement (translated into several Indian languages as the Leave India Movement), also known as the August movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

Who is the father of quit india Movement day ?

Today is the 79th anniversary of Quit India movement. On this day in 1942, father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi gave the clarion call of Do or Die to all Indians to drive away Britishers from the country. The movement had begun from Gawalia Tank in Mumbai.

The movement demanded an end to British rule in India. Since the protest was held in August, it also went on to be known as August Kranti or August Movement. Every year, the day is celebrated by paying tribute to freedom fighters who laid their lives for the country.

The Quit India Movement also known as India August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan was launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942.

However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi’s speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of the war in jail. Gandhi made this speech to help India gain independence.

Easy. Isn’t it? The above question.

but are you sure? That the question is easy. Because for me it’s a very very hard question more than what I should wear at party tonight 🤣 but it’s fact though.

Love for is a transaction. You can turn it on and off, Easy ain’t it. Nope.

People says love is selfless but in my perspective till date, I think love is selfish, full of selfish. People become toxic in love, hurt those who use to once means world to them, accepting rebellious actions. People become south to north for those who they love. A disaster out of box.

its said we should always cherish the love when we get so that we won’t regret not accepting with full arms. It’s true though. Isn’t it? Yeah. Love is hard to get to one who craves the most. A beautiful feeling who should be able to embrace but at this point of human beings action, love is hard to get. Same as searching needle out of thousands pins in a box.

Love for me selfish as said because I love myself the most. I priority my own happiness foremost instead of others because if you won’t be happy you can’t share word of happiness with others or spread love. If you love yourself enough you will eventually bring to love others.

hence, before searching like a bee for honey. Learn to love yourself first and than you can successfully love others and share with others.

sorry for crappy post just wanted to share my opinions.