A description of a sequence of events or a situation;

Some interpretation of the significance of these events or situation, whether solely your own analysis or informed by the views of others, always carefully refer

An evaluation of the facts or the results of your research

Discussion of the likely outcomes of future courses of action

Your recommendations as to a course of action;

conclusions

THE SUN PROFILE

diameter: 1,390,000 km.
mass: 1.989e30 kg
temperature: 5800 K (surface) 15,600,000 K (core)

HISTORY OF THE SUN

The Sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. It contains more than 99.8% of the total mass of the Solar System (Jupiter contains most of the rest).

It is often said that the Sun is an “ordinary” star. That’s true in the sense that there are many others similar to it. But there are many more smaller stars than larger ones; the Sun is in the top 10% by mass. The median size of stars in our galaxy is probably less than half the mass of the Sun.

The Sun is personified in many mythologies: the Greeks called it Helios and the Romans called it Sol.

The Sun is, at present, about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium by mass everything else (“metals”) amounts to less than 2%. This changes slowly over time as the Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core.

The outer layers of the Sun exhibit differential rotation: at the equator the surface rotates once every 25.4 days; near the poles it’s as much as 36 days. This odd behavior is due to the fact that the Sun is not a solid body like the Earth. Similar effects are seen in the gas planets. The differential rotation extends considerably down into the interior of the Sun but the core of the Sun rotates as a solid body.

Conditions at the Sun’s core (approximately the inner 25% of its radius) are extreme. The temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin and the pressure is 250 billion atmospheres. At the center of the core the Sun’s density is more than 150 times that of water.

The Sun’s power (about 386 billion billion mega Watts) is produced by nuclear fusion reactions. Each second about 700,000,000 tons of hydrogen are converted to about 695,000,000 tons of helium and 5,000,000 tons (=3.86e33 ergs) of energy in the form of gamma rays. As it travels out toward the surface, the energy is continuously absorbed and re-emitted at lower and lower temperatures so that by the time it reaches the surface, it is primarily visible light. For the last 20% of the way to the surface the energy is carried more by convection than by radiation.

The Sun’s output is not entirely constant. Nor is the amount of sunspot activity. There was a period of very low sunspot activity in the latter half of the 17th century called the Maunder Minimum. It coincides with an abnormally cold period in northern Europe sometimes known as the Little Ice Age. Since the formation of the solar system the Sun’s output has increased by about 40%.

The Sun is about 4.5 billion years old. Since its birth it has used up about half of the hydrogen in its core. It will continue to radiate “peacefully” for another 5 billion years or so (although its luminosity will approximately double in that time). But eventually it will run out of hydrogen fuel. It will then be forced into radical changes which, though commonplace by stellar standards, will result in the total destruction of the Earth (and probably the creation of a planetary nebula).

THE SUN’S SATELLITES

There are eight planets and a large number of smaller objects orbiting the Sun. (Exactly which bodies should be classified as planets and which as “smaller objects” has been the source of some controversy, but in the end it is really only a matter of definition. Pluto is no longer officially a planet but we’ll keep it here for history’s sake.)

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE SUN

*The Sun is one of the millions of stars in the solar system. It is, however, larger than most (although not the biggest) and a very special star to us. Without the Sun there would be absolutely no life on Earth.
*The Sun is 870,000 miles (1.4 million kilometers) across. This is so big it is hard to imagine, but it would take more than one million Earths to fill the size of the Sun!
*The Sun is so big it takes up 99% of the matter in our solar system. The 1% left over is taken up by planets, asteroids, moons and other matter.

*The Sun is about 4.5 billion years old. It is thought to be halfway through its lifetime. Stars get bigger as they get older.
*As the Sun ages, it will get bigger. When this happens, it will consume some of the things close to it, and this includes Mercury, Venus and maybe even Earth and Mars. Luckily this is billions of years in the future.
*The Sun is the centre of the solar system.
*The Sun is 92.96 million miles (149.6 kilometers) away from Earth.
*The Sun is made of a ball of burning gases. These gases are 92.1% hydrogen and 7.8% helium.

*The Sun’s core is extremely hot! An unthinkable 13,600,000 degrees Celcius!
*The Sun has a very big magnetic field. It is the most powerful magnetic field in the whole solar system. This field is regenerating itself, but scientists are unsure how.

pls Don’t force your parents to buy this or that because in this pandemic situation they already facing lots of financial problems . Help them by doing small paid internship or else work from home jobs . Make your parents proud help them whatever you can do but please don’t ask any finance from them at this situation because they may face lots of stress & health issues . UNDERSTAND THEM .

Don’t watch any horror scene

Do yoga

Drink fresh juices

Don’t use your phones instead of spend some time with your family

Be confident not a over confident

Refer lots of books and website

Do excerise make yourself fit mentally and physically

get touch with those have clear the exams ask suggestions

Be clear with all the concept

Write neatly

try to convey your answers with diagrams

highlights the key points with colour pens

refer 2 to 3 books

maintain a separate note books

Allot time for each subjects

use colour pens and highlighter

write short cut answers & key words

Try to convey your answers with diagrams

analysis the pros & cons

think more than 100 times

listen advices & suggestions

Be confident

Hard work can be simply defined as putting in strenuous hours for doing a certain task or tasks. Smart work refers to find effective and efficient ways to complete one or multiple tasks while also managing time and quality both.

The difference between hard work and smart work:

It is based on how I approach my task. Hard work would mean spending long hours to complete my work without any shortcuts. It definitely ensures results but the process is long and stressful. Smart work would be aiming for the same results but with planning and prioritisation of tasks. In College/Law School, the trend of examination questions was repetitive. The questions asked in the last few years would be asked again. I realised this after my first semester. Since then, for the examinations.

Story:

One day two woodcutters have argued, which of them will cut more wood during a day.In the morning two men took up their positions. First they worked at one speed. But in an hour one of them has heard, that the other one stopped cutting trees. Realizing that this was his chance, the first woodcutter started to cut trees with double efforts.Ten minutes passed, and he heard that the second woodcutter started to work again. They were working almost synchronously, when the first woodcutter heard that his opponent has stopped again. The first woodcutter continued working, feeling the smell of victory.This lasted all day long. Each hour one of the woodcutters stopped for ten minutes and the other one continued to work. When time expired, the first woodcutter, who worked without any stopping, was absolutely sure that he won the prize.He was very surprised to know that was mistaken.— How did that happen? — He asked his partner. — Each hour I heard that you have stopped the work for ten minutes. How could you cut more trees than I? It’s impossible!— It is very simple, in fact, — answered the second woodcutter. — Each hour I stopped the work for ten minutes. And when you were cutting the trees, I sharpened the axe.

don’t believe in luck or in hard work without the so called “work smart”. …“You ain’t get nothing for staying low, lazy. …“Hard work pays off and pays the bills. …“Nothing in this world is handed to you. …“Successful people are not gifted; they just work hard, then succeed on purpose.

lemon

Tooth paste

body lotion

Baking soda

‘Neighbourhood First’ means improving the state of being connected or interconnected and lessening the gravity of identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, particularly to the marginalization or detriment of the interests of other nations.

The outlook on ‘Neighbourhood First’ points out:

1) India’s inclination to give political and diplomatic precedence to its immediate neighbors and the Indian Ocean island states, including Central Asia.

2) Providing neighbors with support, as needed, in the form of resources, equipment, and training. For example Development Partnership Administration (DPA) can launch programs like the Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC), the Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa Programme (SCAAP), and the Technical Cooperation Scheme (TCS) of the Colombo Plan schemes.

3) Seeking greater connectivity and integration for bettering the free flow of merchandises, services, human resources, energy means, capital, and information.

4) Promoting a model of India-led regionalism with which its neighbors are comfortable involving humanitarian cooperation, for example, i) counter-piracy mission off the coast of Somalia, ii) humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in cyclone-hit Mozambique and Madagascar (Operation Vanilla).

5) Active role in helping to create a regional security regime and in pushing stability outwards using impressive military and soft-power capabilities, for example, Doklam standoff.

6) Bridging diplomacy and development.

7) Acting East as China rises whether through its optic fiber connecting Nepal across the Himalayas which broke India’s internet monopoly there; 99-year lease of Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port where Sri Lanka faces a record foreign debt repayment of nearly USD 6 billion in 2019; or its shareholding in the Dhaka Stock Exchange by outbidding India.

8) Realizing success in multi-ethnic and religious engagement.

Now from generics to some specifics:

Afghanistan

As Afghanistan moves closer to multi transitions (NATO drawdown, Presidential elections, economic transition) and enters the phase of transformation decade, India’s focus on Afghanistan is becoming sharper in view of the stakes India has in Afghanistan from the perspectives of Its own security and strategic interests. India can ill-afford the return of Taliban. The emergence of a regime in Afghanistan which is a proxy of Pakistan and dominated by Islamic fundamentalists would not be in the interests of India. A stable and peaceful and prosperous Afghanistan is of no use to India if its territories are allowed to be used for the purposes which are inimical to the national interests of India.

Indian policy makers will have to pick up the right option as the security situation evolves; in the event there is no deterioration in the current security situation, India could continue with its policy of commitment to contribute substantially towards reconstruction of Afghanistan and capacity building including training of Afghan Security Forces. [India has invested over $2bn in Afghanistan as development assistance; under its strategic partnership agreement, India is providing training to Afghan Security forces]. It could also adhere to its commitments as Lead Country in Istanbul CBMs. In case Afghanistan returns to chaotic and bloody civil war posing physical threat to Indian personnel’s presence in Afghanistan, India may find it difficult to continue to operate in Afghanistan. At the same time, India’s military intervention in Afghanistan is more or less ruled out.

Sri Lanka:

India’s policy approach towards Sri Lanka is reflected In its response to a Question tabled in the Parliament (Lok Sabha Q. N. 1542 dated 14th August, 2013 ); the Government stated “India has long advocated the creation of an environment in Sri Lanka in which all communities, particularly the Sri Lankan Tamils, are masters of their own destiny within the framework of a united Sri Lanka. Our objective continues to remain the achievement of a future for the Tamil community in Sri Lanka that is marked by equality, dignity, justice and self-respect. In this context, India has been engaged with the Government of Sri Lanka at the highest levels on its stated commitment to implement the 13th amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution and to go beyond, so as to achieve meaningful devolution of powers.”

India has adopted a multi- pronged approach since the liquidation of the LTTE; this policy has several components: i) India misses no opportunity to impress upon the Sri Lankan Government to abide by its commitments towards Sri Lankan Tamils particularly meaningful devolution of powers and the implementation of the 13th Amendment and beyond in a time bound manner; ii) India reassure as often as possible the Sri Lankan Tamils that it will make every effort to ensure the 13th amendment is not diluted and the future for the community is marked by equality, justice and self-respect; (In June last year “Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was explicit in conveying to the visiting Tamil National Alliance (TNA) delegation from Sri Lanka that he was “dismayed by reports suggesting that the Government of Sri Lanka planned to dilute certain key provisions of the 13th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution ahead of elections to the Northern Provincial Council” [Ministry of External Affairs official statement, New Delhi, June 18, 2013] ; iii) India continues to invest into the reconstruction of Northern Sri Lanka; iv) As far the Tamil leadership in India, the Central Government in New Delhi listen to their demands, accommodates them to the extent feasible but ultimately exercises the prerogative of the Centre in the formulation of foreign policy taking broader national interests into account rather than being pushed by narrow regional priorities; v) India is monitoring carefully the Chinese overtures in Sri Lanka and check the latter’s drift towards China.

China:

The two countries have a long history of civilisational links. Soon after its own independence and the Maoist revolution in China, India went an extra mile to reach out to the communist regime. India was quick in recognising China, and supported its entry into the United Nations; recognized Tibet as an autonomous region of China The 1962 border conflict therefore came as a political shock to India. While Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s landmark visit in 1988 began a phase of improvement in bilateral relations, it is the cumulative outcomes of seven key High Level visits in last 10years which have been transformational for India-China ties. [These were that of Prime Minister Vajpayee [2003], of Premier Wen Jiabao [2005 & 2010], of President Hu Jintao [2006], of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh [2008 and 2013] and of Premier Li Keqiang [2013]. It is noteworthy that more than 60% of the agreements between India and China have been signed during the last decade. As of today, both sides have established 36 dialogue mechanisms covering diverse sectors. Bilateral trade has registered enormous growth reaching $70bn in 2011 (and may touch $100bn by 2015). The year 2014 has been designated as the Year of Friendly Exchanges between India and China. The two sides have established a Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity(2005) The leaders of India and China have also been meeting on the sidelines of regional, plurilateral and multilateral gatherings and conferences.

This is not to suggest that there are no irritants in relations between the two countries; there is always the other side of the coin: the border dispute between India and China remains unresolved; China’s plans to build dams on Brahamaputra or seek access to Indian ocean through Pakistan and Myanmar, “string of pearls” etc are matters of concern. In addition, the rapid economic rise of China and its military strength have given it the audacity to occasionally flex political and military muscles.

Pakistan:

Pakistan is and for foreseeable future will remain a permanent fixture on the agenda of India’s policy makers. The State Relations between India and Pakistan have remained less than normal ever since the partition of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947. Sporadic efforts made by the civilian authorities on the two sides of the divide to provide semblance of normalcy to bilateral relations have often been thwarted by the ISI and Army in Pakistan. History almost repeated itself in the recent past. Pakistani President Nawaz Sharrif made several conciliatory statements during and after his election in May 2013. He was reportedly advised by his Army Chief to go slow and exercise utmost caution while striving to improve relations with India; this was even before Nawaz Sharif was officially sworn in. As the prospects of a possible bilateral meeting between Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in New York on the side-lines of the UNGA 2013 Session were looking bright and back-channel contacts had began, the ceasefire violations along the LOC accelerated, culminating in to the killing of five Indian soldiers(6th August 2013). India’s response was firm and strong. In a Statement, the Defence Minister of India A.K. Antony said that “It is now clear that the specialist troops of Pakistan Army were involved in this attack when a group from the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) side crossed the LC and killed our brave jawans (soldiers) . We all know that nothing happens from Pakistan side of the Line of Control without support, assistance, facilitation and often, direct involvement of the Pakistan Army.”A chain of allegations and counter-allegations followed. In a resolution it adopted on 13th August, the National Assembly of Pakistan accused India of ‘unprovoked aggression by Indian military forces across the LoC”, promptly rejected and deplored by the Indian Parliament through identical resolutions in the two Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) reflecting the unity of approach to this issue by the ruling coalition as well as Opposition. Besides refuting the allegation and asserting that “it was the Pakistan Army that was involved in the unprovoked attack on an Indian Army patrol”, it also added “our restraint should not be taken for granted nor should the capacity of our armed forces to ensure the territorial integrity of our nation.” To top it up the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in his address to the nation on the 67th Independence Day singled out Pakistan by name and said “for relations with Pakistan to improve, it is essential that they prevent the use of their territory and territory under their control for any anti-India activity”.

In my assessment the future of India-Pak dialogue would depend on i) whether or not Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is able to minimise Army’s influence and control over foreign and security policies ; ii) tangible deliveries from Pakistan on issues of India’s serious concerns particularly arising out of Pak-inspired/sponsored cross-border terrorism against India.

India is the second most populous country of the world where children constitute about 39% of the population of the country and, since children are the future of the country hence, their education is of primary importance for any every nation. Early childhood days are the major growth years of a child. These are the most critical years in a child’s life. During this time the brain is at its peak development stage and determine a child’s development over the course of their lives. At this time a child develops cognitive, physical, social, and emotional skills. Early childhood education is a basis to define a healthy and a fruitful life to children it also aims to develop basic life skills in children to lay a foundation of lifelong learning and success. It also helps a child to develop efficient motor skills. Team working skill is one of the most important assets of an individual’s holistic development and education teaches a child the value and importance of team work. The skill is useful throughout formal education, in personal relationships, and in the workforce. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that children develop skills early in their childhood. Early childhood education programmes ensure that children develop the curiosity to learn. Sharing with others is the core of any relationship and peaceful society. Early childhood education enables a child to learn how to share their things so they can develop strong friendships with other children. Humans are social beings. They need to develop healthy relationships in order to live a fruitful life. Early childhood education ensures children learn how to socialize with other children of their age, with people outside of their immediate family and develop the skills to successfully socialize with people later on in their lives. More children and adolescents today are enrolled in pre-primary, primary and secondary education than ever before because now the people are much more advanced and aware about the importance of education. Examinations and assignments are encouraged by them as tools to assess the capability of the students. Whether a child was knowledgeable or not depended on the marks he/she scored. There are various reasons behind the improper education to the girl child-like indifference in attitudes and practices against girl child including their health, and well-being, illiterate parents and guardians who have little or no awareness of the importance of education and most importantly financial constraints of various types etc. The importance of the role of women in the society cannot be overlooked but still instead of children going to the schools they are seen instead working as domestic servants or in the factories. There are various NGOs that work for the education of the children likeSave The Children CRY ie. child rights and you. It has undertaken a lot of initiatives to improve the condition of underprivileged children one of them being Mission Education’ to make sure that ‘education is every child’s right and that proper education reaches to more children in every new academic year, Barefoot College India trains local community people into teachers, specialized professionals in other fields and has initiated many educational efforts for children, Pratham comprises of civil servants, PhDs, social workers, educationists and many other educated personnel who are working for a common dream of developing the future of children of the country. With an aim to offer every child their fundamental right to education etc. Education makes us capable of interpreting things, among other things. It is not just about lessons in textbooks. It is about the lessons of life.

India is the second most populous country of the world where children constitute about 39% of the population of the country and, since children are the future of the country hence, their education is of primary importance for any every nation. Early childhood days are the major growth years of a child. These are the most critical years in a child’s life.

During this time the brain is at its peak development stage and determine a child’s development over the course of their lives. At this time a child develops cognitive, physical, social, and emotional skills. Early childhood education is a basis to define a healthy and a fruitful life to children it also aims to develop basic life skills in children to lay a foundation of lifelong learning and success. It also helps a child to develop efficient motor skills. Team working skill is one of the most important assets of an individual’s holistic development and education teaches a child the value and importance of team work. The skill is useful throughout formal education, in personal relationships, and in the workforce. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that children develop skills early in their childhood. Early childhood education programmes ensure that children develop the curiosity to learn. Sharing with others is the core of any relationship and peaceful society. Early childhood education enables a child to learn how to share their things so they can develop strong friendships with other children. Humans are social beings. They need to develop healthy relationships in order to live a fruitful life. Early childhood education ensures children learn how to socialize with other children of their age, with people outside of their immediate family and develop the skills to successfully socialize with people later on in their lives. More children and adolescents today are enrolled in pre-primary, primary and secondary education than ever before because now the people are much more advanced and aware about the importance of education. Examinations and assignments are encouraged by them as tools to assess the capability of the students. Whether a child was knowledgeable or not depended on the marks he/she scored. There are various reasons behind the improper education to the girl child-like indifference in attitudes and practices against girl child including their health, and well-being, illiterate parents and guardians who have little or no awareness of the importance of education and most importantly financial constraints of various types etc. The importance of the role of women in the society cannot be overlooked but still instead of children going to the schools they are seen instead working as domestic servants or in the factories. There are various NGOs that work for the education of the children likeSave The Children CRY ie. child rights and you. It has undertaken a lot of initiatives to improve the condition of underprivileged children one of them being Mission Education’ to make sure that ‘education is every child’s right and that proper education reaches to more children in every new academic year, Barefoot College India trains local community people into teachers, specialized professionals in other fields and has initiated many educational efforts for children, Pratham comprises of civil servants, PhDs, social workers, educationists and many other educated personnel who are working for a common dream of developing the future of children of the country. With an aim to offer every child their fundamental right to education etc. Education makes us capable of interpreting things, among other things. It is not just about lessons in textbooks. It is about the lessons of life.

Women empowerment is a topic of dynamic discussion. It in a very simple terms can be defined to promoting women’s sense of self-worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others. The female empowerment can be closely corelated to peace, stability. Female empowerment has various aspects in it just like promoting their education, giving them respect, equal pay and job opportunities in every field. Women in general have never failed to prove their worth when given an opportunity. In Western countries, female empowerment is often associated with specific phases of the women’s rights movement in history. This movement tends to be split into three waves, the first beginning in the 19″ and early 20 century where suffrage was a key feature. The second wave of the 1960s included the sexual revolution and the role of women in society. Third wave feminism is often seen as beginning in the 1990s. In the turning times we have seen the tables turns and women rights and empowerment has emerged at a global level and movements for women rights and have continued to break the violence and atrocities against women. Days like International Women’s Empowerment Day are also gaining momentum. But despite a great deal of progress, women and girls continue to face discrimination and violence in every part of the world. Empowering women is essential to the health and social development of families, communities and countries. When women are living safe, fulfilled and productive lives, they can reach their full potential contributing their skills to the workforce and can raise happier and healthier children. The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic and health status is a highly important end in itself. In all parts of the world, women are facing threats to their lives, health and well-being as a result of being over burdened with work and of their lack of power and influence. In most regions of the world, women receive less formal education than men, and at the same time, women’s own knowledge, abilities and coping mechanisms often go unrecognized, Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. More than 40 years ago, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserted that “everyone has the right to education In 1990, Governments meeting at the World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien, Thailand, committed themselves to the goal of universal access to basic education. But despite notable efforts by countries around the globe that have appreciably expanded access to basic education, there are approximately 960 million illiterate adults in the world, of whom two thirds are women. More than one third of the world’s adults, most of them women, have no access to printed knowledge, to new skills or to technologies that would improve the quality of their lives and help them shape and adapt to social and economic change. There are 130 million children who are not enrolled in primary school and 70 per cent of them are girls. Countries should act to empower women and should take steps to eliminate inequalities between men and women as soon as possible by establishing mechanisms for women’s equal participation and equitable representation at all levels of the political process and public life in each community and society and enabling women to articulate their concerns and need, Promoting the fulfilment of women’s potential through education, skill development and employment, giving paramount importance to the elimination of poverty, illiteracy and ill health among women, Eliminating all practices that discriminate against women; assisting women to establish and realised

their rights, including those that relate to reproductive and sexual health, Adopting appropriate measures to improve women’s ability to earn income beyond traditional occupations, achieve economic self reliance, and ensure women’s equal access to the labour market and social security systems, Eliminating violence against women. A more equalized world with less inequalities between men and women is desirable and would help any country to perform better in future if adopted these aspects.

All of us are aware that kids need a routine to provide structure and discipline in their lives. When we were younger, most of us were told to go to bed at a certain time, wake up at a certain time, do our homework after school, eat dinner at a regular hour, shower, even play with our friends at a specific time. But what about adults? Many grownups do not have a set daily routine and ‘wing’ their day. They have no idea what they are going to do when they wake up each morning because they have not thought about creating a schedule to adhere to. As a result, many people feel like they are stressed, anxious, overwhelmed and falling short of their goals and true potential. The answer lies in carefully designing a routine that works best for each of us, one which helps us be productive, in control, and be the best person we can possibly be.

1. Makes Us More Efficient
When we have a routine that we follow daily, it reduces the need to make decisions each day. It enables us to know exactly what tasks we need to do each day without having to contemplate, decide or think too much. When we are finished with one task, we know what comes next without much thought. Activities become standardized and we become more efficient as a result.

2. Reduces Our Need to Plan
When we carefully design a set routine to follow, it eliminates the need to plan our activities every morning and budget and allocate our precious time. It takes the guesswork out of our day and allows us to wake up and ‘do’ instead of wake up and ‘plan’.

3. Creates Structure in Our Lives
A daily routine provides structure and a logical sequence in our lives. It provides the framework within which we live our lives and conduct our daily activities. Soon we become familiar and comfortable with what we have to do each day. It allows us to experience a flow to our day.

4. Saves Time, Our Most Valuable Resource
Time is the most precious asset at our disposal because, once lost, it is non-retrievable. By following a routine, we free up time that would otherwise be spent on planning, decision-making and preparation. Our routine has predetermined our schedule, allowing us to use our time efficiently.

5. Instills Good Habits
The secret to building good habits is repetition. When we design a personal routine that works for us, it facilitates developing good habits by encouraging us to repeat the same tasks over and over again. Just like brushing our teeth every morning, adhering to a routine allows us to foster habits that match our goals and aspirations.

6. Breaks Bad Habits
While our routine helps us develop good habits that are in line with exploiting our full potential, it also helps to eradicate bad habits that do not serve us well. We can slowly replace our bad habits with good ones through repetition.

SOURCES

https://www.skilledatlife.com/18-reasons-why-a-daily-routine-is-so-important/

Between 1935 to 1955 there is the development in the area of education in university. New universities were opened and the strength of students were also increased. But after the independence there was increased in the field of education in university. After separation only 19 universities were there but after that new 14 universities were opened. So that the government decided to create a team for the survey of university for analysis the new technology gained by the university. New educational program provides to the students for the development of students.

Aim of university education

Aim of university education :- After the independence our social, cultural and political facts are changed that changes increase the work of universities. Universities will give the affort towards the new technology. Now they the wants that type of education which increase the occupation, business etc.

Commercial education :- In commission 1st preference is given to commercial education. The field comes on this are agriculture, commercial, engineering and technology, teaching and health.

Engineering and technology :- At present engineering and technology are be the national property and we should try to increase it or improve this. All apportunity should be given to students who are studying in engineering college to work in the industry.

Medical :- Only those students get admission in medical colleges who have knowledge.

Teaching :- Syllabus of the university should be modified and changed according to the time. There must be exam conducted among the students.

Agricultural :- In rural areas new institutes are opened for the students so that they learn about the agriculture.

This is all modifications done after in independent of India.

The Aptitude Test can be used as a measure of the abilities of a person. These tests give the complete picture of a person’s mind. The aptitude test is of a great importance for the students studying in school or those people who want to change their profession. The test will give them a precise result of what is the actual abilities of a person. The importance of an aptitude test can be understood by the fact that they being widely used now for various purposes. Some of them are:

1. Placement Purpose:

If a job requires some specific skill or some particular trait in the person, it is evaluated by aptitude tests. For example, if you have applied for a data entry job, they will test your data checking skills or if you have applied for a job in the technical field they will test your mechanical reasoning or fault diagnosing ability. Mostly, the aptitude test is used in conjugation with a personal interview or a group discussion or both for job placement. It is difficult to cheat in an aptitude test, therefore, they are considered reliable by most of the interviewers. These tests give the interviewer an idea of the natural abilities, strength, and weaknesses of the interview.

2. Choosing a Career:

The result of the aptitude test tells us about the skills or abilities of a person. This result is of great help in choosing a career. A person will get to know what he is good at and he should choose a career accordingly. For example, a person takes an aptitude test and the result shows that the person’s verbal skills are excellent but the numerical skills are very poor. In this case, rather than choosing a career which requires him to enhance his numeric ability, it would be beneficial for him to choose a career which requires his verbal skills. Therefore, an aptitude test becomes guidance in choosing a career. One should definitely opt for an aptitude test before choosing a career. The right time for this test is after passing the 10th standard exam. It will guide you to choose the correct stream.

3. Academic Improvement:

If a student takes an aptitude test, it will directly or indirectly tell him his strong and weak subject. The student can, therefore, work on his weak subjects and improve them.

How to Prepare for an Aptitude Test?

If you are appearing for an aptitude test which is competitive or for placement purpose, here are some tips which could be helpful to you.

1. Learn Basics: 

There is no particular syllabus for aptitude test. Anything could be asked of you in the test. So, it becomes necessary that all your basic subjects, especially mathematics, is clear to you. You should know all the basics you learned in the school.

2. Everything is Important: 

In a competitive exam, even a single mark become very important. So, you should not leave any topic while preparing. Even if you find a topic difficult, do not leave it. Read that topic again and again or take help from your teachers. You do not know what will come in the exam, so you should prepare all the topics very well.

3. Practice:

As it is said, practice makes a man perfect. You should go for mock aptitude tests. There are many books available for aptitude. The internet is flooded with aptitude tests which are free of cost. Go for them. The more you will practice, your speed will increase. You will also come across many different types of questions, which might increase your knowledge. It is also possible that you may get the same question you practised in the test.

4. Know your Weak Points:

You should know in which topics you lag behind. You should prepare those topics first because you do not need much time to prepare those topics which you are good at.

5. Do not Waste Time:

Time is very precious. If you get stuck on a question and you do not find any way out, leave it for that particular time and come back to it later.

6. Be Careful while Attempting:

Most of the tests have negative marking. So just do not attempt the question if you are not sure about the answer. Do not assume your answer to be right.  A zero is always better than a minus one.

7. Avoid Gaps:

Avoid gaps in your practising routine as it can decrease your speed. Large gaps can make you forgetful. If you have a busy schedule on a particular day, try to take out at least 30 minutes for practising questions. Do not waste any day without practising.

8. Have a Fresh Mind:

Aptitude needs a lot of concentration which can be devoted only to a fresh and peaceful mind. If you had a fight with someone or you are feeling low or you have diverted mind, do not practice aptitude. If you will practice aptitude at this instance, you will get all your questions wrong because you will not be able to devote full concentration.

9. Take Care of Yourself:

Body and mind are interlinked. For a healthy mind, the body should also be healthy and vice versa. Sleep well and eat well. Take at least 6 hours of sleep.

Conclusion:

It is very important to include aptitude tests in education. As most of the multinational companies take the aptitude test of the person trying for the job, the tips and tricks for solving the aptitude tests must be taught to the students from the very beginning. If the students practice aptitude tests from the very beginning they will be able to solve them in proper time correctly. This would be beneficial for them when they go for recruitment. The schools should test the aptitude of the students at regular intervals so that the faculty can know the weak areas of their students. Moreover, it will tell the faculty if there is any fault in the curriculum or teaching methodology.

by Yogiraj Sadaphal.

Day and night, rational and dangerous, wealthy and poor, health and illness—everything in life has a dual character. Everything in the universe is either a boon (good) or a bane (bad), or, to put it another way, a blessing or a curse. It’s the same with cell phones.

The use of mobile phones is rapidly increasing. Individuals with cellphones have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. Without the omnipresent mobile phones, today’s world would be unimaginable. Everyone now has a smartphone, from children as young as nine to the elderly as old as ninety.

What Do You Mean by “Mobile Phone”?

A cellular phone or cellphone is an electronic telecommunications device. Mobile phones use radio waves or satellite signals to connect to a wireless communications network. Voice communications, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS), and Internet services such as Web surfing and e-mail are all available on mobile phones.

AS A BOON:

1. Life at ease: 

Due to mobile phones, life has been so much easier and more comfortable. For example, today’s mobile phones come with a variety of functions and programs, such as android, java games, and internet connectivity, allowing you to effortlessly converse and surf anything while sitting at home.

2. Ocean of Information:

The Internet has evolved into the largest and most comprehensive source of information available today. Anything and everything may be quickly accessed with the use of search engines such as Google, UC Web browser, Yahoo, and others. The most important benefit is that they assist students of many disciplines in studying and learning.

3. Connectivity:

Both mobile phones and the internet have become important sources of connectivity in today’s world. People chat on social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Telegram and Instagram messenger have also become popular among today’s youth.

4. Enhanced Life Standard:

People have grown much more advanced and revolutionized as a result of such technology, consequently raising their living conditions. When a person holds an Apple phone in his hand, he has a completely different impact on society than when he holds a regular phone.

As a Bane:

1. Limitation of thoughts:

People have put strict limitations on their mental process and rely largely on the artificial source of information because every item of knowledge is already available on the internet. Many young and vibrant people have observed a decline in their innovative thinking and intellectual level.

2. Creation of an Artificial World within a real one:

With their smart phones and apps, people have constructed an imaginary universe in which they remain reserved, distant, and separated in their own confined zone. They rarely connect with the actual world since they don’t have the time.

3. Time:

People are growing addicted to these luxuries to the point where they no longer have time to spend with their families and discuss issues. As a result, personal relationships are suffering. It also wastes a lot of time because addiction is dangerous.

4. Wastage of Money:

One of the major annoyances is that people waste a lot of money on more expensive mobile phones and devices unnecessarily in order to maintain their social position. Even if a cell phone costing Rs. 5000 would suffice, they choose for considerably more expensive models in order to attract attention in society.

As a result, we can easily see how mobile phones and the internet have impacted us, our lives, and our society to a far greater extent, with both positive and negative consequences. It’s not that we don’t need them; in fact, we all know that “too much of anything is fatal and leads to negative effects.” So, in light of this, we must undoubtedly use these, but only in such a way that they do not prove to be harmful to us.

The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

“The tissues of the body need a constant supply of nutrition in order to be active,” said Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York. “If [the heart] is not able to supply blood to the organs and tissues, they’ll die.”

HUMAN HEART ANATOMY

In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray’s “Anatomy of the Human Body.”

The physiology of the heart basically comes down to “structure, electricity and plumbing,” Phillips told Live Science.

The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health. The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the “right heart,” and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the “left heart.” A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart.

A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm.

The heart’s outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood.

The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions.

HUMAN HEART FUNCTION

The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body’s tissues with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart’s right atrium.

Of course, the heart is also a muscle, so it needs a fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients, too, Phillips said.

“After the blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, two sets of arteries bring oxygenated blood to feed the heart muscle,” he said. The left main coronary artery, on one side of the aorta, branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches out on the right side of the aorta.

Blockage of any of these arteries can cause a heart attack, or damage to the muscle of the heart, Phillips said. A heart attack is distinct from cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the heart rhythm. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but the latter can also be caused by other problems, he said.

“Each cell has the ability to be the ‘band leader’ and [to] have everyone follow,” Phillips said. In people with an irregular heartbeat, or atrial fibrillation, every cell tries to be the band leader, he said, which causes them to beat out of sync with one another.

A healthy heart contraction happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed. Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume. Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats.

Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart.

THE HUMAN HEART

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN HEART

*A human heart is roughly the size of a large fist.
*The heart weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women.
*The heart beats about 100,000 times per day (about 3 billion beats in a lifetime).
An adult heart beats about 60 to 80 times per minute.
*Newborns’ hearts beat faster than adult hearts, about 70 to 190 beats per minute.
*The heart pumps about 6 quarts (5.7 liters) of blood throughout the body.
*The heart is located in the center of the chest, usually pointing slightly left.