Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque; his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of “Mara Kalam Iyakkivar” (wooden boat steerers), which over the years became shortened to “Marakier.” With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home.By his early childhood, Kalam’s family had become poor; at an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, “I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline”.He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.

Career as a scientist;
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.In 1969, Kalam received the government’s approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.In 1969, Kalam received the government’s approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.

Presidency; Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People’s President.

Death On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on “Creating a Livable Planet Earth” at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m IST.

Feminism is not especially for women but it’s about all genders having equal rights and opportunities. A lot of people think that women’s rights has already been accomplished but at the same time there are so many forces against women’s rights like reproductive rights and having same pay as men in the same position but people make excuses for the earning gap. There are still some people with stereotypes thinking women should stay home for work and take care of their children’s and the most important thing for many women is still to please her men. When the women work outside the home, she still does more housework, and when men do it, things get postponed. Feminism put an end to sexism and to achieve full gender equality. There have been some extraordinary women who contribute in the history of the feminism. In many societies, women were traditionally locked in their homes as daughters, wives and mothers, and often we only know about women in history because of their relationships with famous men. Of course, many women throughout history played an important role in cultural and political life, but they are often invisible. The organized women’s movement dates back to the 19th century, although feminists and the struggle for equality have always been part of every human society. Women and scholars have divided the history of this organization into three “waves”. The first wave focuses mainly on the movement of suffrage women of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (especially with regard to women’s right to vote). The second wave refers to the ideas and actions associated with the women’s liberation movement that began in the 1960’s (which campaigned for women’s legal and social rights). The third wave refers to the continuous, apparent failure of the second wave of feminism, since the 1990s. first wave of feminism refers to the extended period of women’s labor between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United Kingdom and the United States. Initially it focused on the promotion of a contract equal to women’s property rights and the opposition to the patent marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, activism was focused on gaining political power, especially women’s rights. In 1854, Florence Nightingale established female nurses as military officers The second wave of feminism refers to the period of labor in the early 1960s and lasted until the late 1980s.  The second wave femininity has continued to exist since then and is associated with the so-called third wave femininity. S. Post-feminism describes a range of feminine points. Although they are not “anti-feminist,” women who follow feminism believe that women have reached the second level of waves while criticizing women’s third goals. The term was first used in the 1980s to describe attacks caused by the second wave. It is now a label for a variety of ideas that take critical steps in previous women’s discourses and incorporate the challenges of second wave ideas. Some feminists claim that feminism no longer applies to modern society. Amelia Jones wrote that the post-feminist writings that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed feminism circulating a second time as a monolithic organization and criticized it using common elements. Feminism has transformed the most important ideas in various areas of Western society, from culture to law. Women’s activists campaign for women’s legal rights (contract rights, property rights, voting rights); women’s rights to dignity and independence, abortion rights, and reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual assault and rape, to obtain employment rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; against misconduct; and other forms of gender-based discrimination.

The boundary dispute between Assam and Mizoram dates back nearly a century and a half. While there have been several showdowns arising out of inter-state disputes between various states of the Northeast, the dispute between Assam and Mizoram has rarely culminated in violence. Yet, it escalated to unprecedented levels over the past week, as firing on the inter-state boundary left at least six Assam policemen dead and over 50 individuals injured.

Mizoram borders Assam’s Barak Valley, and both border Bangladesh. The boundary between the two states, which runs 165 km today, has a history dating back to the time when Mizoram was a district of Assam and known as Lushai Hills. Boundary demarcations in 1875 and 1933, particularly the second one, are at the heart of the dispute. The 1875 demarcation, notified on August 20 that year, derived from the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) Act, 1873. It differentiated Lushai Hills from the plains of Cachar in Assam’s Barak Valley. This was done in consultation with Mizo chiefs, and it became the basis for the Inner Line Reserve Forest demarcation in the Gazette two years later. The 1933 demarcation marks a boundary between Lushai Hills and Manipur, beginning at the tri-junction of Lushai Hills, Cachar district and Manipur. The Mizos do not accept this demarcation on the ground that their chiefs were not consulted at that time.

Which is boundary does Mizoram find acceptable?

According to Mizo leaders, the only acceptable boundary is the Inner Line of 1875 on the southern frontier of Cachar, notified as per the BEFR Act. (This was subsequently revised in 1878 as it sought to demarcate the Lushai Hills frontier from the plains of Assam). The Mizo leaders and a joint action committee on border issues submitted a memorandum to the PM claiming that the present demarcation between states is unacceptable because they were not consulted during the process.

The dispute has been simmering since Mizoram became a Union Territory in 1972 and then a state in the 1980s. The two states signed an agreement that the status quo should be maintained at no man’s land set up in the boundaries. While alleged transgressions have often happened over the decades, skirmishes have happened very frequently in recent months. Both the states claim that the other transgressed into their territory, and thereby triggering the violence.

Assam-Mizoram dispute: what led to such violence?                                                     

A team of around 200 Assam Police led by the IGP, Assam Police, and the DC, SP and DFO of Cachar travelled to the Vairengte autorickshaw stand on Monday. While Assam has reasoned that they went to “resolve matters”, Mizoram has said they “forced their way in”, overrunning security posts.

The Assam Home Minister, for his part, issued a statement: “In another breach of existing agreements and the existing status quo, Mizoram began constructing a road towards Rengti Basti in Assam, destroying the Inner Line Reserve Forest in Lailapur area. Simultaneously, the Mizoram side also set up a new armed camp on a hillock next to the camp of the neutral force, CRPF, in the same vicinity. A team of Assam officials including an IGP, DIG, DC Cachar, SP Cachar and DFO Cachar went to the area this morning to request the Mizoram side not to disturb the status quo.” 

What are the other border disputes in the region?

Assam, which shares its boundary with all other Northeast states, has been involved in disputes with several of its neighbours. Assam and Nagaland share has a 500-km boundary. Violent conflicts, some leading to deaths, have taken place in several phases since 1965.

With Arunachal Pradesh, Assam shares an around 800-km boundary. Here, the first clashes were reported in 1992. Each state has accused the other of boundary transgressions and illegal encroachment. These issues are now being heard in the Supreme Court.

With Meghalaya, Assam shares a boundary of 884 km. There has been a series of recent flare-ups here, too. The Meghalaya government claims it has 12 areas of disputes with Assam.

Where is this headed?

Following the intervention of Union Home Minister Amit Shah, who held closed-door meetings with the Northeast CMs in Shillong and discussed inter-state disputes and other issues — both sides have now retracted their forces.

In its statement, Mizoram has said it wants “that the inter-state border issue with Assam is resolved in an atmosphere of peace and understanding”. It has also called upon Assam to create a “congenial environment” for peaceful resolution of the dispute. Assam has asked Mizoram to “restrain its people and police personnel from indulging in wanton violence and work towards restoring peace”. It alleged that the fact that there was no casualty on Mizoram side was proof that Assam authorities had shown restraint. Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma and Mizoram Chief Minister Zoramthanga tagged each other in their tweets while calling for peace.

The Chief Ministers of these states had previously held talks in February this year and agreed on the need to maintain the status quo and peace.

It has been history changing olympics for India. All the Indian players gave their best and bagged medals for India.

Medals recieved by india –

Neeraj Chopra – javelin throw – Gold Medal ( History created — india recieved its first athletic gold medal and recieved second olympic gold after 13 years.)

Mirabai Chanu – Weight Lifting – silver medal

Ravi Kumar Dahiya – Wrestling – Silver Medal

PV Sindhu – women’s singles in badminton – Bronze medal

Lovlina Borgohain – Women’s Welterweight Boxing – Bronze Medal

Bajrang Punia – wrestling – Bronze Medal

Hockey team too bagged bronze.

PROUD TO BE INDIAN !!

At the beginning of 2021, a report says that there are 2,755 billionaires in the whole world, with a net worth of 13 trillion. Here, we will talk about the 10 top billionaires according to the Forbes world’s billionaires list.
1. Jeff Bezos is aged 57. He resides in Seattle and is the founder and executive chairperson of Amazon with a net worth of $1.77 billion. In 1994 Jeff Bezos founded and started Amazon.com from the garage and started selling books, shortly after their resignation from his previous company. He did pitch his ideas to his ex-boss David. E. Shaw but he wasn’t interested. Amazon slowly changed from one image to another by taking gradual steps. It is known as ‘Earth’s most customer-centric company. It is evident of the expansion of Amazon through various things like acquiring whole food in 2017 and launching its d. Bezos other projects include aerosol company Blue origin, the Washington Post which is purchased in 2013, and 10,000 years old clock which is also known as long now.

2. Elon Musk is aged 50 and has achieved a lot in few years. He resides in Austin, Texas with a net worth of $151 billion. You’ll know Elon Musk has introduced us to brand new Tesla which he has ake ownership of 20%. He had his hand on many different companies and originally applied for Stanford University. But he deferred his attendance due to the introduction and launch of zip2, a portion from reinvested to make x.com, an online payment system which is later known as Paypal. Musk has maintained his position as CEO and lead designer of his third project, ‘Space Exploration Technology’. In 2004, Elon Musk became the biggest funder of Tesla which led him to become the CEO of an electronic vehicle company. Tesla also produced energy storage devices, automobile accessories through its solar City in 2016.

3. Bill Gates is aged 65, with the highest assets and the worlds known richest person. The net worth is around $124 billion has a 1.3%  ownership stake. He has attended Harvard University in 1975, and alongside, he used to work with his friend Paul Allen to make new software for microcomputers. This project gained a success to Bill Gates so he dropped out of the university in his junior year itself and searched for Microsoft with his friend Paul. Microsoft is the largest company in the world, Microsoft also produces its line of computers, books through Microsoft press and sells video game systems. Gates has two big foundations named the William H gates foundation and the Gates learning foundation respectively, which were merged and became Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Melinda Gates is a Co-founder of this foundation. who is soon to be his ex-wife. This foundation has done wonders for Polio and malaria patients and has spent billions.

4. Mark Zuckerberg is aged 37 and is a billionaire at this age. He is the co-founder, chairman, CEO of the famous social media site Facebook. He developed Facebook alongside attending Harvard with his students Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes in 2004. As Facebook started getting famous and was used by other universities he dropped out of Harvard to focus entirely on his ongoing growing business. Facebook enables large of users to make profiles, connect with a bunch of people from worldwide, connecting families, create groups, it also hosts other brands like photo-sharing apps, Instagram which was introduced in 2012. Facebook earns most of it through advertisements. There are monthly 2.8 billion users, 2021 research says. Zuckerberg and his wife found a foundation named Chan Zuckerberg in 2015 with the initiative of fixing societal ills, like improving the quality of education, refining both the criminal justice system and US immigration system, and improving housing affordability, etc.

Introduction

Poverty has many faces , which have been changing from place to place and across time , and has been described in many ways. Most offen , poverty is a situation that people want to escape .

While addressing the constituent Assembly in 1947 , Jawaharlal Nehru had said, ” This achievement (Independence) is but a step , an opening of opportunity , to the great triumphs and achievements that awaits us… the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity .

Catergorizing Poverty :

For the purpose of defining poverty They divided people into two categories; the poor and the non-poor and the poverty line separates the two. However, there are many kinds of poor; the absolutely poor, the very poor and the poor.

Similarly there are various kinds of non-poor; the middle class, the upper middle class , the rich, the very rich and the absolutely rich . Think of this as a line or continue from the very poor to the absolutely rich with the poverty line dividing the poor from the non-poor.

“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right , the right to dignity and a decent life” ____ Nelson Mandela

Main causes of poverty in india:

Rapidly rising population:– The population during the 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum. On average 17 million people are added every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods considerably.

Low productivity in agriculture:- The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented holding, lack of capital , use of traditional methods of cultivation , illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of poverty in india.

Under utilised resources :- The extences of under employment disguise unemployment of human resources has resulted in low production in agricultural sector . This brought a down fall in their standard of living.

Low rate of economic development:- The rate of economic development in india has been below the required level. Therefore , there persist a gap between level of availability and requirements of goods and services . The net result is poverty .

conclusion

Food insecurity and hunger have been constants throughout history. During times such as the Great Depression, the government has stepped up in an effort to help those suffering.

Today, there are still many in similar situations, although the problem of hunger has become invisible. The government is still making efforts to aid those in need, and thanks to research and media coverage, the issue of food insecurity is becoming more transparent. Communities and colleges are also battling social stigmas and lending a hand to those suffering from hunger.

By Yogiraj Sadaphal

” A river seems a magic thing. A magic, moving, living part of the very earth itself “.

– Laura Gilpin

Water makes up 60-75 percent of a person’s weight. Dehydration can occur with a loss of merely 4% of total body water, and a loss of 15% can be fatal. Similarly, a human may go a month without eating but not more than three days without water.

Reasons of drink water are :-

1. It keeps your body temperature in check.

It’s critical to stay hydrated in order to keep your body temperature stable. During physical exercise and in heated situations, your body loses water through sweat. Sweat keeps your body cool, but if you don’t replace the water you lose, your body temperature will rise.

2. It helps excrete waste through perspiration, urination, and defecation.

To have good bowel and avoid constipation, you also need enough water in your system. Your kidneys are also responsible for removing waste from your body through urination. Adequate water intake aids in the proper functioning of your kidneys and the prevention of kidney stones.

3. It helps maximize physical performance.

During physical activity, it is important to drink plenty of water. During physical activity, athletes can sweat up to 6% to 10% of their body weight Trusted Source. Your strength, power, and endurance are all affected by hydration. Exercise in the heat without adequate hydration can result in dangerous medical issues such as low blood pressure and hyperthermia.

4. It helps in digestion.

Experts affirm that drinking water before, during, and after a meal will assist your body break down the food you eat more easily. The body adapts to variations in the consistency of food and stomach contents, whether they are more solid or liquid.

5. It aids in the absorption of nutrients.

Water not only aids in the digestion of food, but it also aids in the dissolution of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. The vitamin components are subsequently delivered to the rest of your body for usage.

6.  It helps you lose weight.

Drinking water has been connected to body fat decrease and weight loss in both overweight girls as well as boys. While dieting and exercising, drinking more water may help you shed some pounds.

7. It enhances the flow of oxygen in the blood.

Water transports essential nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Maintaining your daily water requirements will improve your circulation and benefit your overall health.

8. It makes you feel better.

Water deficiency can also have a negative impact on your mood. Dehydration can cause fatigue, confusion, and even anxiety.

1. Get used to the ups and downs of life. In life , things are never always good or always bad. Learn to go with the flow and make the best of any situation.

2. People respect you more if you respect yourself. Do not show off before you prove yourself.

3. Do not make the mistake of thinking you can get a high post or attain overnight success after graduating college. It take a lot of hard work and effort.

4. If you think your teacher is strict, scary, hard, and dangerous, wait until you meet your boss. Your old teachers will pale in comparison.

5. Do not blame yourself for your defeat, just learn from your mistakes and move forward.

6. Your parents were not as boring and unimaginative before you were born, they matured after caring for and nurturing you.

7. Consolation prizes are only in school. In reality the rules are different for those who fail. There are No Second Chances for Losers.

8. In real life, you do not get vacation after a few months of work, like you do in school. You do not get the luxury of teachers i adult life. You have to rely on yourself and teach yourself.

9. What is shown on TV is not the reality of life. In reality there is Work and only Work.

10. Study Constantly and work hard. Do not tease your friends there may come a time that you have to work under them.

The Lovely Bones is a 2002 novel by American writer Alice Sebold. It is the story of a teenage girl who, after being abused and murdered, watches from her personal Heaven as her family and friends struggle to move on with their lives while she comes to terms with her own death. The novel received critical praise and became an instant bestseller. A film adaptation, directed by Peter Jackson, who personally purchased the rights, was released in 2009. The novel was also later adapted as a play of the same name.

OVERVIEW

On December 6, 1973, 14-year-old Susie Salmon takes her usual shortcut home from her school through a cornfield in Norristown, Pennsylvania. George Harvey, her 36-year-old neighbor, a bachelor who builds doll houses for a living, persuades her to look at an underground kid’s hideout he constructed in the field. Once she enters, he abuses and murders her, then dismembers her body and puts her remains in a safe that he dumps in a sinkhole, along with throwing her charm bracelet into a pond. Susie’s spirit flees toward her personal Heaven, and in doing so, rushes past her classmate, social outcast Ruth Connors, who can see Susie’s ghostly spirit.

The Salmon family initially refuses to believe Susie is dead, until a neighbor’s dog finds Susie’s elbow. The police talk to Harvey, finding him odd but not suspicious. Susie’s father, Jack, gradually suspects Harvey. Jack’s surviving daughter, Lindsey, eventually shares this sentiment. Jack takes an extended leave from work. Meanwhile, another of Susie’s classmates, Ray Singh, who had a crush on Susie in school, develops a friendship with Ruth, drawn together by their connection with Susie.

Later, Detective Len Fenerman tells the Salmons the police have exhausted all leads and are dropping the investigation. That night, Jack peers out of his den window and sees a flashlight in the cornfield. Believing Harvey is returning to destroy evidence, Jack runs out to confront him, armed with a baseball bat. The figure is not Harvey, but Clarissa, Susie’s best friend who is dating Brian, one of Susie’s classmates. As Susie watches in horror from heaven, Brian—who was going to meet Clarissa in the cornfield—nearly beats Jack to death, and Clarissa breaks Jack’s knee. While Jack recovers from knee replacement surgery, Susie’s mother, Abigail, begins cheating on Jack with the widowed Fenerman.

Trying to help her father prove his suspicions, Lindsey sneaks into Harvey’s house and finds a diagram of the underground den, but is forced to leave when Harvey returns unexpectedly. The police do not arrest Lindsey for breaking and entering. Harvey flees from Norristown. Later, evidence is discovered linking Harvey to Susie’s murder as well as to those of several other girls. Meanwhile, Susie meets Harvey’s other victims in heaven and sees into his traumatic childhood.

Abigail leaves Jack and eventually takes a job at a winery in California. Abigail’s mother, Grandma Lynn, moves into the Salmons’ home to care for Buckley (Susie’s younger brother) and Lindsey. Eight years later, Lindsey and her boyfriend, Samuel Heckler, become engaged after finishing college, find an old house in the woods owned by a classmate’s father, and decide to fix it up and live there. Sometime after the celebration, while arguing with his son Buckley, Jack suffers a heart attack. The emergency prompts Abigail to return from California, but the reunion is tempered by Buckley’s lingering bitterness for her having abandoned the family for most of his childhood.

Meanwhile, Harvey returns to Norristown, which has become more developed. He explores his old neighborhood and notices the school is being expanded into the cornfield where he murdered Susie. He drives by the sinkhole where Susie’s body rests and where Ruth and Ray are standing. Ruth senses the women Harvey has killed and is physically overcome. Susie, watching from heaven, is also overwhelmed with emotion and feels how she and Ruth transcend their present existence, and the two girls exchange positions: Susie, her spirit now in Ruth’s body, connects with Ray, who senses Susie’s presence and is stunned by the fact that Susie is briefly back with him. The two confess love as Susie has longed to do after witnessing her sister and Samuel. Afterwards, Susie returns to Heaven.

Susie moves on to another, larger part of Heaven, but occasionally watches earthbound events. Lindsey and Samuel have a daughter together named Abigail Suzanne. While stalking a young woman in New Hampshire, Harvey is hit on the shoulder by an icicle and falls to his death down a snow-covered slope into the ravine below. At the end of the novel, a Norristown couple finds Susie’s charm bracelet but don’t realize its significance, and Susie closes the story by wishing the reader “a long and happy life”.

SOURCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovely_Bones

The Author of the Novel

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami commonly known as R. K. Narayan, was an Indian writer known for his work set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. In his long career he published fourteen novels, over two hundred short stories, a memoir, two travel books, innumerable essays, and two plays. His first novel was Swami and Friends (1935). Sahitya Academy Award winner ,”The Guide ”was adapted for the film winning a Filmfare Award for Best Film and for Broadway. And He was Also Awarded Padama Bhushan And Padama Vibhushan.

Preface  the Novel

The Novel “Swami and Friends” was written by famous Indian author RK Narayan in 1935, This is a friendship based Book. The full story of this Book is based on Swami and his friends live in the small town of Malgudi in Southern India. Swami and Friends was written between the first and second world wars . A literary Period of notable creative experimentation that likely encouraged Narayan in his mission to create uniquely personal comedic depiction of his remembered childhood.

Theme of the Novel

The whole story revolve around the  10-year-old boy Swami. He is an unconstrained, indiscreet, wicked but then also an exceptionally honest child. His character is a kid in the fullest feeling of the world. How he grows up, his mischiefs which made his family irritated, his wonder, growing pains and innocence and many aspects are being portrayed in the novel. He lives in a universe of bossy grown-ups. He is a student at Albert Mission School. It is a British established school where importance is given to Christianity and English education.

Characterisation of the Novel

Swami is the central character of the plot.. As a child, he goes to school where he does not like studies and gets bored easily. He is an honest boy of seven but, on the other hand, he also does not hesitate telling lies to his father. He loves his granny’s stories. He is good at cricket and is nicknamed “Tate.” Later in the course of the novel, he became bolder and socially prominent.

Mani is one of the closest friends of Swami. He is known as “the mighty good for  nothing.” Swaminathan was proud of his friendship.

Rajam is the son of the Police Superintendent and one of Swami’s closest  friends. Rajam is new to Swami’s school at the start of the novel, and initially Swami and Mani view him as an enemy due to his quick wits, fine clothes, and fearless nature.

Shankar is another bosom friend of Swami. He is a brilliant boy of the class.. He could speak to the teachers in English in the open class

Swami’s another bosom friend was Samuel, the Pea. He was called the Pea as he was very small in size.

Somu, the monitor of the class. He was set about his business, whatever it was, with absolute confidence and calmness. He was known to be chummy even with the teachers.

Swami’s father, W.T. Srinivasan, is an imposing figure who works at the courts and is usually strict with Swami. Swami sometimes feels afraid of his father, but at other times he turns to him for help and support

Swami’s mother appears in the novel only occasionally, usually in the context of providing Swami with something he wants or backing him up in an argument with his father.

Swami’s grandmother, whom he calls Granny, is an old woman who lives with Swami and his mother and father. Swami views Granny as ancient and sometimes embarrassing, but she is also a source of comfort and security during times of change, particularly when Swami’s brother is born.

Conclusion of the Novel

The moral of swami and friends the book written by RK Narayan is it reminds us about our childhood memories such as mischief’s in childhood, plucking mangoes etc. and in short it briefly explains the sweetness of childhood and importance of friendship.  His father use to say you must rise up early to study and “remember boy, your examination is not going to wait but your granny can!”. Therefore this paragraph teaches us that  “never force any child too much to study”, as a first life lesson from swami & friends.

By – Yogiraj Sadaphal

“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not winning but taking part; the essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well.”

                              – Pierre de Coubertin

Ancient Olympics Games.

There were lots of stories about the origin of Ancient Olympic Games. The word Olympic is derived from Olympia a valley, where first such games were organized. The ancient Olympic Games were primarily held in honor of Zeus, the father of the Greek gods and goddesses, as part of a religious festival. Olympia hosted both the festival and the games. The athletes were all male citizens of the city-states from every corner of the Greek world. The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games.

Modern Olympic Games.

Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France is credited with reviving modern Olympic Games. The first Modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896, thanks to his tireless efforts. The First Olympic Games featured nine countries. Medals are awarded in three categories: gold, silver, and bronze, for first, second, and third place, respectively.

Rings in Olympic flag:-

The symbol was originally created in 1913 by Coubertin. The Olympic flag has a white background, with 5 interlaced rings in the center i.e. Blue, Yellow, Black, Green and Red which represent different continents of the world. It represent the universality and the spirit of Olympism.

Blue Ring represent – European continent.

Yellow Ring – Asia continent.

Black Ring – Africa continent.

Green Ring – Australia continent.

Red Ring – America continent.

Objectives of Olympics:-

1. To develop personality, characters, citizenship among nations.

2.To pay attention towards  physical  education  and  sports  Competitions among countries.

3. To develop International fraternity and peace.

Organizations for Olympics:-

International Olympic Committee (IOC):–

It is the top body in charge of the Olympic Games. With the help of Baron de Coubertin, it was founded during the International Athletic Congress, which took place in Paris on June 25, 1894. The Headquarter of IOC are located in Lausanne (Switzerland).

Indian Olympic Association (IOA) :–

Dorabji Tata was the founding president of the Indian Olympic Association (IOA), which was founded in 1927. The International Olympic Committee is linked with the Indian Olympic Association. The executive board of the Indian Olympic Association is comprised of members such as the president, vice president, secretary, joint-secretary, treasurer, state Olympic associations, and national federation representatives.

Till now, in the history of India’s Olympics Medals, India won 7 medals which contains 1 Gold, 2 Silver & 4 Bronze in Tokyo Olympic Games 2020 which is more than the previous one. I hope India’s athletics will made India proud by their dedication and enthusiasm towards their games.

Education is the essential thing for our life, and it helps in the growth of human civilization. Education is necessary to understand the universe around us and convert it into something more beneficial. With the help of knowledge, we can develop a new perspective for our life. If people are educated, then they can know their responsibilities and rights quite well. Education is a very powerful medium to grow in life and perceive something important. In a human’s life, education benefits a lot in decreasing the difficulties of a hard life. The expertise obtained through the education era encourages everybody regarding their life. Education is a way to enter into several doors for possibilities to obtain more real prospects in life to improve career growth. Government is also arranging various programs to educate everyone about education and its benefits in our life especially in rural areas. Education delivers knowledge of equality among everyone in society and encourages the growth and improvement of the nation.

There was a survey conducted in the year 2014 which result in the following Education in India Statistics. A survey on ‘Social Consumption: Education’ was conducted in NSS 71st round (January-June 2014).A sample of 36479 rural households from 4577 villages and 29447 urban households from 3720 blocks were surveyed all over India. Literacy rate among persons (aged 5 years and above) in India was 76%. In rural areas, the literacy rate was 71% compared to 86% in urban areas. The difference in literacy rate among males and females (aged 5 years and above) was observed with male literacy rate higher (83%) than female literacy rate (68%). Percentage distribution of rural persons of ages 15 years & above by highest completed levels of education: 35% were not literate, 23% were literates up to the primary, 17% were of level upper primary, 20% were of levels secondary and higher secondary and 4% were graduate & above.
Percentage distribution of urban persons of age 15 years & above by highest completed level of education: 16% were not literate, 17% were literates up to the primary, 16% were of level upper primary, 30% were of level secondary and higher secondary and 18% were graduate & above.

Indian government considers education as a key area where drastic growth and development is required. So various future prospects have been considered and policies are drafted. The vision is to ensure that education in India is of the highest quality and available to the whole population without discrimination. Let us look at some projects the government wishes to implement successfully. Though the education level has increased for both youth as well as adults, still the number of illiterates is as much as the population was at the time of independence. The constituent assembly passed the Constitution of India in the year 1950. Free and compulsory education for the children till 14 years of age within 10 years from the commencement of constitution wasnoted

Science and technology are important parts of our day to day life. We get up in the morning from the ringing of our alarm clocks and go to bed at night after switching our lights off. All these luxuries that we are able to afford are a resultant of Science and technology. Most importantly, how we can do all this in a short time are because of the advancement of science and technology only. It is hard to imagine our life now without science and technology. Indeed our existence itself depends on it now. Every day new technologies are coming up which are making human life easier and more comfortable. Thus, we live in an era of science and technology.

Essentially, Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization. This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance to enjoy these results, which make our lives more relaxed and pleasurable.

If we think about it, there are numerous benefits of science and technology. They range from the little things to the big ones. For instance, the morning paper which we read that delivers us reliable information is a result of scientific progress. In addition, the electrical devices without which life is hard to imagine like a refrigerator, AC, microwave and more are a result of technological advancement.

Furthermore, if we look at the transport scenario, we notice how science and technology play a major role here as well. We can quickly reach the other part of the earth within hours, all thanks to advancing technology.

In addition, science and technology have enabled man to look further than our planet. The discovery of new planets and the establishment of satellites in space is because of the very same science and technology.
Similarly, science and technology have also made an impact on the medical and agricultural fields. The various cures being discovered for diseases have saved millions of lives through science. Moreover, technology has enhanced the production of different crops benefitting the farmers largely.

Any marketing that uses electronic devices to convey promotional messaging and measure its impact. In practice, digital marketing typically refers to marketing campaigns that appear on a computer, phone, tablet, or other device. It can take many forms, including online video, display ads,and social media posts. Digital marketing is often compared to “traditional marketing” such as magazine ads, billboards, and direct mail. Oddly, television is usually lumped in with traditional marketing.

Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is the promotion of brands to connect with potential customers using the internet and other forms of digital communication. This includes not only email, social media, and web-based advertising, but also text and multimedia messages as a marketing channel.

Digital marketing and inbound marketing are easily, and for good reason. Digital marketing uses many of the same tools as inbound marketing—email and online content, to name a few. Both exist to capture the attention of prospects through the buyer’s journey and turn them into customers. But the 2 approaches take different views of the relationship between the tool and the goal.

Digital marketing considers how each individual tool can convert prospects. A brand’s digital marketing strategy may use multiple platforms or focus all of its efforts on 1 platform.

Inbound marketing is a holistic concept. It considers the goal first, then looks at the available tools to determine which will effectively reach target customers, and then at which stage of the sales funnel that should happen.

Teacher’s Day is the festival of birth anniversary of Bharat Ratna beneficiary Dr Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan. He was a practical and inspirational teacher whom each student of the country used to cherish. In the memory of his contributions as a teacher, we praise the Teacher’s Day to respect our teachers and give them all the regard they deserve.

Teacher’s Day is a day for which the teachers and particularly students energetically wait for the entire year. Teacher’s Day is a celebration of joy, enthusiasm and worship that is the reason the individuals from various parts of India praise the day to offer appreciation to their teachers

Indian Schools and Colleges direct the most fabulous celebration on Teacher’s Day. Even though the School stay open, the students get a temporary leave from the regular studies and are permitted to appreciate the day in their manner. A few students take on the appearance of their teachers and arrive at the lower classes to control the students in those classes. They do as such to help their youngsters for their upcoming tests and have a sentiment of a traditional teacher.

Students additionally decorate their School and Classes and arrange some cake and snacks for their teacher. Their teachers cut the cake, and they convey some Speech on Teachers . Singing, Dancing and other fun activities are likewise a part of the celebration of the day which students perform to engage their teachers. The students likewise present a speech to show their appreciation towards their teacher. The event of Teacher’s Day help strengthens the bond between a teacher and a student.

Axis bank was founded on 3 December 1993 as UTI Bank, opening its registered office in Ahmedabad and a corporate office in Mumbai.[10] The bank was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Unit Trust of India (UTI),[11] Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Corporation, National Insurance Company, The New India Assurance Company, The Oriental Insurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company.

Owner of the bank is AMITABH CHAUDHRY. The managing director and CEO of Axis bank.

Headquarters – Mumbai.

The first branch was inaugurated on 2 April 1994 in Ahmedabad by Manmohan Singh, then finance minister of india.

Axis bank has crossed the milestone of over one million customers on its WhatsApp banking channel with a total request count of 6 million till now.

● Axis Bank had launched banking services on WhatsApp in January 2021 and has since witnessed robust organic growth in its customer base for WhatsApp banking.

● After signing up for the service, customers can inquire and get details of products across savings account, credit and debit cards, deposits and personal loans.

● Non-financial service requests can also be initiated, such as locating ATMs or getting updates on third-party deals available on credit and debit card.

The United Trust of India (UTI) was considered as one of the largest private banks in India. On 30 July 2007, UTI Bank changed its name to Axis Bank. So Axis bank old name is UTI bank.

The Zoological Survey of India, founded on 1 July 1916 by Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, as premier Indian organisation in zoological research and studies to promote the survey, exploration and research of the fauna in the country.

Headquarters – Kolkata with 16 regional centre under the ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

The Indian government approved the appointment of Dr Dhriti Banerjee as the director of the Zoological Survey of India. She is a prolific scientist, conducting research in zoogeography, taxonomy, morphology and molecular systematics.

ZSI’s women scientists have been carrying out regular surveys exploring faunal diversity from the Himalayas to the deep sea and nearly 60% of the new species discovered are by women scientists today,” said Banerjee. “In the past century, only 20% of the total scientific staff strength in ZSI are represented by women. But their scientific contributions prove that they have played a key role in strengthening the roots of ZSI,” she said.

On breaking the glass-ceiling in this organization, she mused, “Women are blessed with unique power to strike a balance between work and family. But I was lucky to have had an exceptionally supportive one — my husband, Sughran, daughter Roinee and my parents. I am also grateful to my mentors in the organization for their guidance.”

Even though women are equal partners in scientific development and nation-building, their scientific journey around the world began only in the late 19th century. In fact, ZSI, headquartered in Kolkata with 16 regional centres under the ministry of environment, forests and climate change, started hiring women scientists as late as 1949, after more than three decades since its inception on 1 July 1916. Mira Mansukhani thus created history in an organization which until then was largely dominated by men.

While speaking to a leading daily about her new achievement, she stated that the 100-year legacy of Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) would help her to catapult the organisation to the next phase in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Since 2012, she has worked as the co-ordinator of ZSI’s Digital Sequence Information Project.

On the occasion of its centenary celebrations in 2016, Banerjee had co-authored the “The Glorious 100 Women’s Scientific Contribution in ZSI”, which chronicled the contributions of women scientists in the domain of animal related groups.

PERFECT CAREER : Myth or Reality ?

As the CBSE Results have been announced for class 12^th on July 30, 2021 and of class 10^th on August 3, 2021 many of the students have started searching for their further career fields and paths.

For many of us (the lucky ones) our interests and passion play a key role in finding our perfect career and for the others it might be difficult to find a passion that strong that can be converted into profession. As the date for admission for colleges and universities comes closer we all try to take as many as advices from out relatives, friends and fellowmates. But you see there is a very rare possibility that others will choose a right career for you.

So what can we do?

5. Do not let money be the sole purpose of choosing a career. I know its difficult but give importance to other factors as well.

6. Introspect more often than observation. Every minute of your life is different than that of your friend. Your thoughts might be similar but if you will go down the road of introspection you will sooner realize how unique and different you are from anyone else. That’s true.

Therefore, in my opinion, A’s career might look perfect at a point of time. But A has to deal with a lot of challenges following that career. And then A may find B’s career as perfect who might later wanna shift his/her career. So, this is a blend of myth and reality and depends on the person, conditions and time.

Love yourself, and see how you’re gonna achieve Wonders.

Journalism is a study of research, collection, preparation, and distribution of news and stories and features this material through print and digital media, in a form of blogs, newspapers, magazines, books, podcasts, webcast, social media sites, and also through radio, television, e-mails. Earlier, the word ‘Journalism’ was to be meant for those who used to report special events and used to write upon them. But with the evolution of television and radio and not forget about the internet, it coming more in the Digital format with a motion pictures. The 20th century includes all printed and digital formats of communication to spread the voices and stories.  In the new era, journalism seems to be a hardcore professional field of interest. With the advent of radio and television aka digital media, the press has suffered a great loss because digital communication has introduced us with the news bulletin to the public as soon as possible. The speed limit is too high, practically print media could not hope to match. We do not wait for the news like in Earlier times, we tend to know about it as soon as the incident occurs, we people do rely on these sources. Journalist puts public good above all and uses a specific method of investigation to follow the lead on the story so that it can be put in front of the public to know. It benefits the people and they check the stories and lead up to it regularly.

There are a few positives of journalism:

1. It explores the deep areas, unbiased journalism can break society’s laws and can bring the Stories from top to bottom and the deepest secret of it. It speaks about the evilness and darkness of society, which can develop people’s minds.
2. There were many ups and downs in the society due to this, but the benefit it has is to provided people an insight into economic, social, and political theories of the city, state, country, and the whole nation. Because of them, people can gather important information across the globe.
3. the government as journalists needs to help them to keep a political track of ongoing movements throughout the country and the world.

Negativity has gotten into people’s minds. The continuation of journalism is a need of an hour now. people need to differentiate the biased and unbiased journalism, as people can’t doubt and express their views on any religion, culture, or story. They are always on the urge to break the story first, with all the right data and facts. So that we don’t have to check upon it. Studies in journalism have improved and are being the priority subject. There are many types of Journalism, travel journalism, in the movie ‘Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani’ the role of Ranbir Kapoor is as a travel journalist. He travels the whole world and works along with the different channels and explores them. Another is lifestyle journalism, which has every bit of genres, magazine journalism, investigative journalism, business journalism, celebrity journalism, etc. These all have meaning inside their names.
Every type of journalism has its way of acting out and functioning. For some, a person should be extremely focused on and some are kind of chill. So, it’s up to you which kind of Journalism will suit you.

Charles Spencer Chaplin was one of the greatest artists of the world who was born in London, England, on April 16th, 1889.

Charlie was named after his father, a British music hall entertainer. His mother, Hannah Hill Chaplin, a talented singer, actress, and piano player, spent most of her life in and out of mental hospitals; his father, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. was a fairly successful singer until he began drinking. After his parents separated, Charlie and his half-brother, Sidney, spent most of their childhood in orphanages.

Having inherited natural talents from their parents, the youngsters took to the stage as the best opportunity for a career. Charlie made his professional debut as a member of a juvenile group called “The Eight Lancashire Lads”.

In 1914, Chaplin made his film debut in a somewhat forgettable one-reeler called Make a Living. To differentiate himself from the clad of other Chaplin decided to play a single identifiable character, and “The Little Tramp” was born, with audiences getting their first taste of him in Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914).

Chaplin made 14 films, including The Tramp (1915) during his first year in the industry. Generally regarded as the actor’s first classic, the story establishes Chaplin’s character as the unexpected hero when he saves the farmer’s daughter from a gang of robbers.

“A day without laughter is a day wasted”

– Charlie Chaplin

During the 1920s Chaplin’s career blossomed even more. During the decade he made some landmark films, including The Kid (1921), The Pilgrim (1923), A Woman in Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), a movie Chaplin would later say he wanted to be remembered by, and The Circus (1928).

The latter three were released by United Artists, a company Chaplin co-founded in 1919 with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D.W. Griffith.

Chaplin spoke even louder in The Great Dictator (1940), which pointedly ridiculed the governments of Hitler and Mussolini. “I want to see the return of decency and kindness,” Chaplin said around the time of the film’s release. “I’m just a human being who wants to see this country a real democracy . . .“

He soon became a target of the right-wing conservatives. Representative John E. Rankin of Mississippi pushed for his deportation.

In 1952, the Attorney General of the United States obliged when he announced that Chaplin, who was sailing to Britain on vacation, would not permit him to return to the United States.

The incensed Chaplin said goodbye to the United States and took up residence on a small farm in Corsiersur-Vevey, Switzerland.

By the 1970s times had changed, and Chaplin was again recognized for his rich contribution to film. He returned to the United States in 1972, where he was honored by major tributes in New York City and Hollywood, California, including receiving a special Academy Award.

In 1975, he became Sir Charles Chaplin after Queen Elizabeth II (1926–) of England knighted him. Two years later, on December 25, 1977, Chaplin died in his sleep in Switzerland.

Reference Link – https://www.biography.com/actor/charlie-chaplin

By – Yogiraj Sadaphal

About Author

Chetan Bhagat is the author of nine bestselling novels which have sold over twelve million copies and have been translated into more than twenty language worldwide. The New York Times has called him ‘the biggest selling author in India’s history’. Several of his books have been adapted into films and were major Bollywood blockbusters.

Plot

Keshav and Saurabh are best friends, flat mates. Saurabh has a fiancé Prerna and on the occasion of Karva Chauth, Prerna had a fast and waiting for Saurabh in terrace. But when the Saurabh reaches there he found that Prerna was dead by falling from the terrace. But Saurabh do not believe that it was an accident because he saw Prerna’s phone on the opposite side of the road. He thought it was a murder. He started an investigation as Saurabh and Keshav have a detective agency by the name Z Detective. They first shifted to Prerna’s house as their lease was getting expired in next 2 months. They 1st suspected Aditya, Prerna’s uncle as his room is just below the terrace. They searched Aditya room and found a gloves and Prerna’s engagement ring. When they told about this to Ramesh uncle , Aditya got good scolding from Ramesh uncle but on the next day Aditya found dead in his own room by overdose of drug. After that they were thorn out of the prerna’s house but got to know about Prerna’s family secret that Prerna and Anjali were the daughter of Bindu and they were twins.

As Bindu was not mature enough to feed her children so Ramesh uncle took Prerna and gave Anjali to Geetu. As Saurabh have Prerna’s email account they got to know about Ramesh uncle have taken a loan for their car showroom and wanted money from Prerna but she hadn’t given it to Ramesh uncle. but the twist came in the story when Keshav justify his love for Anjali and told her to meet his all family member and by the time Ramesh uncle had a bail by his political power. When they went to Prerna’s house they said that they got the real culprit  and Ramesh uncle has no need to be in jail. Then Keshav asked Anjali to narrate the entire incident of Prerna’s death as she was the real culprit. Keshav got about it by the love bite in his chest that’s exactly similar to the love bite found in Aditya chest when they saw his deadbody. Then Anjali narrated all incident of terrace on Karva Chauth eve that how she came to the Seattle to Gurgaon and push Prerna from the terrace. She also told that because of difference of her life and Prerna’s life she did this all.

Recommend this book to read

In this story, there may be only one or two things which are quite easy for the readers to get suspicious. I won’t say the crime or investigation will blow your mind but you will definitely enjoy reading it and framing of the crime is well enough. I personally found the sarcastic comments made by Keshav funny and witty. It’s a novel which you wants to complete in just one sitting. If you want to read something written in simple English and which has crime, love, friendship and humour in it, this book will quench your thirst.

Rating: 4/5

Pacing: Medium

Intended audience: Teenagers.

Content warnings: murder, investigation.