The calorie was first introduced by Nicolas Clément, as a unit of heat energy, in lectures during the years 1819–1824. This was the “large” calorie, viz. modern kilocalorie.^[3][6] The term entered French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. It comes from Latin calor ‘heat’.

The “small” calorie (modern calorie) was introduced by Pierre Antoine Favre (Chemist) and Johann T. Silbermann (Physicist) in 1852. In 1879, Marcellin Berthelot distinguished between gram-calorie (modern calorie) and kilogram-calorie (modern kilocalorie).^[6] Berthelot also introduced the convention of capitalizing the kilogram-calorie, as Calorie.

The use of the kilogram-calorie (kcal) for nutrition was introduced to the American public by Wilbur Olin Atwater, a professor at Wesleyan University, in 1887.^[3]

The modern calorie (cal) was first recognized as a unit of the cm-g-s system (cgs) in 1896,^[6] alongside the already-existing cgs unit of energy, the erg (first suggested by Clausius in 1864, under the name ergon, and officially adopted in 1882).

Already in 1928 there were serious complaints about the possible confusion arising from the two main definitions of the calorie and whether the notion of using the capital letter to distinguish them was sound.^[7] Use of the calorie was officially deprecated by the ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, in 1948.^[8]

The alternate spelling calory is archai

Restrictions over 5 million people after delta varient linked cases has neighboring new Zealand raises high alert people in Sydney, Australia biggest city have been ordered not to leave the metropolitan area as authorities scramble to contain a number of coronavirus cases of delta varient a development that has prompted neighboring new Zealand and to raise it alert level following possible exposure from a tourist from Australia new south Wales state premiere announced the strict crubs affecting about 5 million people who live and work in the city clearly this is a evolving situation “,Berejiklin said at the news conference the new rule took effect at 4pm Sydney Time and will remain in force for a week given what was occurred the Nsw government will be taking action today to limit the spread of what is a contagious varient of Covid Nsw health minister Brad Hazzard described the situation as a very Real and present situation for a city as a cluster first identified in the beach of suburbs of bondi grew to 21 cases with eight confirmed on Wednesday morning most of the newly confirmed cases were traced to a single event where the mass gathering was held on Tuesday this is new and more dangerous version of the virus Hazzard said during the news conference the new restrictions include a limit of household visitors to five people including children said ,”,Berejiklin mask wearing which already been reinstated on Friday will be extended to people required to wear mask on all indoor setting, outside the home and at organized outdoor events. The measure also includes capacity limits on public transport and in gym classe while singing at indoor venues including places of worship will not be allowed Authorities are also urging people to come for testing . New Zealand on alert: As of Wednesday Australia had recorded more than 30,300 cases and 910 deaths the country has been the world,s most successful in containing the pandemic allowing it to reopen its border to new Zealand but the new cases are testing the travel bubble between the neighbour’s on Wednesday new Zealand raised its pandemic alert level in welling to level two which is one level short of a lockdown, earlier as Australia tourist who visited the capital city over the weekend tested positive for covid when they returned to Sydney “,These are precautionary measures will be remain in the places while we contact trace and test to all those we needed to new Zealand covid response minister Chris Hopkins said under the elevated area alert level, office,school and business are still allowed to open but people are allowed to follow the social distancing gathering more than 100 people are banned in public places like wedding and other parties new Zealand has a population of 5 million people and has recorded deaths of 2720 cases and 26 deaths the country has posted a 98.2 % percent recovery rate in Australia itself queensisland and Victoria Island have closed their borders to people from many parts of Sydney ad a result of new cases the government has given the people to take vaccinations on the time that all people should take their vaccine on time as the spread of new delta virus form of Covid 19 virus as they are 5 million people are saying in Australia Sydney the new strict restrictions are been followed in Australia 80%of people have lost their job due to covid many business and marketing have been shut down for manufacturing and marketing of new education policy that class to children between students and teachers but now everything is changed due to covid many times the children are facing a huge loss.

Development of astronomy in India has come a long way since the Vedic times and now ISRO heads our space exploration and research in astronomy.

When comes Indian astronomy, an image that automatically comes to our mind is that of the Jantar Mantar. It was built by Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur in the 18th century .The collections of huge instruments for astronomical observations were fundamentally based on ancient India’s astronomy texts. Five Jantar Mantars were built to revise the calendars and make a more accurate collection of tables that could predict the motions of the major stars and planets. This data was to be used for more accurate time measurement, improved predictions of eclipses and better tracking of positions of stars and planets with relation to earth. They are so large in scale that it is supposed to have been aimed at increasing their accuracy. In the Jantar Mantar, one can find the world’s largest sundial and literally see the sun’s shadow move every second. Records also show that telescopes were built and used in certain observations. This kind of accuracy helped produce in those ages some remarkably accurate results, which even contemporary Europeans could not beat.

One important lesson to learn from the Jantar Mantars is that the Raja built five of them. He could have built just one and been happy with the results. He built five so that the results given by one observatory could be verified against those of another. This possibility of verification obviously reduced the chance of human error involved when taking readings on an instrument. Also, the five observatories were in five different cities. Thus, one could check the position readings of heavenly bodies from different parts of earth and again verify the overall results. This shows a strong display of the scientific enquiry method in the minds of our past astronomers.

The ideas behind Jantar Mantar came from ancient Indian texts written by Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Bhaskaracharya and others. The most important texts of ancient Indian astronomy had been implied between the 5th and 15th century -the classical era of Indian astronomy. The more familiar ones among these works are Aryabhatiya, Aryabhatasiddhanta, Pancha-siddhantika and Laghubhaskariyam. Ancient Indian astronomers were notable in several respects. Their achievements are even more baffling considering they never used any kind of telescopes. They put forth the sun-centric theory for the solar system, elliptical orbits for planets instead of circular ones, reasonably accurate calculations for the length of a year and the earth’s dimensions, and the idea that our sun was no different from the countless other stars in the night sky.

Somewhere during the Middle Ages, progress in the field of astronomy stood still and an admixture of astronomy and astrology arose. With colonization, the European school of astronomy displaced our own. The last remarkable astronomer in pre-Independence India was Samanta Chandrasekhars. His book Sidhant Darpana and his use of simple instruments in getting accurate observations earned him praise even from the British.

In our present era, the Indian space programme stands on the contributions made by two giants in the field of physics-Homi J Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai. It was their tireless efforts, which initiated work in space research under the Department of Atomic Energy.

Over this period of time, India also produced some remarkable astronomers and astrophysicists Meghnad Saba and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar are two world renowned names in astrophysics.

On the side of the observational astronomy, we had Dr M.K. Vainu Bappu-till date the only Indian to have a comet named after him/her. Currently, the Giant Meter-wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at Khodad near Pune is the largest of its kind in the world. The Kavalur observatory, named after Dr Bappu, is one of the best equipped in the eastern hemisphere.

Jantar Mantar-Ancient Astronomical Observatories of India and Some Instruments

Historically, Indian astronomy developed as a discipline of Vedanga or one of ‘auxiliary disciplines associated with the study of the Vedas. The oldest known text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dated between 1400-1200 BC.

Indian astronomy was in its peak in the fifth-sixth centuries with Aryabhata and his Aryabhatiya representing the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge. Later, Indian astronomy influenced Muslim astronomy. Chinese astronomy, European astronomy and others significantly. Other astronom of the classical era, who further elaborated on Aryabhata’s work, include Brahmagupta, Varahamihira and Lalla.

An identifiable astronomical tradition remained active throughout the medieval period and into the eighteenth century, especially within the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics founded by Sangamagrama Madhava (1350-1425 AD) of Irinjalakkuda in Kerala.

The classical era of Indian astronomy begins in the late Gupta era, in the fifth-sixth centuries.

The Panchasiddhantika (Varahamihira, 505 CE) approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using Gnomon or Sanku.

Once, while visiting the court of Emperor Muhammad Shah, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur overheard a loud argument about how to calculate the most astronomically advantageous date for the purpose of the emperor beginning a journey. To the Maharaja, the debate highlighted the need for education in the field of astronomy and for an observatory that could make accunte astronomical calculations. The idea for the Jantar Mantars or calculation instruments was bom The Jantar Mantar consists of a number of structures in stone, brick and marble, cach of them marked with astronomical scales and designed to serve a specific purpose of the observatories originally built at Delhi, Jaipur, Mathura, Ujjain and Varanasi; all observatories dill exist except the one in Mathura.

Among the devices used for astronomy was Gnomon, known as Sanku, in which the shadow of a vertical rod is applied on a horizontal plane in order to ascertain the cardinal directions, the Latitude of the point of observation and the time of observation. This device finds mention in the works of Varahamihira, Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, Brahmagupta, among others.

The armillary sphere was used for observation in India since early times, and finds mention in the works of Aryabhatta (476 CE). The Goladipika a detailed treatise dealing with globes and the armillary sphere was composed between 1380-1460 CE by Parameswara. Probably, the celestial coordinates of the junction stars of the lunar mansions were determined by the armillary sphere since the seventh century. There was also a celestial globe rotated by flowing water.

The seamless celestial globe invented in Mughal India, especially in Lahore and Kashmir, is considered to be one of the most impressive astronomical instruments and remarkable feats in metallurgy and engineering. All globes, before and after this, were seamed, and in the twentieth century, creating a seamless metal globe was believed by metallurgists to be technically impossible, even with modern technology.

With educational institutes closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has been encouraging online education to achieve academic continuity. Most high-end private and public institutions have made the switch smoothly using online platforms such as Zoom, Google classrooms, Microsoft teams, etc., while many still find it a herculean task. The challenges of online education are multifaceted. It is time that we Indians, as a society, understand the realms of online education – in India, for India.

The Good

Online education allows for learning something beyond the norm. A learner has access to unlimited topics and global experts in niche subjects – something otherwise not affordable or imaginable for many. Online programs allow people of a wide age group to learn at their own pace, without inhibitions, and without compromising on their other responsibilities. With the emergence and spread of COVID-19 in India, online education has trickled down to the most basic level — schools and colleges! When asked about their experience with online teaching, a student from a college in Bengaluru said, ​“The online option is a need in this pandemic situation. It has brought education to us without us going anywhere, and it is more flexible”. Probably, students are finding it a welcome change from strict schedules and long-distance commutes to attend classes. For some others, who find learning in large classes intimidating, this may be a less stressful option. Many teachers are making the best of this situation by exploring new methods of teaching and assessment.This is encouraging. But the moment online education moves from an optional to the only form of learning, and that too long term, the bad and the ugly slowly become evident. India is beginning to get a taste of this now.

The bad

Using the internet for entertainment is common, but for online lessons is a big challenge. Teachers may not be well-versed with creating digital content, and conveying it effectively online. A sudden expectation from them to upgrade, and from students to adapt, is unfair.Body language and eye contact, which are important cues for the teacher, are difficult to perceive in an online class. ​“I do not receive continual feedback in the form of students’ reactions during online sessions, which reduces the effectiveness of teaching”, says a college teacher in suburban Mumbai. How many students have paid attention in a class? Of those, how many understood the lesson? Is the teaching pace alright? Are some students getting left behind? These questions arise even in traditional classrooms, but they are harder to address in online classes. A parent of an 8‑year-old attending a private school in Gurgaon says, ​“There shouldn’t be online classes for such young kids. Their concentration span is small and they do not pay attention after a while.” The 8‑year-old added, ​“I hate them (online classes)!”Even college students seem to value the in-class physical learning experience much more than a virtual one. Many acknowledge that phones can be very distracting. In addition, science and technology programs often include hands-on laboratory sessions, dissertation projects and field trips to complement theoretical studies. This aspect of learning is severely limited in online education.Finally, education is not just about subject knowledge but also about developing social skills and sportsmanship among the students, which is built over years. Relying solely on online education may hinder the holistic development of children, and many may underperform later in their professional and personal lives.

The Ugly

While India enjoys a wide geographic and cultural diversity, it also suffers from a huge socio-economic divide. Only a small part of the Indian population has access to online education right now. Interrupted power supply, weak or non-existent internet connectivity, and unaffordability to buy necessary devices are major concerns. ​“In a Class of 40 students, after two months of online classes, around 20 students regularly attend class with whatever device and connection they have. Around 5 – 8 students are completely absent till date and rest are fluctuating”, says a school teacher in Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. A teacher in a government-aided school from the small town of Chamba in Himachal Pradesh says, ​“It is a frustrating experience to engage students of lower classes in online mode. There are network issues on both teachers’ and students’ ends”. To deal with internet connectivity and device availability issues, ​‘classes’ in many places are happening via sharing of videos by teachers over WhatsApp or YouTube, so that students can watch them at their convenience. This too, however, comes with difficulties in understanding the lessons and promotes rote learning. The same is true of pre-recorded sessions aired on the television (e.g., Swayam Prabha DTH channels) and radio (audio lessons, through All India Radio), although they do cater to a wider student population that cannot avail live online classes.

1) Equestrian

This ‘sport’ involves running, steeple chasing, and vaulting while riding a horse. While most people would love nothing more than to bond with a powerful animal like a horse, this sport is reserved only for the privileged few.

 

Training and maintaining such a large animal can cost a pretty penny (or paisa). Take into account travelling to events and stabling the animal properly, and you’ll be spending roughly $200,000 (more than 1 crore) every year!

And this doesn’t include the cost of buying a racehorse.

2) Formula 1

To be a Formula One racer, you need to have your own car. And considering that a single wheel of a Formula One car costs more than a regular civilian car, you’ll need a ton of money to be able to get into this sport.

 

Besides, injuries in Formula One races are no small matter, and a crash can amount to far more than a sprained ankle. But let’s forget about the possible medical costs for a second; to simply enter a Formula 1 race costs roughly $190,000 dollars! And considering that most racers begin practicing on go karts from a very young age, it is evident that this sport requires a minimum investment of a million dollars.

3) Sailing

The best part about sailing is that once you’ve got your own boat, the actual race requires very little investment. The worst part? A boat can cost anywhere between $50 million to $100 million. So you can only enjoy this sport if you’ve amassed enough wealth to actually buy a boat.

 

Another issue with this sport is that it’s seasonal in most countries, and the boat stays docked for the rest of the year. This is where the real money comes in as the cost of maintaining a boat on deck can be astronomical.

4) Wingsuiting

Wingsuiting is a sport where you fly through the air with the help of a special jumpsuit called a wingsuit. A wingsuit costs roughly $2,500, and while this isn’t cheap, it is by no means an expensive investment compared to the other sports on this list.

 

But the real cost of wingsuit diving involves hiring an airplane to take you up and paying the pilot for their services. You’ll also have to invest in skydiving lessons and pay for insurance before you can start diving.

Recreational wingsuit diving can cost upto $30,000 (Rs. 18 lakhs), and professional wingsuit diving costs much more.

 

Education is one of the basic requirements for everyone to stand strong in front of the society. It gives us the confidence and power to be able to fight our fears and insecurities. Being an educated person makes you a strong, independent person who can make his own decisions. The freedom of taking your own decision and fulfilling the needs will be in your hand after getting educated.

Private schools are quite famous of charging high amount of fees. Most of the parents are not able to afford the expenses for education. India being the 2^nd highest populated country, the number of resources available are not enough for the huge population. The scarcity of food, water, shelter used to face very commonly by the poor section of our society. Families who are not able to afford the proper meals, how they can think about sending their children to school. Government schools have changed a lot of perspectives of Poor people. Government is providing free books, food, education to those who are unable to afford. It is giving us wings through which we can fly without keeping our boundaries closed.

High fees were a restriction for every person from getting the basic and proper education. When the country is facing so much challenges because of COVID -19, Government is planning to sponsor free education for those who lost their parents due to the pandemic. It is a great initiative by government for the betterment of children from our country. Even after completing the school education, some people drop their dreams as the university fees are very expensive. To be a doctor, either you need to have the best brain or your need to have lot of money to pay to the Private college. Degrees can be issued by the power of money.

Free education should be must for children as the roots of every should be strong for building the strongest future ahead. Government is doing every bit to promote and spread awareness about the various programmed launched by them in terms of free education.

“Padhega India, Badhega India.”

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Pichai Sundararajan was born on June 10, 1972 better known as Sundar Pichai is an Indian-American business executive. He is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Alphabet including and its subsidiary Google. He was born in Madras Tamil Nadu, India. Pichai earned his degree from IIT Kharagpur in metallurgical engineering. He was born in a family where there is no luxury things except telephone there was no television. He spent his times with books and he liked cricket equal it was software. He was so quite boy so he did not have any friends somehow he was love with his wife and Moving to the United States, he attained an M.S. from Stanford University in materials science and engineering and further attained an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was named a Siebel Scholar and a Palmer Scholar, respectively. After earning a job in foreign country Pichai began his career as a materials engineer. Following a short stint at the management consulting firm McKinsey & Co.  He could not continue the job in that country because the expensive for the travel in flight was heavy and he cannot live without his wife so he returned. He then married her and he was studying in the same institute in which Larry and Serge studied for the Google they kept an interview in which he was selected. Pichai joined Google in 2004,in which he led as the product management and innovation efforts for a suite of Google’s client software products, including Google Chrome and Chrome OS, as well as being largely responsible for Google Drive. In addition, he went on to oversee the development of other applications such as Gmail and Google Maps. In 2010, Pichai also announced the open-sourcing of the new video codec VP8 by Google and introduced the new video format, Web M. The Chrome book was released in 2012. In 2013, Pichai added Android to the list of Google products that he oversaw. In that time only Android phones were in use so that Google level raised up in high position. Then Pichai was selected to become the next CEO of Google on August 10, 2015, after previously being appointed Product Chief by CEO, Larry Page. On October 24, 2015, he stepped into the new position at the completion of the formation of Alphabet Including. The new holding company is also for the Google company family. He was appointed to the Alphabet Board of Directors in 2017. Sundar Pichai, the chief executive of Google, has been put in charge of its parent company Alphabet, after co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Bring announced they were stepping down. The 47-year-old said the pair had set up a “strong foundation” on which he would “continue to build”. Pichai was included in Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in 2016 and 2020. In an interview he had told that all can be a successful people in this world. To achieve something or to be a successful person we need a goal. We may think that we don’t have any goals in life but there will be something in each and every person try to find it and run towards it. In this path of running towards your goal you must not be jealous about anyone or knock anyone create your own path then there will be no enemies. In our Google we don’t know fight with anyone because we created this path.

 

It is an intimate affair between you and your diary. You open your pure heart out and talk(write) to your diary.A lot of things go around us and some things make us sick, we want to share it with others but hesitate to do so which in return makes our mental state insane.
Dairy writing helps in this situation. It helps to write our heart out without disclosing it to others.You become creative. You get empowered to write beautiful, emotional, and thoughtful content.While writing down you think about the event in detail, you observe things while writing and slowly you start accepting it.
This brings you close to yourself.

Being caught inside — and missing the achievements that usually mark transitioning in America — was desolate, bewildering, discouraging and surprisingly choking. However, numerous likewise astonished themselves. They fortified with kin, found nature, discovered little solaces in Zoom-school, messed around, worked out, cooked, composed, sang, moved, painted and made recordings. Furthermore, maybe generally significant during a period of life zeroed in on sorting out what your identity is, they reevaluated themselves. However, albeit so many adapted honorably, this age will always show signs of change. As one 16-year-old put it, “Leaving a mark on the world is way misrepresented.” This week, a year after the World Health Organization proclaimed Covid-19 a pandemic, we share their accounts. In this uncommon undertaking, we picked a small bunch of passages to show what teens have lost — and what they have found. Underneath each picture, you can discover altered and dense passages from their specialists’ explanations that can reveal to you more about the work. Regardless of how old you are, as you read you may ask yourself an inquiry, as well: How has this year tested and changed your age?

“Simply inhale” turned into a mantra. I advised myself to get past the basic things. Setting aside the effort to reflect, I understood why the Saran Wrap was choking out me — I was the person who pulled it tight. Indeed, it was set there by my obligations and the vulnerability of our reality, however I was able to give up. I let go of all that wasn’t serving me, and took a profound breath.Ever since I was a youngster, I anticipated my eighteenth birthday celebration. I figured I would out of nowhere acquire long stretches of information and have the ability to change the world. Much to my dismay how troublesome the time of my retirement from adolescence would be.

At the point when mumbles of isolating were turning into a reality, my family and I were trapped. My mother, a fundamental specialist and single parent, worked the entire day while my more youthful kin and I went to class. On top of attempting to move on from secondary school, I must be a mother for a preschooler and a grade-schooler. My eighteenth birthday celebration went back and forth, and I was as yet unchanged Stevia.

I took a gander at the most recent couple of months and understand this is the thing that experiencing childhood in a worldwide emergency looks like for low-pay families. Being isolated caused me to acknowledge the amount I have been denied of my adolescence and that I’ve been a “grown-up” for most of my life. My photograph addresses awakening every day with the pressure of not understanding what life will toss at you, yet making an insincere effort in any case. I snapped this picture one morning as my kin were all the while dozing four feet from me. The light was getting through the window so flawlessly, and it was one of only a handful of seconds of quiet I had encountered since March.

Remember that the most beautiful things in the world are the most useless, peacock and lilies for instance. It is better to have brain than beauty, that is not only useful for us but also for society. It is very known fact that “beauty is but skin-deep”.

Beauty fades with the passage of time where as the brain and mental faculty improves and grows with age. We become wiser and more experienced.

The impact of our brain on our personality is but an acknowledged fact.

Therefore, we should try to improve our mental faculty and do something for society to be a part of the nobles causes.

Khushi Agarwal

The wealthy are not happy and can never be so, as wealth is the root cause of their unhappiness. In fact it is the universal truth that a healthy man lives a much more happy and content life, than a man blessed with wealth. We all are aware of the old adage ‘ Health is wealth ‘. Thus, we see that there are many things besides wealth, which can enrich us and help us lead a full and wholesome life.

“Superfluity comes sooner by white hair while competency lives longer”, said William Shakespeare in his play ‘Merchant Of Venice’. Wealthy men indeed age faster with worry, while healthy competent men live longer.

Therefore, in order to be happy we should work for noble and social causes, so that we could ‘ leave our foot prints in the sands of times’.

Khushi Agarwal

There is nothing that can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Women are inherently good mothers. Till birth women carry their young and then continue their love & affection throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Every Mother always makes sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their childhood. It is the love for their child that a mother feels that drives these feelings. No one can describe in words the feeling that a mother has towards her children. In fact, most people do not understand unless they become a mother themselves. Love always encourages us in any falls which come in life. She is the only person who has no demands except our best future.
A Mother always wants best for her child and never compromise on anything related to her child. Parents protect their child from any difficult situation and provide him all comfort that they can afford. Mothers love is not only about pampering her child but also about letting her child know the moral and cultural values.A good upbringing makes the better future of a person and a mother does an excellent job to give the best future for her child. She converts a house into a home; she works as a superwoman because to keep managing household works and to fulfill all family members’ requirement on time is no easy task at all.
If we talk about working ladies than we can’t even imagine how she would manage all things together. I am proud of my mother who has nurtured me along with doing a job and also managing home properly.After birth, a child finds his mom as the first friend who plays with him along with extra care and nourishment. She interacts with her child as a friend and keeps watching all her child’s activities.A mother never feels tired while playing with her child and always fulfills all his demands without thinking of her. A mother is like an angel for her child.When a child born; it is the mother who easily understands the feelings or requirements of her child. She spends every second around her child for fulfilling his all needs. Since childhood, our mother keeps telling us what is wrong and what is right in a manner to build us as a good human being and also encourage us to do good things in life.
She loves and cares us without any personal greed. The fragrance of a mother can easily be recognized by her newborn child. Since birth, a child is being observed by his mother. For providing a child all comforts she does all needful.All mothers are pure by heart and want all the best things in their child’s life whether it is any toy, clothing, education and the values. Motherhood is the best part of life a lady can have. It is a full-time job without any salary but it worth’s a lot for a child. Mother’s love is something that can feel, mothers love is like a blessing by God, mothers love is everything. People who escape from the love of their mothers are really very unfortunate.

India is a country dominated by religion. Constitution framers also had this concern, while drafting it that how would democratic state ensure equality for every citizen in the country. The resultant concern was depicted in the form of Article 15 and Host of rights under Article 25 to 28. Even if, the constitution did not explicitly used the word “Secularism” as it was adopted, still the spirit could have been figured through these articles. But, Substitution of word “Secularism” was done through 42nd amendment of the constitution. Even if the constitution ensures the principle of religious freedom and right to dignity, Several Instances in the form of Massacres, portrays the impact of religious stereotypes playing a major role than the guarantees by the constitution. The Killing of More than 1000 people, mostly belonging to the largest minority community in India in Godhra Riots 2002 was a major setback to the secularism guaranteed by the constitution. When a person tries to understand the reasons associated with such events, one has to take into consideration the religious stereotypes been falsely rumoured from years in the country and how the politicians have taken mileage of such stereotypes and filled their vote banks, Instead of sweeping these false rumours and slamming those who speak of it.Some of the Stereotypes such as Hearing an Islamic name and thinking of him/her belonging to an educationally weak background, but this stereotype gets smashed in the face, when one gets to know that APJ Abdul Kalam, who also belonged to same community and His education level was at par with top intellectuals around the world. Another Stereotype is that “they are very unclean”, The largest Minority community in India has a significant amount of population residing in western nations, where they are well off and such stereotypes do not run over there, Thus judging any community through their personal spheres is not a practice that has to be encouraged rather, it acts as a defaming agent. Some of the questions, also part of such stereotype are: Are You Pakistani, Are You a terrorist.Further, the list of such stereotypes are not exhaustive but the importance of discussing them and resorting to reduce such stereotype threat should be something on the priority list. Stereotype threat effects are very robust and affect all stigmatised groups. Stereotype threat leads to a vicious circle. Stigmatised individuals experience anxiety which depletes their cognitive resources and leads to underperformance, confirmation of the negative stereotype and reinforcement of the fear. We find that majority of stereotypes with respect to the minority community comes from those individuals who are themselves at self-doubt or under some threat which reduces their cognitive mind to think of repercussions of such statements. India has already faced fierce riots and massacres where huge numbers of civilians have been killed and it forces us to think upon such expectations. It is a high time that people have to take efforts to destroy these stereotypes, so that India could breathe fresh air in its diversity.

Success is a long journey with many obstacles coming in the path, however, these hindrances are a part of the process. The success comes from continuous learning and the true learner is the one who makes mistakes. No one is perfect, yet near perfection can be achieved through attempting and making mistakes. Individuals’ lives are full of ups and downs and it becomes necessary to respond to these difficulties in a positive and favorable manner that helps the individual to experience and learn something. It is the individual perspective towards a situation that matters the most and bring certain consequences.

Success and failure are two faces of the same coins. There is no final success without the experience of failure. In the process of hustling for the success, an individual has to conquer the hardships. The actually teachings come from the failures, however, the individuals are afraid to fail and give up. The persons who accept the challenges and face the failure are the one who are able to climb the ladder to success. Density also favors them; as it has been said, “God helps the one who are willing to help themselves”. Thus, the individual must have that attitude to write their own fate.

Failures and setbacks are disheartening, but it is a major part of the individual life since childhood. As a child, no individual was able to learn walking without falling or tumbling; we fall, we stand again and run. It is the individual spirit that encourages them keep working hard to achieve the goals and built a life they desired for. Success is an aggregate of hard work, dedication and determination. It is not necessary that every individual action can bear a sweet fruit, sometimes, the results are not correspondingly equal to the efforts. However, it definitely takes the individual a step closer to the goal, failures teach lessons and provide incomparable experience to the individuals.

A determined person will look for the positive aspect in every situation, even if they fail. The failure works as a teacher that highlights the shortcomings in the efforts and helps to improve. One should work upon the things that were lacking in the last attempt and prepare for the next try accordingly. Consistent efforts and improvements can visibly bring great results. A person who learns from his failures and work upon them for betterment, are definitely bound to be successful in their life.

Spirit and optimism are necessary elements for overcoming the failures. The individual should be willing to enjoy and celebrate every moment of the life. The success after a number of failures feels more pleasing and is cherished more. The failures are a sign of trying and learning something new. It has been widely said that a person who never failed has never tried something new.  Therefore, one should believe in making mistakes, learning from them and keep the efforts on.

The history emphasis that all the renowned personalities have been a failure for once in their life, but, the reason for them being successful today is their unbreakable determination and fortitude. People need to accept failure as a part of their lives and should not stay in denial when they encounter disappointment. There is long list of people who faced number of difficulties in their lives and still outshined the world through their constant efforts. Few of these personalities are:

Bill gates, the second richest person on earth, he is a Harvard University dropper. His first business named, Traf-O-Data was a huge failure, but he didn’t give up and founded Microsoft in 1975. Now, Microsoft is the world’s largest PC software company.

Other such personality, Walt Disney, the most famous and loved person in the animation industry once faced huge failure. He was unable to join the United States Army and was compelled to drive an Ambulance. Later, he founded Walt Disney company and mickey mouse, which was a grand success for him and he set-up the Disney brother studies to make many more animations. Further, he founded Disney Land and Disney Park.

Similarly, J.K. Rowling, the author of the famous series of novel Harry potter once lived a life full of poverty and depressed. Her novel was rejected by 12 publications and now the sequel is a one of the most favorite among the people of all age groups. The popularity of the novel can be known from the fact that there was a series of movie produced upon the book and it has such a huge fan following.

Therefore. Success is a journey full of difficulties, and the journey is more joyful as compared to the destination. The individual should have the patience and determination to hustle continuously and enjoy the journey. Success is not a one-day task, it takes a number of bricks to build a castle and similarly, success is a long process that can be achieved through small steps.  

Introduction:

It is a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal. A LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a few millionths of an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of measuring positions up to ±30 inches (±0.762 meter). Hence, a LVDT is a linear position sensor with a proportional analog output.

Construction:

LVDT is a transformer consisting of one primary winding P and two secondary winding S1 & S2 mounted on a cylindrical former. The two secondary winding have equal number of turns and placed identically on either side of the primary winding.

A movable soft iron core is placed inside the former. Actually the movable core is made of nickel iron with hydrogen annealed. Hydrogen annealing is done to eliminate harmonics, residual voltage of core and thus provides high sensitivity. The movable core also is laminated in order to reduce eddy current loss. The assembly of laminated core is placed in a cylindrical steel housing and end lids are provided for electromagnetic and electrostatic shielding. The displacement to be measured is attached to this movable soft iron core.

Working of LVDT:

Since the primary winding of Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is supplied with AC supply, it produces an alternating magnetic flux in the core which in turn link with the secondary winding S1 and S2 to produce emf due to transformer action.

Let us assume that the emf produced in secondary winding S1 is Es1 and that in S2 is Es2. The magnitude of Es1 and Es2 will depend upon the magnitude of rate of change of flux (dØ / dt) as per the Faraday’s Law. The lower the value of ‘dt’, the more will be the emf induced.
But lower value of ‘dt’ means that core is moving faster. Thus LVDT- Working Principle: we can say that the more is the movement of core, the greater will be the magnitude of emf induced in secondary windings.

To get a single output voltage from the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT), both the secondary winding are connected in series but in phase opposition. Due to this connection, the net output voltage E0 of the LVDT is given as below.
E0 = Es1 – Es2
Since the secondary windings of LVDT are identical and placed symmetrically on either side of core, therefore under normal position the flux linkage of both the secondary winding S1 & S2 will be same.
This means Es1 = Es2 and hence net output voltage E0 of LVDT = 0. This position of soft iron core is called NULL position. Thus NULL position of Linear Variable Differential Transformer is the normal position of movable core where the net output voltage is zero. Now, as the core can either be moved toward right or left to the null position. Let us now consider such movement of core under two cases.

Case-1: Core is moved left to the NULL position
When core of LVDT is moved to the left of the NULL position ‘O’ as shown in figure above, the flux linkage of secondary winding S1 will become more than that of winding S2. This means the emf induced in winding S1 will be more than S . Hence E > S2. Es1 Es2 and net output voltage,
E0 = (Es1 – Es2) = Positive.
This means that the output voltage E0 will be in phase with the primary voltage.

Case-2: Core is moved right to the NULL position
When the core of LVDT is moved toward right of NULL position the emf induced in secondary winding S2 will be more than that of S1. This means Es2 > Es1 and hence net output voltage,
E0 = (Es1 – Es2) = negative.
This means that the output voltage of LVDT will be in phase opposition (180 degree out of phase) with the primary voltage.

Applications of LVDT:

There are various applications of LVDT:

1. LVDT is used in those applications where displacement ranging from fraction of a mm to few
   cm. As a primary transducer, it converts the mechanical displacement into electrical signal.
2. The LVDT sensor works as the main transducer, and that changes dislocation to electrical signalstraight.
3. This transducer can also work as a secondary transducer.
4. LVDT is used to measure the weight, force and also pressure.
5. Some of these transducers are used to calculate the pressure and load.
6. LVDT’s are mostly used in industries as well as servomechanisms.
7. Other applications like power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, and satellites.

THE art of practicing yoga helps in controlling an individual mind ,body soul .it bring together physcial and mental disciplines to achieve a peaceful body and mind .it helps manage stress and anxiety and keeps you relaxing .it also helps in increasing flexibilitu muscle syrength and body tone .

*yoga increase your flexibility

• yoga helps you to built strength
• yoga improves your posture
• yoga is powerfui mindful practice

The blue hole is a large ocean cave or pit formed by carbonate sediments found in river sands or islands. Blue holes are usually made up of waves of pure water, the sea, or a mixture of both. Examples include the South China Sea-Dragon Hole, Belize, the Bahamas, Guam, Australia-Great Barrier Reef and Egypt-Red Sea.

The blue hole formed during the last winter which is 2 million years ago. The current sea level was 100 to 120 meters lower than the current sea level. Then the soil was eroded by the erosion caused by the rains and the chemical footsteps, but these were submerged at the end of the ice age.

There were many types of fossils in the blue hole through which the possibility of many creatures living in the blue hole is found. Other life forms found here include marine life and marine fossils, as well as crocodile and turtle fossils found in blue holes. This place was famous by Jacques Courteau who said it was one of the top five scuba diving sites in the world. He brought a ship in 1971 named Calypso to the hole to make a note on its depths.

From the investigations the holes origin is a typical karst lime stone formation which is formed stages leaving ledges at the depth of 21m, 49m and 91m. The great blue hole initially measured depth was 215m and as expedition by the Cambrian measured it’s hole depth as 124m, this differences in measurement is because of the ongoing sedimentation in measurements.

Two submarines in 2018, December descended into the blue hole which is to map it’s interior and the team was able to complete a 3-D map of 1000 foot wide hole using Sonar scanning. They discovered many things and one among them was a layer of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of 300 feet approximately. The water is at that depth blow is dark and lacking of life.

 

Devil’s Bridge is used for dozens of ancient bridges, primarily found in Europe. Most of these bridges represent significant technical achievements in stone or masonry arch bridges and ancient architecture. Due to their unusual design, they were the subject of passion and stories in ancient and medieval Europe.

Each of the bridges of the devil usually contains myth-related myths or folk tales about its origin. These stories vary widely depending on the area and beliefs. Some have the devil as the builder of the bridge, relating to the danger or impossibility of such a bridge, which must first last or remain, which can only be built by the devil. Others have the knowledge to build such bridges as a gift from the devil to mankind as part of a deal, agreement or bargain between the devil and the local people, usually in exchange for their souls.

The bridges under Satan’s bridge category are so numerous that they form a special category of myths about them. Some myths, for example, have elements of elements from deceptive oral stories such as The Devil, The Covenant of Spirits and Master Builder Myths. One version of the story presents the bridge builder and the devil as enemies. As it is in the case, that often reflects the fact that the St. Gotthard Pass at Teufelsbrücke, these bridges were built under those challenging conditions that required the bridge to be successfully completed and its glorious position in the effort on the part of the heroic commitment builders and community.

In other versions of the myth he makes a pact with an old woman or a simple herd devil. In this version the devil agrees to build the bridge and instead gets the first soul to cross it. After building the bridge (often overnight) the devil is overpowered by his enemy, for example by throwing bread to lure a dog over the bridge, which will eventually go down into the water and bring peace to the community. In the case of Steinerne Brücke in Reagansburg, Chevy Satan speaks of helping a race between the builders of the bridge and the cathedral (actually a later construction), and there is a slight bump in the middle of the bridge which is said to have resulted from the devil jumping furiously when he was deceived by his gift.

The masterpiece would lead only to the completion of a small stream in Hamburg in Teufelsbrück, the carpenter had a covenant with the devil, who promised the first soul he would cross the bridge. On the day of the inauguration, when the priest and the district councilor were discussing who should get off the bridge first, a rabbit crossed it and the disappointed devil disappeared. A statue represents the legend there.The legend of Ponde della Madeleine in Borgo a Mozano, in the province of Luke, tells of a local monk, often a Saint Julian, who contracted with the hospital, the devil. On the day of childbirth, the monk sets fire to a dog or pig and tricks the devil into crossing the bridge.

At Chen, a thirteenth-century hearer tells of an architect who sold his soul to Satan and then continued to repent. M. of Sense. Le Guerrero cast out the devil with holy water and a demonic formula beginning with the words Wade Retro Satan, which he repented of. This formula was sometimes incorporated into the design of the famous St. Benedict’s Medal. Most bridges that have received Devil’s Bridge appeal are significant in some respects, often overcoming technical barriers to bridge construction, but sometimes serve for its aesthetic grace, or for its economic or strategic importance to the community.

Hacksaw Ridge as the name implies that was the site of some of the bloodiest fighting during the Battle war of Okinawa 74 years ago. Like many former World War II battle sites, time and nature have swallowed the carnage and muted the cries of the wounded and dying soldiers. This is a true story based on the war and this book is taken from the movie.  This book is written by Booton Herndon. This Hacksaw Ridge the movie focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who, as a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refused to carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kind. This main character Desmond Doss walked into the bloodiest battle of World War II’s Pacific theater with nothing to protect him but only which saved him were his Bible and his faith in God. A devout Seventh Day Adventist and conscientious objector, Doss had enlisted as a medic and refused to carry a rifle. All the soldiers left but he was at the battle to save the army man’s who were suffering from the pain. He was able to save seventy five soldiers he had a motive that one more lord one more please let me know to find one more by repeating these words. He had found all the soldiers in the United States of America including some Japanese soldiers who were attacking United States but he didn’t consider that an all he was medic so he saved as much he can. When he was given first aid and he must send them so that he took a rope tied in a tree and around the soldier who is wounded and he gave is full strength by letting down without injury by doing like this for the seventy five soldiers. His hands are burnt and the blood was bleeding and when he was rescuing the last soldier from pain he was a officer. But at the time when he was rescuing the officer the Japanese soldier saw Desmond and the officer shooted the Japanese soldier and he was laid in a cloth by shooting and Desmond was carrying and running he didn’t care about the death. Eventhough he had a fear about his life but his ultimate goal is to save people who are wounded in the war. In the last after saving all the soldiers Desmond also will come down because most of them was dead and those who were alive he saved them. Then slowly all recovered so again they come up to fight this time while fighting to trick the Americans these Japanese showed the white flag to stop the flag and they throwed bombs those who were near them. In that Desmond was among the soldiers so got injuries he thought he is going to die in that time to he asked for bible. Then however Americans won the battle in the field against the Japanese. The Japanese held the high ground, and yet they still lost the battle, and hence why the Japanese officer in charge killed himself, not through fear of being caught, but because he would have felt shame in not achieving the victory he assumed was theirs by right.  So this was the story it was full of Desmond a brave man who is not caring about his life but others life.

                                                  

Tourism is the process of traveling from one place to another. According to the World Tourism Organization’s definition of a trip as tourism, a person must travel within a one-year period of “leisure, work, or other purpose away from his or her usual environment. Also, the traveler should not be paid for the place he or she traveled through.”

Tourism is the largest industry in the world. In 2010, 940 million international trips were made. This figure shows a growth of 6.6% over 2009. In 2010, global tourism reached $ 919 billion. World tourism declined from the second half of 2008 to the end of 2009 due to the recession of 2009. The bird flu that rocked the world in 2009 reduced the number of international tourists by 4.2% compared to 2009. Tourism is a major industry in many parts of the world. Tourism Transportation depends on five sectors: food, accommodation, leisure and entertainment and tourism services

The transportation, telecommunications, and hospitality sectors did not expand in ancient times. Thus the majority lived their lives in the villages where they were born. However, veterans, merchants, and religious people had the opportunity to go elsewhere. Many went there when the Chola kings invaded Sri Lanka and South Asia. Notables have been there. Historical records show that Tamil merchants visited many places from ancient times. Tamils ​​went to many places to worship at religious places and to spread their religion.

The travelers stayed with the residents of the place where they went for food and envelopes before getting the business hospitality spread. The houses had shrines. It was customary to feed and accommodate travelers coming home. Feeding, especially for religious elders, was considered the best blessing.

The rich built monasteries and provided food and temporary shelter for passers-by. It is noteworthy that the caste system was maintained in many of these monasteries. Tourism is considered by many to be the most lucrative sector in Third World countries. External contact and interaction are credited to locals. At the same time tourism has many disadvantages and riches.

The third world power business class is building at great expense the high-comfort zones they need to attract Westerners to Third World countries. It is built to push aside essential infrastructure and services. Such zones magnify the imbalance within the country. Critics say tourism revenues go into the realm of power rather than public development.

In countries such as Sri Lanka and Burma, tourism helps governments perpetuate violence. No matter how many ethnic issues erupt, foreign travelers continue to visit Colombo, Kandy and Galle in Sri Lanka. Tourism is also a major source of revenue for Burma’s dictatorship. Many foreign travelers also come to Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Philippines to engage in sexual exploitation. Poor boys and girls are exploited in this degrading manner. The West does not control these.

The Bermuda Triangle is also known as the Satanic Triangle, is a loosely defined area in the upper part of the North Atlantic Ocean where many aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. According to the U.S. Navy, this triangle does not exist and the name geographical names are not approved by the U.S. Board. The general public believes that these disappearances are due to paranormal energy or the action of extraterrestrial life.

There is significant documentary evidence that a number of cases have been inaccurate interpretations or have been compiled by the following author. And the number and nature of these disappearances are similar to any other part of the ocean. A number of official agencies have recorded that the following events, which could not be significantly investigated and explained, remain.The boundaries of this triangle include the Florida Strait, the Bahamas and the entire Caribbean Islands and the Atlantic East to the Azores; Still others [who?] Add the Gulf of Mexico to it.

A place on the Atlantic coast of Florida; [San Juan, Puerto Rico; And the Mid-Atlantic Island of Bermuda are referred to as triangular borders in many popular writings. Most of the crashes are centered on the southern border around the Straits of the Bahamas and Florida.This area is the busiest shipping area in the world. Ships pass through it daily to ports in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. There are a lot of luxury ships. Entertainment planes have always flown between and between Florida and the islands. From the north, a lot of commercial and private flights go to Florida, the Caribbean, and South AmericaAmerica.

The first article in a magazine that expressed triangular thinking in writing was EVW. Mention should be made of the news that Jones published on September 16,1950.Iff had written that many aircraft and ships were missing. It also mentioned that a group of five U.S. Navy bombers, Flight 19, went missing during a training operation.

Writers have used numerous paranormal ideas about the triangle to illustrate these phenomena. One explanation is that this is a technique that survives from the mythical lost continent Atlantis. Sometimes, an underwater rock formation called the Bimini Path on the island of Bimini in the Bahamas is said to be associated with the story of Atlantis. This area is set within the triangle by some definitions. Those who believed in the views of the evaporator Edgar Cayce predicted that the Atlantis source would be discovered in 1968, referring to the discovery of the Bimini Path. Believers call it the formation of a path, wall, or other structure, although geologists say it is natural.

Compass problems are one of the most commonly used terms in many triangular cases. Although some have speculated that abnormal magnetic waves may be present in the region, no such waves are known to exist.Planned extermination operations can be of two types: combat operations and piracy operations. Enemy logs have been checked during a number of incidents; The sinking of many ships is attributed to submarine attacks during World Wars and is documented in various order books. The reasons for many more incidents of this type are yet to be proven.

Human error is one of the most common causes of missing aircraft or ships during official investigations. Knowing that humans will make mistakes, intentionally or accidentally. It ends up going into a great tragedy. The Bermuda Triangle is no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training in the treatment of volatile benzene | benzene waste that VA Fox lost in 1972. Human stubbornness may also have contributed to the loss of business tycoon Harvey Conover’s cruise ship, the Revonok, as he sailed on the edge of a storm on January 1, 1958, in South Florida. Many losses remain unresolved as the broken vehicle is no longer available for inspection. This is a fact that is shown in many official statements.

Thus this Bermuda triangle is a mythical place in the world And no one knows wheather it’s stories are true or it’s just a mythical story, hope the future scientists will put an end to this puzzle.

Le Serpent D’ Océan, I don’t know how many of as knew this. This is situated on the Frenchshore at saint Brevin-les-pins. In that shore a massive metal sculpture of a serpent is situated and it is created by Chinese- French artist Huang Yong Ping, actually this is based on the rough iconography of Chinese mythological dragons and this is a 400- foot long art monster.

This art is posed in a slithering movement which is only a bones of a snakes which is made up of a dull metal frame that gives a life like quality to the sculpture.

The skeletal serpent was unveiled and entitled Serpent D’ Océan, in 2012 as a part of Estuaire art exhibition and involves international artists to create many long-scale sculptures using the environment surrounding the Loire river between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire.

This sculpture has a message which seems to a environmental nostalgia that the man’s mistreatment of ocean not only killing the ocean but also the life of the ocean. The curve of the serpent mirror the twist and turns of the nearly saint Nazaire bridge which links the piece to the very modern improvement.

The serpent D’ Océan which is given it’s location on the shore can be seen strange living creature in the ocean and can be seen as preserved skeleton depending upon the tide level. This is really a scary and also a fantastic art work.

We all know the unpleasant feeling of being dependent on someone or something. You remember all the times your parents gave you money for something, you needed money to take a ride, borrow something from your friend and so on. You felt uncomfortable and a little disappointed by the fact that you had to rely on others to survive your day. Then, as you were growing up, you realized that you can do most things yourself. You gained knowledge, started a job, found your own place, increased your income and got out of debt, brought a car and everything you needed and became independent. Or at least you thought so. You settled down and everything was looking great at that time. But then many thoughts started popping up in your mind. Many unpleasant memories, unsaid words, feelings and emotions you didn’t enjoy, even people from the past. It was all in your head, that’s for certain. But it became much more important and crucial and suddenly you couldn’t enjoy all the things you’ve accomplished and worked so hard for.

Maybe you abandoned your inner world because you were concentrating too much on the outer self with its material objects, people, circumstances and primary needs. Suddenly, all that was inside started to affect what was outside and the balance was lost. At that moment, you became emotionally dependent. Mentally dependent and spiritually dependent. And worse, you realized that you’ve always been that way.Emotional dependence is a state of mind which we have all experienced at some point. It’s when your mind is full of uncertainty, you are indecisive, other people manipulate you and affect you in some way, you let everyone treat you the way he wants and feel vulnerable, dependent, weak and confused. It is often said that with all the things going on in the world today, we just can’t become fully independent. But there are some things to work on that can keep it to a minimum and let us be free and enjoy life. Here’s a quick guide to be emotionally independence:

1. ACCEPT YOURSELF-Stop denying who you are or who you were. It’s nice to have a great desire to improve yourself and become that new “you”, but first you have to get to know the one you have now. Be aware of your strengths and weaknesses.
2. LET GO OF THE PAST-In my opinion, one of the worst ways to live your life is to be stuck in your past. To constantly get back to it, remember past events and people and to be full of regrets. Some people always think that they could have done better if things had been opposite. They wish they hadn’t done this or that. It’s a vicious circle and once you’re in it, you forget to live your life and soon end up being a sad person with no joy and dreams.
3. DECIDE FOR YOURSELF-Living consciously and being emotionally independent requires making reasonable, logical decisions and most importantly ones you take on your own. Stop relying on others to do things for you, or manipulate you only because they are more decisive, sociable or in control of the situation. Define exactly what you want from life and don’t be afraid to say it out loud. You will also need to trust yourself and become more confident in what you say, do or think. Think for yourself and even if you make mistakes, accept that and just try to do better next time. But don’t let others push you, change you mind and decide for yourself.
4. DON’T GET TOO ATTACHED TO PEOPLE-Everyone loves his family, kids, friends, pets and relatives, but some people tend to get too attached to others and that rarely ends well. We do our best when we act as individuals and have our own point of view. So spare some time to analyze you relationships with the people in your life and decide whether you are too dependent on someone. If you see the world through someone else’s eyes you most probably depend too much on them. It’s better to expect less from others so that they won’t disappoint you, because that will hurt your feeling and won’t bring peace to your family.
5. TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY- This is something you’ll have to do one way or another if you are willing to reach success, happiness, mental stability and emotional independence. It means that you are completely aware of your thoughts, actions and feelings and accept them as they are. Take responsibility for how you feel, because no matter what, you are the one who chose to feel that way. Realize that you are the only one who is responsible for everything that has happened to you. You are in charge of what you say, how you look, how you react yo things, how you feel and how you behave. Understand that, take responsibility and move on learning how to be emotionally independent. It will be much easier this way.
6. ACCEPT JUDGEMENT AND CRITICISM-People love to talk about others and to point out their bad sides. They do it all the time. But how you are going to react is up to you. Whatever you do, there will be someone to judge it. So don’t try to please everyone and answer people’s expectation. I know that every human being wants to be accepted by others and we feel good when they like us but we are dependent on people’s opinion. To start living a free and peaceful life, you need to stop yearning for attention and acceptance and to just do what you think is right.

It’s better to trust your intuition and heart rather than relying on what society thinks is right. The best way to react to criticism is with understanding. Try to put yourself in the position of the one judging you and who knows maybe he has a point there and you are doing something wrong. Or by judging you, he is actually expressing how he feels inferior to you. Or maybe he has some issues and this is the only way he can let all the anger he keeps inside go. Express compassion, be kind and show love. Most of the times this is all people need and the minute they receive it from someone, they give the same in return. So, that’s how to be emotionally independent.

Introduction:

A Universal motor is a type of electrical motor which can run on DC supply or single phase AC supply of same voltage with similar characteristics are called as Universal motor.  Universal motors are series-wound (i.e. the armature and field windings are in series), due to which high torque is produced and they can run at high speed (about 3500rpm). These motors run at a higher speed on DC supply than they run on AC supply of the same voltage. This is due to the reactance voltage drop that is present only in AC and not in DC.

Connstruction of Universal Motor:

In Universal Motor, some modification are done which lets it run on AC supply as well as on DC supply. However, the construction is similar to that of Series Wound DC motor.

It consists of a stator on which the field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound around the field poles. Both the stator field circuit and armature of a universal motor are laminated. Lamination is necessary to reduce the eddy currents that are produced while operating on AC.

The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed slots and commutator with brushes resting on it. The commutation on AC is poorer than that for DC because of the current induced in the armature coils. Hence, the brushes which are used in this motor have high resistance.

It is manufactured in two types:

• Non-Compensated Type (Low H.P.)- The Non-compensated type has two poles, having entire magnetic path laminated. Armature is of Wound type.

• Compensated Type (High H.P.)- The Compensated type has distributed field winding consisting of main field winding and compensating winding.

Working of Universal Motor:

When Universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. In this case, when the current flows in the field winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The same current also flows in the armature conductors. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. This mechanical force causes the rotor to rotate. Fleming’s Left-hand rule gives us the direction of this force.

When Universal motor is fed with AC supply, a unidirectional torque is produced. This is because the armature winding and the field winding are connected in series and are in the same phase. Hence, when the polarity of the AC changes, the direction of the current in the armature and the field winding also changes. The direction of the magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverse so that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains the same. Hence, whether AC or DC supply is supplied, universal motors work on the same principle that DC series motors work on.

Properties of Universal Motor:

• They run at high speed.
• They have high starting torque.
• They have Compact size and are lightweight.
• They are noisy because of the commutator and brushes.
• The efficiency of universal ranges from 30% for small motors to 75% for large motors.

Speed-Load Characteristic of Universal Motor:

Application of Universal Motor:

Universal motors are used in applications where high speed and good speed control is necessary. The various applications for which universal motor is used are:

• Universal Motors are used in table fans, hairdryers and grinders.
• They are used in portable drill machines.
• They are used in polishers, blowers and kitchen appliances.

External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar yesterday said it is crucial for international community to press for permanent and comprehensive ceasefire in Afghanistan to ensure immediate reduction in violence and protection of civilians.
 
Speaking at the UNSC Debate on UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, Dr Jaishankar said intra Afghan talks have not resulted in a reduction of violence in Afghanistan.
 
Dr Jaishankar reiterated India’s support for an inclusive, Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled peace process.
 
He said for enduring peace in Afghanistan, terrorist safe havens and sanctuaries must be dismantled immediately and their supply chains disrupted. He added that those providing material and financial support to terrorist entities must be held accountable.
 
The Minister said India is committed to steadfastly supporting Afghanistan during its transition. He said the development partnership, including over 550 community development projects covering 34 provinces, is aimed at making Afghanistan a self-sustaining nation. 

The People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration (PAGD) yesterday announced that a team headed by Dr. Farooq Abdullah and comprising PDP Chief Mehbooba Mufti and Amalgam’s spokesperson Mohammad Yousuf Tarigami will attend the All Party Meeting called by Prime Minister Nadrendra Modi in New Delhi tomorrow. 
 
Dr. Abdullah, who heads the amalgam, met the media in Sri Nagar after the meeting of the PAGD leaders at his residence. He said that they have received invitation from Prime Minister and they are going to attend the meeting.
 
Dr. Farooq, Chief of National Conference NC and Member of Parliament from Srinagar, said they are confident that they will put their stand before Prime Minister and Home Minister.
 
The PAGD is an alliance of six parties in Jammu and Kashmir, including the NC and the PDP, formed in the aftermath of the GoIs August 2019 decision to nullify Article 370 and split J&K into two union territories. The group’s public stand is for the restoration of the special status of the ‘state’ of J&K.

Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan has said more than 20 countries have shown interest in the COWIN platform for help in vaccination campaign.

In a tweet, the Minister said India will share the success story of COWIN on 30th June with the world at a global conference.  He said this is an answer to those people who raised doubts about the country’s vaccination programme.

India has administered 54 lakh 24 thousand vaccine doses during the last 24 hours. Over 29 crore 46 lakh vaccine doses have been administered so far under Nationwide Vaccination Drive.
 
The Health Ministry said, India reported 50 thousand 848 new cases in the last 24 hours.The active caseload has declined to six lakh 43 thousand 194 which is the lowest in 82 days.
 
Over 68 thousand 817 patients recovered during the last 24 hours taking total recoveries to more than two crore 89 lakh 94 thousand. Daily recoveries continue to outnumber the daily new cases for the 41st consecutive day. The Recovery Rate has increased to 96.56 per cent.
 
Weekly Positivity Rate remains below five per cent, which is currently at 3.12 per cent. Daily positivity rate is at 2.67 percent, less than five per cent for 16 consecutive days.
 
COVID testing capacity has been substantially ramped up and 39.59 crore tests have been conducted so far.