Plato is one of the world’s best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece. Though influenced primarily by Socrates, to the extent that Socrates is usually the main character in many of Plato’s writings, he was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans.

There are varying degrees of controversy over which of Plato’s works are authentic, and in what order they were written, due to their antiquity and the manner of their preservation through time. Nonetheless, his earliest works are generally regarded as the most reliable of the ancient sources on Socrates, and the character Socrates that we know through these writings is considered to be one of the greatest of the ancient philosophers.

Plato’s middle to later works, including his most famous work, the Republic, are generally regarded as providing Plato’s own philosophy, where the main character in effect speaks for Plato himself. These works blend ethics, political philosophy, moral psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics into an interconnected and systematic philosophy. It is most of all from Plato that we get the theory of Forms, according to which the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal, and unchanging world of the Forms. Plato’s works also contain the origins of the familiar complaint that the arts work by inflaming the passions, and are mere illusions. We also are introduced to the ideal of “Platonic love:” Plato saw love as motivated by a longing for the highest Form of beauty—The Beautiful Itself, and love as the motivational power through which the highest of achievements are possible. Because they tended to distract us into accepting less than our highest potentials, however, Plato mistrusted and generally advised against physical expressions of love.Plato’s actual given name was apparently Aristocles, after his grandfather. “Plato” seems to have started as a nickname (for platos, or “broad”), perhaps first given to him by his wrestling teacher for his physique, or for the breadth of his style, or even the breadth of his forehead (all given in D.L. 3.4). Although the name Aristocles was still given as Plato’s name on one of the two epitaphs on his tomb (see D.L. 3.43), history knows him as Plato.Plato’s most famous work is the Republic, which details a wise society run by a philosopher. He is also famous for his dialogues .
Plato’s final years were spent at the Academy and with his writing. The circumstances surrounding his death are clouded, though it is fairly certain that he died in Athens around 348 B.C.E., when he was in his early 80s. Some scholars suggest that he died while attending a wedding, while others believe he died peacefully in his sleep.

The COVID-19 virus can spread via direct contact, airborne transmission, or through droplets. There have also been a few reported cases potentially spread through surfaces. But the risk of this is very low. The chance of COVID-19 surface transmission is less than 1 in 10,000.

Different Kinds of Surfaces

It’s unlikely to catch COVID-19 from a surface, but the risk still exists. Lab studies have found that the virus may last on different materials for varying amounts of time. We don’t know if these findings always apply in the real world, but we can use them as a guideline.

What You Can Do ?

It’s a good idea to regularly clean your home to protect you and your family from viruses like COVID-19.

*Clean frequently touched surfaces (like doorknobs, handles, tables, countertops, and light switches) regularly and after you have visitors in your home.

*Clean any surface in your home when it’s noticeably dirty.

*If people in your household are more likely to get sick from COVID-19, clean your surfaces more frequently. You may also want to use a disinfectant in this case.

*Make sure that you use a cleaning product that is suitable for the type of surface. Follow the instructions on the product.

There are also ways that you can reduce the likelihood of surfaces becoming contaminated by COVID-19:

*  Follow guidelines for fully vaccinated people before you welcome visitors into your home.

*Ask that people who haven’t been vaccinated wear a mask inside your home.

*Make sure that everyone in your household washes their hands often, especially when they come back home.

*Keep people with COVID-19 isolated from others.

If Someone in Your Household Has COVID-19 

If you live with someone who has COVID-19 or have had a guest with a positive case in your home within 24 hours, disinfect your house in addition to regular cleaning. This will kill any leftover germs and lower the chance of the virus spreading.

Read the instructions on the disinfectant first.

*Wear gloves while disinfecting and cleaning.

*If your disinfectant doesn’t have a cleaning agent, wash dirty areas with soap first, and then use the disinfectant.

*Wash your hands often for 20 seconds with soap if you’re cleaning a household with a positive COVID-19 case. Always clean your hands after wearing gloves.

*Make sure you have good ventilation while using a disinfectant.

If you’re unable to keep a separate bedroom or bathroom from the person with COVID-19, make sure they clean and disinfect shared spaces after each use. If the sick person is unable to clean, wear a mask and use gloves to clean and disinfect their area only when needed. Make sure to open windows or doors, and use fans, heating, ventilation, and air condition to get proper air circulation.

Once the person is no longer sick, it’s important to cleanse the area they stayed in. Wear a mask when you clean and disinfect. Wait as long as possible before you do this. If you’re able to wait 24 hours before you clean their area, you only need to cleanse that space, not disinfect it.

If you wait 3 days after the person in your household was sick, no extra cleaning (besides routine cleanup) is necessary.

“I would not stop till I had filled up a bucket with my sweat. I would push myself so much that in the end I would collapse and I would have to be admitted to hospital, I would pray to God to save me, promise that I would.”
– Late Shri Milkha Singh ji

Every sports person around the world wants to achieve the highest glory in sports by securing an Olympic medal, as it is considered as the most competitive and oldest championship for sportspersons worldwide. Even our most cherished sprinter Late Shri Milkha singh ji saw this dream to bring medal for India in Olympics but missed by a whisker in 1960 Rome Olympics. In lieu of the dream, players devote their time and money for more than a decade to come at par with players around the world and compete them.India, after independence has participated in 18 Olympic Events but the performance have not been equivalent to even the countries who gained Independence at the same juncture as India. The Sorry state of affairs for the Olympic preparedness can be attributed towards several factors. One such being “Sports vis-à-vis education”, people in India do not consider sports being a profitable field and thus try to restrain their children from opting any sports such as wrestling, judo, swimming, etc. as a career option, Instead they force their children towards being doctor or engineer. The Second factor is “Lack of Political will”, from years we have seen lack of adequate funds for even the players who represent the country in International Events. Dutee chand, Ace Sprinter who qualified for 2016 Rio Olympics stated “My main concern is to acquire a new pair of spike shoes, as mine are worn out. The running shoes are quite expensive, and I request the state government to provide a set of tracksuit and a pair of running shoes so that I could give my best performance.” This statement came at a time when Target Olympics Podium Scheme was already flagged off in 2014, but its implementation was stagnant. There have been development in the political will since 2016 Rio Olympics, after which various sports federations have been revived and Sports Budget have been raised significantly in 2019-20 Budget. The third factor is “Lack of Social Outlook”, India is a developing country where significant number of people are below poverty line, who fight for even two times of meal in a day. People are struggling for employment and society has also absorbed the same kind of tendency. Even today, First salary from of an Engineer son or daughter is valued more in society rather than an Olympic medal. An observation of this situation after Inception of 21st century reveals that there has been change in this outlook. After the drought of an Olympic gold for 28 Years, when Abhinav Bindra won Gold at Beijing olympics, it acted as an eye opener for the Indian Society. The Olympic medals won by Two women ( Sakshi Malik and P.V Sindhu) at Rio De Janeiro gave a boost to women empowerment in India.There are other numerous factors, which play an important role in reducing the chances of India getting Olympic medal but India has been taking long strides since 2014 in strengthening its sports infrastructure and providing every facility and equipment to the potential players. We have seen improvement in performances of players through other international tournaments. Hopes are high and fingers are crossed for the Indian Contingent for Tokyo Olympics 2021.

Generally, counselling is the process of helping an individual by giving him/her guidance, moral support, and exploring solutions for his/her problems. Counselling is mainly related to a professional who helps you out from the problems. This professional is known as Counsellor who expertise in understanding human behavior, their personality, and knows well how to give the right direction to their thoughts. Career counselling is a process with the primary focus on helping the person to understand himself as well as work trends so that one can take a wise step in terms of his/her career and education. Career Counselling helps in sort out the range of problems such as low concentration levels, poor time management, and trust issues with the parents and family, non-agreement between parents and children on the career selection.

Nowadays, career counselling is become a need of the hour, as most student pick commonly known streams as their career. It is an effort for students; give them guidance while they are choosing their career paths as per their interest and stream of academics. There are a number of factors that influence your career development, including your interest, abilities, values, personality, background, and circumstances and career counselling is the way that will help you to know and understand yourself and the world of work in order to make a career, educational, and life decisions. Through the career counselling, the counsellor comes to know about the interests and also the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate which further helps in selecting the appropriate career for the candidate. The objective of career counselling is not only help you in making the decisions you need to make in your career path but also give you the knowledge and skills you need to make future career and life decisions.

SERVICES OFFERED BY CAREER COUNSELLORS

There are some services listed below given by the career consultants or counsellors to their customers.

• Career Counselling
• Training and Development
• Skill Test
• Career Guidance
• Career Workshop
• Admission Guidance
• Study Abroad
• Education Planner
• Group Discussion Tips
• Placement Assistance

Career counselling plays a vital role in the student’s life. There are several roles played by career counselling in the making of a student to a professional as discussed below:

1. DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT-By teaching the subjects to students cannot develop them intellectually. Self knowledge is the factor which enhances the intellectual of learners. It is the forgotten factor in our educational system. So, it’s the primary focus of the counselling process. Counselling helps the students to understand their self so that they come to know about their needs and interests.
2. DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL-There are various students who have clear thoughts about what they want to become, whereas, on the other hand, there are various others who are either in dilemma or have no idea about their career preferences. Career counsellors conduct the regular aptitude test and counselling sessions which can help students in finding out the right career options and fields in which they show interest. On the basis of these counselling results, students can make the right selection regarding in which course they want to enroll in order to accomplish their career goals.
3. VARIOUS CAREER OPPORTUNITIES-Career Counsellors are well aware of the jobs in the market and the skills that are required for specific fields. For instance, there are many rewarding fields such as bartending, ethical hacking, astrophysics,etc. that are still un-tapped and many people are not aware of these streams. There are also other careers such as Aviation and Defence, about which you may not know how to get into them. Hence, with the help of their experience and knowledge, a career counsellor helps you explore and discover various career opportunities for career selection and growth.
4. CLARITY ON FUTURE GOALS-Every student has set a goal to achieve in his life. There are various question roaming in the mind of a student like what ambitions or targets do you have? Where do you see yourself five years from now? The best aspect of career counselling is that it is objective and strategic. A clear picture of your goal can be created informing you about where you will head and what obstacles you will face on this journey. After having a serious discussion with the counsellor, you should be confident of the fact that the future you are heading for is fun-filled and something that you will be able to stick on to for long.
5. IDEAL COURSES-These professionals provide you with the best information about the ideal colleges and courses in India as well as overseas. If you want to stay in India or overseas then you might have some knowledge about the future aspects of the courses which you want to do. But if you want to go overseas for studies and for career growth, you might not have all the information related to that country’s market. You do not know whether the future for that field is growing or diminishing. In this case, career advice from experts is the best way to understand the prospects of an option in different countries.
6. AIM LEADS TO SUCCESS-A counsellor can help the students to choose the right aim and help them with the process of achieving it. Futhermore, an experienced counsellor can help them with a well planned track to reach the goal. A step by step career map of reaching the goal in a realistic manner helps the students to achieve their desired career faster. With right goal setting, a person can attend career success over a very short time period.

However, candidates who are willing to take the career counselling should be aware of the consequences if they choose the wrong consultant because it is related to your future and a single wrong will be harmful to your coming life. Your career consultant or counsellor should be experienced so that they serves you in a better way. After consulting with your counsellor, do homework on the suggestion provided by the consultant. Check over the internet, books and magazines about the course and college which you are going to choose. Nowadays, various online career websites are available on the internet, on which you can check anything related to your career queries. Career counselling is to get the necessary guidance from a qualified professional that would help the student in making the right choice regarding his or her career. Career counsellors should try and use the best elements from various approaches in their work. Their allegiance should, ultimately, be to find the best ways to useful to clients. So, you should consult with them before taking any career related step.

TIRUCHI

Both wholesale and retail traders resumed business at the Gandhi Market here on Sunday night after a gap of about six weeks.In the wake of second wave of COVID-19, the market was closed in the second week of May. The operations were shifted on West Boulevard Road from Kamaraj arch to Marakkadai corner. While wholesale traders carried out business in night, retail traders were asked to transact business from 6 to 10 am.

Though there were no major issues for the traders until the intense lockdown was in force, the retail traders started facing problems after the standalone shops were allowed to reopen their businesses two weeks ago. The owners of hardware, sanitaryware and furniture showrooms on West Boulevard Road had urged the authorities to shift the vegetable traders immediately citing overcrowding, chaos, confusion and congestion on the road Collector S. Sivarasu permitted the wholesale traders to resume their operations from Sunday night. Tiruchi City Corporation authorities opened the main gates of the market. Soon after the opening of the gates, wholesale traders began their trading as usual. Though the retail trading was not officially allowed, retailers too reopened their shops and started transacting business from Monday morning.senior official of the Tiruchi Corporation, who visited the market on Sunday night, had told the wholesale traders to wind up the trading within 3 a.m. on Monday. He reportedly asked the retail traders not to reopen their shops as they were not permitted. But the retail traders refused to listen to him and continued their trading during the day. They threatened to stage a protest by dumping the vegetables and fruits on the road if they were not allowed to trade. However, flower traders heeded to the instructions and decided to wait for one more week to resume trade at the Gandhi Market.
Sources said that business was dull on Monday as many people were not aware of the reopening of the market. Business was expected to be on a full scale from Tuesday.A section of traders have suggested opening all 10 gates of the market so as to ease restrictions on entry and exit of the customers and traders M.K. Kamalakannan of the Gandhi Market Viyabarigal Munnetra Sangam said that the customers could quickly go out or gain entry if all gates were opened. Opening of just six gates of the market would restrict free movement of customers and traders, thereby leading to overcrowding. Moreover, there should not be any restriction on the timing of trading, the covid 19 lockdown time closed the market now only it’s reopened. Market will be activated in morning to Evening 5.30 so we have social distension in the time .

By :G Gnana Priya dharshini

From the months there might be a rumor about iPhone Apple pulling the plug of the one of the 2020 iPhone now another report suggests it might be the end of 2020 iPhone mini according to a report by trendyforce the iPhone 12 mini have been reached end of the life ahead by 2021 this means Apple could stop his production of its smallest iPhone12 mini has suffered a disappointing sale in the world market the sale of iPhone 12 mini is facing huge loss day by day as there is no sale for iPhone that rumors has been spreading the Apple is stopped to produce the production of its last year newly announced and released phone they might stop the production of iPhone has lost the sales in market further Apple is focusing on driving sale of three mini models in the iPhone 12 series in 2021 the trendforce expect the latest iPhone 12 series in 2021 trendforce expect the latest phone device to account to about 39% of total Apple annual production volume for 2021 as all iPhone 12 handset contains 5G modems of 5G model in all over the iPhone production is expected to projected to expand from massively from 39% in 2020 to 75% in 2021 by trendyforce news report in February this year, JP Morgan supply chain analyst William yang received it on 2021 iPhone build plan mix with a major impact on iPhone 12 mini yang noted that given the seemingly weak demand for the iPhone 12 mini the chain supply may stop producing it by second quarter in 2021 considering that the iPhone 12 is doing quite well as per yang it might be the size is a problem with smartphone becomes the one stop shop for everything from consuming content to editing docs the iPhone 12 mini size could be a factor the other factor could be the battery performance being a small phone the mini has a mini battery doesn’t last long . APPLE IPHONE MINI: RAM: 6GB,4GB CAMER A:12mp+12mp+12mp display 5.4inches (13.7cm) performance Apple A13 biotonic storage:64GB Battery: 3210 mah Price in india:49,200/_Launch date in india:October 13 2020 unofficial key soecs: front camera 12mp .GENERAL: … . Launch in india:13 October 2020 (unofficial) Brand:Apple Model:iPhone mini Operating systems: ios v13.0 Sim slot: Dual sim Gs m+GSM Sim Size: SIM1 Nano,SIM2: eSIM Network: 4G Available supports Indian brand .Fingerprint sensor:yes Price in India:49,200

Display:

Screen size:5.4inches(13.7cm) Display type:oLED

Avenue Supermarts Limited, d/b/a DMart, is an Indian retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets in India. It was founded by Radhakishan Damani in 2002, with its first branch in Powai’s Hiranandani Gardens.[3] As of 31 December 2019, it had 196 stores in 72 cities across 11 states in India including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, National Capital Region, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Daman and Punjab.[4][5]Avenue Supermarts Limited DMart Logo.svgD-Mart Official logo Dmart tirupati.jpgDMart store in Tirupati, India Trade name DMart Type Public Traded as BSE: 540376NSE: DMARTISININE192R01011IndustryRetailFoundedMay 15, 2002; 19 years ago Founder Radhakishan Damani Head quarters Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Number of locations214[1] (June 2020)Area served India Key people Radhakishan Damani(Chairman)Ignatius Navil Noronha(CEO)Products Grocery & StaplesDaily EssentialsDairy & FrozenHome and furnitureHome AppliancesBed & BathClothingFootwearToysCrockeryLuggageHealth and beautySporting goods and fitnessGroceryFruits & Vegetables Revenue Increase ₹24,930 crore (US$3.5 billion) (2020)[2]Operating income Increase ₹1,813 crore (US$250 million) (2020)[2]Net income Increase ₹1,300 crore (US$180 million) (2020)[2]Total assets Increase ₹12,076 crore (US$1.7 billion) (2020)[2]Total equity Increase ₹10,431 crore (US$1.5 billion) (2020)[2]Number of employees9,456 permanent (2020)[2]38,952 contractual (2020)[2]Websitewww.dmartindia.comDMart is promoted by Avenue Supermarts Ltd. (ASL).[6] The company has its headquarters in Mumbai. As of 31 March 2019, DMart had a total of 7,713 permanent employees and 33,597 employees hired on contractual basis.[7]After the IPO listing (as Avenue Supermarts Ltd.), it made a record opening on the market on the National Stock Exchange. After the close of the stock on 22 March 2017, its market value rose to ₹39,988 crore. This pegged it as the 65th most valuable Indian firm, ahead of Britannia Industries, Marico and Bank of Baroda. [8]As of 21 November 2019, the market capitalization of DMart is close to ₹114,000 crore, making it the 33rd largest company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Windows 10 has been around for a while but little has been done to improve the multi-monitor experience for users. And using more than one monitor in 2021 isn’t a rare thing too. A growing number of users have asked Microsoft to do something about it in the Feedback Hub and we can finally see the company making some efforts.In the leaked Windows 11 build, there’s an option that allows the OS to remember each window location based on the monitor connection. This means that if you leave a bunch of windows opened on both monitors, once you re-connect a display or when you wake up the PC. This should potentially fix the issue of moving random windows or tabs or cramming up all the opened apps on one of the monitors.Additionally, once you disconnect one of your monitors, instead of moving the program to the still plugged monitor, the OS will minimize the app to the tray.

India received 64 billion dollars in Foreign Direct Investment in 2020, the fifth largest recipient of inflows in the world, according to a UN report. The report said, in India, Foreign Direct Investment increased 27 percent, to 64 billion dollars in 2020, from 51 billion dollars in 2019, pushed up by acquisitions in the information and communication technology industry.

The World Investment Report 2021 by the UN Conference on Trade and Development released today, said global Foreign Direct Investment flows have been severely hit by the pandemic and they plunged 35 percent in 2020, to 1 trillion dollars from 1.5 trillion dollars the previous year. 

Union Government has proposed several amendments in the e-commerce rules to bring transparency and curb the prevalent unfair trade practices in the online marketing platforms. The government is sharing a draft of the proposed amendments to the Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020, to protect the interests of consumers and encourage free and fair competition in the market.
 
According to the proposed rules, the e-commerce platforms will need to appoint a Chief Compliance Officer, a Nodal Officer, a Resident Grievance Officer and other officials to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Act and Rules.
 
It has been proposed to put in place a framework for registration of every e-commerce entity with the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade for allotment of registration number. This registration number will be displayed prominently on the website as well as the invoice of every order.
 
The government has also proposed prohibiting mis-selling, in which entities sell goods or services by misrepresenting information. To ensure that consumers are aware about the expiry date of the products they are buying on the e-commerce platform, all sellers will have to mention ‘best before or use before date’ to enable consumers to make an informed purchase decision. 
 
The government has clarified that conventional e-commerce flash sales are not banned, but specific flash sales or back to back sales which limit customer choice, increase prices and prevent a level playing field are not allowed.
 
The Centre has sought views and suggestions on these amendments till 6th of July.

All modern aircraft are equipped with a Canopy Severance System (CSS), which is an escape path clearance system for the pilot in case of emergencies occurring on the aircraft. State-of-the-art CSS has been developed ab-initio at Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune in association with High Energy Material Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune, for the indigenously developed LCA Tejas and Trainer Aircraft, HJT-36 Aircraft and HTT-40 Aircraft. It provides safe passage by pre-weakening/severing the canopy to facilitate the smooth escape of the pilot in the shortest possible time.

A Transfer of Technology (ToT) Certificate Award Ceremony was held yesterday evening at ARDE in the gracious presence of  Distinguished Scientist and Director General of Armament and Combat Engineering P.K. Mehta of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Director, ARDE Dr V. Venkateswara Rao and Director, HEMRL KPS Murthy handed over the certificate to Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) S. Pramanik and General Manager (GM) R Chandra of M/s GOCL Corporation Ltd., effecting Transfer of Technology (ToT) for the Production of CSS for the indigenously developed aircraft.

CSS has two independent sub-systems. The first one is the In-flight Egress System (IES) for in-flight emergencies, which is integrated with the seat ejection operation and the second one is the Ground Egress System (GES) for on-ground emergencies, which is independent of seat ejection. CSS works on the principle of controlled propagation of detonation using explosive mechanical energy. It consists of critical mechanical and explosive components qualified to military-grade requirements and demonstrating high reliability.

CSS for LCA Tejas were tested successfully in seat ejection trials at M/s Martin Baker Co., London, UK and for trainer aircraft at M/s. Zvezda, Moscow, Russia. The CSS design has been cleared by Certifying Agency RCMA (AA), Pune and CEMILAC, Bangalore has issued Type Approval. ARDE and HEMRL are now capable of developing CSS for any Military Aircraft as required by Indian Air Force.

India’s active COVID caseload has declined to seven lakh two thousand 887. Health Ministry said, India reported 53 thousand 256 new cases during the last 24 hours, which is lowest in 88 days. Over 78 thousand patients recovered during last 24 hours taking the total recoveries across the country to more than two crore 88 lakh 44 thousand so far.  

Daily recoveries continue to outnumber the daily new cases for the 39th consecutive day. The recovery rate has increased to 96.36 per cent.

The world observed the 7th International Day of Yoga today. The main theme for this year is – Yoga for Wellness, which is aligned to the current pre-occupations. 

International Yoga Day is being observed in about 190 countries across the globe. AIR Correspondent reports that the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) proclaimed 21st June as the International Day of Yoga (IDY) in their resolution adopted on 11th December 2014. Since 2015, the IDY has evolved into a mass movement for health, around the world. The observance of Yoga Day is timely as health is foremost in the thoughts of one and all today, following the COVID-19 pandemic.

President Ram Nath Kovind has greeted the people on the occasion of International Day of Yoga. In his message, the President said the vision of  India’s ancient seers of bringing mind-body together to achieve holistic health and happiness has benefited millions over millennia. He termed Yoga as one of India’s great gifts to the world saying it can be especially helpful during Covid-19.

The President also did Yoga in the lawns of Rashtrapati Bhawan on the occasion.

The Prime Minister on the occasion of IYD said, India has taken another important step today in this direction along with the United Nations. Mr. Modi launched ‘WHO M-Yoga’ App. This app will provide many videos of Yoga training and practice based on common Yoga protocol in many languages. Terming this as a great example of fusion of modern technology and ancient science, the Prime Minister expressed the hope that M-Yoga app will help in spreading Yoga world over and will contribute to the efforts of ‘One World, One Health’.

India is changing both at an economic level and at a deeper level in terms of attitudes, values and behavior of the people. Obviously, there are generational changes as nations evolve but the pace at which it is happening amongst Indian consumers in terms of their attitudes, values and behavior is breathtaking. The major factors which are causing this tectonic shift are changes in demographics, increase in empowerment of certain segments of society, global exposure, improvement in infrastructure and worries about health and sustainability. These changes will be reflected in terms of how identities will evolve – how confident and free do Indians feel in being able to express themselves and hence what will they seek to stimulate their senses. Will technology enable or disable relationships or the very nature of relationships will change? How will Indians deal with creativity – will it be a part of their DNA? And finally, what parameters will define well-being and how willing will the Indian consumer be to pursue it.By 2030, urban India will account for nearly 75% of the GDP and Indian cities will act as engines of economic growth for the country’s built environment. The Indian economic transition and workforce expansion will also offer vast development and investment opportunities for the real estate sector.”Growth will naturally slow as India becomes more economically developed, with the annual GDP growth expected to sink to 5.8 per cent in 2035.” “This growth trajectory will see India become the world’s third largest economy by 2030, overtaking the UK in 2025, Germany in 2027 and Japan in 2030,”On the other hand, a high density of population and fast-paced economic growth has made India extremely susceptible to climate change; however, the country is working towards minimising this impact by launching several green initiatives at the national, state and local level.India’s demographic dividend and a sharp rise in working population would be some of the contributing factors that would enable the country to achieve projected GDP of USD 9 trillion and per capita income of USD 5,625 by 2030.By 2030, urban India will account for nearly 75% of the GDP and Indian cities will act as engines of economic growth for the country’s built environment.

Music is a thing which will connect with our emotions. The noise is available all around the world if the rain comes it is a type of noise. In this specific day we can find out how noise is different from music because today is the music day. Music is a sound that produces a pleasing sensation. … Noise is an unwanted and unpleasant sound produced by horns of vehicles, by machines, etc. If a musical sound is made too loud, it becomes a noise. Musical sound is a pleasant, continuous and uniform sound produced by regular and periodic vibrations, e.g., sound produced by a violin, flute, tuning fork etc. Noise is harsh, unpleasant sound produced by an irregular succession of disturbances and is discontinuous, e.g., sound produced by a gunshot etc… The musical day is celebrated to encourage amateurs and professional musicians to perform in the streets. French composer Maurice Fleuret, who was also Minister of Culture in the French government in 1981, started this tradition in 1982. We celebrate June 21 is internationally celebrated as World Music Day. This World Music Day was founded by Jack Lang and Maurice Fleuret and was first held in Paris, France in 1982. The idea behind the day is to get musicians, both professionals, and amateurs, to come out onto the streets and play their instruments. The music is so emotional because the study found that music that creates pleasurable emotions lights up the mesolimbic pathway, the reward bit of the brain that gives us happy feelings. But that wasn’t all; music also creates responses from the amygdale (which modulates emotional networks) and hippocampus (which centers on emotions around attachment).

CLASSICAL MUSIC:  Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture generally considered to have begun in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century CE and continuing to present day. Classical music refers to Western musical traditions considered to be apart from or a refinement of Western folk music or popular music traditions.

ROCK MUSIC:   Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as “rock and roll” in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles in the mid-1960s and later, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style that drew directly from the blues and rhythm and blues genres of African-American music and from country music.

HIP HOP MUSIC:   Hip hop music, also known as rap music, is a genre of popular music developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans and Latino Americans in the Bronx borough of New York City in the 1970s.

These are some of the types of music but actually music plays an important role in our daily life. It has a big connect with human beings because the new born baby will react to the music sometimes dogs and cats also like some particular music.

                                     MUSIC IS A BEST THING TO RELATE TO AN EMOTION

Founded in 2010, Paytm started as a prepaid mobile recharge website. Currently, its business is not only limited to recharge. Still, it has expanded as an online payment platform including mobile recharges, utility bill payment, wallet payment, and wallet-to-wallet and wallet-to-bank transfers for many leading internet-based companies like Bookmyshow, Makemytrip, FoodPanda, IRCTC, and many others.

It was founded under the implemented idea of Vijay Shekhar Sharma and has got the first-mover advantage in the mobile industry. The company has been backed up by Alibaba group and Ratan Tata. The firm raised $575 million from Alibaba group for a share of 25% in the company.

Paytm is growing faster, and they have over 20 million registered users as per their current data. Their website and mobile app have been transformed into a fully-fledged e-commerce marketplace offering categories from electronics, mobile phones, sports & health, home & kitchen, books, baby & toys, and many more types.

The app downloaded on various platforms has touched the mark of 7 million. The additional features added, like Bargain power which is not currently available at any other marketplace, and a unified dashboard has made the selling and buying more interesting. Monthly order of over 15 million is completed over here.

Success Story

In his initial college days, Vijay Shekhar has started his firm Xs! Corporation with his batchmate Harinder Takhar, which offers web guide services to clients. They received seed money of 20,000 from one of the Angel investors. They merged two of their more friends with them and worked for the company till 1999. After that, they sold it to Living Media India for half a million dollars which is now the India Today group.

After selling the firm, Vijay worked for some time in a company but soon got bored. He had two lacks with him, which was enough for him to start a company independently. Along with his colleague, Rajiv Shukla, co-founded One97 Communications Ltd, a mobile value-added services company. But in the 9/11 tragedy, their business crashed. His partner left him. He was with no money now. He started using public transport, lived on two cups of tea. It was again a hard time for him. His father asked him to take a job. The whole family members were willing to get him married, but no girl was ready to marry him!

For sustaining his life, he took up a job. But the zeal of doing something of his own keeps his interest alive from inside. Observing the popularity of smartphones, he decided to do something around it, and in December 2010, he launched Paytm a mobile wallet. Paytm has 50 million consumers doing 60 million transactions a month and is expected to touch 100 million consumers by the end of 2015.

Paytm in February 2014, launched its mobile-based marketplace and recently has launched a seller-dedicated app with a zero-commission model.

Besides, Paytm has also contracted with IRCTC to make Paytm wallet one of the online payment options while booking a ticket. IRCTC processes around 180 million transactions every year; Paytm has a strong base of 60 million wallet users who can use their wallets instead of using plastic card details. These wallet holders can shop over the app and pay with Paytm wallet across 21,000 merchants.

Over the next six months, the Noida-based firm is considering 25,000+ tickets per day using Paytm wallet on the IRCTC platform.

According to a report, “Paytm claims to earn revenues of over $500 million now, but Sharma says this will jump to $2 billion by December 2015. Half of Paytm’s run rate will then come from the e-commerce marketplace push. And the focus will be on getting more users. Alibaba also echoed its view, and Erik Jing of Alipay says, “We don’t care about profitability. We care about SMEs, users on the Paytm wallet.”

Paytm has recently joined in the hyper-local venture by starting grocery delivery in Bangalore. The hyper-local market has raised more than $60 million over the past two months from various venture capitalists.

Paytm has shot up to its business as it has just raised $575 million from the Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group. In the same month, India’s leading investor and businessman Ratan Tata has also invested in the company. Paytm will utilize the fund in recruiting fresh talent, acquisitions, marketing, and brand building.

Gurgaon-based Paytm, Grofers, grabbed $45 million while PepperTap snatched $12 million from the investors.

The company currently deals in mobile, DTH recharge, bill payments, bus tickets, data card recharges, an e-commerce marketplace, payment gateway, Paytm deals, and coupons.

Vijay Shekhar said, “We do 400,000 orders per day, which is second highest in the country after IRCTC”. Over 50% of the orders are from the mobile app making use of the largest mobile commerce platform. An amount of INR 500crore is allocated for marketing in 2015, “said the founder.”

(This article is not owned by me, this is used just for reference)

Buffett: A Brief History

Warren Buffett was born in Omaha in 1930. He developed an interest in the business world and invested early, including in the stock market. Buffett started his education at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania before moving back to the University of Nebraska, where he received an undergraduate degree in business administration. Buffett later went to the Columbia Business School, where he earned his graduate degree in economics.

Buffett began his career as an investment salesperson in the early 1950s but formed Buffett Associates in 1956. Less than ten years later, in 1965, he was in control of Berkshire Hathaway. In June 2006, Buffett announced his plans to donate his entire fortune to charity.2 Then, in 2010, Buffett and Bill Gates announced that they formed the Giving Pledge campaign to encourage other wealthy individuals to pursue philanthropy.3 

In 2012, Buffett announced he was diagnosed with prostate cancer.4 He has since completed his treatment. Buffett recently began collaborating with Jeff Bezos and Jamie Dimon to develop a new healthcare company focused on employee healthcare.5 The three have tapped Brigham & Women’s doctor Atul Gawande to serve as chief executive officer (CEO

Buffett’s Philosophy

Buffett follows the Benjamin Graham school of value investing. Value investors look for securities with prices that are unjustifiably low based on their intrinsic worth. There isn’t a universally accepted way to determine inherent worth, but it’s most often estimated by analyzing a company’s fundamentals. Like bargain hunters, the value investor searches for stocks believed to be undervalued by the market or stocks that are valuable but not recognized by most other buyers.

Buffett takes this value investing approach to another level. Many value investors do not support the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). This theory suggests that stocks always trade at their fair value, making it harder for investors to either buy stocks that are undervalued or sell them at inflated prices. They trust that the market will eventually start to favor those quality stocks that were undervalued for a time.

Investors like Buffett trust that the market will eventually favor quality stocks undervalued for a specific time.

Buffett, however, isn’t concerned with the supply and demand intricacies of the stock market. He’s not concerned with the activities of the stock market at all. This is the implication in his famous paraphrase of a Benjamin Graham quote: “In the short run, a market is a voting machine, but in the long run, it is a weighing machine.”6

He looks at each company as a whole, so he chooses stocks solely based on their overall potential as a company. Holding these stocks as a long-term play, Buffett doesn’t seek capital gain but ownership in quality companies extremely capable of generating earnings. When Buffett invests in a company, he isn’t concerned with whether the market will eventually recognize its worth. He is concerned with how well that company can make money as a business.

Buffett’s Methodology

Warren Buffett finds low-priced value by asking himself some questions to evaluate the relationship between a stock’s level of excellence and its price.7 Keep in mind these are not the only things he analyzes, but rather a summary of what he looks for in his investment approach.

1. Company Performance

Sometimes return on equity (ROE) is referred to as a stockholder’s return on investment. It reveals the rate at which shareholders earn income on their shares. Buffett always looks at ROE to see whether a company has consistently performed well compared to other companies in the same industry.8 ROE is calculated as follows:

ROE = Net Income ÷ Shareholder’s Equity

Looking at the ROE in just the last year isn’t enough. The investor should view the ROE from the past five to 10 years to analyze historical performance.

2. Company Debt 

The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) is another crucial characteristic Buffett considers carefully. Buffett prefers to see a small amount of debt so that earnings growth is being generated from shareholders’ equity instead of borrowed money.9 The D/E ratio is calculated as follows:

Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities ÷ Shareholders’ Equity

This ratio shows the proportion of equity and debt the company uses to finance its assets. The higher the percentage, the more debt—rather than equity—is funding the company. A high debt level compared to equity can result in volatile earnings and significant interest expenses. For a more stringent test, investors sometimes use only long-term debt instead of total liabilities in the calculation above.

3. Profit Margins

A company’s profitability depends not only on having a good profit margin but also on consistently increasing it. This margin is calculated by dividing net income by net sales. For a good indication of historical profit margins, investors should look back at least five years. A high profit margin indicates the company is executing its business well, but increasing margins mean management has been highly efficient and successful at controlling expenses.

4. Is the Company Public?

Buffett typically considers only companies that have been around for at least ten years.10 As a result, most of the technology companies with their initial public offering (IPOs) in the past decade wouldn’t get on Buffett’s radar. He’s said he doesn’t understand many of today’s technology companies’ mechanics and only invests in a business that he fully understands.11 Value investing requires identifying companies that have stood the test of time but are currently undervalued.

Never underestimate the value of historical performance. This demonstrates the company’s ability (or inability) to increase shareholder value. Do keep in mind, however, that a stock’s past performance does not guarantee future performance. The value investor’s job is to determine how well the company can perform as it did in the past. Determining this is inherently tricky. But evidently, Buffett is very good at it.

One important point to remember about public companies is that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that they file regular financial statements. 12 These documents can help you analyze essential company data—including current and past performance—so you can make important investment decisions.

5. Commodity Reliance

You might initially think of this question as a radical approach to narrowing down a company. Buffett, however, sees this question as an important one. He tends to shy away (but not always) from companies whose products are indistinguishable from those of competitors and those that rely solely on a commodity such as oil and gas. If the company does not offer anything different from another firm within the same industry, Buffett sees little that sets the company apart. Any characteristic that is hard to replicate is what Buffett calls a company’s economic moat or competitive advantage.13 The more comprehensive the moat, the more challenging it is for a competitor to gain market share.

6. Is it Cheap?

This is the kicker. Finding companies that meet the other five criteria is one thing, but determining whether they are undervalued is the most challenging part of value investing. And it’s Buffett’s most important skill.

To check this, an investor must determine a company’s intrinsic value by analyzing several business fundamentals, including earnings, revenues, and assets. And a company’s intrinsic value is usually higher (and more complicated) than its liquidation value, which is what a company would be worth if it were broken up and sold today. The liquidation value doesn’t include intangibles such as the value of a brand name, which is not directly stated on the financial statements.

Once Buffett determines the company’s intrinsic value as a whole, he compares it to its current market capitalization—the current total worth or price.14

Sounds easy. Well, Buffett’s success, however, depends on his unmatched skill in accurately determining this intrinsic value. While we can outline some of his criteria, we have no way of knowing exactly how he gained such precise mastery of calculating value. The Bottom Line

As you’ve probably noticed, Buffett’s investing style is like the shopping style of a bargain hunter. It reflects a practical, down-to-earth attitude. Buffett maintains this attitude in other areas of his life: He doesn’t live in a huge house, he doesn’t collect cars, and he doesn’t take a limousine to work. The value-investing style is not without its critics, but whether you support Buffett or not, the proof is in the pudding.

(This articles is not mine it is just used for reference.)

“STUDY CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY: BRAIN SCIENCE IN THE MARKETING MIX”

CINEMA adverts are less likely to affect you if you are eating popcorn. You are more likely to underestimate the calories in a cake if it has a strawberry on top. And you’re more likely to place a higher bid on eBay if the auction website has a red background. These are just some of the recent findings from the world of consumer psychology.We all like to think we are rational, independent shoppers who make objective decisions, unswayed by lighting, music, aromas, packaging or wording.

But it seems science knows us better than we know ourselves. Research by consumer psychologists proves time after time that the way we buy goods and services is influenced by myriad factors. Upbeat music makes us eat faster, for example, (good news for fast-food restaurants) whereas small floor tiles make us walk slower (good news for supermarkets).

Not surprisingly, advertising, marketing and customer experience agencies are desperate to get their hands on this insight and the people who can generate it. In the past they have recruited graduates from either an arts or science background to do the job – people with marketing, arts, humanities, business and English degrees to handle the creative and social side, those with traditional psychology degrees to do the science and mathematicians to crunch the statistics.But increasingly, companies want the whole package, says Adrianne Carter, general manager of UK research and analysis company Shopping Behaviour Xplained.

“We have recruited psychology students and marketing students but it’s those who have actually studied consumer psychology who have the edge,” she said.

Gareth Harvey, consumer psychology lecturer at Glyndwr University in the UK, agrees. From September, he will be leading the new BSc in Marketing and Consumer Psychology course at Glyndwr Business School. The institution, which has campuses in Wales and London, is one of the first in the world to offer consumer psychology at undergraduate level.

“All too often, marketing companies have based their campaigns on gut instinct – their intuition of how consumers will behave,” said Dr Harvey. “Yet to develop a truly effective campaign, you need to know how the mind works, how people make decisions. You also need to be able to test and evaluate the success of a campaign.

“These are the domains of psychologists and statisticians. But traditional psychologists struggle to apply their knowledge to a commercial setting, and statistics alone won’t give you the big picture.

“Increasingly, marketing and advertising companies are looking for a combination of skillsets – people who understand the psychological processes behind consumer behaviour, who can test and evaluate their theories and can turn their insight into effective marketing campaigns.”

“At the moment this big drive is coming from the UK and USA but Germany is also pushing consumer psychology and demand is growing in China.”

NEUROMARKETINNG:

The rise of consumer psychology is being driven by technological advances in the new field of neuromarketing, which studies people’s cognitive and affective responses to marketing stimuli.

Eye-tracking glasses, for example, can show exactly what a person is looking at as he or she walks around a supermarket. The data can be turned into maps that highlight the goods or signs that attract the most attention from shoppers.

Galvanic skin response systems are being used to pick up shoppers’ sweat secretion, which can be a sign that an individual is excited (or nervous) about something.

And functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is being used to pinpoint parts of the brain that are activated by different marketing stimuli.

Some companies have set up their own laboratories or are partnering with universities on major projects using these technologies

-Jerisha. S

“PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ART OR A SCIENCE”

At a first glance it seems easier to accept public administration as an art. It is just the administration of Government affairs and for most part it does not follow the laws of Science like absence of normative value, predictability of behavior and universal application. So, does that mean we cannot list it into a respectable category of scientific subjects?

There are many authors who ferociously defended it and argued that public administration as an area of study is indeed a Science. The earliest of them was Lorenz von Stein an 1855, a German professor from Vienna who said that public administration is an integrated Science and viewing it just as administrative laws was a restrictive definition. In modern times, categorizing public administration as Science found favor with many, the most important one being the father of American public administration, President Woodrow Wilson. We shall read more about the Wilsonian view of public administration in the next article, however he mainly emphasized that the objective of administrative study is to discover what government can properly and successfully do and how it can do those things with utmost efficiency with least possible cost of money or energy.

After Wilson another important argument came from Frederick Taylor who wrote a book called The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) in which he proposed to discover one best way of doing things/operation and thus save on cost on time and energy. Luther Gulick and L Urvick collectively published, Papers on the Science of Administration which reaffirmed its status as a Science. W F Willoughby stated that public administration like Science has certain fundamental principles which can be generally applied and therefore it is a Science.

However, there still remain certain aspects to be established before public administration can be actually and in real terms, be classified as a Science. The places of normative values in public administration should be clearly defined. More efforts should be put in to understanding the human nature and dynamics at play in public administration. Lastly, the principles of public administration should derive references from across the worlds, cultures, type of states etc to make them more universal and free of cultural, religious and political biases.

The advent of the modern welfare state itself has added, to the changing approach to public administration. The kind of activities and sphere of works have never been more varied and dynamic and there has been a never before interest in actually improving the efficiency of the government.

Subject matter experts like Frederick Taylor have opened ways to exploration, experimentation, observation, collection of data and analysis based on which principles and laws can be made. There are increasing number of authors like Metcalfe, Fayol, Emerson, Follett, Mooney, and more recently Drucker etc who have written on the subjects of administration. In-fact Drucker wrote a book called “The Age of Discontinuity” and one of the chapters of the book called The Sickness of Government became the basis of the New Public Management theory popular in 1980s which emphasized the market oriented management of the public sector.

So, one can safely say that with the changing times and more and more studies carried out in the field of social sciences, administration and human relations, the subject of public administration can no longer take the shelter of art and would have to emerge stronger with relevant and fundamental principles like that of Science.

-JERISHA. S

Firstly, we are going to bear what CRED is. So CRED is an Indian fintech startup based out of Bangalore, Karnataka. Kunal Shah founded it within the year 2018. CRED’s main feature is to permit users to create mastercard payments through their app, that the users get rewarded. Later, CRED added certain more features like making house rent payments and introducing short-term credit lines. By 2021, the corporate had onboarded over 6 million users & processed about 20% of all mastercard payments in India. CRED is currently valued at $2.2 billion as of April 2021. Despite many huge profits, the corporate also posted losses of around Rs. 360 crores in 2020, caused mainly because of the high expenditure on marketing and advertising campaigns.
Many new startup ecosystems are coming into today’s world, and that they all primarily work on a model named- The cash burn model. Behind such an incredible business model and putting in of a totally new startup, three significant steps were taken:
Step 1- Cash burn rate:

The cash burn rate is that the cash spent or used over a selected time, which may be determined through income statements. And it indicates the negative income. This rate is sometimes calculated by new businesses and is employed to investigate the cash spent or the expenditure for generating revenues or cash flows. during this model, a brand new company comes, they see and address a major problem in society and supply a selected solution for that & for that purpose, they gather colossal funding. Through the budget, they entice the potential customers, and after customers avail their services, they offer huge offers, which seems quite unbelievable from time to time.
For example, when Jio came for the first time, it invested nearly Rs.1.5 lakh crores, and it initially started providing completely free internet within the country. They identified a big problem of internet accessibility within the biggest democracy of the globe. Therefore, they invested and commenced a corporation named Jio. the same as this, CRED identified three significant problems in mastercard payments:
Banks kindle the price of hidden charges.
Banks charge late fees and take huge penalties.
In late fees, interest rates became very high, as per-day interest rates were counted.
Many times, the mastercard holders weren’t able to think why they’re charged most. So, for these three problems, CRED urged the people to form mastercard payments through their medium at the proper time and ensured the purchasers that they might get rewards from the corporate. Initially, they even gave IPOD as an award. This helped the purchasers in saving their money.
Step 2- Habituation:

Kunal Shah wanted to make such a difference that folks do not get back to the normal methods, but instead, they’ll become habitual of the new model. In a meet, he asked a pair of audiences to convey ratings (out of 10) to 2 different models (One being traditional and therefore the other being a replacement model). He said if the difference of ratings between the 2 is over 4, then the new model are going to be more efficient, and that they will attempt to make it the mainstream model. And if the difference is below 4, people should persist with the standard one. the 2 models he took, for instance, were those of the taxi services. One was the standard method, and therefore the other was online mode ( ola & uber). The audience responded more to the new one. This gave him the thought.
Step 3- Goldmine profitability: 

During this stage, after implementing the strategies, the gross margin rose to such an extent that investors, at some extent in time, weren’t ready to decide where to place their money.
Such an amazing idea and a distinct model by Kunal Shah revolutionized the complete finance cycle and brought a replacement dimension to fintech.

“HOW A DEGREE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP CAN HELP YOUR CAREER”

ALONG with the technological advancements, the entrepreneurship and business landscape has changed considerably around the world. In the United Kingdom in 2014, there has been a record number of start-ups set up, according to Startups.co.uk, with 581,173 businesses being registered with Companies House.

Are you thinking of setting up your own company? Or want to advance in your role in your current company? A master’s degree in entrepreneurship or an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship may be what you may want to consider helping give a boost to your business and management skills.The changes on the jobs market, the changes in how people connect and communicate have also brought about changes in how people work. There are more and more examples of professionals who have decided to venture on setting up their own business. While ‘starting a business is easier, quicker and cheaper than ever thanks to new technology’ (according to the Chairman of the Centre for Entrepreneurs, Luke Johnson quoted on Startups.co.uk), according to a research by RSA quoted by the Telegraph, half of the UK start-ups fail within five years. This is a sign that such projects need well prepared people to focus on long term planning, operations, managing day to day business but also innovation and motivating and engaging employees.

WHAT SKILLS CAN YOU EARN WITH AN ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOCUSED DEGREE?

The goal of a master’s in entrepreneurship or an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship is to prepare innovative professionals to become entrepreneurial leaders and, in many cases, in a global setting. The courses taught range from innovation management, organisational management, finance, business creation and development, marketing for entrepreneurial firms to project management. Their aim is to provide you with the necessary entrepreneurial skills to succeed in a rapidly changing globalised world, granting both professional and personal development.

The programs put emphasis on the development of personal communication skills, team-working and people management as well as presentation skills, useful for future entrepreneurs, who have to be well prepared to convince investors, attract new business and improve their probability of success.

WHAT DEGREES CAN YOU OPT FOR?

Choosing the right program to lead you to your future business career is the most important step before embarking on this journey, so knowing the opportunities available is the first step to take. There is a great variety of business and management related and entrepreneurship related master’s and MBA programs offered by business schools across Europe. If you are considering the UK, for instance, London School of Business offers master’s courses in Strategy and Entrepreneurship, and Organisational Behaviour; Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford gives you the chance to study Organisational Leadership, and Strategy and Innovation. You may also want to check out a master’s focusing on Management Entrepreneurship and Innovation, at the University of Birmingham Business School, Manchester Business School, Imperial College Business School, Nottingham University Business School, or the Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship Master at Newcastle University Business School. If you are looking for an MBA with focus on Entrepreneurship check out the program offered by Nottingham University Business School.

If you are looking for an international learning experience and want to study outside of the UK you can check out master’s degrees or MBAs with a focus on entrepreneurship like the Global Entrepreneurship Program offered by the EMLYON Business School in France, or the Advanced Master in Innovation and Entrepreneurship offered by Solvay Business School in Belgium.

Through such internationally focused programs, you get to gain competitive language skills, you manage to expand a global network, you get to understand and value the different cultures. You learn how to work and live in a multicultural setting and this helps in your business, not just in local markets but in global business cultures.

WHAT CAREER AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE THERE?

The UK, with especially London, but also Manchester and Birmingham, is a real magnet for prospective businessmen. One of the biggest advantages of studying a business and entrepreneurship focused degree is the practical aspect and the connection with the professional world.

Last year, venture capital funding in tech companies rose by 78 percent, according to the 2014 European Tech Report by CB Insights. Based on the report, the UK is leader in Europe, with a total of 225 deals, followed by Germany, with 154, and France, with 63.

There are plenty of career opportunities and a lot of companies organise start-up competitions or incubators to help support new enterprises. To give you some quick examples, check out the London Google Campus, where entrepreneurs go to learn, share ideas, present their business and attract investors or business partners; or accelerators and incubators such as Seedcamp, Microsoft Ventures, Tech Stars, JLAB or Wayra by Telefonica.

Universities and business schools themselves also help students connect with companies and investors through their campus events, incubators and technology and innovation centres.

Such a degree will help you sharpen your logic skills and develop strategic thinking in order to make a change within an organisation, by bringing innovation in, or even set up your own business. You will be given the necessary conditions and framework to develop your entrepreneurial skills and make your business ideas come true.

If you are interested in entrepreneurship focused degrees, check out the entrepreneurship and innovation programs available at institutions in the UK and the rest of Europe in the online directory at QS Course Finder.

-MEREZJA F

“AMERICAN REVOLUTION”

The American Revolution was a war in which the 13 American colonies won their independence from Great Britain. It started in 1775 and ended in 1783. The revolution led to the founding of a new nation, the United States of America.

BACKGROUND AND CAUSES OF THE WAR:

When the first settlers came to the new world in the 17th century they were on their own. They had to choose their own leaders and solve the problems that they faced. Great Britain was not really interested in the colonists and, in addition, faced problems at home too.

In the middle of the 18th century Britain defeated France in a war that spread to the New World. Britain’s victory gave it control over most of the territories in North America. They ruled the New World from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. However fighting against France cost a lot of money and the British government decided that the colonies in America should also pay for this war.

Colonists were angry at the British rulers, not only because they wanted more money from them, but because they also forbade them to settle in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. These regions were reserved for the Indians, whom the British did not want to make angry

TAXES:

After the end of the war with France Great Britain started to make the colonists pay more money in the form of taxes. One of these laws, the Stamp Act, put a tax on documents and newspapers. The colonists got even angrier because they were not represented in British parliament and had no way of expressing their ideas. They wanted to be treated in a fair way and believed they had certain rights that others should respect.

At the beginning of the 1770s Great Britain sent soldiers to keep order in the American colonies. While many tax laws were abolished a tax on tea remained. In 1773 colonists, disguised as Indians, went aboard British ships and dumped all the tea into the harbour of Boston. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

During the 1770s the relationship between Britain and the colonies became worse. The settlers started boycotting everything that the British wanted to sell to them.

THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR:

In 1775 the colonists decided that they had had enough of British rule. They got ready to fight. American soldiers fought the first battle of the war at Lexington, Massachusetts. In the next few months the Americans formed their own army under the leadership of George Washington.

Not all the colonists were in favour of going to war against the British. Those who wanted to stay with Great Britain were called loyalists; those who were in favour of independence were called patriots.

The American colonies were not prepared for war. They were not united and had no central government. As soon as the war stared delegates of all 13 colonies formed a national congress, at which they met.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE:

More and more colonists became convinced that they could not rely on Great Britain to solve their problems. They wanted to be free and govern themselves. On July 4, 1776 the signing of the Declaration of Independence made the colonies an independent country.

MAIN BATTLES OF THE WAR:

During the early part of the war the British army won major battles because they were better equipped and had more firepower. However, on Christmas night, 1776, George Washington’s army won important battles in Trenton and Princeton New Jersey.

In October 1777, The Battle of Saratoga brought an important victory for the colonists. France decided to send ships and soldiers to the New World to help the colonists in their fight against their long-time enemy, the British.

The winter months were very difficult for George Washington and his men. They had little food to eat and suffered from illnesses. But in the end they proved to be the better fighters and defeated the British army in major battles. Thousands of African American slaves also fought for the colonists.

Britain, on the other side, was faced with having to transport soldiers and weapons over thousands of kilometres.

AMERICAN VICTORY AND PEACE TREATY:

In the final years of the war fighting focused on the southern colonies. In 1781 British soldiers were defeated by Americans and the French in Yorktown, Virginia. The British surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the Americans in Paris.

CHANGES IN SOCIETY:
Although over 7000 American soldiers died in the Revolutionary War, independence brought along many changes in American society. Prosperity and growth in a vast new country began.
About 25% of all the slaves were freed. The northern states abolished slavery altogether.
A written constitution, which went into effect in 1789, gave the new country a set of laws and its people political and religious freedom.

-Jerisha. S

“POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION”

We have read about the dichotomy between the politics and administration. Subsequently, we also read about how the later authors and subject matter experts opposed the earlier dichotomy and insisted that politics and administration cannot be viewed in isolation. In this section let us try to understand the relationship between the politics and administration.

According to the political scientist James Pfiffner, the politics and administration are so closely knit together that it becomes difficult to draw the line where one ends and the other begins. Politics is the study of power which is the latest definition of the term. According to Raymond Aron, politics is the study of authority relations between the individual and groups and the hierarchy power which establishes itself within all numerous and complex communities. As per this definition, since, power is kind of omnipresent, it is safe to assume that it has an important say in the matters of public administration as well.

Another important figure in the field was Dwight Waldo, an American political scientist and a prominent figure in the area of modern public administration. In his book: The administrative state: a study of the political theory of American public administration, he explains an interesting phenomenon regarding the evolution of reforms in civil services in USA. The principal concern of early civil service reformers was not greater administrative efficiency but was cleansing and promoting democracy. The primary issue was not increasing efficiency but was protecting and building moral.

There is no argument regarding the fact that public administration emerged as a discipline of political science, the former deals with the output of the Government machinery and the latter with the input. It can also be put as such that, political science provides the framework within which public administration functions. From the academic perspective, both these subjects share a number of common areas of study like constitutional law, administrative law, delegated legislation, government budgeting and local governments amongst many other. So, a comprehensive understanding of both the subjects is mutually inclusive to each other, to learn one, the other has to be mastered as well.

Another important academic field from which public administration heavily borrows and is deeply influenced is the Sociology. It is a branch of study which deals with social order, change, class, conflict, problems, associations and institutions. According to Marshal Edward Dimock, administration takes place in a social setting and it is the society which determines the pattern of administration. He goes ahead and adds that through an administrative leadership however, the society itself can be changed for good. He says that the job of a public administrator is not mere administration but that of a social engineer who can bring about desirable changes in the society.

In the modern times, the various activities which the society governed and administered itself like community welfare, health, security etc have been taken over by the Government and public administration departments. The social control has been replaced by administrative controls and hence, it makes sense for the public administrators to be in sync with societal goals.

We have constantly been referring to diverse subjects to understand public administration better; the reader is now in a position to understand the relevance, importance and vastness of this subject which has an immediate and direct interaction with us in our everyday lives.

– MEREZJA F

THE VIETNAM WAR

The Vietnam War was a long-lasting conflict in Southeast Asia. It started after World War II and ended in 1975. More than one million Vietnamese soldiers and over 50,000 Americans were killed in the war. It also cost the lives of over two million civilians .

BACKGROUND:

Before World War II the French controlled most of Indochina, today’s Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. After Japan had lost the war left the country in 1945 the French wanted to take control of Vietnam again. When China became a Communist country in 1949, Communist influence in Vietnam became stronger too. A nationalist leader, Ho Chi Minh, declared Vietnam an independent country. Soon afterwards a war between Ho Chi Minh’s followers and the French began. It ended after the French had lost an important battle at Dien Bien Phu.

The French were forced out of the country and Vietnam was divided . The Communists controlled the northern part and those who still supported the French controlled South Vietnam. The government in the south was weak and more and more people turned against it. Communist rebels started coming in from the north. They were trained and armed by North Vietnam and called themselves Vietcong.

AMERICAN INFLUENCE GROWS:

During the Cold War America fought Communism in many places around the world. US presidents promised to help countries that were threatened by Communism. They thought that if they let Communists take over the southern part of Vietnam other countries in the region would become Communist too. This was called the “ Domino Theory ”.

President John F. Kennedy saw this danger and started sending military advisers to help the South Vietnamese army. After an American warship was attacked off the coast of North Vietnam Kennedy’s successor , Lyndon Johnson started sending ground troops to southeast Asia.

AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN VIETNAM:

In the following years more and more American soldiers were sent to fight the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army. By 1968, the US had half a million troops in the country.

The United States bombed highways, bridges, railroads and cities in North Vietnam, as well as the Ho Chi Minh trail , a route that led from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to the south. Vietcong guerrillas received supplies and weapons from the north along this route.

The Americans thought that they would win the war quickly because they had modern weapons . They relied on their firepower and bombs to stop Communist aggression. On the other side the North Vietnamese and Vietcong led a completely different war. They could move faster than the Americans and used guerrilla tactics , attacking American troops by surprise.

This was new to American soldiers because they never knew where the enemy really was. The Vietcong also knew the jungle better and got used to moving around in such a difficult terrain .

AMERICA PROTESTS AGAINST THE WAR:

At first Americans at home thought it was a good idea to stop Communism. They supported American involvement . As time went on and more and more American soldiers got killed in Vietnam Americans changed their attitudes about the war. People saw the brutal war on television. Anti-war protests spread throughout the country. Americans believed Vietnam was a place they did not belong in.

AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL:

Towards the end of the 1960s the Vietcong and North Vietnam started attacking the south on a larger scale . Under pressure from the public at home the American government changed its policy . President Lyndon Johnson started withdrawing troops and peace talks began in Paris.

When Richard Nixon became president American bombing of Vietnamese hiding places in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia become even more intense . On the other side he continued bringing more and more troops back home. By this time, Americans at home mostly opposed the war .

END OF THE VIETNAM WAR:

In 1973 North Vietnam, South Vietnam, the United States and the Vietcong signed a peace agreement . However it was not kept. The North Vietnamese army and the Vietcong pushed further to the south. They met little resistance because South Vietnam’s army was too weak and couldn’t fight alone. Thousands of civilians fled from the oncoming enemies. In 1975 Communist troops entered Saigon and the South Vietnamese surrendered .

The war was officially over in 1976. North and South Vietnam were reunited under a Communist government . Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

RESULTS OF THE WAR:

The Vietnam war was a brutal war with many casualties . Many civilians lost their lives and millions became refugees .

Much of North Vietnam was destroyed by American bombs. Chemicals used to clear the jungle destroyed much of the land permanently . After the war the North Vietnamese put many Southerners into prison . As a result over a million civilians fled South Vietnam.

The Vietnam War also changed the United States’ role in the world. It was the first war that the Americans had lost.

Soldiers who came back suffered from psychological problems and had a hard time returning to normal life. While men who came home from World War I and II were seen as heroes , those who came home from Vietnam were seen as losers.

– MEREZJA F

21st Century is the most stressful period for all of us, where there are not one but many factors responsible for this type of condition, which is very hectic; this may lead to many other challenges which anyone can face this time. The work from home category of jobs has its downsides too, which may be as; 

1. Lack of efficiency due to the surrounding environment.

2. Sometimes lack creativeness due to hectic seclude.

3. Sleeping issues due to long hours of setback, And much more.  

But nowadays, we are forced to work mostly from home due to this Covid-19 pandemic, which has made us lazier, more lonely, dumber, and much more. Due to this pandemic, people are losing their jobs, leading to a significant financial crisis for all humans; most working-class people have lost their jobs and returned to their villages for survival. Mental stress due to salary deduction, Health issues, financial issues, personal issues, and much more. They are more responsible for the instability of mental health. Extra stress may be responsible for problems which are;

1. Feelings of fear, anger, sadness, worry, numbness, or frustration

2. Changes in appetite, energy, desires, and interests

3. Difficulty concentrating and making decisions

4. Difficulty sleeping or nightmares

5. Physical reactions, such as headaches, body pains, stomach problems, and skin rashes

6. Worsening of chronic health problems

7. Worsening of mental health conditions

Depression due to these situations may cause effects in married couples too, which may lead to harmful conditions if not handled properly on time. The teams may have communication issues due to work pressure and other similar reasons. The character of a person affects drastically due to loneliness because there is a common saying in all of us; ‘Empty mind is devils’ house’, which means if we are busy, then our thoughts change negatively.

We must stay fit and healthy out of this busy schedule, which may help in reducing our mental instability. Some ways to cope up with mental health and to stay mentally healthy are; 

1. Take care of our body by doing meditation and yoga, which helps control our brain and keep it calm.
2. Taking a balanced diet can also help reduce stress, which realizes good hormones in our body to make us free from other pressures.
3. Exercising regularly will make our muscles accessible, which can eventually help improve mental and physical health.
4. Avoid excessive alcohol, tobacco, and substance use.
5. Continue with routine preventive measures (such as vaccinations, cancer screenings, etc.) as recommended by your healthcare provider.
6. Get vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine when available.
7. Make time to unwind. Try to do some other activities you enjoy.
8. Connect with others. Talk with people external icon you trust about your concerns and how you are feeling.
9. Connect with your community- or faith-based organizations. While social distancing measures are in place, try connecting online, through social media, or by phone or mail.

A healthy adult requires 7-8 hours of sleep every night.sleep deprivation can harm our body and its functioning.
—>SLEEP ENVIRONMENT- keep your bed clean and hygienic.Adjust the light of your room to have a dim night lamp.
—>SLEEP SCHEDULE – Do not let your sleep schedule get haywire. Practice a similar sleeping time pattern
—> MANAGE WHAT YOU EAT AND DRINK –It is advised to have finished your last meal at least 3 hours before your sleeping time.avoid caffeinated drinks.
—> EXERCISE –Exercising improves sleep quality and also is shown to reduce the time taken by us to fall asleep.
—> CONTROL LEVELS OF STRESS AND WORRY –This can be temporary at times as per our circumstances but long stances of stress and anxiety can cause long-term damage to our sleep quality and sleep duration.try mediation and take deep breaths to relax your mind.

Are you always short of time? Do you wish you had more than twenty-four hours in a day? Do you postpone things to a later date? Well, if it is so, it means that you suffer from the monster of Procrastination. The word ‘procrastination comes from the Latin word ‘Pro’ meaning ‘in favour and ‘Cras’ meaning ‘tomorrow.’ It is defined as the act or habit of delaying or putting things off for a later date. A tiny problem that can be solved easily develops into a huge one when we ignore it, thus giving rise to confusion and loss of precious time and energy in trying to untangle it.

Why do we procrastinate?

Procrastination is a bad habit, and we should prevent it from developing in our character. Here are some major reasons why people procrastinate.

1) Lack of concentration and finding a task uninteresting.
2) Filling the day with low-priority tasks rather than with the most important tasks.
3) Leaving an item in the ‘to-do list’ for a long time, even though it is important.
4) Regularly saying ‘yes’ to unimportant tasks that others want us to do and spending time on them, instead of getting on with the important tasks.
5) Waiting for the ‘right mood’ or the ‘right time to complete important tasks at hand.
6)Leaving an item in the ‘to-do list’ for a long time, even though it is important.

How to avoid Procrastination?

You cannot break the habit of Procrastination overnight, but you can gradually overcome this problem by following some tips. Some of the tips to avoid Procrastination are:

1. Self-discipline is important. Character is built when you learn that things need to be done, even if you don’t feel like doing them. Overcome your moods.
2. Create a calendar or ‘to-do list’ that identifies daily tasks, which need to be done.
3. Organize your surroundings so that you are encouraged to take up the task and finish on time.
4. Focus on one task at a time.
5. Set yourself time-bound goals. Prepare action plans. That way, you will have no time for Procrastination.
6. Make up your own rewards. For example, promise yourself a fifteen-minute break before starting a new task or treating yourself to candy to complete a task successfully.

Remember, Procrastination is an unhealthy habit and adds unnecessary pressure to daily Procrastination is often called the ‘thief of time’ because if you delay something, it will -longer to do so later on. Work does not disappear if we delay it. One day or the other, it has to be done. The more we postpone, the more the work piles up. Finally, we have no choice but to tackle it. Time wasted is the time lost forever. Therefore, Procrastination or the habit of delaying things is rightly called the thief of time. Not procrastinating requires self-discipline and determination to do a task on hand at once. One who does not procrastinate will be more successful in all spheres of life.

Maroju Sanjana

What is a DC Generator?

DC machines can be classified into two types called as DC Motor and DC Generator. A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into electricity or electrical energy. When conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf is generated, According to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. A DC generator can also be used as a DC motor without changing its construction. The main advantage of DC Generator is its simple construction and design.

Construction of DC Generator:

Different parts of DC Generator are:

• Armature or Rotor: Rotor is a rotating part of DC generator that rotates on its axis. A rotor in a DC machine includes slotted iron laminations with slots that are stacked to shape a cylindrical armature core. The function of the lamination is to decrease the loss caused due to Eddy Current.
• Field Coil or Stator: It is a non-moving part of DC generator, it provide magnetic fields where the coil spins. It includes two magnets with opposite polarity facing each other.
• Yoke: It is an outer frame and it provides mechanical strength to whole assembly of motor. It is made up of cast iron or steel.
• Pole Shoe: It enlarges region of pole, so that the flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed through the air space toward armature. The materials used to build pole shoe is cast iron or steel.
• Pole: It is an electromagnet and the field winding is wounded on pole and are connected either in series or in parallel with the armature winding. When the field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron.
• Commutator: Commutator is present on Shaft of the machine, commutator works like a rectifier that changes AC voltage to DC voltage within the armature winding. It is designed with a copper segment.
• Brushes: The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon structure. Its function is to transfer the current from coil to load connected in the circuit of electric generator.

Working of DC Generator

The Working principle of DC Generator is that, when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an emf is induced in the conductor, according to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

Now, according to Fleming’s right-hand rule, the direction of the induced current changes when the direction of motion of the conductor changes. For Example, Let us consider an armature rotating clockwise and a conductor at the left moving upwards. When the armature completes a half rotation, the direction of the motion of the conductor will be reversed downward. Hence, the direction of the current in every armature will be alternating. But with a split ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors get reversed when a current reversal occurs. Hence, we get unidirectional current or direct current at the terminals.

The emf equation of the DC generator is given by the equation:

E_g= PϕZN/60A

Where,

Z is the total number of armature conductor,

P is the number of poles in a generator,

A is the number of parallel lanes within the armature,

N is the rotation of armature in rpm,

E is the induced emf in any parallel lane within the armature,

E_g is the generated emf in any one of the parallel lane,

N/60 is the number of turns per second.

Also, the input power is not fully transformed into output power, which is due to losses associated with the DC Generator. There are mainly four type losses which are Hysteresis Loss, Eddy Current Loss, Iron-Core Loss, Copper Loss.

Applications of DC Generators:

Applications of DC Generator are:

• The separately excited type DC generators are used for power and lighting purposes.
• The series DC generator is used in arc lamps for lighting, stable current generator and booster.
• DC generators are used to reimburse the voltage drop within Feeders.
• DC generators are used to provide a power supply for hostels, lodges, offices, etc.

We often dream to become something in our compressed life. Sharp campaigns of pragmatism enforce the zeal to replicate the same motive within us. The same we follow, the same we want to be in real count of life. The true method can actually guide us to fetch those inseparable ideologies within us. There are some relevant guides to do so:

1. Fix the goal and run for it without giving it a second thought.

2. Follow a perfect routine and give your time table a subjective make over.

3. Remain calm and motivated throughout the day, no matter how hard the day is -one needs to be calm and patient in any situation.

4. Stay focused and motivated.

5. Set your ideal model and follow that individual’s prerogatives.

6. Have healthy diet and maintain balanced metabolic rate within your body, so that you can activate your energy throughout the day.

7. Have sufficient sleep, it’s very important.

 Avoid people who spread negativity and smile with your positive powers.

All the best -keep shining.

Pride Month is a month-long observance in celebration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people—and the history, culture, and contributions of these people and their communities.Pride Month takes place every year in June.

It is not limited to people with these sexualities or gender identities. Pride Month also celebrates and is celebrated by those with a range of other identities considered outside of the cishet mainstream, including people who are intersex, nonbinary, asexual, pansexual, aromantic, two-spirit, or who identify in other ways or are questioning their sexual or gender identity or expression.

Starting with the Stonewall Uprising in June 1969, , a New York City. Pride Month both commemorates and celebrates LGBTQ activism and culture through the years. Pride Month is an entire month dedicated to the uplifting of LGBTQ voices, celebration of LGBTQ culture and the support of LGBTQ rights. Throughout the month of June, nationwide, there have traditionally been parades, protests, drag performances, live theater and memorials and celebrations of life for members of the community who lost their lives to HIV/AIDS. It is part political activism, part celebration of all the LGBTQ community has achieved over the years.You probably knew that the rainbow flag — created by artist Gilbert Baker in 1978 — is used as a symbol of LGBTQ pride, but did you know that each color on the flag has its own meaning? In the widely known six-color flag, red is symbolic of life, orange is symbolic of spirit, yellow is sunshine, green is nature, blue represents harmony and purple is spirit. In the original eight-color flag, hot pink was included to represent sex and turquoise to represent magic/art.

Pride Month is commonly celebrated with parades and other large, celebratory gatherings devoted to individual displays of pride and expression, including displays of the rainbow Pride flag and other flags representing people with different identities.Such events also often serve as protests against the discrimination and marginalization targeted against people who identify in these ways. Pride Month traces its roots to such protests and specifically commemorates the event known as the Stonewall Riots or the Stonewall Uprising, which is often considered the start of the movement for gay, queer, and transgender rights.
The month-long celebrations are an affirmation to the long-shunned LGBTQ community. Picnics, marches, public events and initiatives are held for the community and also to help create awareness about them. Many countries have their own respective pride months, which highlight a significant development for the LGBTQ community. Russia celebrates their pride month in May, as that was the month when the country decriminalised homosexuality in 1993.

A gentleman is known by a gentle deeds. Manners do not only constitute mere outward behavior, but also construes good conduct and morality. Thus, any form of education, which does not cater to imparting moral training is incomplete, if it does not lead to a good moral character.

Manners are an essential perquisites for a good character. This could be only possible if one has a wholesome education, that would enable him to differentiate between what is good or bad, noble or evil. These are the attributes that are important for our future. A man without these qualities of head and heart, is but a savage.

Therefore, Manners play a significant role in man’s life, without which he can never be a complete man, in the true sense of the world.

Khushi Agarwal

The current lifestyle of people is sedentary and quite easy going. Whole day sitting in front of screen whether for online classes or for any entertainment is becoming a very common feature in all households. People would float innumerable excuses and justifications for not spending time on regular exercising. In fact, all depends on our effective time management, aptitude as well as motivation.

However, no one can negate the importance of exercise in our life. Everyone must find suitable ways to take out time in order to exercise and build personal fitness.

Exercise helps to eliminate the exhaustion and toxins which gets accumulated in the body after a long and stressful working day. Undoubtedly, exercise tends to boost brainpower, improves memory functions as well as enhances physical ability.

If anyone who aspires for better health, have an enthusiastic and energetic lifestyle, then it is essential to make a strong commitment to exercise.

Exercise regularly uplifts the overall standard and quality of life and in today’s scenario it is the need of an hour.

Khushi Agarwal

In a PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY such as ours that accords sub-ordinate status to women, the position of a GIRLCHILD is indeed VULNERABLE. In case of FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY, it is the GIRLCHILD whose education is sacrificed in order to manage the household and take care of the younger children at home. This has led to a situation where the GIRLCHILD is treated as a guest in her own home. The DOWRY SYSTEM deeply rooted in the CULTURE and CUSTOMS of most COMMUNITIES in INDIA is a cause of harrasment for most women.

DOWRY means “transfering WEALTH in any form from the BRIDE’S family to the GROOM’S! The DOWRY means the demand made by the bridegroom’s family from the bride’s parents for the payment of money as well as other costly gifts in the shape of land, house, clothes, and jewels, a condition precedent to the alliance. It is a way to showcase love and care and help the newly wedded couple start their journey without any difficulty. But with time, it has found different meanings, and as a result, young girls around the nation suffer from various crimes and domestic violence.

It is basically a HINDU INSTITUTION, which is now spreading to other communities. DOWRY, in fact, is not a recent development. History is full of examples where daughters have been, married off with immense wealth given away to them in the wedding. Gifts, presents, and things given to the daughter in marriage is nothing bad at all. It is more of a token of their LOVE and HAPPINESS. But, when the parents of the groom make demands in order to fulfill their desires at the expense of the bride’s family, it becomes not only a legal offence but a moral and ethical one too. When people try to extract the expenses made by them on their son’s upbringing and EDUCATION from the bride’s family, it takes the SHAPE OF DOWRY. DOWRY, thus, smears the sacred relationship of marriage and converts it into a base, mean, and cheap, financial deal!

The Dowry system has been in our country since ever, and even after the legal intervention, it is getting harder to eradicate it for so long. The simple process of transfer of poverty has become a deep-rooted problem for our society. And many tough girls and their families have to go through hardship every time in our country. Dowry is a punishable crime in our nation. To protect young girls from various dowry-related injustice, reports against dowry are given priority. But most crimes are never reported, the domestic violence is at an increasing rate. The lack of proper education and awareness is a major reason for these increasing crimes. Many young girls are even pushed to the face of death for dowry.

The dowry system brings a dark cloud above the heads of the bride’s family. Fathers of young girls fear the day of their daughter’s marriage and save money for that particular day. In the northern part of India, the dowry system is quite more prevalent, along with casteism. Dowry is nothing but a nightmare for women. Every woman goes through the ugly phase, where she is made to feel like she is a liability. The country is continuously fighting against the dowry system. Various NGOs have come forward and raised the issue by spreading awareness among the population. The beautiful gesture of providing a helping hand towards the newly wedded has taken an ugly turn. Dowry is a punishable crime, and anyone who is, by any means, tries to support or even hide the truth will have to face legal consequences. Both the parties, the giver and taker, of dowry will be punished under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.

DESPITE many acts and provisions taken in favour of WOMEN, from PROTECTION against DOWRY, There have been still many active cases of DOWRY:. Bengaluru may be on the international map as an IT hub. But the city saw a rise in the number of dowry cases annually. In the first 16 days of the current year, 17 dowry cases were filed across police stations in the city. The number of cases filed under the Dowry Prohibition Act witnessed a rise from 690 in 2018 to 739 in 2019. The number had stood at 727 in 2017. The number of dowry deaths saw a jump from 48 in 2018 to 52 in 2019, with none reported so far in 2020. Though 2017, 2018 and 2019 saw an average of more than two cases a day, this year’s average for the first 16 days has been a tad above one case per day. Police point out that the nature of cases has become more disturbing and serious, often involving attacks on women who are victimised by the socio-economic menace.

Hence, it will be difficult to say that DOWRY IS ERADICATED FROM INDIA. Being a DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY, where we are developed so far, WOMEN in INDIA still faces the Problem of DEVELOPMENT. We put their dignity everytime at stake, whenever, wherever someone asks them for DOWRY, and successfully, the girl’s parents fulfill it. It’s high time that the SOCIETY should realise the DIGNITY of a WOMAN, the SANCTITY OF MARRIAGE, and UNITE to fight against the EVIL custom of DOWRY!

The United Nations, recognizing its universal appeal, proclaimed June 21 as the International Day of Yoga by resolution 69/131 on December 11, 2014. The International Day of Yoga aims to raise awareness worldwide of the many benefits of practicing yoga. It has been celebrated because the ancient Indian art of healthy living. This yoga is a wonderful all pains in our body cannot cure through English medicines but we can to cure it with yoga. There must be a day for yoga was conceived by Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi, who proposed the concept on September 27, 2014, during his speech at the UN General Assembly. The resolution to adopt June 21 as International Yoga Day was introduced in the UN by India’s Ambassador, Ashoke Kumar Mukerji. This yoga is the best thing everyone should do yoga in the morning while the sun rises. The yoga has many benefits in it eventhough it is a simple moments but has many benefits in it. The yoga is an exercise which is used to do exercise for the head and joint pains. Rakul Preet Singh also took to her official social media handle to share how she started her day. The actress began International Yoga Day with Kunjal Kriya, which is a stomach-purification technique. “Started off a Yoga day today by doing Kunjal Kriya, as advised by my holistic nutritionist @munmun. Ganeriwal. In this time only we are all known about this gym and exercises. To keep our body fit without any diseases and to low be fat they were doing yoga. In those they used to do yoga daily, walking in the morning and eating food which is useful for our body. They used to eat food in a large sixe but they worked in the hot sun so much. The yoga is theme is to get fresh air; light and our body must be flexible. The prime minister of India Narendra Modi always encourages the Indian county people to do exercise daily. It is very easy to do than exercises because in exercise many old age people will suffer but in this yoga they do as usual. In yoga there is a exercise called meditation if we do it for 15 minutes are mind get relaxed and we are able to do the things more faster. Modi the prime minister in this day he told that if we do this yoga we can keep corona virus far away.
IMMUNITY-BOOSTING POSES, BREATHING EXERCISES AND MORE
Yoga teachers are now crating special classes and offering courses with specific asana for mental health, immunity and breathing-related issues.
Yoga instructor Vidhi Shah from Mumbai explains, “Pranayama, which is breathing and meditation exercise in yoga, is the main practice to overcome anxiety, stress and breathing issues. There are several types of Pranayama, such as suryabhedan Pranayama, chandrabhedan Pranayama, and anulom vilom Pranayama, besides meditations like static and guided. A lot of people are seeking online classes that focus on these.”
She adds that several people are also seeking yoga lessons for their children – “Since children cannot go down to play, many parents are also seeking special kids’ classes and acro yoga lessons for them to keep them occupied and healthy.”

About 1,500 sanitation workers will join the special drive to prevent outbreak of vector-borne diseases such as dengue

The Greater Chennai Corporation has started mass cleaning of solid waste and construction debris in the city.

Corporation Deputy Commissioner (Health) Alby John Varghese said the workers had been directed to clear 5,000 tonnes of solid waste and construction debris within 10 days, in addition to the normal conservancy work. “A total of 1,500 sanitation workers will participate in the special drive to clean the city. Another 600 road workers will support,” he said.

Sixty vehicles and 75 compactors would be used for the mass cleaning drive. Corporation Commissioner Gagandeep Singh Bedi has directed officers to clean all the solid waste from spaces between tenements of the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board. The removal of solid waste from such areas managed by the TNSCB was to prevent outbreak of vector-borne diseases such as dengue in times of pandemic.

The Corporation has started cleaning the debris and solid waste from vacant plots of land in residential areas after residents complained about unauthorised dumping of waste on private plots. The Corporation teams and private conservancy operators will clear the waste in 10 days, the officials said.

Solid waste accumulated along roads were removed during the mass cleaning on Thursday. On an average, about 5,000 tonnes of solid waste is generated every day in the city. This waste is dumped in Kodungaiyur and Perungudi. The quantity of garbage generated was expected to increase in the next 10 days, because of the clearing of waste in at least 1,000 locations

Technology has influenced every aspect of our everyday life. No one can undermine the importance of computers in industry, business organizations as well as in our day to day life. Cars, aircrafts, medical equipments and, even traffic signals are managed with the help of computer technology. Nearly all jobs require extensive usage of computers. Running on computerized treadmills in gyms is gaining preference over walking and exercising in parks. In fact computers have altered the way in which we are living in these modern times.

Computer addicts completely withdraw us from our real world and ultimately are drawn deeper into the virtual world. All are moving towards social acceptance without actually knowing one’s own self.

Excessive dependency on computers blurs off the lines of reality and mere fantasy and in extreme cases causes hesitation in communicating and interacting in the real world.

This overwhelming dependency on computers will undoubtedly create negative effects in our life.

Khushi Agarwal

Phone itself has become a fashion statement wherein the brand, cost type of handset, colour,added accessories reflect the personality of a person.people have made mobile phones a status symbol instead of necessity in order to have money to satisfy this growing need to show off.

It’s tough to fit a music player, digital camera, phone,GPS all in the pocket at the same time. Foutunately today cell phones come with all theses features and thus it is not a problem anymore.

There are 4 billion cell phones in use today. Many of them are in hands of Market vendors, rickshaw driver,and others who’ve historically lacked access to education and opportunity.

The food you eat plays a key aspect in determining your overall health and immunity. Eat low carb diets, as this will help control high blood sugar and pressure. A low carb diet will help slow down diabetes and focus on a protein-rich diet to keep you in good shape. And regularly consume vegetables and fruits rich in Beta carotene, Ascorbic acid & other essential vitamins. Certain foods like mushrooms, tomato, bell pepper and green vegetables like broccoli, spinach are also good options to build resilience in the body against infections.

You can also eat supplements rich in omega 3 & 6 fatty acids for your daily dose, if stepping out to buy groceries is not an option during social distancing. Some natural immunity supplements include ginger, gooseberries (amla) and turmeric. Some of these superfoods are common ingredients in Indian dishes and snacks. There are several herbs that help in boosting immunity like garlic, Basel leaves and Black cumin. Certain seeds and nuts like sunflower seeds, Flax seed, pumpkin seeds and melon seeds are excellent sources of protein and vitamin E.

Probiotics like Yoghurt, Yakult and fermented food are also excellent sources to rejuvenate the composition of gut bacteria, which is important for nutrient absorption by the body. These are good options for the older generation too.

Watermelon
It’s not only refreshing. When it’s ripe, it’s also got plenty of an antioxidant called glutathione. It strengthens the immune system so it can fight infection.To get the most glutathione in your watermelon, eat the red pulpy flesh near the rind.

Low-Fat Yogurt
Probiotics, found in yogurt and other fermented products, may ease the severity of colds. Look for labels that say “live and active cultures.”Also look for added vitamin D. Studies show that people with low vitamin D levels may be more likely to get colds or the flu.

Spinach
You’ll find lots of nutrients in this “super food.” One of them is folate, which helps your body make new cells and repair DNA. It also boasts fiber, antioxidants such as vitamin C, and more. Eat spinach raw or lightly cooked to get the most benefit.

Tea
Feel free to choose white, green, or black. Each delivers disease-fighting polyphenols and flavonoids. These antioxidants seek out cell-damaging free radicals and destroy them. Caffeinated and decaf work equally well.

Sweet Potato
Like carrots, sweet potatoes have beta-carotene. In your body that turns into vitamin A, which mops up damaging free radicals. This helps bolster the immune system and may even improve the aging process.

Broccoli
It’s easy to find at the grocery store, and it’s an immune-boosting basic. You’ll get plenty of nutrients that protect your body from damage. It has vitamins A and C, and the antioxidant glutathione. Add to any dish or top with some low-fat cheese to round out a side dish.

Garlic
This kitchen staple does more than punch up the flavor of food. Raw garlic can help beat skin infections thanks to its ability to fight bacteria, viruses, and fungi. To get the benefits, you have to use the real stuff, though, not garlic powder. A garlic supplement may even help lower your cholesterol.

Pomegranate Juice
The ancient Egyptians were on to something when they used this colorful fruit to treat infections. So far, most modern research has focused on pomegranate extract, but the juice shows promise: It may help your body fight bacteria and several kinds of viruses, including the flu.

Ginger
Maybe you love ginger for the spicy kick it gives Asian food. Or because when you drink it in tea or ginger ale, it can ease nausea and vomiting. But wait — there’s more. This knobby root is also a good source of antioxidants. Skip the supplements, though. Add ginger to stir fries or steep it in hot water to make tea. Antioxidants work best in your body when you get them straight from fruits and veggies.

Mushrooms
They give you the mineral selenium and the B vitamins riboflavin and niacin. That helps you in several ways. If you’re low on selenium, you may be more likely to get a more severe flu. Riboflavin and niacin play a role in a healthy immune system.

Women empowerment refers to making women powerful to make them capable of deciding for themselves. Women have suffered a lot through the years at the hands of men. In earlier centuries, they were treated as almost non-existent. As if all the rights belonged to men even something as basic as voting. As the times evolved, women realized their power. There on began the revolution for women empowerment.
As women were not allowed to make decisions for them, women empowerment came in like a breath of fresh air. It made them aware of their rights and how they must make their own place in society rather than depending on a man. It recognized the fact that things cannot simply work in someone’s favor because of their gender. However, we still have a long way to go when we talk about the reasons why we need it.
Need for Women Empowerment
Almost every country, no matter how progressive has a history of ill-treating women. In other words, women from all over the world have been rebellious to reach the status they have today. While the western countries are still making progress, third world countries like India still lack behind in Women Empowerment.

In India, women empowerment is needed more than ever. India is amongst the countries which are not safe for women. There are various reasons for this. Firstly, women in India are in danger of honor killings. Their family thinks its right to take their lives if they bring shame to the reputation of their legacy.
Moreover, the education and freedom scenario is very regressive here. Women are not allowed to pursue higher education, they are married off early. The men are still dominating women in some regions like it’s the woman’s duty to work for him endlessly. They do not let them go out or have freedom of any kind.

In addition, domestic violence is a major problem in India. The men beat up their wife and abuse them as they think women are their property. More so, because women are afraid to speak up. Similarly, the women who do actually work get paid less than their male counterparts. It is downright unfair and sexist to pay someone less for the same work because of their gender. Thus, we see how women empowerment is the need of the hour. We need to empower these women to speak up for themselves and never be a victim of injustice.

How to Empower Women?
There are various ways in how one can empower women. The individuals and government must both come together to make it happen. Education for girls must be made compulsory so that women can become illiterate to make a life for themselves.

Women must be given equal opportunities in every field, irrespective of gender. Moreover, they must also be given equal pay. We can empower women by abolishing child marriage. Various programs must be held where they can be taught skills to fend for themselves in case they face financial crisis.

Most importantly, the shame of divorce and abuse must be thrown out of the window. Many women stay in abusive relationships because of the fear of society. Parents must teach their daughters it is okay to come home divorced rather than in a coffin.

The systemic problem of the gender gap is one of the oldest unresolved issues. It has historical roots that bind the society to date. The gender performance of India has not been very motivating. The parity is visible in almost every field. Right from birth sex ratio, educational enrolment to employment participation of women, we lag by a lot compared to the developed countries of the world. Just to give a glimpse of this tragic truth let’s browse through some data, indices and reports.

— The sex ratio of India is 899 females per 1000 males according to NITI Aayog. This number is variable across the country. The sustainable development goals (SDG) index released by the NITI Aayog shows inter-state parity. Chhattisgarh has a sex ratio of 958 was the best performer, while Uttarakhand emerged as the worst-performing state with 840 females per 1000 males.
— Sex ratio at birth is 934 in 2019-20.
— Gross enrolment ratio (GER) of girls in school at the secondary level is 81.32 (2018-19-provisional figures).
— Female labour force participation rate of India is 24.5% (2018-19) while the global average is 45%.
— Global Gender Gap report of 2021 that was released by the world economic forum (WEF) ranked India 140 among 156 countries, making India the third worst performer among the south Asian countries. Four thematic dimensions were assessed that are-
1. Economic participation and opportunity
2. Health and Survival
3. Educational Attainment
4. Political Empowerment
India’s performance was comparatively good in health and survival indicators.
— Reproductive health report 2021 titled ‘My Body is my health’ published by United Nations population Fund (UNFPA) showed a dismal state of women’s access to bodily autonomy across borders.

These statistics mirror the gender parity in India. Although there is still not a single country where both, males and females, are exactly equals but many are close to the target. India still has a long way to go. The reasons behind the poor performance are many but the two most important areas follows.

—Patriarchal society and the inherent rigidities resist reforms that can help in women empowerment. The mindset of the people is the biggest culprits. Consciously or unconsciously they enforce norms that are antithetic to the empowerment of women. We need not look for examples outside. Most of the households in India show such behaviours.
— The lax attitude of the political leadership is another factor. The political participation of women is a testament to this fact. This insensitivity in governance is reflected in the numerous controversial judicial pronouncements.

Not everything is bad for women in India. The silver lining for us women is the fact that people are willing to fight for the cause. The government and the international community recognises the issue and through joint efforts, they have improved the situation. Schemes like Beti bachao, Beti padhao, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, schemes to attract women in STEM (Science, technology, engineering and mathematics) streams, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Medical termination of pregnancy act are all examples of these efforts. The list is long but when we assess the performance we find that developments are snail-paced. The fight for equal rights on paper might be over but the fight for its realisation continues.

Founding to 2010Edit

The company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).^[18] In late 2003, Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company.^{[citation needed]} In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.^[19] In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.^[19] In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.^[19] In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.^[20]

In June 2008, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and other venture capital firms purchased a 5% stake in the company for $53 million, giving the company a post-money valuation of approximately $1 billion.^[21] In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in Mumbai^[22] and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, Ireland,^[23] received a $20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,^[24] announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,^[25] and improved its 1% premium subscription ratio.^[26] In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.^[27] By December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.^[28]

2011 to presentEdit

LinkedIn office building at 222 Second Street in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)

LinkedIn office in Toronto

LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol “LNKD”, at $45 per share. Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above IPO price. Shortly after the IPO, the site’s underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.^[8] In 2011, LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing Twitter, which earned $139.5 million.^[29] LinkedIn’s fourth-quarter 2011 earnings soared because of the company’s increase in success in the social media world.^[30] By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.^[31]

In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased 222 Second Street, a 26-story building under construction in San Francisco’s SoMa district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,^[32] with the lease covering 10 years.^[33] The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and marketing employees together with the research and development team.^[33] They started to move in in March 2016.^[33] In February 2016, following an earnings report, LinkedIn’s shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to $108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost $10 billion of its market capitalization that day.^[34][35]

In 2016, access to LinkedIn was blocked by Russian authorities for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens’ personal data on servers located in Russia.^[36]

On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion and the largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to “retain its distinct brand, culture and independence”, with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.^[37]

In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its Dublin office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.^[38]

As of 2017, 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.^[39]

Soon after LinkedIn’s acquisition by Microsoft, on January 19, 2017, LinkedIn’s new desktop version was introduced.^[40] The new version was meant to make the user experience seamless across mobile and desktop. Some of the changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.^[41]

Following the launch of the new user interface (UI), some users, complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by both free and premium users, and with both the desktop version and the mobile version of the site.

In 2019, LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.^[42][43] LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.^[44][45]

In June 2020, Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.^[46]

In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it laid off 960 employees, about 6 percent of total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO Ryan Roslansky said the cuts were due to effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic.^[47]

In April 2021, CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn’s accounts have leaked online.^[48] However, LinkedIn stated that “We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies”.^[49][50]