The Central Bank is the highest authority in the banking sector and it supervises, controls and regulates the monetary and financial activities of the banking sector in a country. Central Bank is also known as the apex bank in a country. In India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the Central Bank. One of the pivotal features of Central Bank is that it has complete or residuary monopoly over note issue in a country. The function of central bank are as follows:

ISSUER OF CURRENCY

The Central Bank has the monopoly right to issue currency in a country and control the volume of currency and credit. The currency which issued by the apex bank is the legal currency and is circulated in the country. Generally, Central Banks issues currency by having a reserve backup. As of India, RBI has a minimum reserve of Rs.200 crores in form of gold of value Rs.115 crores and Rs.85 crores in form of foreign securities.

BANKER TO THE GOVERNMENT

Just like how the commercial banks are to the public, the Central Bank acts as a banker to the government. It also accepts deposits and provide loans to the government. Central Bank accepts receipts and make payments, provides loans and advances and provide remittance services just like banks.

BANKER’S BANK AND SUPERVISOR

Central Bank acts as a banker’s bank :

• It is a custodian of their cash reserves.
• It is the lender of last resort.
• It acts as a clearing house for member banks.

CONTROLLER OF CREDIT AND MONEY SUPPLY

Central Bank controls money supply and credit through monetary policy. It controls the volume of currency by restricting its issue and controls credit through various qualitative and quantitative measures.

EXCHANGHE CONTROL

The next function is to maintain the exchange value of currency. In exchange control system in India, every citizen has to deposit the foreign exchange he receives with the RBI. For securing foreign exchange, it must make an application to the RBI in the prescribed form.

LENDER OF LAST RESORT

During emergency situations where commercial banks are unable to fulfil the obligations of their depositors, they approach the Central Bank as the lender of last resort. Central Bank rediscounts its eligible securities and provide loans against these securities. It prevents the banking system from a failure or breakdown.

CUSTODIAN FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES

The Central Bank is responsible for maintaining the external value of the currency and thus maintains some gold and foreign currencies so that in the event of fluctuations, Central Bank buys and sells foreign exchange in the market to minimize the effect.

CLEARING HOUSE FUNCTION

The Central Bank acts as a Clearing House for its member banks. Banks receive cheque drawn on other banks from customers which has to be realized from drawee’s bank. Cheques are also drawn and passed on to other banks which also needs to be realized from drawee bank. Central Bank allows other banks to come together to set off their cheque claims without physical movement of money through the clearance facility.

PUBLICATION OF DATA

Finally, the Central Bank also collects and publishes various statistical data relating to the banking and financial sectors of the economy.

Relevant links:https://hscprojects.com/central-bank-functions-economics-project/#:~:text=The%20main%20function%20of%20a%20central%20bank%20is,during%20times%20of%20bank%E2%80%99s%20insolvency%20or%20financial%20crisis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India

Book – The power of your subconscious mind

Author – Dr Joseph Murphy

About the Author

Dr Joseph Murphy devoted a good part of his life studying eastern religions and was an intellectual of the book I Ching, the Chinese manuscript of insight. For 28 years, he was priest at the Los Angeles branch of the Church of Divine Science. It was a New Thought church that encourages a practical holiness, free of religious faith and dogma.

He believed he had found secrets concerning the subconscious that were beyond time and culture.

Murphy’s idea is very simple and minimal. He states that if you desire for something, just implant that idea into your non-repellent (Subconscious) mind.

How this strategy work

The author saw the subconscious mind as a shady room in which we create images that we want to live in real life. While the alert mind sees an incident happening, takes a photo of it and recollects it. Whereas the subconscious mind works in reverse, ‘seeing’ something before it happens.

The subconscious is neutral in a moral sense, so pleased to adopt any routine as ‘normal’, good or bad. We let harmful thoughts dive into the subconscious every minute of our lives, then are amazed when we find result in day-to-day experiences and relationships.

Knowledge of the subconscious means we can rule the thoughts and images we feed to our mind. This idea makes author’s book to be one of the best books ever. It has instructions and affirmations that will have the greatest effect on the subconscious, a tool of freedom. Having a perception that your subconscious mind is like a photographic mechanism which removes makes the struggle in life easy; if it is just a subject of changing current mental images with new ones, change seems easy.

Trusting your Subconscious

‘The law of your mind is the law of belief itself,’ author wrote. We should make ‘the truth’ our utmost value. The truth is weak next to the actual power of belief in shaping our lives. Whatever you feed your subconscious, it will digest it as fact.

Strength and Fortune

In the ancient times, it was the influence of recommendation and acceptance in the subconscious mind that healed. Wonders of healing, Dr Joseph said, are basically the body following the subconscious mind’s knowledge of ‘perfect health’ when the paranoid nature of the normal conscious mind is hushed.

The other feature of mental healing is the foundation that our minds are part of a larger human mind, related to ‘infinite intelligence’. This is why it is not crazy, author claimed, to believe you can heal people not actually near to you, by picturing health, energy and love for them.

As there is a belief of health and harmony in the world, so there is a principle of abundance. Those aware of this will not have a nervous breakdown if their business is lost but understand it as a message to get reacquainted with the fact of a prosperous universe.

The ‘feeling of wealth’, author said, produces wealth in reality. He shows how to indicate to the subconscious so the abundant images reproduce themselves in real life. Law of Attraction always works.

Lord Dalhousie was the one who introduced railways, electric telegraph and uniform postage in India. Born and brought up in an age which ideologically belonged to Bentham and his followers,9 it was indeed difficult for Dalhousie, though essentially a conservative, to escape their influence. Dalhousie gave first proof of his utilitarianism when in I845 he joined Peel Cabinet, which had succeeded Melbourne, as President of the Board of Trade. Dalhousie laid before Peel “a sound and statesman like scheme” for placing British railways under the direct control of the state. Dalhousie scheme was not accepted, for in those days Parliament looked coldly upon any scheme which savoured of state interference with individual or class interests. But what Dalhousie could not achieve in England, he achieved in India.Bentham thought that an absolute authority would be the best machine to produce the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people and the British colonies like India appeared to the philosopher as the best fields for experimentation in reforms. It is true that Dalhousie was not the only Governor-General to wield absolute powers in India; his predecessors also did the same. But what is interesting to note here is that, unlike his predecessors, Dalhousie actually looked upon himself as an Oriental monarch, the source of all power and dispenser of all favour. Dalhousie’s modus operandi was basically the same as that of an authoritarian reformer. While in India, he acquainted himself ‘thoroughly with the system of Government and its administration, with the condition, the resources and the wants of the country’. He made a clear distinction between those functions which must be carried out by an authoritarian government and those which were to be executed by a third party. While education, the electric telegraph and the uniform postage came under the first category, railways came under the second. The first group consisted of ‘works which affect the general wellbeing of the community … and which, producing no immediate return must be executed by the Government if they are to be formed at all’. Since the second group, such as the introduction of railways, would bring immense profits to some commercial groups in England, they must be executed by them.Dalhousie approached the problems of infanticide, female education and the remarriage of Hindu Widows with the spirit of a Bentham. In the connation his appointment of the Commissioners of the Post Office to investigate the abuses of the postal system is one of the most direct proofs of his utilitarianism during his stay in India. Indeed, the way in which he sought to execute his social measures for the material improvement of the people owes much to Bentham’s ideas. In India the origin of the departments of railways, electric telegraph and post office may be traced to the same influences which were at work in Dalhousie’s mind. ‘My own opinion’, he wrote on 30 June 1854, ‘has long been decidedly in favour of placing a single authority at the head of every public department. In that form only can sustained promptitude of action be maintained and real responsibility enforced.’In the utilitarian philosophy of an authoritarian government, unity of authority is as essential as uniformity of management. Dalhousie accepted this principle and he was always careful that his social measures should be uniform, in other words, systematic. He insisted that the railway codes in one Presidency should not vary from those in another. Since the railways were an all-India enterprise, the codes to govern them should be uniform. Local Government could modify them to suit local conditions but the basic codes must be the same for the three Presidencies. It must, however, be remembered that Dalhousie never gave explicit expression to his beliefs in utilitarian principles. The classic example among some of Dalhousie’s predecessors who had accepted utilitarian-ism as their second faith was provided by Bentinck. In a farewell dinner at Grote’s house, just on the eve of his departure for India as its Governor-General, in December i827, Bentinck had said to James Mill; ‘I am going to British India; but I shall not be Governor- General. It is you that will be Governor-General.’ Viewed as a whole, Dalhousie’s regime contributed greatly to the transformation of Oriental India into Western India. The series of Western innovations he had introduced and the reforms he had carried out, Dalhousie thought, would strengthen the grip of the British Raj over India. It was perhaps the greatest limitation of Dalhousie that he failed to see the future that a modern country would give birth to a modern nation. In history things often happen which their authors do not intend to happen, and after they have happened they make them famous.

In India today, Dalhousie is remembered more as a catalyst in the growth of Indian nationalism than as a torch-bearer of British imperialism or as the man at the root of the mutiny which swept the Indian sky in I857.

Unemployment, also referred to as joblessness, occurs when people are without work and actively seeking employment. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences high unemployment rates. There are many proposed causes, consequences, and solutions for unemployment.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. CLASSICAL-Occurs when real wages for jobs are set above the market clearing level. It causes the number of job seekers to be higher than the number of vacancies.
2. CYCLICAL-Occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for goods and services decreases, less production is needed, and fewer workers are needed.
3. STRUCTURAL-Occurs when the labor market is not able to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. There is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for available jobs. It differs from frictional unemployment because it lasts longer.
4. FRICTIONAL-The time period between jobs when a worker is searching for work or transitioning from one job to another.
5. HIDDEN-The unemployment of potential workers that is not taken into account in official unemployment statistics because of how the data is collected. Foe example, workers are only considered unemployed if they are looking for work so those without jobs who have stopped looking are no longer considered unemployed.
6. LONG TERM-Usually defined as unemployment lasting longer than one year.

MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT-Unemployment is calculated as a percentage by divided the number of unemployed individuals by the number of all individuals currently employed in the workplace. The final measurement is called the rate of unemployment.

EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT-When unemployment rates are high and steady, there are negative impacts on the long run economic growth. Unemployment wastes resources, generates redistributive pressures and distortions, increases poverty, limits labor mobility, and promotes social unrest and conflict. The effects of unemployment can be broken down into three types:

1. INDIVIDUAL-People who are unemployed cannot earn money to meet their financial obligations. Unemployment can lead to homelessness, illness, and mental stress. It can also cause underemployment where workers take on jobs that are below their skill level.
2. SOCIAL-An economy that has high unemployment is not using all of its resources efficiently, specifically labor. When individuals accept employment below their skill level the economies efficiently is reduced further. Workers lose skills which causes a loss of human capital.
3. SOCIO-POLITICAL-High unemployment rates can cause civil unrest in a country.

REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT-There are numerous solutions that can help reduce the amount of unemployment:

1. DEMAND SIDE SOLUTIONS-Many countries are unemployed worker through social welfare programs. Individuals receive unemployment benefits include insurance, compensation, welfare, and subsidies to aid in retraining. An example of a demand side solution is government funded employment of the able-bodied poor.
2. SUPPLY SIDE SOLUTIONS-The labor market is not 100% efficient. Supply side solutions remove the minimum wage and reduce the power of unions. The policies are designed to make the market more flexible in an attempt to increase long run economic growth. Examples of supply side solutions include cutting taxes on businesses, reducing regulation, and increasing education.

FULL EMPLOYMENT-Full employment is the level of employment rates where there is no cyclical or deficient demand unemployment. Mainstream economists define full employment as an acceptable level of unemployment somewhere above 0%. Full employment represents a range of possible unemployment rates based on the country, time period, and political basis.

IDEAL UNEMPLOYMENT-Full employment is often seen as an “ideal” unemployment rate. Ideal unemployment excludes types of unemployment where labor market inefficiency is reflected. Only some frictional and unemployment exists, where workers are temporarily searching for new jobs. This classifies the unemployed individuals as being without a job voluntarily. Ideal unemployment promotes the efficiency of the economy. Lord William Beveridge defined “full employment” as the situation where the number of unemployed workers equaled the number of job vacancies available. He preferred that the economy be kept above the full employment level to allow for maximum economic production.

NON-ACCELERATING INFLATION RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT(NAIRU)-The full employment unemployment rate is also referred to as “natural” unemployment. In an effort to avoid this normative connotation, James Tobin introduced the term “Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment” also known as the NAIRU. It corresponds to the level of unemployment when the real GDP equals potential output. The NAIRU has been called the “inflation threshold”. The NAIRU states the inflation does not rise or fall when unemployment equals the natural rate. As an example, the United States is committed to full employment. The “Full Employment Act” was passed in 1946 and revised in 1978. It states that full employment in the United States is no more than 3% unemployment for persons 20 and older, and 4% for persons aged 16 and over.

Credit creation is one of the important functions of a commercial bank.

“A commercial bank is one that accepts deposits and lend loans and earns an income with the difference.”

Commercial banks expand the money supply in the economy through the form of credit creation. The banking structure is based on credit. Credit basically means getting the purchasing power now and promising to pay at some time in the future. Bank credit means bank loans and advances. Banks generally accept deposits but do not give the whole as loans. The banks keep a minimum reserve of the deposits for the demand of depositors and provides the remaining as loans. The deposits are generally ‘demand deposits’ which can be repayable on demand.

When providing a loan, the bank does not provide it as cash but opens a secondary depository account in the name of the borrower. Now, let us see what is primary and secondary deposits.

Primary deposits are deposits from a customer to a bank which forms the basis of credit. Secondary deposits are loans provided by bank to the borrower. The bank opens an account in the name of the borrower. In credit creation, every loan transaction happens only by opening a secondary depository account.

Let us understand the process of credit creation through the table below

The table above explains the process of credit creation by a single bank. In the table, the cash reserves are kept so that the bank can meet depositor’s needs and lends the rest of the deposits. In this bank, the cash reserves are kept at 20% of the total deposits. Now, a person A deposits an amount say Rs.1000. Person A’s deposits are the initial primary deposits. Of this 20%, that is, Rs.200 is taken for cash reserves and the remaining Rs.800 is taken for lending. Another person, say person B borrows an amount of Rs.800. This money is neither given in form of cash nor straightly to his bank account. The money is given in the form of secondary deposits. This marks the Round 1 of credit creation. Since the money is given in secondary deposits, for the bank, it considers it to be a new deposit because cash at bank increases by Rs800 and by charging 20% cash reserves and give the remaining amount of Rs.640 to lending to say, person C. This process continues for several rounds until the deposits become zero. At the end of the process, the bank has managed to multiply the amount of money supply which is circulating in the economy. As of the above example, the initial deposit amount was Rs.1000 but in the end, through the Multiplier Effect the money created is Rs.5000. Multiplier Effect refers to the ability of the bank to increase money supply through the process of borrowing and lending.

MULTIPLIER EFFECT = 1/CRR = 1/20% = 5 times

where CRR is the Cash Reserve Ratio

We can see observe from the table that the deposits have been multiplied by 5 times by the bank.

Relevant links:https://www.slideshare.net/ramusakha/credit-creation-28701684

https://byjus.com/commerce/credit-creation-by-commercial-bank/

Information about dried fruit is very conflicting.

    Some say it is a nutritious, healthy snack, while others claim it is no better than candy.

WHAT IS DRIED FRUIT?

Dried fruit is fruit that has had almost all of the water content removed through drying methods.

The fruit shrinks during this process, leaving a small, energy-dense dried fruit.

Raisins are the most common type, followed by dates, prunes, figs and apricots.

Other varieties of dried fruit are also available, sometimes in candied form (sugar coated). These include mangoes, pineapples, cranberries, bananas and apples.

Dried fruit can be preserved for much longer than fresh fruit and can be a handy snack, particularly on long trips where refrigeration is not available.

Dried Fruit is Loaded With Micronutrients, Fiber and Antioxidants 

Dried fruit is highly nutritious.

One piece of dried fruit contains about the same amount of nutrients as the fresh fruit, but condensed in a much smaller package.

By weight, dried fruit contains up to 3.5 times the fiber, vitamins and minerals of fresh fruit.

Therefore, one serving can provide a large percentage of the daily recommended intake of many vitamins and minerals, such as folate .

However, there are some exceptions. For example, the vitamin C content is significantly reduced when the fruit is dried.

Dried fruit generally contains a lot of fiber and is a great source of antioxidants, especially polyphenols .

Raisins May Reduce the Risk of Certain Diseases 

Raisins are dried grapes.

They are packed with fiber, potassium and various health-promoting plant compounds.

Prunes are Natural Laxatives and May Help Fight Diseases

Prunes are dried plums.

They are highly nutritious, being rich in fiber, potassium, beta-carotene (vitamin A) and vitamin K.

They are known for their natural laxative effects.

This is caused by their high content of fiber and a sugar alcohol called sorbitol, which is found naturally in some fruit.

Eating prunes has been shown to help improve stool frequency and consistency. Prunes are considered to be even more effective at relieving constipation than psyllium, which is another common remedy.

Dried Fruit is High in Natural Sugar and Calories 

Fruit tend to contain significant amounts of natural sugars.Because the water has been removed from dried fruit, this concentrates all the sugar and calories in a much smaller package.For this reason, dried fruit is very high in calories and sugar, including both glucose and fructose.below are some examples of the natural sugar content of dried fruit.

Avoid Dried Fruit with Added Sugar (Candied Fruit) .

To make some dried fruit even more sweet and appealing, they are coated with added sugar or syrup before being dried.

Dried fruit with added sugar are also referred to as “candied” fruit.

Added sugar has repeatedly been shown to have harmful effects on health, increasing the risk of obesity, heart disease and even cancer.

To avoid dried fruit that contains added sugar, it is very important to read the ingredients and nutrition information found on the package.

Sulfites are added to some dried fruit to preserve color, which may cause adverse effects in sensitive individuals. Dried fruit that is improperly stored and handled may also be contaminated with fungi and toxins.

Music as therapy has shown positive and beneficial effects in managing a host of medical conditions, like high blood pressure, as well as an effective treatment for some mental health conditions. Usually part of a multi-pronged approach to care, music therapists work with doctors, nurses, social workers, and other practitioners to alleviate depression, trauma, schizophrenia, and more. 

ANCIENT ORIGINS

While modern music therapy may be a 20th-century “invention,” it is by no means a new concept. Ancient Greek philosophers used music therapeutically, playing tranquil flute melodies to manic patients; while people with depression were treated to the soothing sounds of a dulcimer (an instrument similar to a zither).

Physicians and musicians were housed in holy healing shrines—further cementing the intertwined relationship that music and healing had in Ancient Greece. Early Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus texts describe chant-like incantations for healing the sick. And within Chinese medicine, a tradition with an ancient lineage, music is seen to correspond to the five different organ and meridian systems, which can be used to promote healing.

Music is one of the most important boons of God for all living beings. Music is the subject that classifies all the rhythmic sounds into a system and anyone may learn and practice it. Not only that but also the plants, animals can enjoy the harmony, pleasant rhythm of the musical sounds.

DIFFERENT STYLES OF THE MUSIC

The style of music has changed dramatically throughout the various ages of the time period. Mainly there are six eras in music history. These are the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Twentieth Century. Music has been and always will be a popular form of entertainment for many of us.

The dictionary defines the music as an art of sound in time which expresses ideas and emotions both significantly through the elements of rhythm, melody, and harmony.

MUSIC HAS THE POWER TO HEAL

Music is a form of a melody that soothes into our body and helping us to feel refreshed and relaxed. It helps us to get rid of the anxiety and stress of our everyday life. Music is undoubtedly a great way of healing the pain. It makes us forget about unpleasant and disturbing thoughts by taking us in the world of melody.

Music can bring the back old memories in our present time. Music therapy restores us from several problems and emotions in our daily life. When we attend music therapy it helps our brain functioning quicker and helps us keep calm.

THE MEDICINAL EFFECT OF MUSIC

Whatever problems we may have, that will flow out of our brain. Even it also helps the doctor and psychologist to identify the state of our brain and behaviors. Well, according to researchers and practitioners of music therapy is a big tool for all of us.

Indeed, music can heal people in many difficult situations. Music can make a big difference to people with brain injuries and it can activate the brain in alternative ways. It helps often bypassing the damaged areas, allowing people to regain movement as well as speech.

Therefore, music actually changes the structure of the brain, giving people new chances to move and speak. Also, various studies have shown that music therapy can regularize the heart and breathing rates. Even it can help cancer patients. In the field of psychology, music is very useful to help people suffering from depression and sadness. Also, children with developmental disabilities may get support from music in many ways.

CONCLUSION

In the end, I will say that being skilled in any component of music is a gift of God. I salute the great musicians who pacify me during my low times and let me celebrate my good times. Music as a hobby is the best alternative indeed.

Music is an effective way of healing the stress of anyone of any age. It is highly effective and supportive to relieve the person from any kind of mental or physical problem. So, we all be always live with music.

Thanks!

Water is life, as the saying goes. We rely on water for our food, our health, our livelihoods, and for fun and leisure. But water can also take away life. And the absence of water can be even worse. Currently, 700 million people live in water-stressed areas. By 2025, this number is expected to grow 1.8 billion — about 25% of the world population.

As Number 6 on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, “Clean Water and Sanitation For All” is currently struggling. If we want to meet this goal by the deadline of 2030, the UN says we’ll need to double our current rate of progress. Only then can we ensure that there’s universal access to safe and affordable drinking water, adequate sanitation and hygiene resources, improved water quality, and restored water-related ecosystems. Here are 5 ways that water use affects our lives — and what we’re doing to help make clean water and sanitation for all a reality.

1. WATER PUTS FOOD ON THE TABLE AND MONEY IN THE BANK

According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization, roughly 60–80% of severely food-insecure people rely on agriculture for their livelihoods (and their own nutrition). This includes farming of crops and raising livestock, as well as fishing. In Africa, where over half of Concern’s country programs are located, 95% of crops are rain-fed. This means that water shortages have a compound effect: As we’ve seen in areas like Somalia, just one drought can spell disaster for an entire harvest.

Concern has found solutions for many farming communities. In one Ethiopian community, for example, we provided the expertise and money needed to help build a 10-mile system of irrigation channels and reservoirs, bringing water from a nearby river across 200 acres to 140 farming families. That means bigger harvests to keep families fed — and incomes stable.

When lakes and rivers dry up, families are often forced to walk hundreds of miles to find water for their animals to drink. Or, they may lose their (literal) cash cows. A drought in the Turkana region of Kenya, that has now lasted for nearly 4 years, has meant that pastoralists like Ng’ikario Ekiru, a 37-year–old mother of 6, have gone from herds of 100 down to 5 (Ng’ikario, her family, and the flock all rely on the same source of food — a wild fruit that grows in the bush). Concern can’t refill dry rivers, but we can (and do!) truck water to the families and livestock that need it most.

2. WATER CAN HELP KILL GERMS — AND CURB PANDEMICS

Washing your hands doesn’t just get them clean — it can also save your life. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say that good hygiene is the best way to prevent infections and diarrheal diseases. As we’re currently seeing with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, handwashing is also one of the best things we can all do to curb the spread of a global health crisis.

In many of the countries where Concern works, these infections are a leading cause of illness and death. But a lot of the diseases and infections that affect the communities we work with are 100% preventable, and a little bit of soap and water go a long way towards that prevention. As part of Concern’s water, sanitation, and hygiene programming (WASH) we help provide clean water and teach people good habits so they can stay healthy.

3. WATER ISN’T ALWAYS THERE

Sometimes the biggest problem water poses is when it’s not accessible. For example, drought across much of East Africa has further complicated a large-scale hunger crisis in the region, further exacerbated by conflict. In some cases, water access can even lead to conflict.

Even in peaceful countries, water that is too far away can be damaging for families. Daily water-gathering is usually the responsibility of women and girls. When rivers, lakes, and reservoirs dry up, they must travel increasingly long distances to find water. This can keep girls out of school, and keep women away from taking care of their families or earning income. In fact, collectively, women and girls spend 200 million hours fetching water every day.

If I ruled the world … It’s actually quite and interesting concept. What would I do if I ruled the world. At first when I read this prompt I thought ‘Yeah, I know what I’d do … It’s obvious’, but then I realised what would I do?

      You cannot just say … oh, um, I would start world peace and uh stop poverty, because what good will that do … how will change be made? Nothing can just stop .. it has to gradually change and for it change there needs to be people willing to help make the change. Also before I begin I would like to add that this speech is purposefully idealistic, the reason why is because in order to make the solution to these problems a reality we need to make an awareness of them.

If I ruled the world … everyone would have a home and feel safe living their own lives, no one would be forced to flee from their own country in search of refuge, sacrificing every single one of life’s joys such as freedom and family in search of survival … whilst other slept easy in their beds knowing that nothing was going to happen to them as they are not part of the problem.

Well, those people sleeping in their beds may not be part of the initial problem but they are part of the resounding problem. Without taking action they are ensuring that those affected are helpless, without voice and without the right of choice and no-one would wish that upon themselves.

If I ruled the world … I would make sure that that young girl in the corner, standing all alone by herself would not be teased or spoken about as if she were something to examine, but supported and understood. I would make her worries my worries, I would do my best to see through her eyes, experience her life in her shoes and then help her to make others understand as well. I would encourage everyone not to hide from who they are … whether that’s because of sexuality, gender, body insecurity, or race .

If I were to rule the world …. bullying and discrimination would be a thing of the past. Because let’s face it picking on others is plain cowardice and living your life in insecurity is not fair.

If I ruled the world … education would be a right not a probability, children and adults all around the world would be educated in order to feel and become independent, strong minded and self sufficient. Education would be available to each and everyone and by having an education a child is encouraged to grow into a strong individual.

If I ruled the world … education would be stronger than ever.

And finally,

If I ruled the world … I would not rule the world alone. Everyone is born the same, we all have organs and senses and feelings. It’s just some are more lucky when it comes to the lottery of life than others.

If were to rule the world … everyone would have a voice as we are all equal and deserve the right to make a change.

If I ruled the world … the world would be an opportunity for everyone to make the best of.

If I were to rule the world … YOU would rule it too.

When companies need written material, they typically use either a copywriter or a content writer. These types of writers specialize in creating marketing content for business. Understanding the difference between the two roles can help your company decide which one they need for your written content.

WHAT IS COPYWRITING?

Copywriting is the creation of text for the advertisement or marketing of one specific company. It aim to raise brand awareness and persuade an audience to take a particular action, such as purchase an item. To do this, copywriters make their content interesting and memorable. Copywriting highlighting a product’s features by structuring it in the best possible perspective through brainstorming creative ideas. Some forms of copywriting include brochures, billboards, email campaigns, taglines, magazine advertisements, press releases, etc. The common job responsibilities of a copywriter is writing copy to follow the brand’s voice and style, collaborating with public relations team and other professionals on marketing projects, editing and proofreading copy to ensure accuracy and speaking with stakeholders to determine their content needs and requirements.

WHAT IS CONTENT WRITING?

Content writing is the production of written materials to inform reader. These professionals strive to generate web traffic, using search engine optimization(SEO). Content writer also try to increase customer engagement with persuasive language and relevant content. They generate specialized materials for websites and other digital medium. During the process, content writers often research their topics to provide necessary facts for readers to understand topics fully and provide credibility. Some forms of content writing include blogs, newspaper articles, webpages, email newsletters, magazine feature, etc. The common job responsibility of a content writer is conducting research on industry related topics to create content, editing and proofreading content to improve readability for viewers, researching keywords and using SEO practices to improve web traffic to the company’s website, generating interesting headlines to attract readers and completing projects within designated deadlines.

COPYWRITING VS CONTENT WRITING

1. OVERALL GOAL- A copywriter creates content to persuade their readers, whereas a content writer produces content to inform their readers. Since copywriters are trying to sell a product or service, their copy ends with a call to action. Content writers have a more subtle goal of encouraging brand loyalty through writing articles that educate and entertain.
2. LENGTH OF CONTENT- Typically, a copywriter writes short form copy and a content writers long form. Copywriters keep their text brief to engage their readers. However, content writers often write more in depth explaining a process or topic.
3. ROLE WITHIN A COMPANY- A copywriter is a professional whose primary job is to create copy. Content writer often have other roles beyond writing. They may be an author, blogger, executive, software engineer or other individuals.
4. TONE OF WRITING- Copywriters use a conversational tone when speaking to their viewers. Because content writers are more informative, their tone is often more formal.
5. DEADLINES- Copywriters work on strict deadlines to meet their client’s requests. Since copywriters write longer content, their deadlines are usually more flexible to allow time for research.
6. WORK ENVIRONMENT- Copywriters typically work for an advertising agency marketing for a company. Content writers work for a variety of companies from various industries. copywriters often work directly with a company, whereas content writers work through a third party.

SKILLS FOR COPYWRITING-

• Copywriters work for a variety of sectors, making it helpful to have experience writing for different fields, such as healthcare or technology.
• To attract users, copywriters are empathetic in their writing to make their audience feel good.
• Since copywriters work closely with marketing teams, it’s helpful for them to be a team player and work well with others.

SKILLS FOR CONTENT WRITING-

• Since content writers are trying to generate traffic to a business’s website, they use SEO and keywords to direct users.
• To generate informative copy, content writers conduct research from other sources to back up their claims and facts.
• In order to attract readers, content writers produce captivating headlines that make viewers want to read their articles.

Definition: The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame.

Communication is a process which involves transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of processes. Effective communication is when the message conveyed by the sender is understood by the receiver in exactly the same way as it was intended. There are basically two modes of communication:

• Point-to-Point: A point-to-point connection refers to a communications connection between two communication endpoints or nodes. An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other.
• Broadcasting: A broadcast communication network is a communication network which uses broadcasting for communication between its nodes. They take messages from a single sender and transmit to all endpoints on the network. For example, Radio, Television, etc.

There are three basic element of communication system namely transmitter, channel and reciever. The simple block diagram for communication system is given below:

Different blocks in block diagram of communication system are discussed below:

• Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
• Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.
• Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
• Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
• Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender.
• Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
• Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.
• Noise: Noise is the unwanted disturbance present in communication which deteriorate’s the quality of message signal sent and decreases the quality of communication process. Noise can be present at any stage of communication processes.

• CAG and the Indian Audit and Accounts Department
(IAAD) – Supreme Audit Institution of India.

• Articles 148-151 of the Constitution deals with CAG.

• Article 148: There shall be a CAG of India who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

• Independent and unbiased nature CA is ensured by:
 Appointed by the President of India.
 Security of tenure: special procedure for removal,
like a Supreme Court Judge.
 Salary and expenses of CAG – charged (not voted) from the Consolidated Fund of India.

 Disallowed from holding any other Govt office after his/her term expires.

Duties of the CAG :-

• Under Article 149, Parliament had enacted the CAG’s Duties, Powers and Conditions Act in 1971.

• Article 150: the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may prescribe.
 Shall be based on the advice of CAG.

• Reports of the CAG – submitted to the President/Governor – Union/State respectively.
 They table the report before the Parliament/State legislature.
 Permanently referred to the Central and State Standing Committees on Public Accounts and Public Undertakings.

• Types of CAG reports:

 Compliance and performance audit reports –
covers revenue collection and expenditure of
Gov.
 Separate audit reports on the functioning of certain autonomous bodies.

 Reports on the financial position of Central and State Governments.
 Reports on the adherence to the Appropriation Acts passed by Parliament and Legislatures.
 Certified annual accounts of the States to the State Legislatures: the Finance and
Appropriation Accounts.

• Types of audits done by CAG: Compliance Audit, Financial Attest Audit and Performance Audit.

MG Motor UK Limited (MG Motor) is a British automotive company headquartered in London, United Kingdom,and a subsidiary of SAIC Motor UK, which in turn is owned by the Shanghai-based Chinese state-owned company SAIC Motor. MG Motor designs, develops and markets cars sold under the MG marque while vehicle manufacturing takes place at its factories in China and Thailand. MG Motor is the largest importer of Chinese made cars into the United Kingdom.MG Motor UK Limited New mg

logo.pngTypeSubsidiaryIndustryAutomotiveFounded12 April 2006; 15 years ago Head quarters Maryle bone, London, United Kingdom Key people William Wang (managing director)Products Automobiles Brands MG (Introduced 1923)Operating income£15.7 million (2012)[1]Net income−£4 million (2012) Owner SAIC Motor Number of employees Approx. 100ParentSAIC Motor UKWebsitemg.co.uk

History:

Following the collapse of MG Rover in 2005, the Chinese automaker Nanjing Automobile acquired the Longbridge plant and the MG marque for £53 million ($97 million). Nanjing Automobile formally established NAC MG UK Limited as a holding company for the plant and marque on 12 April 2006. In March 2007, Nanjing Automobile unveiled the first MG vehicles manufactured in China, the MG TF, MG 3 and MG 7.Assembly of cars restarted at Longbridge in August 2007, with production of the MG TF LE500.In 2007, Nanjing Automobile was acquired by SAIC Motor,and in early 2009 NAC MG UK Limited was renamed MG Motor UK Limited.The first all-new MG-branded model for 16 years, the MG 6, was officially launched on 26 June 2011 during a visit to MG Motor’s Longbridge plant by Chinese premier Wen Jiabao.By March 2012, SAIC had invested a total of £450 million in MG Motor. Sales in the UK totalled 782 vehicles in 2012.The MG3 went on sale in the United Kingdom in September 2013.MG Motor was voted third place for the ‘Best Manufacturer’ category in the Auto Express 2014 Driver Power survey. 2014 also saw MG Motor celebrate the MG brand’s 90th birthday.

They enjoyed further celebrations with a record-breaking year that saw the company lead UK car industry growth in 2014. The brand’s sales rose by 361% during 2014 part thanks to the introduction of the MG3 to the product range, with a total of 2,326 cars sold in the UK.During 2014, MG was the fastest-growing brand in Britain as shown by official figures issued by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. Currently, MG Motor has the fastest-growing network of dealers in the UK.On 23 September 2016 MG Motor announced that all car production had ceased at Longbridge and henceforth MG vehicles would be imported into the UK.in 2018, SAIC Design opened a new advanced design studio in London, which deals with the advanced design of MG and Roewe vehicles.In May 2019, the company unveiled a badge engineered version of Baojun 530 SUV as MG Hector

Even if there is none to come far
Even if the night misses the moon
You nurtured a flower
Yearning for someone’s arrival
Like an anonymous flower immersed
In the fog of memories
Did you wake up to a dawn filled with golden rays?
Did it see the tears rolling down your cheeks
Without caressing you
On that path
Did it go far away?
Did it go far away?
Neither in your thoughts, nor in your dreams
Were visited
By the lonely butterfly
Did you spend sleepless nights
Swimming in an ocean of darkness
Without anyone’s notice?
Those long shadows dominated
The valley of sorrows
Dreams got melted down
Like a burning candle
The petals started falling again
And the breeze wandered aimlessly
As the moments flew by without promising a return
Are we left without any chance to meet again?
Are we left without any chance to meet again?

In India, English is considered to be the language which gives your intelligence a justification. People should learn the language because of their interest, not because the verification you get from the society. The language is accepted world wide and have become very popular. The mother language of India is Hindi. It is a matter of great pride and honor of having our mother tongue language as in Hindi. Due to the influence of international culture, People of India tries to adapt their way of lifestyle. The languages are made to make the communication easier in between different people. It creates a connection and makes communication smoother.

Supremacy of English is reaching to its peak. People judge others from the accent they talk in, whether they do any grammatical mistake while speaking or they are fluent in speaking the language or not. The parameters to judge any individual on the basis of any language is not appropriate. Their Intelligence Quotient (IQ) level depends upon their brain and memory power. Society has set some of their own rules which are not accepted by everyone in it. It will be hard to remove the hypocrisy of the society. It is your personal life; you can decide whether you want to learn the language or not. Life will take lots of up and down but the flow should never break it.

WHY IS 2020 THE WORST YEAR IN HISTORY?

BECAUSE WHO MADE CORONA, IS STILL A MYSTERY

WAS IT THE CHINESE AND THEIR UNWASHED PLATES?

OR THE AMERICANS MEETING THEIR LONG- FORGOTTEN FATES.

JUST WHEN WE THOUGHT WE’VE HAD ENOUGH

THE EARTH STARTED PROVING THAT IT’S TOUGH

AND CAME 5 QUAKES ALL IN A SINGLE DAY

ALONG WITH MANIFOLD CYCLONES FROM EVERY BAY.

OH! BUT WHAT WAS THE FAULT OF 8,000 KOALAS

OR THE POOR HALF A MILLION LITTLE FELLAS,

WHO PERISHED BECAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING

AND SADLY WERE’NT GIVEN ANY WARNING

AND IF THIS ISN’T SAD ENOUGH NEWS FOR US,

A VACCINE IS NOT EXPECTED BEFORE CHRISTMAS

AND WORSE, THE ECONOMY HAS ALMOST COLLAPSED,

BUT ALL THE PM HAS TO SAY, IS LET’S GO OUT AND CLAP!!

THE AIR IS FILLED WITH LOCUSTS, THE FORESTS WITH FIRE

THE SEA IS ALMOST EMPTIED, TO GOD KNOWS WHO’S DESIRE,

YOU STAY IN , AND YOU’LL GET EARTH-QUAKED,

YOU GO OUT, AND WILL LEARN NEVER AGAIN TO MAKE THAT MISTAKE.

CALLING 2020 THE WORST YEAR WOULD’NT BE AN UNDERSTATEMENT

BECAUSE MOST OF US HAVE ALREADY FILED OUR LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT,

  AND WHO WILL REPAY FOR WHAT HAPPENED TO KOBE,

OR THE GEORGE FLOYD PROTESTS ALL ROUND THE GLOBE.

An Initiative for Training and Skill Development

Old age is an integral part of human life. It’s the evening of life. It’s an unavoidable, undesirable, unwelcome, and problem-ridden face of life. An old man is full of experiences and even though his experiences are of immense help to the younger generation is taken as an unwanted burden. He caught in a terrible feeling of redundancy. Thinking of old age visions of loneliness, and neglect emerge in the mind. The picture becomes all the more awesome with the failing health and illness. A sense of despair blooms over all his pleasant feelings. An old man for his every work, he needs someone to help. He becomes dependent on others largely due to his physical infirmity. He is filled with a feeling of emotional insecurity. He wants someone to take care of his needs and share his feelings. But in this materialistic society, everybody is short of time. Nobody has enough time for him. Even his children, to whom he dedicates, his life and his earnings do not find time for him. Debilitating body and failing health make things worst. Having rendered service for a lifetime, the body parts appear to have become tired and weak. He becomes highly vulnerable to ailments-minor or major. Diseases both minor and major always follow them and their waking hours are preoccupied with symptoms and fill, diets and therapies. Regular medical aid and assistance become routine at this stage of life. Besides, social security and emotional support are needed. A feeling of loneliness adversely affects their mental health which shows through some physical problems. The problem of loneliness and isolation is the gift of modern society. Society forces an old person to live like an island. Often he faces the loss of his spouse and own friends. In fact, during old age one is faced with multi-dimensional problems. One of the major problems is the financial constraint which is more.

Maroju Sanjana.